CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Holy Grail - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"be12ab3d-7d69-4511-a87d-bddea7ef4c1d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Holy_Grail","wgTitle":"Holy Grail","wgCurRevisionId":1279142341,"wgRevisionId":1279142341,"wgArticleId":14322,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Articles containing German-language text","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 errors: missing periodical","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Articles containing French-language text","Articles containing Breton-language text","Articles containing Welsh-language text","Articles containing Cornish-language text","Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text","Articles containing Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text","Articles containing uncoded-language text","Articles containing Latin-language text","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Articles with French-language sources (fr)","Holy Grail","Cauldrons","Christian terminology","Fictional elements introduced in the 12th century","Literary motifs","Magic items"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Holy_Grail","wgRelevantArticleId":14322,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":50000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q162808","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.21"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1924"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1283"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1026"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Holy Grail - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Holy_Grail rootpage-Holy_Grail skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Holy+Grail" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Holy+Grail" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Holy+Grail" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Holy+Grail" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etymology</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medieval_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medieval_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Medieval literature</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Medieval_literature-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Medieval literature subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Medieval_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chrétien_de_Troyes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chrétien_de_Troyes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chrétien de Troyes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chrétien_de_Troyes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Robert_de_Boron" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Robert_de_Boron"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Robert de Boron</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Robert_de_Boron-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wolfram_von_Eschenbach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Wolfram von Eschenbach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wolfram_von_Eschenbach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lancelot-Grail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lancelot-Grail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Lancelot-Grail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lancelot-Grail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scholarly_hypotheses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scholarly_hypotheses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Scholarly hypotheses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scholarly_hypotheses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Later traditions</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Later traditions subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Later_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Locations_associated_with_the_Holy_Grail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Locations_associated_with_the_Holy_Grail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Locations associated with the Holy Grail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Locations_associated_with_the_Holy_Grail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern interpretations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern interpretations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_interpretations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pseudohistory_and_conspiracy_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pseudohistory_and_conspiracy_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Pseudohistory and conspiracy theories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pseudohistory_and_conspiracy_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_painting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_painting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Music and painting</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_painting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_other_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_other_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Film and other media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_other_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Grail</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 66 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-66" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">66 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_Graal" title="Heilige Graal – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Heilige Graal" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%83%D8%A3%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%A9" title="الكأس المقدسة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الكأس المقدسة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Gredal" title="Santo Gredal – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Santo Gredal" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BCq%C9%99dd%C9%99s_Q%C9%99d%C9%99h" title="Müqəddəs Qədəh – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Müqəddəs Qədəh" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Святы Грааль – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Святы Грааль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Сьвяты Грааль – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Сьвяты Грааль" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%89%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Свещен Граал – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Свещен Граал" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Greal" title="Sant Greal – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sant Greal" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svat%C3%BD_gr%C3%A1l" title="Svatý grál – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Svatý grál" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Y_Greal_Santaidd" title="Y Greal Santaidd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Y Greal Santaidd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_gral" title="Den hellige gral – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Den hellige gral" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heiliger_Gral" title="Heiliger Gral – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Heiliger Gral" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BCha_Graal" title="Püha Graal – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Püha Graal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%86%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CE%94%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%80%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%81%CE%BF" title="Άγιο Δισκοπότηρο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Άγιο Δισκοπότηρο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grial" title="Grial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sankta_pokalo" title="Sankta pokalo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sankta pokalo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="جام مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جام مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Soitheach_Naofa" title="An Soitheach Naofa – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Soitheach Naofa" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Graal" title="Santo Graal – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Santo Graal" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EB%B0%B0" title="성배 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성배" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%B8%D6%82%D6%80%D5%A2_%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A1%D5%AC" title="Սուրբ Գրաալ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սուրբ Գրաալ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_gral" title="Sveti gral – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Sveti gral" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santa_Graal" title="Santa Graal – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Santa Graal" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cawan_Suci" title="Cawan Suci – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Cawan Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%B0_heilaga_gral" title="Hið heilaga gral – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hið heilaga gral" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%92%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A2_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9" title="הגביע הקדוש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הגביע הקדוש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AC%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%90_%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="წმინდა გრაალი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="წმინდა გრაალი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%9A%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%82%D1%96_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Қасиетті Грааль – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Қасиетті Грааль" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasa_p%C3%AEroziy%C3%AA" title="Kasa pîroziyê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kasa pîroziyê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gradalis" title="Gradalis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gradalis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A0ventasis_Gralis" title="Šventasis Gralis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Šventasis Gralis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal_Sagrad" title="Graal Sagrad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Graal Sagrad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szent_Gr%C3%A1l" title="Szent Grál – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szent Grál" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Свет грал – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Свет грал" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8" title="തിരുക്കാസ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിരുക്കാസ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cangkir_Suci" title="Cangkir Suci – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Cangkir Suci" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heilige_graal" title="Heilige graal – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Heilige graal" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9D%AF%E4%BC%9D%E8%AA%AC" title="聖杯伝説 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖杯伝説" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_hellige_gral" title="Den hellige gral – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den hellige gral" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_heilage_gralen" title="Den heilage gralen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den heilage gralen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A9%C3%A2" title="Gréâ – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Gréâ" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Grasal" title="Sant Grasal – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sant Grasal" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sant_Gral" title="Sant Gral – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Sant Gral" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Santo_Graal" title="Santo Graal – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Santo Graal" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Святой Грааль – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Святой Грааль" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Holy Grail" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sv%C3%A4t%C3%BD_gr%C3%A1l" title="Svätý grál – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Svätý grál" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_gral" title="Sveti gral – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Sveti gral" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Свети грал – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Свети грал" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sveti_gral" title="Sveti gral – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Sveti gral" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graalin_malja" title="Graalin malja – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Graalin malja" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graal" title="Graal – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Graal" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%B3%D0%B5_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Изге Грааль – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Изге Грааль" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C" title="จอกศักดิ์สิทธิ์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอกศักดิ์สิทธิ์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kutsal_K%C3%A2se" title="Kutsal Kâse – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kutsal Kâse" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C" title="Святий Ґрааль – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Святий Ґрааль" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9n_Th%C3%A1nh" title="Chén Thánh – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chén Thánh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%9D%AF" title="圣杯 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="圣杯" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E6%9D%AF_(%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%E7%8E%8B%E5%82%B3%E8%AA%AA)" title="聖杯 (亞瑟王傳說) – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="聖杯 (亞瑟王傳說)" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9C%A3%E6%9D%AF" title="圣杯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="圣杯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162808#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Holy_Grail" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Holy_Grail" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Holy_Grail" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&oldid=1279142341" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Holy_Grail&id=1279142341&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHoly_Grail"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FHoly_Grail"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Holy_Grail&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Grail" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Holy_Grail" hreflang="en"><span>Wikiquote</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q162808" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Cup, dish, or stone with miraculous powers, important motif in Arthurian literature</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the object of Arthurian legend. For the cup from the Last Supper, see <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Grail" and "Grail Quest" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Grail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grail (disambiguation)">Grail (disambiguation)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grail_Quest_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Grail Quest (disambiguation)">Grail Quest (disambiguation)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Holy Grail (disambiguation)">Holy Grail (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #DEDEE2;">Grail</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></i> element</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_(1874).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg/220px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg/330px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg/440px-Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="962" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption"><i>The Damsel of the Sanct Grael</i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> (1874)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">First appearance</th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_le_Conte_du_Graal" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceval, le Conte du Graal">Perceval, le Conte du Graal</a></i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Created by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chivalric_romance" title="Chivalric romance">Chivalric romance</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #DEDEE2;">In-universe information</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Religious_relic" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious relic">Religious relic</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owners</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Perceval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceval">Perceval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percival%27s_sister" title="Percival's sister">his sister</a>, Grail Family (<a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Grail Maiden</a>), <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> (<a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors</a>), <a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Function</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Quest" title="Quest">Quest</a> subject</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Traits and abilities</th><td class="infobox-data">Healing, restoring the <a href="/wiki/Wasteland_(mythology)" title="Wasteland (mythology)">Wasteland</a>, providing nourishment, granting <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">ascension</a> or <a href="/wiki/Immortality_in_fiction" title="Immortality in fiction">eternal life</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Affiliation</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Grail Castle</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Holy Grail</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Saint Graal</i>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a>: <i lang="br">Graal Santel</i>, <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Greal Sanctaidd</i>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a>: <i lang="kw">Gral</i>) is a treasure that serves as an important <a href="/wiki/Motif_(narrative)" title="Motif (narrative)">motif</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arthurian_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthurian literature">Arthurian literature</a>. Various traditions describe the Holy Grail as a cup, dish, or stone with miraculous healing powers, sometimes providing eternal youth or sustenance in infinite abundance, often guarded in the custody of the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King</a> and located in the hidden Grail castle. By analogy, any elusive object or goal of great significance may be perceived as a "holy grail" by those seeking such.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A mysterious "grail" (Old French: <i>graal</i> or <i>greal</i>), wondrous but not unequivocally holy, first appears in <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>, an unfinished chivalric romance written by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a> around 1190. Chrétien's story inspired many continuations, translators and interpreters in the later-12th and early-13th centuries, including <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>, who portrayed the Grail as a stone in <i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i>. The Christian, Celtic or possibly other origins of the Arthurian grail <a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">trope</a> are uncertain and have been debated among literary scholars and historians. </p><p>Writing soon after Chrétien, <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a> in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph d'Arimathie (poem) (page does not exist)">Joseph d'Arimathie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(roman)" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph d'Arimathie (roman)">fr</a>]</span></i> portrayed the Grail as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Bowl" title="Bowl">vessel</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, which <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a> used to catch <a href="/wiki/Blood_of_Christ" title="Blood of Christ">Christ's blood</a> at <a href="/wiki/Crucifixion_of_Jesus" title="Crucifixion of Jesus">the crucifixion</a>. Thereafter, the Holy Grail became interwoven with the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a>, the Last Supper cup, an idea continued in works such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a></i> cycle, and subsequently the 15th-century <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campbell,_Joseph_1990,_page_210_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campbell,_Joseph_1990,_page_210-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this form, it is now a popular theme in modern culture, and has become the subject of <a href="/wiki/Folklore_studies" title="Folklore studies">folklore studies</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistorical</a> writings, works of fiction, and <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_theories" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy theories">conspiracy theories</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">graal</i></span>, as it is spelled in its earliest appearances, comes from <a href="/wiki/Old_French" title="Old French">Old French</a> <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">graal</i></span> or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">greal</i></span>, cognate with <a href="/wiki/Old_Proven%C3%A7al" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Provençal">Old Occitan</a> <span title="Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text"><i lang="pro">grazal</i></span> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Catalan" title="Old Catalan">Old Catalan</a> <span title="uncoded-language text"><i lang="mis">gresal</i></span>, meaning "a cup or bowl of earth, wood, or metal" (or other various types of vessels in different <a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a> dialects).<sup id="cite_ref-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The most commonly accepted etymology derives it from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gradalis</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gradale</i></span> via an earlier form, <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cratalis</i></span>, a derivative of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">crater</i></span> or <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cratus</i></span>, which was, in turn, borrowed from <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><i lang="grc-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Krater" title="Krater">krater</a></i></span> (<span lang="grc"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81#Ancient_Greek" class="extiw" title="wikt:κρατήρ">κρᾱτήρ</a></span>, a large wine-mixing vessel).<sup id="cite_ref-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternative suggestions include a derivative of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">cratis</i></span>, a name for a type of woven basket that came to refer to a dish,<sup id="cite_ref-barber93_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barber93-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or a derivative of Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">gradus</i></span> meaning <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'by degree', 'by stages', applied to a dish brought to the table in different stages or services during a meal".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 15th century, English writer <a href="/wiki/John_Hardyng" title="John Hardyng">John Hardyng</a> invented a fanciful new etymology for Old French <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">san-graal</i></span> (or <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">san-gréal</i></span>), meaning "Holy Grail", by parsing it as <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">sang réal</i></span>, meaning "royal blood".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This etymology was used by some later medieval British writers such as <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Malory" title="Thomas Malory">Thomas Malory</a>, and became prominent in the conspiracy theory developed in the book <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Blood_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail">The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail</a></i>, in which <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro">sang real</i></span> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Jesus_bloodline" title="Jesus bloodline">Jesus bloodline</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood77_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medieval_literature">Medieval literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Medieval literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Galahad_grail.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Galahad_grail.jpg/350px-Galahad_grail.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Galahad_grail.jpg/525px-Galahad_grail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Galahad_grail.jpg/700px-Galahad_grail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1943" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a> achieve the Grail. Tapestry woven by <a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris & Co.</a> (19th century)</figcaption></figure> <p>The literature surrounding the Grail can be divided into two groups. The first concerns <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">King Arthur's knights</a> visiting the Grail castle or questing after the object. The second concerns the Grail's earlier history in the time of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_of_Arimathea" title="Joseph of Arimathea">Joseph of Arimathea</a>. </p><p>The nine works from the first group are: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>, a chivalric romance poem by <a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail#The_Continuations" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Four Continuations</a> of Chrétien's unfinished poem, by authors of differing vision, designed to bring the story to a close.</li> <li>The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Didot_Perceval&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Didot Perceval (page does not exist)">Didot <i>Perceval</i></a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perceval_de_Didot" class="extiw" title="fr:Perceval de Didot">fr</a>]</span>, purportedly a prosification of <a href="/wiki/Robert_de_Boron" title="Robert de Boron">Robert de Boron</a>'s sequel to his romance poems <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(poem)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph d'Arimathie (poem) (page does not exist)">Joseph d'Arimathie</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_d%27Arimathie_(roman)" class="extiw" title="fr:Joseph d'Arimathie (roman)">fr</a>]</span></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Merlin_(Robert_de_Boron_poem)" title="Merlin (Robert de Boron poem)">Merlin</a></i>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Parzival" title="Parzival">Parzival</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Wolfram_von_Eschenbach" title="Wolfram von Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</a>, which adapted at least the holiness of Robert's Grail into the framework of Chrétien's story.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_romance" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh romance">Welsh romance</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Peredur_son_of_Efrawg" title="Peredur son of Efrawg">Peredur son of Efrawg</a></i>, a loose translation of Chrétien's poem and the Continuations, with some influence from native Welsh literature.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Perlesvaus" title="Perlesvaus">Perlesvaus</a></i>, called the "least canonical" Grail romance because of its very different character.</li> <li>German poem <i><a href="/wiki/Diu_Cr%C3%B4ne" title="Diu Crône">Diu Crône</a></i> (<i>The Crown</i>), in which <a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a>, rather than <a href="/wiki/Perceval" class="mw-redirect" title="Perceval">Perceval</a>, achieves the Grail.</li> <li>The Prose <i>Lancelot</i> section of the vast <a href="/wiki/Lancelot-Grail" title="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</a> cycle introduced the new Grail hero, <a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a>. The <i>Queste del Saint Graal</i>, a follow-up part of the cycle, concerns Galahad's eventual achievement of the Grail.</li></ul> <p>Of the second group there are: </p> <ul><li>Robert de Boron's <i>Joseph d'Arimathie</i>.</li> <li>The <i>Estoire del Saint Graal</i>, the first part of the Lancelot-Grail cycle (but written after <i>Lancelot</i> and the <i>Queste</i>), based on Robert's tale but expanding it greatly with many new details.</li> <li>Verses by <a href="/wiki/Rigaut_de_Berbezilh" title="Rigaut de Berbezilh">Rigaut de Barbezieux</a>, a late 12th or early 13th-century<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> troubador, where mention is made of Perceval, the lance, and the Grail served.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>The Grail was considered a bowl or dish when first described by Chrétien de Troyes. There, it is a processional <a href="/wiki/Salver" title="Salver">salver</a>, a tray, used to serve at a feast.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/H%C3%A9linand_of_Froidmont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hélinand of Froidmont">Hélinand of Froidmont</a> described a grail as a "wide and deep saucer" (<i>scutella lata et aliquantulum profunda</i>); other authors had their own ideas. Robert de Boron portrayed it as the vessel of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>. <i>Peredur son of Efrawg</i> had no Grail as such, presenting the hero instead with a platter containing his kinsman's bloody, severed head.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chrétien_de_Troyes"><span id="Chr.C3.A9tien_de_Troyes"></span>Chrétien de Troyes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chrétien de Troyes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Grail is first featured in <i>Perceval, le Conte du Graal</i> (<i>The Story of the Grail</i>) by Chrétien de Troyes,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who claims he was working from a source book given to him by his patron, Count <a href="/wiki/Philip_I,_Count_of_Flanders" title="Philip I, Count of Flanders">Philip of Flanders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In this incomplete poem, dated sometime between 1180 and 1191, the object has not yet acquired the implications of holiness it would have in later works. While dining in the magical abode of the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King</a>, Perceval witnesses a wondrous procession in which youths carry magnificent objects from one chamber to another, passing before him at each course of the meal. First comes a young man carrying a bleeding lance, then two boys carrying candelabras. Finally, a beautiful young girl emerges bearing an elaborately decorated <i>graal</i>, or "grail".<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chrétien's Perceval does not achieve the quest, but different authors completed his unfinished story in their own poems known as <i>Perceval Continuations</i>, including two alternative endings to the initial successive continuations. </p><p>Chrétien refers to this object not as "The Grail" but as "a grail" (<i>un graal</i>), showing the word was used, in its earliest literary context, as a common noun. For Chrétien, a grail was a wide, somewhat deep, dish or bowl, interesting because it contained not a pike, salmon, or lamprey, as the audience may have expected for such a container, but a single <a href="/wiki/Sacramental_bread" title="Sacramental bread">Communion wafer</a> which provided sustenance for the Fisher King's crippled father. Perceval, who had been warned against talking too much, remains silent through all of this and wakes up the next morning alone. He later learns that if he had asked the appropriate questions about what he saw, he would have healed his maimed host, much to his honour. The story of the Wounded King's <a href="/wiki/Inedia" title="Inedia">mystical fasting</a> is not unique; several saints were said to have lived without food besides communion, for instance Saint <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Genoa" title="Catherine of Genoa">Catherine of Genoa</a>. This may imply that Chrétien intended the Communion wafer to be the significant part of the ritual, and the Grail to be a mere prop.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>First Continuation</i> seemingly features two grails: a floating dish and a carved head of Jesus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Robert_de_Boron">Robert de Boron</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Robert de Boron"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Though Chrétien's account is the earliest and most influential of all Grail texts, it was in the work of Robert that the Grail truly became the "Holy Grail" and assumed the form most familiar to modern readers in its Christian context.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his verse romance <i>Joseph d'Arimathie</i>, composed between 1191 and 1202, Robert tells the story of Joseph of Arimathea acquiring the chalice of the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> to collect Christ's blood upon his removal from the cross. Joseph is thrown in prison, where Christ visits him and explains the mysteries of the blessed cup. Upon his release, Joseph gathers his in-laws and other followers and travels to the west. He founds a dynasty of Grail keepers that eventually includes Perceval. </p><p>Perceval himself is the subject of the <i>Didot-Perceval</i> (<i>Perceval en prose</i>), a prose work presenting a revised and completed version of Chrétien's story, but replacing him with Galahad (Galaad) as the principle Grail hero while simultaneously also serving as a continuation to <i>Joseph</i> and <i>Merlin</i> by Robert de Boron.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Perlesvaus</i>, another markedly different anonymous prose continuation of Chrétien's <i>Perceval</i>, the Grail is a holy blood relic creating mystical visions and appearing in the form of a hovering chalice, apparently as inspired by de Boron.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wolfram_von_Eschenbach">Wolfram von Eschenbach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Wolfram von Eschenbach"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <i>Parzival</i>, the author Wolfram von Eschenbach, citing the authority of a certain (probably fictional) <a href="/wiki/Kyot" title="Kyot">Kyot the Provençal</a>, claimed the Grail was a gemstone, the sanctuary of the neutral angels who took neither side during <a href="/wiki/War_in_Heaven" title="War in Heaven">Lucifer's rebellion</a>. It is called <i>Lapis exillis</i>, which in alchemy is the name of the <a href="/wiki/Philosopher%27s_stone" title="Philosopher's stone">philosopher's stone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Von_Eschenbach_1980,_page_239_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Von_Eschenbach_1980,_page_239-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wolfram's telling, the Grail was kept safe at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Munsalvaesche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munsalvaesche">Munsalvaesche</a> (<i>mons salvationis</i>), entrusted to Titurel, the first Grail King. The stone grants eternal life to its guardian; in the end, Parzival replaces the maimed and long suffering Anfortas as the new Grail King, having finally released him by correctly answering his question.<sup id="cite_ref-mh_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mh-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lancelot-Grail">Lancelot-Grail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Lancelot-Grail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arthur_Hughes_-_Sir_Galahad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arthur_Hughes_-_Sir_Galahad.jpg/250px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Sir_Galahad.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Arthur_Hughes_-_Sir_Galahad.jpg/500px-Arthur_Hughes_-_Sir_Galahad.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="841" /></a><figcaption><i>Sir Galahad, the Quest for the Holy Grail</i> by <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a> (1870)</figcaption></figure> <p>The authors of the <i>Vulgate Cycle</i> (<i>Lancelot-Grail</i>) used the Grail as a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>; the virgin Galahad, illegitimate son of <a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine</a>, the world's greatest knight and the Grail Bearer at the castle of <a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Corbenic</a>, is destined to achieve the Grail, his spiritual purity making him a greater warrior than even his illustrious father.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Queste del Saint Graal</i> (<i>The Quest of The Holy Grail</i>), continuing directly from the expanded prose versions of Robert de Boron's stories of <i>Joseph</i> and <i>Merlin</i>, tells also of the adventures of various <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the Round Table</a> in their eponymous quest. Some of them, including Perceval and <a href="/wiki/Bors_the_Younger" class="mw-redirect" title="Bors the Younger">Bors the Younger</a>, eventually join Galahad as his companions near the successful end of the Grail Quest and are witnesses of his <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">ascension to Heaven</a>. </p><p>Alternative versions of the Grail Quest based on that from the <i>Vulgate Cycle</i> were included in the <i><a href="/wiki/Prose_Tristan" title="Prose Tristan">Prose Tristan</a></i> and the <i><a href="/wiki/Post-Vulgate_Cycle" title="Post-Vulgate Cycle">Post-Vulgate Cycle</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Galahad and the interpretation of the Grail involving him were picked up in the 15th century by Thomas Malory in <i><a href="/wiki/Le_Morte_d%27Arthur" title="Le Morte d'Arthur">Le Morte d'Arthur</a></i>, and remain popular today. Based closely on the <i>Vulgate Cycle</i> in an abridged form, Malory's telling accordingly elevates Galahad above Perceval (Percivale), the latter reduced to a secondary role in the Quest.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uniquely, Malory described the Grail as invisible, apparently confused by his French source text's mention of an invisible Grail bearer.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scholarly_hypotheses">Scholarly hypotheses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Scholarly hypotheses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scholars have long speculated on the origins of the Holy Grail before Chrétien, suggesting that it may contain elements of the trope of magical <a href="/wiki/Cauldron" title="Cauldron">cauldrons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Celtic_mythology" title="Celtic mythology">Celtic mythology</a> and later <a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology" title="Welsh mythology">Welsh mythology</a>, combined with Christian legend surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the latter found in <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Christianity" title="Eastern Christianity">Eastern Christian</a> sources, conceivably in that of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine Mass</a>, or even Persian sources.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The view that the "origin" of the Grail legend should be seen as deriving from Celtic mythology was championed by <a href="/wiki/Roger_Sherman_Loomis" title="Roger Sherman Loomis">Roger Sherman Loomis</a> (<i>The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol</i>), <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nutt" title="Alfred Nutt">Alfred Nutt</a> (<i>Studies on the Legend of the Holy Grail</i>, <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_on_the_legend_of_the_Holy_Grail">available at Wikisource</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Weston_(scholar)" title="Jessie Weston (scholar)">Jessie Weston</a> (<i>From Ritual to Romance</i> and <i>The Quest of the Holy Grail</i>). Loomis traced a number of parallels between medieval Welsh literature and Irish material, and the Grail romances, including similarities between the <i><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Bran_the_Blessed" class="mw-redirect" title="Bran the Blessed">Bran the Blessed</a> and the Arthurian Fisher King, and between Bran's life-restoring cauldron and the Grail. </p><p>The opposing view dismissed the "Celtic" connections as spurious, and interpreted the legend as essentially Christian in origin. Joseph Goering identified sources for Grail imagery in 12th-century wall paintings from churches in the Catalan <a href="/wiki/Pyrenees" title="Pyrenees">Pyrenees</a> (now mostly moved to the <a href="/wiki/Museu_Nacional_d%27Art_de_Catalunya" title="Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya">Museu Nacional d'Art de Catalunya</a>), which present unique iconic images of the <a href="/wiki/Mary,_the_mother_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary, the mother of Jesus">Virgin Mary</a> holding a bowl that radiates tongues of fire, images that predate the first literary account by Chrétien de Troyes. Goering argues that they were the original inspiration for the Grail legend.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychologists <a href="/wiki/Emma_Jung" title="Emma Jung">Emma Jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie-Louise_von_Franz" title="Marie-Louise von Franz">Marie-Louise von Franz</a> used <a href="/wiki/Analytical_psychology" title="Analytical psychology">analytical psychology</a> to interpret the Grail as a series of symbols in their book <i>The Grail Legend</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber248_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber248-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They directly expanded on interpretations by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a>, which were later invoked by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Campbell" title="Joseph Campbell">Joseph Campbell</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Barber248_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barber248-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Philosopher <a href="/wiki/Henry_Corbin" title="Henry Corbin">Henry Corbin</a>, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Eranos" title="Eranos">Eranos</a> circle founded by Jung, also commented on the esoteric significance of the grail, relating it to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Islam">Iranian Islamic</a> symbols that he studied.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Richard_Barber" title="Richard Barber">Richard Barber</a> (2004) argued that the Grail legend is connected to the introduction of "more ceremony and mysticism" surrounding the sacrament of the Eucharist in the high medieval period, proposing that the first Grail stories may have been connected to the "renewal in this traditional sacrament".<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daniel Scavone (1999, 2003) has argued that the "Grail" originally referred to the <a href="/wiki/Image_of_Edessa" title="Image of Edessa">Image of Edessa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goulven Peron (2016) suggested that the Holy Grail may reflect the <a href="/wiki/Cornucopia#In_mythology" title="Cornucopia">horn</a> of the river-god <a href="/wiki/Achelous" title="Achelous">Achelous</a>, as described by <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> in the <i><a href="/wiki/Metamorphoses_(Ovid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Metamorphoses (Ovid)">Metamorphoses</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_traditions">Later traditions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Later traditions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics">Relics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg/250px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg/330px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg/500px-Quimper_-_Cath%C3%A9drale_Saint-Corentin_-_PA00090326_-_159.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2875" data-file-height="3915" /></a><figcaption>The Holy Grail depicted on a stained glass window at <a href="/wiki/Quimper_Cathedral" title="Quimper Cathedral">Quimper Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the wake of the Arthurian romances, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">several artifacts</a> came to be identified as the Holy Grail in medieval <a href="/wiki/Relic" title="Relic">relic</a> veneration. These artifacts are said to have been the vessel used at the Last Supper, but other details vary. Despite the prominence of the Grail literature, traditions about a Last Supper relic remained rare in contrast to other items associated with Jesus' last days, such as the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lance</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One tradition predates the Grail romances: in the 7th century, the pilgrim <a href="/wiki/Arculf" title="Arculf">Arculf</a> reported that the Last Supper chalice was displayed near Jerusalem.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the wake of Robert de Boron's Grail works, several other items came to be claimed as the true Last Supper vessel. In the late 12th century, one was said to be in <a href="/wiki/Byzantium" title="Byzantium">Byzantium</a>; <a href="/wiki/Albrecht_von_Scharfenberg" title="Albrecht von Scharfenberg">Albrecht von Scharfenberg</a>'s Grail romance <i><a href="/wiki/Der_J%C3%BCngere_Titurel" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Jüngere Titurel">Der Jüngere Titurel</a></i> associated it explicitly with the Arthurian Grail, but claimed it was only a copy.<sup id="cite_ref-barber93_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barber93-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This item was said to have been looted in the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Crusade" title="Fourth Crusade">Fourth Crusade</a> and brought to <a href="/wiki/Troyes" title="Troyes">Troyes</a> in France, but it was lost during the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two relics associated with the Grail survive today. The <i><a href="/wiki/Sacro_Catino" title="Sacro Catino">Sacro Catino</a></i> (Sacred Basin, also known as the Genoa Chalice) is a green glass dish held at the <a href="/wiki/Genoa_Cathedral" title="Genoa Cathedral">Genoa Cathedral</a> said to have been used at the Last Supper. Its provenance is unknown, and there are two divergent accounts of how it was brought to Genoa by <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima#Crusades" title="Caesarea Maritima">Crusaders</a> in the 12th century. It was not associated with the Last Supper until later, in the wake of the Grail romances; the first known association is in <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_de_Voragine" title="Jacobus de Voragine">Jacobus de Voragine</a>'s chronicle of Genoa in the late 13th century, which draws on the Grail literary tradition. The Catino was moved and broken during <a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>'s conquest in the early 19th century, revealing that it is glass rather than emerald.<sup id="cite_ref-barber93_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-barber93-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice#Valencia_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice of Valencia</a> is an <a href="/wiki/Agate" title="Agate">agate</a> dish with a mounting for use as a chalice. The bowl may date to <a href="/wiki/Greco-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Greco-Roman">Greco-Roman</a> times, but its dating is unclear, and its provenance is unknown before 1399, when it was gifted to <a href="/wiki/Martin_I_of_Aragon" class="mw-redirect" title="Martin I of Aragon">Martin I of Aragon</a>. By the 14th century, an elaborate tradition had developed that this object was the Last Supper chalice. This tradition mirrors aspects of the Grail material, with several major differences, suggesting a separate tradition entirely. It is not associated with Joseph of Arimathea or Jesus' blood; it is said to have been taken to Rome by <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter" title="Saint Peter">Saint Peter</a> and later entrusted to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence" title="Saint Lawrence">Saint Lawrence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early references do not call the object the "Grail"; the first evidence connecting it to the Grail tradition is from the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monarchy sold the cup in the 15th century to <a href="/wiki/Valencia_Cathedral" title="Valencia Cathedral">Valencia Cathedral</a>, where it remains a significant local icon.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several objects were identified with the Holy Grail in the 17th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 20th century, a series of new items became associated with it. These include the <a href="/wiki/Nanteos_Cup" title="Nanteos Cup">Nanteos Cup</a>, a medieval wooden bowl found near <a href="/wiki/Rhydyfelin" title="Rhydyfelin">Rhydyfelin</a>, Wales; a glass dish found near <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a>, England; the <a href="/wiki/Antioch_chalice" title="Antioch chalice">Antioch chalice</a>, a 6th-century <a href="/wiki/Silver-gilt" title="Silver-gilt">silver-gilt</a> object that became attached to the Grail legend in the 1930s;<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalice_of_Do%C3%B1a_Urraca" title="Chalice of Doña Urraca">Chalice of Doña Urraca</a>, a cup made between 200 BC and 100 AD, kept in <a href="/wiki/Le%C3%B3n,_Spain" title="León, Spain">León</a>’s <a href="/wiki/St._Isidore%27s_Basilica,_Le%C3%B3n" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Isidore's Basilica, León">Basilica of Saint Isidore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Locations_associated_with_the_Holy_Grail">Locations associated with the Holy Grail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Locations associated with the Holy Grail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg/220px-Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg/330px-Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg/440px-Hans_Thoma_-_Die_Gralsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="942" data-file-height="779" /></a><figcaption><i>Die Gralsburg</i> (<i>The Grail Castle</i>) by <a href="/wiki/Hans_Thoma" title="Hans Thoma">Hans Thoma</a> (1899)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the modern era, a number of places have become associated with the Holy Grail. One of the most prominent is <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury" title="Glastonbury">Glastonbury</a> in <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, England. Glastonbury was associated with King Arthur and his resting place of <a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> by the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, a legend arose that Joseph of Arimathea was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Abbey" title="Glastonbury Abbey">Glastonbury Abbey</a>. Early accounts of Joseph at Glastonbury focus on his role as the evangelist of Britain rather than as the custodian of the Holy Grail, but from the 15th century, the Grail became a more prominent part of the legends surrounding Glastonbury.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interest in Glastonbury resurged in the late 19th century, inspired by renewed interest in the Arthurian legend and contemporary spiritual movements centered on ancient sacred sites.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 19th century, <a href="/wiki/John_Goodchild" title="John Goodchild">John Goodchild</a> hid a glass bowl near Glastonbury; a group of his friends, including <a href="/wiki/Wellesley_Tudor_Pole" title="Wellesley Tudor Pole">Wellesley Tudor Pole</a>, retrieved the cup in 1906 and promoted it as the original Holy Grail.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Glastonbury and its Holy Grail legend have since become a point of focus for various <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neopagan" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopagan">Neopagan</a> groups.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some, not least the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Saint_Benedict" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Saint Benedict">Benedictine</a> monks, have identified the castle from <i>Parzival</i> with their real sanctuary of <a href="/wiki/Montserrat_(mountain)" title="Montserrat (mountain)">Montserrat</a> in <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, esoteric writers identified <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Monts%C3%A9gur" title="Château de Montségur">Montségur</a>, a stronghold of the heretical <a href="/wiki/Cathar" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathar">Cathar</a> sect in the 13th century, as the Grail castle. Similarly, the 14th-century <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel" title="Rosslyn Chapel">Rosslyn Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midlothian" title="Midlothian">Midlothian</a>, Scotland, became attached to the Grail legend in the mid-20th century when a succession of conspiracy books identified it as a secret hiding place of the Grail.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_interpretations">Modern interpretations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Modern interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pseudohistory_and_conspiracy_theories">Pseudohistory and conspiracy theories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Pseudohistory and conspiracy theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the 19th century, the Holy Grail has been linked to various conspiracy theories. In 1818, Austrian pseudohistorical writer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_von_Hammer-Purgstall" title="Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall">Joseph von Hammer-Purgstall</a> connected the Grail to contemporary myths surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a> that cast the order as a secret society dedicated to mystical knowledge and relics. In Hammer-Purgstall's work, the Grail is not a physical relic, but a symbol of the secret knowledge that the Templars sought. There is no historical evidence linking the Templars to a search for the Grail, but subsequent writers have elaborated on the Templar theories.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Starting in the early 20th century, writers, particularly in France, further connected the Templars and Grail to the Cathars. In 1906, French esoteric writer <a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9phin_P%C3%A9ladan" title="Joséphin Péladan">Joséphin Péladan</a> identified the Cathar castle of Montségur with <a href="/wiki/Munsalv%C3%A4sche" class="mw-redirect" title="Munsalväsche">Munsalväsche</a> or Montsalvat, the Grail castle in Wolfram's <i>Parzival</i>. This identification has inspired a wider legend asserting that the Cathars possessed the Holy Grail.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to these stories, the Cathars guarded the Grail at Montségur, and smuggled it out when the castle fell in 1244.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Parsifal1933.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Parsifal1933.jpg/250px-Parsifal1933.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Parsifal1933.jpg/330px-Parsifal1933.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Parsifal1933.jpg 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="305" /></a><figcaption>The Grail depicted on a 1933 German stamp</figcaption></figure> <p>Beginning in 1933, German writer <a href="/wiki/Otto_Rahn" title="Otto Rahn">Otto Rahn</a> published a series of books tying the Grail, Templars, and Cathars to modern German nationalist mythology. According to Rahn, the Grail was a symbol of a pure Germanic religion repressed by Christianity. Rahn's books inspired interest in the Grail within <a href="/wiki/Occultism_in_Nazism" title="Occultism in Nazism">Nazi occultist</a> circles, and led to the SS chief <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Himmler" title="Heinrich Himmler">Heinrich Himmler</a>'s abortive sponsorship of Rahn's search for the Grail, as well as many subsequent conspiracy theories and fictional works about the Nazis searching for the Grail.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 20th century, writers <a href="/wiki/Michael_Baigent" title="Michael Baigent">Michael Baigent</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richard_Leigh_(author)" title="Richard Leigh (author)">Richard Leigh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Lincoln" title="Henry Lincoln">Henry Lincoln</a> created one of the most widely known conspiracy theories about the Holy Grail. The theory first appeared on the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> documentary series <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicle_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chronicle (UK TV series)">Chronicle</a></i> in the 1970s, and was elaborated upon in the bestselling 1982 book <i><a href="/wiki/Holy_Blood,_Holy_Grail" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Blood, Holy Grail">Holy Blood, Holy Grail</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood77_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theory combines myths about the Templars and Cathars with various other legends, and a prominent <a href="/wiki/Hoax" title="Hoax">hoax</a> about a secret order called the <a href="/wiki/Priory_of_Sion" title="Priory of Sion">Priory of Sion</a>. According to this theory, the Holy Grail is not a physical object, but a symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Bloodline_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bloodline of Jesus">bloodline of Jesus</a>. The blood connection is based on the etymological reading of <i>san greal</i> (holy grail) as <i>sang real</i> (royal blood), which dates to the 15th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Wood77_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wood77-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The narrative developed is that <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> was not divine, and had children with <a href="/wiki/Mary_Magdalene" title="Mary Magdalene">Mary Magdalene</a>, who took the family to France where their descendants became the <a href="/wiki/Merovingians" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingians">Merovingian</a> dynasty. Supposedly, while the Catholic Church worked to destroy the dynasty, they were protected by the Priory of Sion and their associates, including the Templars, Cathars, and other secret societies.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The book, its arguments, and its evidence have been widely dismissed by scholars as pseudohistorical, but it has had a vast influence on conspiracy and <a href="/wiki/Alternate_history" title="Alternate history">alternate history</a> books. It has also inspired fiction, most notably <a href="/wiki/Dan_Brown" title="Dan Brown">Dan Brown</a>'s 2003 novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i> and its 2006 <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">film adaptation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_painting">Music and painting</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Music and painting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg/170px-Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg/255px-Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg/340px-Frederick_Sandys_-_King_Pelles_Daughter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption><i>King Pelles' Daughter Bearing the Sancgraal</i> by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sandys" title="Frederick Sandys">Frederick Sandys</a> (1861)</figcaption></figure> <p>The combination of hushed reverence, chromatic harmonies and sexualized imagery in <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner" title="Richard Wagner">Richard Wagner</a>'s final music drama <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal" title="Parsifal">Parsifal</a></i>, premiered in 1882, developed this theme, associating the Grail – now periodically producing blood – directly with female fertility.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The high seriousness of the subject was also epitomized in <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>'s painting in which a woman modeled by <a href="/wiki/Alexa_Wilding" title="Alexa Wilding">Alexa Wilding</a> holds the Grail with one hand, while adopting a gesture of blessing with the other.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major mural series depicting the Quest for the Holy Grail was done by the artist <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Austin_Abbey" title="Edwin Austin Abbey">Edwin Austin Abbey</a> during the first decade of the 20th century for the <a href="/wiki/Boston_Public_Library" title="Boston Public Library">Boston Public Library</a>. Other artists, including <a href="/wiki/George_Frederic_Watts" title="George Frederic Watts">George Frederic Watts</a><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/William_Dyce" title="William Dyce">William Dyce</a>, also portrayed grail subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The story of the Grail and of the quest to find it became increasingly popular in the 19th century, referred to in literature such as <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred, Lord Tennyson</a>'s Arthurian cycle <i><a href="/wiki/Idylls_of_the_King" title="Idylls of the King">Idylls of the King</a></i>. A sexualised interpretation of the grail, now identified with female genitalia, appeared in 1870 in <a href="/wiki/Hargrave_Jennings" title="Hargrave Jennings">Hargrave Jennings</a>' book <i>The Rosicrucians, Their Rites and Mysteries</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a>'s poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Waste_Land" title="The Waste Land">The Waste Land</a></i> (1922) loosely follows the legend of the Holy Grail and the Fisher King combined with vignettes of contemporary British society. In his first note to the poem, Eliot attributes the title to Jessie Weston's book on the Grail legend, <i><a href="/wiki/From_Ritual_to_Romance" title="From Ritual to Romance">From Ritual to Romance</a></i>. The allusion is to the wounding of the Fisher King and the subsequent sterility of his lands. A poem of the same title, though otherwise dissimilar, written by <a href="/wiki/Madison_Cawein" title="Madison Cawein">Madison Cawein</a>, was published in 1913 in <a href="/wiki/Poetry_(magazine)" title="Poetry (magazine)"><i>Poetry</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/John_Cowper_Powys" title="John Cowper Powys">John Cowper Powys</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_Glastonbury_Romance" title="A Glastonbury Romance">A Glastonbury Romance</a></i> (1932), the "heroine is the Grail,"<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its central concerns are with the various myths and legends, along with the history associated with Glastonbury. It is also possible to see most of the main characters as undertaking a Grail quest.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Grail is central in <a href="/wiki/Charles_Williams_(UK_writer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Williams (UK writer)">Charles Williams</a>' novel <i>War in Heaven</i> (1930) and his two collections of poems about <a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliessin</a>, <i>Taliessin Through Logres</i> and <i>Region of the Summer Stars</i> (1938).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Chalice" title="The Silver Chalice">The Silver Chalice</a></i> (1952) is a non-Arthurian historical Grail novel by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_B._Costain" title="Thomas B. Costain">Thomas B. Costain</a>.</li> <li>A quest for the Grail appears in <a href="/wiki/Nelson_DeMille" title="Nelson DeMille">Nelson DeMille</a>'s adventure novel <i>The Quest</i> (1975), set during the 1970s.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s Arthurian revisionist fantasy novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon" title="The Mists of Avalon">The Mists of Avalon</a></i> (1983) presented the Grail as a symbol of water, part of a set of objects representing the four <a href="/wiki/Classical_elements" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical elements">classical elements</a>.</li> <li>The main theme of <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Miles_(author)" title="Rosalind Miles (author)">Rosalind Miles</a>' <i>Child of the Holy Grail</i> (2000) in her <i>Guenevere</i> series is the story of the Grail quest by the 14-year-old Galahad.</li> <li>The Grail motif features heavily in <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a>'s 2000 novel <i><a href="/wiki/Baudolino" title="Baudolino">Baudolino</a></i>, set in the 12th century.</li> <li>It is the subject of <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Cornwell" title="Bernard Cornwell">Bernard Cornwell</a>'s historical fiction series of books <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grail_Quest" title="The Grail Quest">The Grail Quest</a></i> (2000–2012), set during the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Hundred Years War">Hundred Years War</a>. In his earlier series <i><a href="/wiki/The_Warlord_Chronicles" title="The Warlord Chronicles">The Warlord Chronicles</a></i>, an adaptation of the Arthurian legend, Cornwell also reimagines the Grail quest as a quest for a cauldron that is one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteen Treasures of Britain">Thirteen Treasures of Britain</a> from Celtic mythology.</li> <li>Influenced by the 1982 publication of the ostensibly non-fiction <i><a href="/wiki/The_Holy_Blood_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail">The Holy Blood and the Holy Grail</a></i>, Dan Brown's <i><a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code" title="The Da Vinci Code">The Da Vinci Code</a></i> (2003) has the "grail" taken to refer to Mary Magdalene as the "receptacle" of Jesus' bloodline (playing on the <i>sang real</i> etymology). In Brown's novel, it is hinted that this Grail was long buried beneath <a href="/wiki/Rosslyn_Chapel" title="Rosslyn Chapel">Rosslyn Chapel</a> in Scotland, but that in recent decades, its guardians had it moved to a secret chamber embedded in the floor beneath the <a href="/wiki/La_Pyramide_Invers%C3%A9e" class="mw-redirect" title="La Pyramide Inversée">Inverted Pyramid</a> in the entrance of the <a href="/wiki/Louvre" title="Louvre">Louvre museum</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Moorcock" title="Michael Moorcock">Michael Moorcock</a>'s fantasy novel <i><a href="/wiki/The_War_Hound_and_the_World%27s_Pain" title="The War Hound and the World's Pain">The War Hound and the World's Pain</a></i> (1981) depicts a supernatural Grail quest set in the era of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>.</li> <li>German history and fantasy novel author <a href="/wiki/Rainer_M._Schr%C3%B6der" title="Rainer M. Schröder">Rainer M. Schröder</a> wrote the trilogy <i><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Die_Bruderschaft_vom_Heiligen_Gral" class="extiw" title="de:Die Bruderschaft vom Heiligen Gral">Die Bruderschaft vom Heiligen Gral</a></i> (<i>The Brotherhood of the Holy Grail</i>) about a group of four Knights Templar who save the Grail from the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Acre_(1291)" title="Siege of Acre (1291)">Fall of Acre</a> in 1291 and go through an odyssey to bring it to the <a href="/wiki/Square_du_Temple" title="Square du Temple">Temple in Paris</a> in the first two books, <i>Der Fall von Akkon</i> (2006) and <i>Das Amulett der Wüstenkrieger</i> (2006), while defending the holy relic from the attempts of a Satanic sect called Iscarians to steal it. In the third book, <i>Das Labyrinth der schwarzen Abtei</i> (2007), the four heroes must reunite to smuggle the Holy Grail out of the Temple in Paris after the <a href="/wiki/Trials_of_the_Knights_Templar" title="Trials of the Knights Templar">trials of the Knights Templar</a> in 1307, again pursued by the Iscarians. Schröder indirectly addresses the Cathar theory by letting the four heroes encounter Cathars – among them old friends from their flight from Acre – on their way to Portugal to seek refuge with the King of Portugal and travel further west.</li> <li>The 15th novel in <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dresden_Files" title="The Dresden Files">The Dresden Files</a></i> series by <a href="/wiki/Jim_Butcher" title="Jim Butcher">Jim Butcher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skin_Game_(The_Dresden_Files)" class="mw-redirect" title="Skin Game (The Dresden Files)"><i>Skin Game</i></a> (2014), features <a href="/wiki/Harry_Dresden" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Dresden">Harry Dresden</a> being recruited by Denarian and longtime enemy Nicodemus into a heist team seeking to retrieve the Holy Grail from the vault of <a href="/wiki/Hades" title="Hades">Hades</a>, the lord of the Underworld. The properties of the item are not explicit, but the relic itself makes an appearance and is in the hands of Nicodemus by the end of the novel's events.</li> <li>The Holy Grail features prominently in <a href="/wiki/Jack_Vance" title="Jack Vance">Jack Vance</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Lyonesse_Trilogy" title="Lyonesse Trilogy">Lyonesse Trilogy</a></i>, where it is the subject of an earlier quest, several generations before the birth of King Arthur. However, in contrast to the Arthurian canon, Vance's Grail is a common object lacking any magical or spiritual qualities, and the characters finding it derive little benefit.</li> <li><i>Grails: Quests of the Dawn</i> (1994), edited by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Gilliam" title="Richard Gilliam">Richard Gilliam</a>, Martin H. Greenberg, and Edward E. Kramer is a collection of 25 short stories about the grail by various science fiction and fantasy writers.</li> <li>In Robert Bruton's <i>Empire in Apocalypse</i> (2023), the Holy Grail appears as General Belisarius's Vandal chalice, recovered with other treasures the Vandals had stolen during the sacking of Rome.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_other_media">Film and other media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Film and other media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_(7659583966).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/220px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/330px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg/440px-Hollywood_Museum_-_Indiana_Jones%27_Grail_Diary_%287659583966%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1696" /></a><figcaption>Grail diary of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Jones, Sr.">Henry Jones, Sr.</a> from the 1989 film <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></i> at the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Museum" title="Hollywood Museum">Hollywood Museum</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the cinema, the Holy Grail debuted in the 1904 silent film <i><a href="/wiki/Parsifal_(1904_film)" title="Parsifal (1904 film)">Parsifal</a></i>, an adaptation of Wagner's opera by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_S._Porter" title="Edwin S. Porter">Edwin S. Porter</a>. More recent cinematic adaptations include Costain's <i>The Silver Chalice</i> made into a <a href="/wiki/The_Silver_Chalice_(film)" title="The Silver Chalice (film)">1954 film</a> by <a href="/wiki/Victor_Saville" title="Victor Saville">Victor Saville</a> and Brown's <i>The Da Vinci Code</i> turned into a <a href="/wiki/The_Da_Vinci_Code_(film)" title="The Da Vinci Code (film)">2006 film</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ron_Howard" title="Ron Howard">Ron Howard</a>. </p> <ul><li>The silent drama film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Light_in_the_Dark" title="The Light in the Dark">The Light in the Dark</a></i> (1922) involves discovery of the Grail in modern times.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bresson" title="Robert Bresson">Robert Bresson</a>'s fantasy film <i><a href="/wiki/Lancelot_du_Lac_(film)" title="Lancelot du Lac (film)">Lancelot du Lac</a></i> (1974) includes a more realistic version of the Grail quest from Arthurian romances.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monty_Python_and_the_Holy_Grail" title="Monty Python and the Holy Grail">Monty Python and the Holy Grail</a></i> (1975) is a comedic take on the Arthurian Grail quest, adapted in 2004 as the stage production <i><a href="/wiki/Spamalot" title="Spamalot">Spamalot</a></i>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boorman" title="John Boorman">John Boorman</a>, in his fantasy film <i><a href="/wiki/Excalibur_(film)" title="Excalibur (film)">Excalibur</a></i> (1981), attempted to restore a more traditional heroic representation of an Arthurian tale, in which the Grail is revealed as a mystical means to revitalise Arthur and the barren land to which his depressive sickness is connected.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a>'s adventure film <i><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_and_the_Last_Crusade" title="Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade">Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade</a></i> (1989) features <a href="/wiki/Indiana_Jones_(character)" title="Indiana Jones (character)">Indiana Jones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Jones,_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Jones, Sr.">his father</a> in a race for the Grail against the Nazis.</li> <li>In a pair of fifth-season episodes (September 1989), entitled "Legend of the Holy Rose," <a href="/wiki/MacGyver_(1985_TV_series)" title="MacGyver (1985 TV series)">MacGyver</a> undertakes a quest for the Grail.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gilliam" title="Terry Gilliam">Terry Gilliam</a>'s comedy-drama film <i><a href="/wiki/The_Fisher_King" title="The Fisher King">The Fisher King</a></i> (1991) features the Grail quest in the modern New York City.</li> <li>In the season one episode "<a href="/wiki/Grail_(Babylon_5)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grail (Babylon 5)">Grail</a>" (1994) of the television series <i><a href="/wiki/Babylon_5" title="Babylon 5">Babylon 5</a></i>, a man named Aldous Gajic visits Babylon 5 in his continuing quest to find the Holy Grail. His quest is primarily a plot device, as the episode's action revolves not around the quest but rather around his presence and impact on the life of a station resident.</li> <li>The video game <i><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Knight_3:_Blood_of_the_Sacred,_Blood_of_the_Damned" title="Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned">Gabriel Knight 3: Blood of the Sacred, Blood of the Damned</a></i> (1999) features an alternate version of the Grail, interwoven with the mythology of the <a href="/wiki/Knights_Templar" title="Knights Templar">Knights Templar</a>. The Holy Grail is revealed in the story to be the blood of Jesus Christ that contains his power, only accessible to those descended from him, with the vessel of the Grail being defined as his body itself which the Templars uncovered in the Holy Lands.</li> <li>In <i><a href="/wiki/Sailor_Moon" title="Sailor Moon">Pretty Guardian Sailor Moon</a>,</i> the Holy Grail (Sehai in the anime, or Rainbow Moon Chalice) is the magical object with which Sailor Moon transforms in her Super form.</li> <li>A science fiction version of the Grail Quest is central theme in the <a href="/wiki/Stargate_SG-1_season_10" title="Stargate SG-1 season 10"><i>Stargate SG-1</i> season 10</a> episode "The Quest" (2006).</li> <li>The song "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_(Hunters_%26_Collectors_song)" title="Holy Grail (Hunters & Collectors song)">Holy Grail</a>" by Australian band <a href="/wiki/Hunters_%26_Collectors" title="Hunters & Collectors">Hunters & Collectors</a> was released in 1993.</li> <li>The song "<a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail_(Jay-Z_song)" title="Holy Grail (Jay-Z song)">Holy Grail</a>" by <a href="/wiki/Jay-Z" title="Jay-Z">Jay-Z</a> featuring <a href="/wiki/Justin_Timberlake" title="Justin Timberlake">Justin Timberlake</a> was released in 2013.</li> <li>In the video game <i><a href="/wiki/Persona_5" title="Persona 5">Persona 5</a></i> (2016), the Holy Grail is the Treasure of the game's final Palace, representing the combined desires of all of humanity for a higher power to take control of their lives and make a world that has no sense of individuality.</li> <li>In the television series <a href="/wiki/Knightfall_(TV_series)" title="Knightfall (TV series)"><i>Knightfall</i></a> (2017), the search for the Holy Grail by the Knights Templar is a major theme of the series' first season. The Grail, which appears as a simple earthenware cup, is coveted by various factions including the Pope, who thinks that possession of it will enable him to ignite another Crusade.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Fate/stay_night" title="Fate/stay night">Fate</a></i> franchise, the Holy Grail serves as the prize of the Holy Grail War, granting a single wish to the victor of the battle royale. However, it is hinted at throughout the series that this Grail is not the real chalice of Christ, but is actually an item of uncertain nature created by mages some generations ago.</li> <li>In the <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed" title="Assassin's Creed">Assassin's Creed</a></i> video game franchise the Holy Grail is mentioned. In the original game, one Templar refers to the main relic of the game as the Holy Grail, although it was later discovered to be one of many Apples of Eden. The Holy Grail was mentioned again in Templar Legends, ending up in either Scotland or Spain by different accounts. The Holy Grail appears again in <i><a href="/wiki/Assassin%27s_Creed:_Alta%C3%AFr%27s_Chronicles" title="Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles">Assassin's Creed: Altaïr's Chronicles</a></i>, by the name of the Chalice, however this time not as an object but as a woman named Adha, similar to the sang rael, or royal blood, interpretation.</li> <li>In the fourth series of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand Tour">The Grand Tour</a></i>, the trio goes to <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Sainte-Marie" class="mw-redirect" title="Île Sainte-Marie">Nosy Boraha</a> where they accidentally find the Holy Grail while searching for <a href="/wiki/Olivier_Levasseur" title="Olivier Levasseur">La Buse's</a> buried treasure.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 17th episode of <i><a href="/wiki/Little_Witch_Academia" title="Little Witch Academia">Little Witch Academia</a></i>, "Amanda O'Neill and the Holy Grail", the Holy Grail is used as a plot device in which witches Amanda O'Neill and Akko Kagari set out to find the item itself at Appleton School.</li> <li>In the 12th episode of season 9 of the American show <i><a href="/wiki/The_Office_(American_TV_series)" title="The Office (American TV series)">The Office</a></i>, Jim Halpert sends Dwight Schrute on a wild goose chase to find the Holy Grail. After Dwight completing all the clues to find it, but coming up empty handed, the camera cuts to Glenn drinking out of it in his office.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In the 2022 Christmas special episode of the British TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Detectorists" title="Detectorists">Detectorists</a></i>, "Special", Lance finds a crockery cup, eyes only, in a field that turns out to be where a historic battle took place and a reliquary containing the Holy Grail was lost. A montage shows how the same crockery cup went from the hands of Jesus at the Last Supper (implied) to being lost in the field.</li> <li>The 2023 limited television series <i><a href="/wiki/Mrs._Davis" title="Mrs. Davis">Mrs. Davis</a></i> revolves around Sister Simone's quest to find and destroy the Holy Grail, both as the central plot device and also as metacommentary on quests for the Holy Grail, which one character observes might be the "most overused <a href="/wiki/MacGuffin" title="MacGuffin">MacGuffin</a> ever".<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akshaya_Patra" title="Akshaya Patra">Akshaya Patra</a> (Hindu mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arma_Christi" title="Arma Christi">Arma Christi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornucopia" title="Cornucopia">Cornucopia</a> (Greek mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Jamshid" title="Cup of Jamshid">Cup of Jamshid</a> (Persian mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fairy_cup_legend" title="Fairy cup legend">Fairy cup legend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_Chalice" title="Holy Chalice">Holy Chalice</a> (Christian mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mythological_objects" title="List of mythological objects">List of mythological objects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sampo" title="Sampo">Sampo</a> (Finnish mythology)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salsabil_(Quran)" title="Salsabil (Quran)">Salsabil (Quran)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia#The_Chalice,_symbol_of_the_kingdom" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Galicia</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Holy%20Grail">"Definition of Holy Grail"</a>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 18,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Definition+of+Holy+Grail&rft.pub=Merriam-Webster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FHoly%2520Grail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Campbell,_Joseph_1990,_page_210-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Campbell,_Joseph_1990,_page_210_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Campbell 1990, p. 210.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Diez,_Friedrich_1864,_p._236_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Diez, Friedrich. <i>An etymological dictionary of the Romance languages</i>, Williams and Norgate, 1864, p. 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nitze, William A. <i>Concerning the Word Graal, Greal</i>, <i>Modern Philology</i>, Vol. 13, No. 11 (Mar., 1916), pp. 681–684 .</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Emma and von Franz, Marie-Louise. <i>The Grail Legend</i>, Princeton University Press, 1998, pp. 116–117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Skeat, Walter William. <i>Joseph of Arimathie</i>, Pub. for the Early English Text Society, by N. Trübner & Co., 1871, pp. xxxvi–xxxvii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mueller, Eduard. <span title="German-language text"><i lang="de">Etymologisches Wörterbuch der englischen Sprache: A–K</i></span>, <i>chettler</i>, 1865, p. 461.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-barber93-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-barber93_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barber93_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-barber93_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 93.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Richard O'Gorman, "Grail" in Norris J. Lacy, <i>The Arthurian Encyclopedia</i>, 1986</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 215.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 55, 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood77-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood77_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood77_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood77_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 418.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Like Perceval when he lived, who stood amazed in contemplation, so that he was quite unable to ask what purpose the lance and grail." ("<i>Attressi con Persavaus el temps que vivia, que s'esbait d'esgarder tant qu'anc non saup demandar de que servia la lansa ni-l grazaus.</i>") Sayce, Olive. <i>Exemplary comparison from Homer to Petrarch</i>, DS Brewer, 2008, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staines, David. (Trans.) <i>The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes</i>. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, page 380.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Guest, Lady Charlotte. <i>The Mabinogion. A Facsimile Reproduction of the Complete 1877 Edition</i>, Academy Press Limited Edition 1978, Chicago, Ill. page 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis 1991.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to a French scholar, the book given by Philip I may be Ovid's <i>The Metamorphoses</i>, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zetetique.fr/index.php/nl/450-poz-76#dossier/">POZ #76</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130420082314/http://zetetique.fr/index.php/nl/450-poz-76#dossier/">Archived</a> 2013-04-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>(in French).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Staines, David. (Trans.) <i>The Complete Romances of Chrétien de Troyes</i>. Indiana University Press, Bloomington & Indianapolis, 1990, page 379.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Loomis 1991, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPhillips1995" class="citation book cs1">Phillips, Graham (January 4, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rmrYAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA44"><i>The Search for the Grail</i></a>. Century. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7533-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-7533-8"><bdi>978-0-7126-7533-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Search+for+the+Grail&rft.pub=Century&rft.date=1995-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-7126-7533-8&rft.aulast=Phillips&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrmrYAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA44&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weston 1993, p.161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mh-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mh_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mh_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGerritsenMelle1998" class="citation book cs1">Gerritsen, Willem Pieter; Melle, A. G. van (January 4, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jacBvHiRUWwC&pg=PA196"><i>A Dictionary of Medieval Heroes: Characters in Medieval Narrative Traditions and Their Afterlife in Literature, Theatre and the Visual Arts</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-780-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85115-780-1"><bdi>978-0-85115-780-1</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Medieval+Heroes%3A+Characters+in+Medieval+Narrative+Traditions+and+Their+Afterlife+in+Literature%2C+Theatre+and+the+Visual+Arts&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=1998-01-04&rft.isbn=978-0-85115-780-1&rft.aulast=Gerritsen&rft.aufirst=Willem+Pieter&rft.au=Melle%2C+A.+G.+van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjacBvHiRUWwC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLoomis2018" class="citation book cs1">Loomis, Roger Sherman (June 5, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of9ZDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118"><i>The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol</i></a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18719-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-18719-8"><bdi>978-0-691-18719-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Grail%3A+From+Celtic+Myth+to+Christian+Symbol&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2018-06-05&rft.isbn=978-0-691-18719-8&rft.aulast=Loomis&rft.aufirst=Roger+Sherman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dof9ZDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA118&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKelly1974" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, Thomas Edward (January 4, 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6kXOwn0RfWgC&pg=PA162"><i>Le Haut Livre Du Graal, Perlesvaus: A Structural Study</i></a>. Librairie Droz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-600-03537-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-600-03537-8"><bdi>978-2-600-03537-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Haut+Livre+Du+Graal%2C+Perlesvaus%3A+A+Structural+Study&rft.pub=Librairie+Droz&rft.date=1974-01-04&rft.isbn=978-2-600-03537-8&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6kXOwn0RfWgC%26pg%3DPA162&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Von_Eschenbach_1980,_page_239-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Von_Eschenbach_1980,_page_239_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Von Eschenbach, Wolfram. <i>Parzival</i>. <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Thomas_Hatto" title="Arthur Thomas Hatto">Hatto, A.T.</a> translator. Penguin Books, 1980, page 239.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Quest of The Holy Grail</i>, translated by Matarasso, P.M., Penguin Books, 1969, page 60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLeitchRushton2019" class="citation book cs1">Leitch, Megan G.; Rushton, Cory (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OAk7EAAAQBAJ"><i>A New Companion to Malory</i></a>. Boydell & Brewer. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84384-523-2"><bdi>978-1-84384-523-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+New+Companion+to+Malory&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=Boydell+%26+Brewer&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-84384-523-2&rft.aulast=Leitch&rft.aufirst=Megan+G.&rft.au=Rushton%2C+Cory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOAk7EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGroosLacy2012" class="citation book cs1">Groos, Arthur; Lacy, Norris J. (December 6, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DkshHF9V8NUC&pg=PA256"><i>Perceval/Parzival: A Casebook</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51000-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-51000-7"><bdi>978-1-136-51000-7</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Perceval%2FParzival%3A+A+Casebook&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-136-51000-7&rft.aulast=Groos&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Lacy%2C+Norris+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDkshHF9V8NUC%26pg%3DPA256&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMalo2013" class="citation book cs1">Malo, Robyn (December 6, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9WBZAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT70"><i>Relics and Writing in Late Medieval England</i></a>. University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6326-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-6326-8"><bdi>978-1-4426-6326-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics+and+Writing+in+Late+Medieval+England&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013-12-06&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-6326-8&rft.aulast=Malo&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9WBZAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT70&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Weston 1993, p. 74, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jung, Emma and von Franz, Marie-Louise. <i>The Grail Legend</i>, Sigo Press, Boston, 1980, p. 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Goering, Joseph (2005). <i>The Virgin and the Grail: Origins of a Legend</i>. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10661-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10661-0">0-300-10661-0</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://yalepress.yale.edu/yupbooks/book.asp?isbn=0300106610">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rynor, Micah (October 20, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.news.utoronto.ca/bin6/051020-1720.asp">"Holy Grail legend may be tied to paintings"</a>. www.news.utoronto.ca.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Barber248-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Barber248_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Barber248_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 248–252.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarey2011" class="citation journal cs1">Carey, John (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.temenosacademy.org/wp-content/uploads/JOHN-CAREY-Henry-Corbin-and-the-Secre-of-the-Grail_Optimized-Copy-Copy.pdf">"Henry Corbin and the Secret of the Grail"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Henry+Corbin+and+the+Secret+of+the+Grail&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.temenosacademy.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2FJOHN-CAREY-Henry-Corbin-and-the-Secre-of-the-Grail_Optimized-Copy-Copy.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">D. Scavone: "Joseph of Arimathea, the Holy Grail and the Edessa Icon," <i><a href="/wiki/Arthuriana" title="Arthuriana">Arthuriana</a></i> vol. 9, no. 4, 3-31 (Winter 1999) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shroud.it/SCAVONE1.PDF">Article</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shroud.com/scavone2.htm">abstract</a>); Scavone, "British King Lucius, the Grail and Joseph of Arimathea: The Question of Byzantine Origins.", Publications of the Medieval Association of the Midwest 10 (2003): 101-42, vol. 10, 101-142 (2003).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Peron,_Goulven_2016,_p._113_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Peron, Goulven. L'influence des Metamorphoses d'Ovide sur la visite de Perceval au chateau du Roi Pecheur, Journal of the International Arthurian Society, Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2016, p. 113-134.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._91_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 167.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wood,_Juliette_2012_p._94_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 94.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 94–95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 95–96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 169–170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barber 2004, p. 170.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 96–97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHedgecoe2014" class="citation news cs1">Hedgecoe, Guy (2014-03-28). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishtimes.com/news/world/europe/spanish-historians-claim-to-have-found-holy-grail-1.1740900">"Spanish historians claim to have found Holy Grail"</a>. <i>The Irish Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+Times&rft.atitle=Spanish+historians+claim+to+have+found+Holy+Grail&rft.date=2014-03-28&rft.aulast=Hedgecoe&rft.aufirst=Guy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishtimes.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Feurope%2Fspanish-historians-claim-to-have-found-holy-grail-1.1740900&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 51–52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 53–55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 55–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 57–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 58–60.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRoss2020" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Alex (15 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aTfQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT240"><i>Wagnerism: Art and Politics in the Shadow of Music</i></a>. Farrar, Straus and Giroux. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4454-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4299-4454-0"><bdi>978-1-4299-4454-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wagnerism%3A+Art+and+Politics+in+the+Shadow+of+Music&rft.pub=Farrar%2C+Straus+and+Giroux&rft.date=2020-09-15&rft.isbn=978-1-4299-4454-0&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaTfQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT240&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, pp. 75–76, 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 70, 73–74.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 75–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 74–76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 76–77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 77–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wood 2012, p. 77, 81–82.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Donington, Robert (1963). <i>Wagner's "Ring" and its Symbols: the Music and the Myth</i>. Faber</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tate.org.uk/art/artists/dante-gabriel-rossetti-461">"Dante Gabriel Rossetti 1828–1882"</a>. <i>Tate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tate&rft.atitle=Dante+Gabriel+Rossetti+1828%E2%80%931882&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tate.org.uk%2Fart%2Fartists%2Fdante-gabriel-rossetti-461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harvardartmuseums.org/collections/object/230160?position=8">"Sir Galahad | Harvard Art Museums"</a>. <i>harvardartmuseums.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=harvardartmuseums.org&rft.atitle=Sir+Galahad+%26%23124%3B+Harvard+Art+Museums&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharvardartmuseums.org%2Fcollections%2Fobject%2F230160%3Fposition%3D8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Shichtman, Martin B.; Carley, James P., (eds.) <i>Culture and the King: The Social Implications of the Arthurian Legend</i>, SUNY Press, Albany, N.Y., 1994, p. 264.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Writing of the Order of the Garter ceremonies Jennings writes on page 323:- The whole refers to King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table; set round as sentinels ('in lodge') of the Sangreal, or Holy Graal--the 'Sacrifice Mysterious', or 'Eucharist'. But how is all this magic and sacred in the estimate of the Rosicrucians?' an inquirer will very naturally ask. The answer to all this is very, ample and satisfactory; but particulars must be left to the sagacity of the querist himself, because propriety does not admit of explanation. Suffice it to say, that it is one of the most curious and wonderful subjects which has occupied the attention of antiquaries. That archaeological puzzle, the 'Round Table of King Arthur', is a perfect display of this whole subject of the origin of the 'Garter'; it springs directly from it, being the same object as that enclosed by the mythic garter, 'garder', or 'girther.'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.poetryfoundation.org/poetrymagazine/browse?volume=1&issue=4&page=4">"January 1913 : Poetry Magazine"</a>. Poetryfoundation.org<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=January+1913+%3A+Poetry+Magazine&rft.pub=Poetryfoundation.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.poetryfoundation.org%2Fpoetrymagazine%2Fbrowse%3Fvolume%3D1%26issue%3D4%26page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Preface" to <i>A Glastonbury Romance</i>. London: Macdonald, 1955, p. xiii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Krissdottir, Morine. <i>Descent of Memory: The Life of John Cowper Powys</i>. London: Overlook Press, 2007, pp. 252-3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A massive Hunt", <a href="/wiki/The_Grand_Tour" class="mw-redirect" title="The Grand Tour">The Grand Tour</a>: <ul><li>Hammond: "There's something there!"</li> <li>Clarkson: "What's that?"</li> <li>May: "What is it?"</li> <li>Hammond: "I think it's the Holy Grail."</li> <li>May: "Oh cock."</li> <li>Clarkson: "And on that terrible disappointment, it's time to end."</li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbc.com/the-office/video/the-dunder-code/3850902"><i>Watch The Office Highlight: The Dunder Code - NBC.com</i></a>, 2013-01-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-12-09</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Watch+The+Office+Highlight%3A+The+Dunder+Code+-+NBC.com&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbc.com%2Fthe-office%2Fvideo%2Fthe-dunder-code%2F3850902&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2023/tv/tv-reviews/mrs-davis-review-betty-gilpin-damon-lindelof-ai-1235579968/"><i>An Algorithm Could Never Come Up With AI Drama 'Mrs. Davis': TV Review</i></a>, 2013-04-18<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-07-04</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Algorithm+Could+Never+Come+Up+With+AI+Drama+%27Mrs.+Davis%27%3A+TV+Review&rft.date=2013-04-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2023%2Ftv%2Ftv-reviews%2Fmrs-davis-review-betty-gilpin-damon-lindelof-ai-1235579968%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHoly+Grail" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Barber, Richard (2004). <i>The Holy Grail: Imagination and Belief</i>. Harvard University Press.</li> <li>Campbell, Joseph (1990). <i>Transformations of Myth Through Time</i>. Harper & Row Publishers, New York.</li> <li>Loomis, Roger Sherman (1991). <i>The Grail: From Celtic Myth to Christian Symbol</i>. Princeton. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-02075-2">0-691-02075-2</a></li> <li>Weston, Jessie L. (1993; originally published 1920). <i>From Ritual To Romance</i>. Princeton University Press, Princeton, New Jersey.</li> <li>Wood, Juliette (2012). <i>The Holy Grail: History and Legend</i>. University of Wales Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780708325247" title="Special:BookSources/9780708325247">9780708325247</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/grail" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:grail"> grail</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Holy_Grail" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Holy_Grail" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of the <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article "<span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Grail,_The_Holy" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Grail, The Holy">Grail, The Holy</a></span>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p00548y9">Holy Grail</a> on <a href="/wiki/In_Our_Time_(radio_series)" title="In Our Time (radio series)"><i>In Our Time</i></a> at the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lib.rochester.edu/camelot/grlmenu.htm">The Holy Grail at the Camelot Project</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/06719a.htm">The Holy Grail</a> at the <i><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Encyclopedia" title="Catholic Encyclopedia">Catholic Encyclopedia</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.valenciavalencia.com/sights-guide/holy-grail-valencia.htm">The Holy Grail today in Valencia Cathedral</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170728115221/http://www.valenciavalencia.com/sights-guide/holy-grail-valencia.htm">Archived</a> 2017-07-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><span class="languageicon">(in French)</span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://expositions.bnf.fr/arthur/livres/estoire/index.htm"><i>XVth-century Old French Estoire del saint Graal manuscript BNF fr. 113</i></a> Bibliothèque Nationale de France, selection of illuminated folios, Modern French Translation, Commentaries.</li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> The full text of <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Studies_on_the_legend_of_the_Holy_Grail" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail">Studies on the legend of the Holy Grail</a> at Wikisource</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="King_Arthur_and_the_Matter_of_Britain285" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arthurian_legend" title="Template:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arthurian_legend" title="Template talk:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arthurian_legend" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arthurian legend"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="King_Arthur_and_the_Matter_of_Britain285" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Matter_of_Britain" title="Matter of Britain">Matter of Britain</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_family" title="King Arthur's family">Family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agravain" title="Agravain">Agravain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cador" title="Cador">Cador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_(Briton)" title="Constantine (Briton)">Constantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culhwch" title="Culhwch">Culhwch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Ector" title="Sir Ector">Ector</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Garlot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hoel">Hoel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaheris" title="Gaheris">Gaheris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth" title="Gareth">Gareth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gawain" title="Gawain">Gawain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gingalain" title="Gingalain">Gingalain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinevere" title="Guinevere">Guinevere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igraine" title="Igraine">Igraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Kay" title="Sir Kay">Kay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mordred" title="Mordred">Mordred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgause" title="Morgause">Morgause</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrosius_Aurelianus" title="Ambrosius Aurelianus">Ambrosius Aurelianus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uther_Pendragon" title="Uther Pendragon">Uther Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urien" title="Urien">Urien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ywain" title="Ywain">Yvain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Knights_of_the_Round_Table" title="Knights of the Round Table">Knights of the<br /> Round Table</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bagdemagus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bagdemagus">Bagdemagus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedivere" title="Bedivere">Bedivere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Younger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clig%C3%A8s" title="Cligès">Cligès</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caradoc" title="Caradoc">Caradoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagonet" title="Dagonet">Dagonet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_von_dem_bl%C3%BChenden_Tal" title="Daniel von dem blühenden Tal">Daniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinadan" title="Dinadan">Dinadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galahad" title="Galahad">Galahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galehaut" title="Galehaut">Galehaut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraint" title="Geraint">Geraint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griflet" class="mw-redirect" title="Griflet">Griflet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamorak" title="Lamorak">Lamorak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancelot" title="Lancelot">Lancelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanval" title="Lanval">Lanval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Lionel" title="Sir Lionel">Lionel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moriaen" title="Moriaen">Moriaen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pelleas" title="Pelleas">Pelleas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pellinore" class="mw-redirect" title="Pellinore">Pellinore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival" title="Percival">Percival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sagramore" title="Sagramore">Sagramore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan" title="Tristan">Tristan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Arthurian_characters" title="List of Arthurian characters">Other characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accolon" title="Accolon">Accolon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agrestes" title="Agrestes">Agrestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angharad_Golden-Hand" title="Angharad Golden-Hand">Angharad Golden-Hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anguish_of_Ireland" title="Anguish of Ireland">Anguish of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annowre" title="Annowre">Annowre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Balin" title="Sir Balin">Balin and Balan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Ban" title="King Ban">Ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bertilak" title="Lady Bertilak">Lady Bertilak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Knight_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Black Knight (Arthurian legend)">Black Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanchefleur" title="Blanchefleur">Blanchefleur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bors" title="Bors">Bors the Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brangaine" title="Brangaine">Brangaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunor" title="Brunor">Brunor(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catigern" title="Catigern">Catigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudas" title="Claudas">Claudas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Astolat" title="Elaine of Astolat">Elaine of Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_(legend)" title="Elaine (legend)">Elaine of Benoic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_of_Corbenic" title="Elaine of Corbenic">Elaine of Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enide" title="Enide">Enide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feirefiz" title="Feirefiz">Feirefiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisher_King" title="Fisher King">Fisher King(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garel" title="Garel">Garel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorlois" title="Gorlois">Gorlois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Knight" title="Green Knight">Green Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiomar_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Guiomar (Arthurian legend)">Guiomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guiron_le_Courtois" title="Guiron le Courtois">Guiron le Courtois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwenhwyfach" title="Gwenhwyfach">Gwenhwyfach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellawes_(sorceress)" title="Hellawes (sorceress)">Hellawes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hengist_and_Horsa" title="Hengist and Horsa">Hengist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iseult" title="Iseult">Iseult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Lake" title="Lady of the Lake">Lady/Ladies of the Lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laudine" title="Laudine">Laudine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leodegrance" class="mw-redirect" title="Leodegrance">Leodegrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohengrin" title="Lohengrin">Lohengrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Lot" title="King Lot">Lot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucius_Tiberius" title="Lucius Tiberius">Lucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunete" title="Lunete">Lunete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynette_and_Lyonesse" title="Lynette and Lyonesse">Lynette and Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleagant" title="Maleagant">Maleagant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_of_Cornwall" title="Mark of Cornwall">Mark of Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meliodas" title="Meliodas">Meliodas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin" title="Merlin">Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budic_II_of_Brittany" title="Budic II of Brittany">Nentres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olwen" title="Olwen">Olwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percival%27s_sister" title="Percival's sister">Percival's sister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Knight" title="Red Knight">Red Knight(s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rience" class="mw-redirect" title="Rience">Rience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taliesin" title="Taliesin">Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tegau_Eurfron" title="Tegau Eurfron">Tegau Eurfron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vortigern" title="Vortigern">Vortigern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yniol" class="mw-redirect" title="Yniol">Yniol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Animal characters</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cavall" title="Cavall">Cavall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gringolet" title="Gringolet">Gringolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petitcrieu" title="Petitcrieu">Petitcrieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Questing_Beast" title="Questing Beast">Questing Beast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twrch_Trwyth" title="Twrch Trwyth">Twrch Trwyth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carnwennan" title="Carnwennan">Carnwennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Excalibur" title="Excalibur">Excalibur</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Holy Grail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pridwen" title="Pridwen">Pridwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prydwen" title="Prydwen">Prydwen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhongomyniad" title="Rhongomyniad">Rhongomyniad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_Table" title="Round Table">Round Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_Perilous" title="Siege Perilous">Siege Perilous</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_locations_associated_with_Arthurian_legend" title="List of locations associated with Arthurian legend">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astolat" title="Astolat">Astolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalon" title="Avalon">Avalon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glastonbury_Tor" title="Glastonbury Tor">Glastonbury Tor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broc%C3%A9liande" title="Brocéliande">Brocéliande</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Val_sans_retour" title="Val sans retour">Val sans retour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerleon" title="Caerleon">Caerleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camelot" title="Camelot">Camelot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celliwig" title="Celliwig">Celliwig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_perilous" title="Chapel perilous">Chapel perilous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corbenic" title="Corbenic">Corbenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esplumoir_Merlin" title="Esplumoir Merlin">Esplumoir Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joyous_Gard" title="Joyous Gard">Joyous Gard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Land_of_Maidens" title="Land of Maidens">Land/Castle of Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logres" title="Logres">Logres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyonesse" title="Lyonesse">Lyonesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarras" title="Sarras">Sarras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel" title="Tintagel">Tintagel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tintagel_Castle" title="Tintagel Castle">Tintagel Castle</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_King_Arthur" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of King Arthur">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_based_on_Arthurian_legends" title="List of works based on Arthurian legends">List of works</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur_in_comics" title="King Arthur in comics">comics</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Badon" title="Battle of Badon">Battle of Badon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camlann" title="Battle of Camlann">Battle of Camlann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolorous_Stroke" title="Dolorous Stroke">Dolorous Stroke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loathly_lady" title="Loathly lady">Loathly lady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historicity_of_King_Arthur" title="Historicity of King Arthur">Historicity of King Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Arthur%27s_messianic_return" title="King Arthur's messianic return">King Arthur's messianic return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pendragon" title="Pendragon">Pendragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Swan" title="Knight of the Swan">Knight of the Swan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tristan_and_Iseult" title="Tristan and Iseult">Tristan and Iseult</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox946" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162808#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4021799-1">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85056204">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00576922">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="grál"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph120620&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007536014005171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&oldid=1279142341">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&oldid=1279142341</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Holy_Grail" title="Category:Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cauldrons" title="Category:Cauldrons">Cauldrons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Christian_terminology" title="Category:Christian terminology">Christian terminology</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fictional_elements_introduced_in_the_12th_century" title="Category:Fictional elements introduced in the 12th century">Fictional elements introduced in the 12th century</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Literary_motifs" title="Category:Literary motifs">Literary motifs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Magic_items" title="Category:Magic items">Magic items</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_German-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing German-language text">Articles containing German-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_missing_periodical" title="Category:CS1 errors: missing periodical">CS1 errors: missing periodical</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_French-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing French-language text">Articles containing French-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Breton-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Breton-language text">Articles containing Breton-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Welsh-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Welsh-language text">Articles containing Welsh-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Cornish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Cornish-language text">Articles containing Cornish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_French_(842-ca._1400)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text">Articles containing Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Old_Proven%C3%A7al_(to_1500)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text">Articles containing Old Provençal (to 1500)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_uncoded-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing uncoded-language text">Articles containing uncoded-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_French-language_sources_(fr)" title="Category:Articles with French-language sources (fr)">Articles with French-language sources (fr)</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 6 March 2025, at 20:03<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Holy_Grail&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Holy Grail</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>66 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-zkx95","wgBackendResponseTime":176,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.777","walltime":"1.019","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4360,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":76572,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4286,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":110561,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 854.727 1 -total"," 25.08% 214.376 1 Template:Reflist"," 13.59% 116.141 4 Template:Langx"," 11.53% 98.521 1 Template:Short_description"," 11.08% 94.682 4 Template:Cite_web"," 10.25% 87.577 1 Template:Arthurian_Legend"," 9.64% 82.370 1 Template:Navbox"," 7.82% 66.825 2 Template:Pagetype"," 6.77% 57.901 4 Template:Sister_project"," 6.53% 55.828 4 Template:Side_box"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.447","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":23882242,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.eqiad.main-6d78b94fdf-t8m7s","timestamp":"20250320215620","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Holy Grail","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Holy_Grail","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162808","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q162808","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2001-12-22T04:58:20Z","dateModified":"2025-03-06T20:03:11Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/7\/7c\/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti_-_The_Damsel_of_the_Sanct_Grael_%281874%29.jpg","headline":"cup, dish or stone with miraculous powers, important motif in Arthurian literature"}</script> </body> </html>