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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Christianity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Christianity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relics_and_pilgrimage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics_and_pilgrimage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Relics and pilgrimage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics_and_pilgrimage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Economic_effect" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_effect"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2.1</span> <span>Economic effect</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economic_effect-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counterfeits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counterfeits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Counterfeits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counterfeits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Classifications_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Classifications_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Classifications_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Orthodoxy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Eastern Orthodoxy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Orthodoxy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>In art</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reliquaries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliquaries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Reliquaries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliquaries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_claimed_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_claimed_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>List of claimed relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_claimed_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hinduism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Islam</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Islam-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Islam subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relics_of_the_prophets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relics_of_the_prophets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Relics of the prophets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relics_of_the_prophets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Istanbul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Istanbul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>In Istanbul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Istanbul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sacred_Cloak_of_the_Prophet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sacred_Cloak_of_the_Prophet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Sacred Cloak of the Prophet</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sacred_Cloak_of_the_Prophet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_relics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_relics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Cultural relics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_relics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>In fiction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Relic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 67 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-67" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">67 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquie" title="Reliquie – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Reliquie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B0%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A9_(%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86)" title="ذخيرة (دين) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ذخيرة (دين)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquia" title="Reliquia – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Reliquia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Մասունք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Մասունք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relik" title="Relik – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Relik" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B7" title="অবশেষ – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অবশেষ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%87%D1%8B" title="Мошчы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мошчы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8" title="Мощи – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мощи" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel%C3%ADquia" title="Relíquia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Relíquia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%C4%95%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D3%B3%D1%82" title="Çĕрмен ӳт – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çĕрмен ӳт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvie" title="Relikvie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Relikvie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvie" title="Relikvie – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Relikvie" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquie" title="Reliquie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Reliquie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliikvia" title="Reliikvia – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Reliikvia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B5%CE%AF%CF%88%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%BF" title="Λείψανο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λείψανο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquia" title="Reliquia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Reliquia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvo" title="Relikvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Relikvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erlikia" title="Erlikia – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erlikia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AF%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%AF%D8%B3" title="یادگار مقدس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یادگار مقدس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relique" title="Relique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikwy" title="Relikwy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Relikwy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B1%EC%9C%A0%EB%AC%BC" title="성유물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="성유물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D6%84" title="Մասունք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մասունք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B7" title="अवशेष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अवशेष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvija" title="Relikvija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Relikvija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquio" title="Reliquio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Reliquio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikui" title="Relikui – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Relikui" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquia" title="Reliquia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Reliquia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helgur_d%C3%B3mur" title="Helgur dómur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Helgur dómur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquia" title="Reliquia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Reliquia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99_%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9D" title="שרידי קדושים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שרידי קדושים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9lik" title="Rélik – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Rélik" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masalia" title="Masalia – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Masalia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquiae_sacrae" title="Reliquiae sacrae – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Reliquiae sacrae" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquie" title="Reliquie – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Reliquie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvija" title="Relikvija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Relikvija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliek" title="Reliek – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Reliek" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliquia" title="Reliquia – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Reliquia" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ereklye" title="Ereklye – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ereklye" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мошти – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мошти" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relika" title="Relika – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Relika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B6%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B7%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D" title="തിരുശേഷിപ്പ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തിരുശേഷിപ്പ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikwie" title="Relikwie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Relikwie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%81%BA%E7%89%A9" title="聖遺物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="聖遺物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvie" title="Relikvie – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Relikvie" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvie" title="Relikvie – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Relikvie" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikwie" title="Relikwie – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Relikwie" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rel%C3%ADquia" title="Relíquia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Relíquia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moa%C8%99te" title="Moaște – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moaște" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8" title="Мощи – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мощи" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliku" title="Reliku – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Reliku" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relic" title="Relic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Relic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvia" title="Relikvia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Relikvia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvija" title="Relikvija – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Relikvija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Мошти – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мошти" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikvija" title="Relikvija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Relikvija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyh%C3%A4inj%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6s" title="Pyhäinjäännös – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pyhäinjäännös" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relik" title="Relik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Relik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikya" title="Relikya – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Relikya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81" title="เรลิก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เรลิก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6lik" title="Rölik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rölik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%89%D1%96" title="Мощі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мощі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A8%D8%B1%DA%A9_(%D9%85%D8%B0%DB%81%D8%A8)" title="تبرک (مذہب) – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تبرک (مذہب)" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Di_v%E1%BA%ADt" title="Di vật – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Di vật" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relikya" title="Relikya – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Relikya" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Sacred Relics" redirects here. For the religious objects in the Topkapı Palace, see <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Relics_(Topkap%C4%B1_Palace)" title="Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)">Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Relic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Relic (disambiguation)">Relic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chef_de_Saint_Yves.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chef_de_Saint_Yves.jpg/500px-Chef_de_Saint_Yves.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Chef_de_Saint_Yves.jpg/960px-Chef_de_Saint_Yves.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> and skull of Saint <a href="/wiki/Ivo_of_Kermartin" title="Ivo of Kermartin">Ivo of Kermartin</a> (St. Yves or St. Ives; 1253–1303), in <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%A9guier" title="Tréguier">Tréguier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg/220px-Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg/330px-Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg/440px-Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm_NMI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_Saint_Lachtin%27s_Arm" title="Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm">Shrine of Saint Lachtin's Arm</a>, 12th century, Irish</figcaption></figure> <p>In religion, a <b>relic</b> is an object or article of religious significance from the past.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It usually consists of the physical remains or personal effects of a saint or other person preserved for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> as a tangible memorial. Relics are an important aspect of some forms of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a>, and many other religions. <i>Relic</i> derives from the <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> <i>reliquiae</i>, meaning "remains", and a form of the Latin verb <i>relinquere</i>, to "leave behind, or abandon". A <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Shrine" title="Shrine">shrine</a> that houses one or more religious relics. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_classical_antiquity">In classical antiquity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: In classical antiquity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg/260px-Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg/390px-Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg/520px-Hero_cult_Louvre_CA308.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2580" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Amphora" title="Amphora">amphora</a> depicting a <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">Greek hero cult</a> in honor of Oedipus (<a href="/wiki/Apulian_vase_painting" title="Apulian vase painting">Apulian red-figure</a>, 380–370 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greece</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">city</a> or <a href="/wiki/Greek_temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek temple">sanctuary</a> might claim to possess, without necessarily displaying, the remains of a venerated <a href="/wiki/Hero" title="Hero">hero</a> as a part of a <a href="/wiki/Greek_hero_cult" title="Greek hero cult">hero cult</a>. Other venerable objects associated with the hero were more likely to be on display in sanctuaries, such as spears, shields, or other weaponry; <a href="/wiki/Chariots" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariots">chariots</a>, ships or <a href="/wiki/Figurehead_(object)" title="Figurehead (object)">figureheads</a>; furniture such as chairs or <a href="/wiki/Sacrificial_tripod" title="Sacrificial tripod">tripods</a>; and clothing. The sanctuary of the <a href="/wiki/Phoebe_(Leucippides)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoebe (Leucippides)">Leucippides</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> claimed to display the egg of <a href="/wiki/Leda_(mythology)" title="Leda (mythology)">Leda</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekroth-p110-111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bones were not regarded as holding a particular power derived from the hero, with some exceptions, such as the divine shoulder of <a href="/wiki/Pelops" title="Pelops">Pelops</a> held at <a href="/wiki/Olympia,_Greece" title="Olympia, Greece">Olympia</a>. Miracles and healing were not regularly attributed to them;<sup id="cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekroth-p110-111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> rather, their presence was meant to serve a <a href="/wiki/Tutelary_deity" title="Tutelary deity">tutelary</a> function, as the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Oedipus" title="Oedipus">Oedipus</a> was said to protect <a href="/wiki/Classical_Athens" title="Classical Athens">Athens</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bones of <a href="/wiki/Orestes" title="Orestes">Orestes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Theseus" title="Theseus">Theseus</a> were supposed to have been stolen or removed from their original resting place and reburied.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the advice of the <a href="/wiki/Delphic_Oracle" class="mw-redirect" title="Delphic Oracle">Delphic Oracle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartans</a> searched for the bones of Orestes and brought them home, without which they had been told they could not expect victory in their war against the neighboring <a href="/wiki/Tegea" title="Tegea">Tegeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a> says that the Athenians were likewise instructed by the oracle to locate and steal the relics of Theseus from the <a href="/wiki/Dolopia" title="Dolopia">Dolopians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The body of the legendary <a href="/wiki/Eurystheus" title="Eurystheus">Eurystheus</a> was also supposed to protect Athens from enemy attack,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Thebes_(Boeotia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)">Thebes</a>, that of the prophet <a href="/wiki/Amphiaraus" title="Amphiaraus">Amphiaraus</a>, whose cult was oracular and healing.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plutarch narrates transferrals similar to that of Theseus for the bodies of the historical <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I of Macedon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phocion" title="Phocion">Phocion the Good</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bones or ashes of <a href="/wiki/Aesculapius" class="mw-redirect" title="Aesculapius">Aesculapius</a> at <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurus</a>, and of <a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Perdiccas I">Perdiccas I</a> at Macedon, were treated with the deepest veneration. </p><p>As with the relics of Theseus, the bones are sometimes described in literary sources as gigantic, an indication of the hero's "larger than life" status. On the basis of their reported size, it has been conjectured that such bones were those of <a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">prehistoric creatures</a>, the startling discovery of which may have prompted the sanctifying of the site.<sup id="cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ekroth-p110-111-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The head of the poet-prophet <a href="/wiki/Orpheus" title="Orpheus">Orpheus</a> was supposed to have been transported to <a href="/wiki/Lesbos" title="Lesbos">Lesbos</a>, where it was enshrined and visited as an <a href="/wiki/Oracle" title="Oracle">oracle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2nd-century geographer <a href="/wiki/Pausanias_(geographer)" title="Pausanias (geographer)">Pausanias</a> reported that the bones of Orpheus were kept in a stone vase displayed on a pillar near <a href="/wiki/Dion,_Pieria" title="Dion, Pieria">Dion</a>, his place of death and a major religious center. These too were regarded as having oracular power, which might be accessed through dreaming in a <a href="/wiki/Incubation_(ritual)" title="Incubation (ritual)">ritual of incubation</a>. The accidental exposure of the bones brought a disaster upon the town of Libretha, whence the people of Dion had transferred the relics to their own keeping.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a></i>, the bones of the Persian <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> were venerated,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the tradition of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and its scriptures offer no support of this.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Christianity"><span class="anchor" id="Christian_relics"></span>Christianity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Christianity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BJ23-reliquary.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BJ23-reliquary.jpg/220px-BJ23-reliquary.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BJ23-reliquary.jpg/330px-BJ23-reliquary.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/BJ23-reliquary.jpg/440px-BJ23-reliquary.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2359" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pope_St._John_XXIII_National_Seminary" title="Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary">Pope St. John XXIII National Seminary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, with relics of <a href="/wiki/James_the_Greater" class="mw-redirect" title="James the Greater">St. James</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matthew_the_Evangelist" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthew the Evangelist">St. Matthew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_the_Apostle" title="Philip the Apostle">St. Philip</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_the_Zealot" title="Simon the Zealot">St. Simon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">St. Thomas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Stephen" title="Saint Stephen">St. Stephen</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="History">History</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the earliest sources that purports to show the efficacy of relics is found in 2 Kings 13:20–21: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Elisha died, and they buried him. Now the bands of the Moabites used to invade the land at the coming in of the year. And it came to pass, as they were burying a man, that, behold, they spied a band; and they cast the man into the sepulchre of Elisha; and as soon as the man touched the bones of Elisha, he revived, and stood up on his feet. <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Also cited is the veneration of relics from the martyr and bishop <a href="/wiki/Saint_Polycarp_of_Smyrna" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Polycarp of Smyrna">Saint Polycarp of Smyrna</a> recorded in the <i><a href="/wiki/Martyrdom_of_Polycarp" title="Martyrdom of Polycarp">Martyrdom of Polycarp</a></i>, written sometime from 150 to 160 AD.<sup id="cite_ref-head_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-head-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With regard to relics that are objects, an often cited passage is <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_the_Apostles" title="Acts of the Apostles">Acts</a> 19:11–12, which says that <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">Paul the Apostle</a>'s handkerchiefs were imbued by God with healing power. In the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">gospel</a> accounts of <a href="/wiki/Jesus_healing_the_bleeding_woman" title="Jesus healing the bleeding woman">Jesus healing the bleeding woman</a> and again in the <a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Mark" title="Gospel of Mark">Gospel of Mark</a> 6:56, those who touched Jesus' garment were healed. </p><p>The practice of venerating relics seems to have been taken for granted by writers like <a href="/wiki/Augustine_of_Hippo" title="Augustine of Hippo">Augustine</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Ambrose" title="Ambrose">Ambrose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Nyssa" title="Gregory of Nyssa">Gregory of Nyssa</a>, St. <a href="/wiki/Chrysostom" class="mw-redirect" title="Chrysostom">Chrysostom</a>, and St. <a href="/wiki/Gregory_Nazianzen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Nazianzen">Gregory Nazianzen</a>. Dom Bernardo Cignitti, O.S.B., wrote, "[T]he remains of certain dead are surrounded with special care and veneration. This is because the mortal remains of the deceased are associated in some manner with the holiness of their souls which await reunion with their bodies in the <a href="/wiki/Resurrection_of_the_Dead" class="mw-redirect" title="Resurrection of the Dead">resurrection</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-mangan_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mangan-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> (d. 1274) pointed out that it was natural that people should treasure what is associated with the dead, much like the personal effects of a relative.<sup id="cite_ref-odonnell_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In an interview with <a href="/wiki/Catholic_News_Service" title="Catholic News Service">Catholic News Service</a>, Fr. Mario Conte, executive editor of the Messenger of St. Anthony magazine in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, said, "Saints' relics help people overcome the abstract and make a connection with the holy ... Saints do not perform miracles. Only God performs miracles, but saints are intercessors."<sup id="cite_ref-griffin_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-griffin-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg/250px-Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg/330px-Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg/500px-Reliekschrijnbinnen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1192" data-file-height="840" /></a><figcaption>A relic from the shrine of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface of Dokkum</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hermit" title="Hermit">hermit-church</a> of <a href="/wiki/Warfhuizen" title="Warfhuizen">Warfhuizen</a>: the bone fragment in middle is from <a href="/wiki/Saint_Boniface" title="Saint Boniface">Saint Boniface</a>; the folded papers on the left and right contain bone fragments of Saint <a href="/wiki/Benedict_of_Nursia" title="Benedict of Nursia">Benedict of Nursia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bernard_of_Clairvaux" title="Bernard of Clairvaux">Bernard of Clairvaux</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early Church the disturbance of the remains of martyrs and other saints was not practiced. They were allowed to remain in their often unidentified resting places such as in cemeteries and the <a href="/wiki/Catacombs_of_Rome" title="Catacombs of Rome">catacombs of Rome</a>. These places were always outside the walls of the city, but <a href="/wiki/Martyrium_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Martyrium (architecture)">martyriums</a> began to be built over the site of the burial. Since it was considered beneficial to the soul to be buried close to the remains of saints, several large "funerary halls" were built over the sites of martyr's graves, including <a href="/wiki/Old_Saint_Peter%27s_Basilica" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Saint Peter's Basilica">Old Saint Peter's Basilica</a>. These were initially not regular churches, but "covered cemeteries" crammed with graves, wherein was celebrated funerary and memorial services. It may have been thought that when the souls of the martyrs went to heaven on resurrection day they would be accompanied by those interred nearby, who would thus gain favour with God.<sup id="cite_ref-Thurston_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some early Christians attributed <a href="/wiki/Traditional_medicine" title="Traditional medicine">healing powers</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Han%C4%81n%C4%81" title="Hanānā">dust from graves</a> of saints, including <a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a>. The cult of <a href="/wiki/Martin_of_Tours" title="Martin of Tours">Martin of Tours</a> was very popular in <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a>, and centered at a great church built just outside the walls of Tours. When Saint Martin died on November 8, 397, at a village halfway between <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> and <a href="/wiki/Poitiers" title="Poitiers">Poitiers</a>, the inhabitants of these cities were ready to fight for his body, which the people of Tours managed to secure by stealth. Tours became the chief point of <a href="/wiki/Christian_pilgrimage" title="Christian pilgrimage">Christian pilgrimage</a> in Gaul, a place for the healing of the sick.<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gregory_of_Tours" title="Gregory of Tours">Gregory of Tours</a> travelled to the shrine when he had contracted a serious illness. Later, as bishop of Tours, Gregory wrote extensively about miracles attributed to the intercession of St Martin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Nestorian_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Nestorian Christianity">Nestorian Christianity</a> utilized the <i>hanānā</i>–a mixture made with the dust of <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a>'s tomb–for healing. Within the <a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Church_of_the_East" title="Assyrian Church of the East">Assyrian Church of the East</a>, it is consumed by a couple getting married in the <a href="/wiki/Mystery_of_Crowning" title="Mystery of Crowning">Mystery of Crowning</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Second_Council_of_Nicaea" title="Second Council of Nicaea">Second Council of Nicaea</a> in 787 drew on the teaching of St. <a href="/wiki/John_Damascene" class="mw-redirect" title="John Damascene">John Damascene</a><sup id="cite_ref-butterfield_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butterfield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that homage or respect is not really paid to an inanimate object, but to the holy person, the veneration of a holy person is itself honour paid to God.<sup id="cite_ref-odonnell_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Council decreed that every <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a> should contain a relic, making it clear that this was already the norm, as it remains to the present day in <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Orthodox</a> churches. The veneration of the relics of the saints reflects a belief that the saints in heaven <a href="/wiki/Intercession" title="Intercession">intercede</a> for those on earth. A number of cures and miracles have been attributed to relics, not because of their own power, but because of the holiness of the saint they represent.<sup id="cite_ref-bc_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tales of <a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">miracles</a> and other marvels were attributed to relics beginning in the early centuries of the church. These became popular during the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. They were collected in books of <a href="/wiki/Hagiography" title="Hagiography">hagiography</a> such as the <i><a href="/wiki/Golden_Legend" title="Golden Legend">Golden Legend</a></i> or the works of <a href="/wiki/Caesarius_of_Heisterbach" title="Caesarius of Heisterbach">Caesarius of Heisterbach</a>. These miracle tales made relics much sought-after during the period. By the Late Middle Ages, the collecting of, and dealing in, relics had reached enormous proportions, and had spread from the church to royalty, and then to the nobility and merchant classes. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Trent" title="Council of Trent">Council of Trent</a> of 1563 enjoined bishops to instruct their flocks that "the holy bodies of holy martyrs ... are to be venerated by the faithful, for through these [bodies] many benefits are bestowed by God on men". The Council further insisted that "in the invocation of saints, the veneration of relics and the sacred use of images, every superstition shall be removed and all filthy lucre abolished."<sup id="cite_ref-Thurston_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thurston-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are also many <a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">relics associated with Jesus</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/170px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/255px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg/340px-Reliquary_of_St._Francis_Xavier%27s_humerus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_Xavier" title="Francis Xavier">Francis Xavier</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Humerus" title="Humerus">humerus</a>, <a href="/wiki/St._Joseph%27s_Seminary_and_Church" title="St. Joseph's Seminary and Church">St. Joseph's Church</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In his introduction to Gregory's <i>History of the Franks</i>, Ernest Brehaut analyzed the Romano-Christian concepts that gave relics such a powerful draw. He distinguished Gregory's constant usage of <i>sanctus</i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Virtus_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtus (virtue)">virtus</a></i>, the first with its familiar meaning of "sacred" or "holy", and the second as "the mystic potency emanating from the person or thing that is sacred... In a practical way the second word <i>[virtus]</i> ... describes the uncanny, mysterious power emanating from the supernatural and affecting the natural... These points of contact and yielding are the miracles we continually hear of."<sup id="cite_ref-sourcebook_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sourcebook-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics_and_pilgrimage">Relics and pilgrimage</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Relics and pilgrimage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rome became a major destination for Christian pilgrims as it was easier to access for European pilgrims than the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Land" title="Holy Land">Holy Land</a>. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a> erected great basilicas over the tombs of Saints Peter and Paul. A distinction of these sites was the presence of holy relics. Over the course of the Middle Ages, other religious structures acquired relics and became destinations for <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">pilgrimage</a>. In the eleventh and twelfth centuries, substantial numbers of pilgrims flocked to <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a> in Spain, in which the supposed relics of the apostle <a href="/wiki/James,_son_of_Zebedee" class="mw-redirect" title="James, son of Zebedee">James, son of Zebedee</a>, discovered <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 830, are housed.<sup id="cite_ref-sorabella_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorabella-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Santiago de Compostela remains a significant pilgrimage site, with around 200,000 pilgrims, both secular and Christian, completing the numerous pilgrimage routes to the cathedral in 2012 alone.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By venerating relics through visitation, gifts, and providing services, medieval Christians believed that they would acquire the protection and intercession of the sanctified dead.<sup id="cite_ref-head_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-head-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relics of <a href="/wiki/Local_saint" class="mw-redirect" title="Local saint">local saints</a> drew visitors to sites like Saint Frideswide's in <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>, and San Nicola Peregrino in <a href="/wiki/Trani" title="Trani">Trani</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-sorabella_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorabella-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead of having to travel to be near to a venerated <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a>, relics of the saint could be venerated locally. </p><p>Believers would make pilgrimages to places believed to have been sanctified by the physical presence of Christ or prominent saints, such as the site of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sepulchre" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Sepulchre">Holy Sepulchre</a> in <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Economic_effect">Economic effect</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Economic effect"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As holy relics attracted pilgrims and these religious tourists needed to be housed, fed, and provided with souvenirs, relics became a source of income not only for the destinations that held them, but for the abbeys, churches, and towns en route. Relics were prized as they were portable.<sup id="cite_ref-ekelund_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekelund-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could be possessed, inventoried, bequeathed, stolen, counterfeited, and smuggled.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They could add value to an established site or confer significance on a new location.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Offerings made at a site of pilgrimage were an important source of revenue for the community who received them on behalf of the saint.<sup id="cite_ref-geary_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-geary-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Patrick_J._Geary" title="Patrick J. Geary">Patrick Geary</a>, "[t]o the communities fortunate enough to have a saint's remains in its church, the benefits in terms of revenue and status were enormous, and competition to acquire relics and to promote the local saint's virtues over those of neighboring communities was keen."<sup id="cite_ref-patg_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Local clergy promoted their own patron saints in an effort to secure their own market share. On occasion guards had to watch over mortally ill holy men and women to prevent the unauthorized dismemberment of their corpses as soon as they died.<sup id="cite_ref-butterfield_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butterfield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Geary also suggests that the danger of someone murdering an aging holy man in order to acquire his relics was a legitimate concern.<sup id="cite_ref-patg_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patg-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Relics were used to cure the sick, to seek intercession for relief from famine or plague, to take solemn oaths, and to pressure warring factions to make peace in the presence of the sacred. Courts held relics since Merovingian times.<sup id="cite_ref-smith_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-smith-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> St <a href="/wiki/Angilbert" title="Angilbert">Angilbert</a> acquired for <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> one of the most impressive collections in Christendom.<sup id="cite_ref-ekelund_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ekelund-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An active market developed and relics entered into commerce along the same trade routes followed by other portable commodities. Matthew Brown likens a ninth-century Italian <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> named Deusdona, with access to the Roman catacombs, as crossing the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to visit monastic fairs of northern Europe much like a contemporary art dealer.<sup id="cite_ref-brown_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brown-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Canterbury" title="Canterbury">Canterbury</a> was a popular destination for English pilgrims, who traveled to witness the miracle-working relics of St <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket" title="Thomas Becket">Thomas Becket</a>, the sainted <a href="/wiki/Archbishop_of_Canterbury" title="Archbishop of Canterbury">Archbishop of Canterbury</a> who was <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Becket#Assassination" title="Thomas Becket">assassinated by knights</a> of <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">King Henry II</a> in 1170.<sup id="cite_ref-sorabella_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sorabella-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Becket's death, his successor and the Canterbury chapter quickly used his relics to promote the cult of the as-yet-uncanonized martyr. The motivations included the assertion of the Church's independence against rulers, a desire to have an English (indeed <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Normans" title="Anglo-Normans">Norman English</a>) saint of European reputation, and the desire to promote Canterbury as a destination for pilgrimage. In the first years after Becket's death, donations at the shrine accounted for twenty-eight percent of the cathedral's total revenues.<sup id="cite_ref-freeman_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-freeman-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counterfeits">Counterfeits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Counterfeits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the absence of real ways of assessing authenticity, relic-collectors became prey to the unscrupulous, and some extremely high prices were paid. Forgeries proliferated from the very beginning. <a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a> already denounced impostors who wandered around disguised as monks, making a profit from the sale of spurious relics.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Admonitio Generalis</i> of 789, <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a> ordered that "the false names of martyrs and the uncertain memorials of saints should not be venerated."<sup id="cite_ref-head_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-head-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) of the Catholic Church condemned abuses such as counterfeit relics and exaggerated claims.<sup id="cite_ref-odonnell_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-odonnell-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pieces of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> were one of the most highly sought-after of such relics; many churches claimed to possess a piece of it, so many that <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> famously remarked that there were enough pieces of the True Cross to build a ship from.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the middle of the 16th century, the number of relics in Christian churches became enormous, and there was practically no possibility to distinguish the authentic from the falsification, since both of them had been in the temples for centuries and were objects for worship. In 1543, John Calvin wrote about fake relics in his <i><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Relics" title="Treatise on Relics">Treatise on Relics</a></i>, in which he described the state of affairs with relics in Catholic churches. Calvin says that the saints have two or three or more bodies with arms and legs, and even a few extra limbs and heads.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the existence of counterfeit relics, the Church began to regulate the use of relics. <a href="/wiki/Canon_law_(Catholic_Church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon law (Catholic Church)">Canon Law</a> required the authentication of relics if they were to be publicly <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">venerated</a>. They had to be sealed in a <a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">reliquary</a> and accompanied by a certificate of authentication, signed and sealed by someone in the <a href="/wiki/Congregation_for_the_Causes_of_Saints" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregation for the Causes of Saints">Congregation for Saints</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_Website_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_Website-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or by the local Bishop where the saint lived. Without such authentication, relics are not to be used for public veneration.<sup id="cite_ref-AmericanCatholic.Org_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AmericanCatholic.Org-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Congregation for Saints, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Curia" title="Roman Curia">Roman Curia</a>, holds the authority to verify relics in which documentation is lost or missing. The documents and reliquaries of authenticated relics are usually affixed with a <a href="/wiki/Seal_(emblem)" title="Seal (emblem)">wax seal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Vatican_Website_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vatican_Website-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Classifications_and_prohibitions_in_the_Catholic_Church">Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Classifications and prohibitions in the Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg/250px-Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg/330px-Relic_of_Bishop_Alfredo_F._Verzosa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption>First-class relic of the <a href="/wiki/Alfredo_Verzosa" title="Alfredo Verzosa">Servant of God Alfredo F. Verzosa</a> (Ex Ossibus)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg/187px-Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg/281px-Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg/374px-Second_class_relic_of_Saints.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Second-class relics of Venerable Maria Teresa Spinelli, Venerable Santo of St. Dominic and Venerable Giovanni of St. William (Ex Indumentis)</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg/187px-Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg" decoding="async" width="187" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg/281px-Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg/374px-Third_class_relic_of_Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="1836" /></a><figcaption>Third-class relic of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Therese_of_Lisieux" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Therese of Lisieux">Saint Therese of Lisieux</a> (Reliqua Tertiae classis)</figcaption></figure> <p>In Catholic theology, sacred relics must not be worshipped, because only God is worshipped and adored. Instead, the veneration given to them was "<a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">dulia</a>". <a href="/wiki/Saint_Jerome" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Jerome">Saint Jerome</a> declared, "We do not worship, we do not adore, for fear that we should bow down to the creature rather than to the Creator, but we venerate the relics of the martyrs in order the better to adore Him whose martyrs they are."<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Classes"></span>Until 2017, the Catholic Church divided relics into three classes: </p> <ul><li><b>First-class relics:</b> items directly associated with the events of Christ's life (manger, cross, etc.) or the physical remains of a saint (a bone, a hair, skull,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a limb, etc.). Traditionally, a martyr's relics are often more prized than the relics of other saints. Parts of the saint that were significant to that saint's life are more prized relics. For instance, King St. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen of Hungary">Stephen of Hungary</a>'s right forearm is especially important because of his status as a ruler. A famous theologian's head may be his most important relic; the head of St. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a> was removed by the monks at the Cistercian abbey at <a href="/wiki/Fossanova" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossanova">Fossanova</a> where he died. If a saint travelled often, then the bones of his feet may be prized. Catholic teaching prohibits relics to be divided up into small, unrecognizable parts if they are to be used in liturgy (i.e., as in an altar; see the rubrics listed in Rite of Dedication of a Church and an Altar).</li> <li><b>Second-class relics:</b> items that the saint owned or frequently used, for example, a <a href="/wiki/Crucifix" title="Crucifix">crucifix</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rosary" title="Rosary">rosary</a>, book, etc. Again, an item more important in the saint's life is thus a more important relic. Sometimes a second-class relic is a part of an item that the saint wore (a shirt, a glove, etc.) and is known as <i><a href="/wiki/Ex_indumentis" title="Ex indumentis">ex indumentis</a></i> ("from the clothing").</li> <li><b>Third-class relics:</b> any object that has been in contact with a first- or second-class relic.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most third-class relics are small pieces of cloth, though in the first millennium oil was popular; the <a href="/wiki/Monza_ampullae" title="Monza ampullae">Monza ampullae</a> contained oil collected from lamps burning before the major sites of Christ's life, and some reliquaries had holes for oil to be poured in and out again. Many people call the cloth touched to the bones of saints "<i>ex brandea</i>". But <i>ex brandea</i> strictly refers to pieces of clothing that were touched to the body or tombs of the apostles. It is a term that is used only for such; it is not a synonym for a third-class relic.</li></ul> <p>In 2017, the Congregation for the Causes of Saints abolished the relics of the third degree, introducing a two-stage scale of classification of relics: significant (insigni) and non-significant (non insigni) relics. The first are the bodies or their significant parts, as well as the entire contents of the urn with the ashes preserved after cremation. The second includes small fragments of the bodies, as well as objects used by saints and blesseds.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sale or disposal by other means of "sacred relics" (meaning first and second class) without the permission of the Apostolic See is now strictly forbidden by canon 1190 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Catholic Church permitted the sale of third-class relics.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Relics may not be placed upon the altar for public veneration, as that is reserved for the display of the <a href="/wiki/Blessed_Sacrament" class="mw-redirect" title="Blessed Sacrament">Blessed Sacrament</a> (host or prosphora and Eucharistic wine after consecration in the sacrament of the Eucharist).<sup id="cite_ref-McNamara_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McNamara-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="St. Peter's chains, preserved in San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, a second-class relic"><img alt="St. Peter's chains, preserved in San Pietro in Vincoli, Rome, a second-class relic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg/120px-Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg/180px-Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg/240px-Rome_San_Pietro_in_Vincoli_12-1-2011_10-38-51.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3216" data-file-height="2136" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Saint_Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberation of Saint Peter">St. Peter's chains</a>, preserved in <a href="/wiki/San_Pietro_in_Vincoli" title="San Pietro in Vincoli">San Pietro in Vincoli</a>, Rome, a second-class relic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Strdubmainaltar.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main Altar of St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa, containing the remains of Saint Cessianus, a boy martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution"><img alt="Main Altar of St. Raphael's Cathedral, Dubuque, Iowa, containing the remains of Saint Cessianus, a boy martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Strdubmainaltar.jpg/120px-Strdubmainaltar.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Strdubmainaltar.jpg/180px-Strdubmainaltar.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Strdubmainaltar.jpg/240px-Strdubmainaltar.jpg 2x" data-file-width="289" data-file-height="254" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Main Altar of <a href="/wiki/St._Raphael%27s_Cathedral_(Dubuque)" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Raphael's Cathedral (Dubuque)">St. Raphael's Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dubuque,_Iowa" title="Dubuque, Iowa">Dubuque, Iowa</a>, containing the remains of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Cessianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Cessianus">Saint Cessianus</a>, a boy <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyred</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Diocletianic_Persecution" title="Diocletianic Persecution">Diocletianic Persecution</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relics of St. Demetrius in the cathedral of Thessalonika, Greece"><img alt="Relics of St. Demetrius in the cathedral of Thessalonika, Greece" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg/120px-Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg/180px-Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg/240px-Relics_of_Saint_Demetrius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2576" data-file-height="1932" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relics of <a href="/wiki/St._Demetrius" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Demetrius">St. Demetrius</a> in the cathedral of <a href="/wiki/Thessalonika" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalonika">Thessalonika</a>, Greece</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Visoki_Decani_08.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Relic of the True Cross, Decani Monastery, Serbia"><img alt="Relic of the True Cross, Decani Monastery, Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visoki_Decani_08.JPG/120px-Visoki_Decani_08.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Visoki_Decani_08.JPG/250px-Visoki_Decani_08.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relic of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>, <a href="/wiki/Decani_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Decani Monastery">Decani Monastery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Relic_of_Pope_St._John_Paul_II_7119.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Relic of Pope St. John Paul II, declared a saint in 2014, in the Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception"><img alt="Relic of Pope St. John Paul II, declared a saint in 2014, in the Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Relic_of_Pope_St._John_Paul_II_7119.jpg/120px-Relic_of_Pope_St._John_Paul_II_7119.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Relic_of_Pope_St._John_Paul_II_7119.jpg/250px-Relic_of_Pope_St._John_Paul_II_7119.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2248" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Relic of <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope St. John Paul II</a>, declared a saint in 2014, in the <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Catholic_Cathedral_of_the_Immaculate_Conception" class="mw-redirect" title="Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception">Hong Kong Catholic Cathedral of the Immaculate Conception</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eastern_Orthodoxy">Eastern Orthodoxy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Eastern Orthodoxy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SaintNinoCross.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/SaintNinoCross.jpg/170px-SaintNinoCross.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="340" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/SaintNinoCross.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grapevine_cross" title="Grapevine cross">Grapevine cross</a> of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Nino" title="Saint Nino">Saint Nino</a> of Georgia (<a href="/wiki/Sioni_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Sioni Cathedral">Sioni Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg/220px-Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg/330px-Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg/440px-Relics_of_St._Sabbas_the_Sanctified_in_the_Mar_Saba_monastery_in_Palestine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1380" /></a><figcaption>Relics of Saint <a href="/wiki/Sabbas_the_Sanctified" title="Sabbas the Sanctified">Sabbas the Sanctified</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Katholikon" title="Katholikon">Catholicon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mar_Saba" title="Mar Saba">Mar Saba</a> Monastery in the <a href="/wiki/Kidron_Valley" title="Kidron Valley">Kidron Valley</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The importance of relics in the Byzantine world can be seen from the veneration given to the pieces of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a>. Many great works of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_enamel" title="Byzantine enamel">Byzantine enamel</a> are <i>staurothekes</i>, or relics containing fragments of the True Cross. Other significant relics included the <a href="/wiki/Cincture_of_the_Theotokos" title="Cincture of the Theotokos">girdle worn by the Virgin</a>, and pieces of the body or clothing of saints. Such relics (called <a href="/wiki/Contact_relic" class="mw-redirect" title="Contact relic">contact relics</a>, or secondary relics)<sup id="cite_ref-Promey_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Promey-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were, however, scarce and did not provide most believers with ready access to proximity to the holy. The growth in the production and popularity of reproducible contact relics in the fifth and sixth centuries testifies to the need felt for more widespread access to the divine.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>These contact relics usually involved the placing of readily available objects, such as pieces of cloth, clay tablets, or water then bottled for believers, in contact with a relic. Alternatively, such objects could be dipped into water which had been in contact with the relic (such as the bone of a saint). These relics, a firmly embedded part of veneration by this period, increased the availability of access to the divine but were not infinitely reproducible (an original relic was required), and still usually required believers to undertake pilgrimage or have contact with somebody who had.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The earliest recorded removal, or <a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">translation</a> of saintly remains was that of <a href="/wiki/Saint_Babylas" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Babylas">Saint Babylas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> in 354, but, partly perhaps because Constantinople lacked the many saintly graves of Rome, they soon became common in the Eastern Empire, though still prohibited in the West. The Eastern capital was therefore able to acquire the remains of Saints <a href="/wiki/Saint_Timothy" title="Saint Timothy">Timothy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Andrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Andrew">Andrew</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saint_Luke" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Luke">Luke</a>, and the division of bodies also began, the 5th century theologian <a href="/wiki/Theodoretus" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodoretus">Theodoretus</a> declaring that "Grace remains entire with every part."<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the West, a decree of <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius</a> only allowed the moving of a whole <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagus</a> with its contents, but the upheavals of the barbarian invasions relaxed the rules, as remains needed to be relocated to safer places.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> of relics continues to be of importance in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a>. As a natural outgrowth of the concept in Orthodox theology of <a href="/wiki/Theosis_(Eastern_Orthodox_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosis (Eastern Orthodox theology)">theosis</a>, the physical bodies of the <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> are considered to be transformed by <a href="/wiki/Divine_grace" title="Divine grace">divine grace</a>—indeed, all Orthodox Christians are considered to be <a href="/wiki/Sanctification" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanctification">sanctified</a> by living the mystical life of the Church, and especially by receiving the <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mysteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Mysteries">Sacred Mysteries</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sacraments" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacraments">Sacraments</a>). In the Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Euchologion" title="Euchologion">service books</a>, the remains of the departed faithful are referred to as "relics", and are treated with honour and respect. For this reason, the bodies of Orthodox Christians are traditionally not <a href="/wiki/Embalming" title="Embalming">embalmed</a>. </p><p>The veneration of the relics of the saints is of great importance in Orthodoxy, and very often churches will display the relics of saints prominently. In a number of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a>, particularly those on the semi-autonomous <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a> in Greece, all of the relics the monastery possesses are displayed and venerated each evening at <a href="/wiki/Compline" title="Compline">Compline</a>. As with the veneration of <a href="/wiki/Icons" class="mw-redirect" title="Icons">icons</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">veneration</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>; δουλια, <i>dulia</i>) of relics in the Orthodox Church is clearly distinguished from <a href="/wiki/Adoration" title="Adoration">adoration</a> (λατρεια, <i><a href="/wiki/Latria" title="Latria">latria</a></i>); i.e., that worship which is due to God alone. Thus Orthodox teaching warns the faithful against <a href="/wiki/Idolatry" title="Idolatry">idolatry</a> and at the same time remains true to scriptural teaching (vis. 2 Kings 13:20–21) as understood by Orthodox <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Tradition">Sacred Tradition</a>. </p><p>The examination of the relics is an important step in the <a href="/wiki/Glorification" title="Glorification">glorification</a> (canonization) of new saints. Sometimes, one of the signs of sanctification is the condition of the relics of the saint. Some saints will be <a href="/wiki/Incorruptibility" title="Incorruptibility">incorrupt</a>, meaning that their remains do not decay under conditions when they normally would (natural <a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">mummification</a> is not the same as incorruption)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (June 2018)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Sometimes even when the flesh does decay the bones themselves will manifest signs of sanctity. They may be honey-coloured or give off a <a href="/wiki/Odour_of_sanctity" title="Odour of sanctity">sweet aroma</a>. Some relics will exude <a href="/wiki/Myrrh" title="Myrrh">myrrh</a>. The absence of such manifestations is not necessarily a sign that the person is not a Saint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Relics play a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Consecrations_in_Eastern_Christianity#Consecration_of_a_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Consecrations in Eastern Christianity">consecration of a church</a>. The consecrating bishop will place the relics on a <a href="/wiki/Diskos" class="mw-redirect" title="Diskos">diskos</a> (paten) in a church near the church that is to be consecrated, they will then be taken in a <a href="/wiki/Crucession" class="mw-redirect" title="Crucession">cross procession</a> to the new church, carried three times around the new structure and then placed in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Table">Holy Table</a> (altar) as part of the consecration service. </p><p>The relics of saints (traditionally, always those of a martyr) are also sewn into the <a href="/wiki/Antimension" class="mw-redirect" title="Antimension">antimension</a> which is given to a priest by his bishop as a means of bestowing <a href="/wiki/Liturgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Liturgical">faculties</a> upon him (i.e., granting him permission to celebrate the Sacred Mysteries). The antimens is kept on the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Table" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy Table">Holy Table</a> (altar), and it is forbidden to celebrate the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Liturgy" title="Divine Liturgy">Divine Liturgy</a> (Eucharist) without it. Occasionally, in cases of fixed altars, the relics are built in the altar table itself and sealed with a special mixture called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wax-mastic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wax-mastic (page does not exist)">wax-mastic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The necessity of provide relics for <a href="/wiki/Antimins" title="Antimins">antimensions</a> in new churches often necessitates continuous division of relics. An account of this process can be found in a treatise of the pre-revolutionary Russian church historian <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolay_Romansky&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolay Romansky (page does not exist)">Nikolay Romansky</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%90%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Романский, Николай Алексеевич">ru</a>]</span>. According to Romansky, the Holy Synod of the Russian Orthodox Church operated a special office, located in the Church of Philip the Apostle in the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Moscow Kremlin</a>, where bones of numerous saints, authenticated by the church's hierarchs, were stored, and pieces of them were prayerfully separated with hammer and chisel to be sent to the dioceses that needed to place them into new antimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_art">In art</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In art"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many churches were built along pilgrimage routes. A number in Europe were either founded or rebuilt specifically to enshrine relics, (such as San Marco in <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>) and to welcome and awe the large crowds of pilgrims who came to seek their help. Romanesque buildings developed passageways behind the altar to allow for the creation of several smaller chapels designed to house relics. From the exterior, this collection of small rooms is seen as a cluster of delicate, curved roofs at one end of the church, a distinctive feature of many Romanesque churches. Gothic churches featured lofty, recessed porches which provided space for statuary and the display of relics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Historian and philosopher of art Hans Belting observed that in medieval painting, images explained the relic and served as a testament to its authenticity. In <i>Likeness and Presence</i>, Belting argued that the cult of relics helped to stimulate the rise of painting in medieval Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-butterfield_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-butterfield-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Reliquaries">Reliquaries</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Reliquaries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg/220px-10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg/330px-10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg/440px-10.2006_Brazos_relicario.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2028" data-file-height="1521" /></a><figcaption>Reliquaries in the Church of San Pedro, in <a href="/wiki/Ayerbe" title="Ayerbe">Ayerbe</a>, Spain</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Reliquary" title="Reliquary">Reliquaries</a> are containers used to protect and display relics. While frequently taking the form of caskets, they have many other forms, including simulations of the relic encased within (e.g., a gilded depiction of an arm for a relic consisting of arm bones). Since the relics themselves were considered valuable, they were enshrined in containers crafted of or covered with gold, silver, gems, and enamel.<sup id="cite_ref-boehm_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boehm-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ivory was widely used in the Middle Ages for reliquaries, its pure white color an indication of the holy status of its contents.<sup id="cite_ref-speakman_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-speakman-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These objects constituted a major form of artistic production across Europe and Byzantium throughout the Middle Ages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_claimed_relics">List of claimed relics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: List of claimed relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier,_Germany.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG/220px-The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG/330px-The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG/440px-The_Holy_Tunic_of_Jesus_Christ_in_Trier%2C_Germany.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus" title="Seamless robe of Jesus">Seamless robe of Jesus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Trier">Trier Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart,_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek,_voorbereiding_15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg/250px-2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg/330px-2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg/500px-2018_Maastricht_Heiligdomsvaart%2C_reliekentoning_Onze-Lieve-Vrouwebasiliek%2C_voorbereiding_15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2804" data-file-height="1640" /></a><figcaption>Detail of the Girdle of Mary in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht" title="Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht">Basilica of Our Lady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi,_Cologne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg/220px-Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg/330px-Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg/440px-Shrine_of_the_Three_Magi%2C_Cologne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Relics of the <a href="/wiki/True_Cross" title="True Cross">True Cross</a> of Jesus are claimed by many churches around the world. The same applies to <a href="/wiki/Holy_Nail" title="Holy Nail">Holy Nails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Sponge" title="Holy Sponge">Holy Sponges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Holy_Lance" title="Holy Lance">Holy Lances</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_of_thorns" title="Crown of thorns">Holy Thorns</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Instruments_of_the_Passion" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruments of the Passion">Instruments of the Passion</a>. Famous examples are the Holy Nail in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Crown_of_Lombardy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Crown of Lombardy">Iron Crown of Lombardy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Monza_Cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Monza Cathedral">Monza Cathedral</a>, the Holy Lance that was part of the <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Treasury,_Vienna" title="Imperial Treasury, Vienna">Crown Jewels of the Holy Roman Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hofburg_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Hofburg Palace">Hofburg Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Thorn_Reliquary" title="Holy Thorn Reliquary">Holy Thorn Reliquary</a> in the <a href="/wiki/British_Museum" title="British Museum">British Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Seamless_robe_of_Jesus" title="Seamless robe of Jesus">Seamless robe of Jesus</a> is kept in a purpose-built chapel in <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Trier" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Trier">Trier Cathedral</a>.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Sandals_of_Jesus_Christ" title="Sandals of Jesus Christ">Sandals of Jesus Christ</a> were donated to <a href="/wiki/Pr%C3%BCm_Abbey" title="Prüm Abbey">Prüm Abbey</a>, Germany, by popes Zachary and Stephen II in the 8th century.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Marienschrein" title="Marienschrein">Marienschrein</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aachen_Cathedral" title="Aachen Cathedral">Aachen Cathedral</a> contains four important relics: the nappy and loin cloth of Jesus, the dress of Mary and the decapitation cloth of John the Baptist. The <a href="/wiki/Karlsschrein" title="Karlsschrein">Karlsschrein</a> in the same church contains the remains of <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>, who was locally venerated as a saint.</li> <li>The Girdle of Mary is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Our_Lady,_Maastricht" title="Basilica of Our Lady, Maastricht">Basilica of Our Lady</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, Netherlands.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cologne_Cathedral" title="Cologne Cathedral">Cologne Cathedral</a> contains the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_Magi" title="Biblical Magi">biblical Magi</a>.</li> <li>St Peter's Basilica in the Vatican contains <a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter%27s_tomb" title="Saint Peter's tomb">Saint Peter's</a> relics.</li> <li>St Paul's relics are allegedly contained in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Paul_Outside_the_Walls" title="Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Walls">Basilica of Saint Paul Outside the Wall</a>, in Rome.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_the_Great" title="James the Great">St James</a>' relics are reputedly held at the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Santiago_de_Compostela" class="mw-redirect" title="Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela">Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela</a>, Spain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luke_the_Evangelist" title="Luke the Evangelist">St Luke</a> the Evangelist's body is held at the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Santa_Giustina" title="Abbey of Santa Giustina">Abbey of Santa Giustina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, Italy; his head, in the <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Cathedral" title="St. Vitus Cathedral">St. Vitus Cathedral</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>; and a rib, at his tomb in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes, Greece</a>.</li> <li>St Mark the Evangelist's relics are held at <a href="/wiki/St_Mark%27s_Basilica" title="St Mark's Basilica">St Mark's Basilica</a> in Venice.</li> <li>St Matthew the Evangelist's relics are purported to be in the <a href="/wiki/Salerno_Cathedral" title="Salerno Cathedral">Cathedral of Salerno</a>, Italy.</li> <li>St John the Evangelist's tomb is purported to be in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_St._John" title="Basilica of St. John">Basilica of St. John</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ephesus" title="Ephesus">Ephesus</a> in Turkey. The opening of his tomb during <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>'s reign yielded no bones, giving rise to the belief that his body was <a href="/wiki/Entering_heaven_alive" title="Entering heaven alive">assumed into heaven</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_the_Baptist" title="John the Baptist">John the Baptist</a>'s skull, or parts of it, are venerated at the <a href="/wiki/Amiens_Cathedral" title="Amiens Cathedral">Amiens Cathedral</a> in France, at the Church of <a href="/wiki/San_Silvestre_in_Capite" class="mw-redirect" title="San Silvestre in Capite">San Silvestre in Capite</a> in Rome and at the <a href="/wiki/Munich_Residenz" title="Munich Residenz">Munich Residenz</a> Palace. His other relics were discovered in a Bulgarian monastery in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_the_Apostle" title="Andrew the Apostle">St Andrew's relics</a> are contained in the Basilica of St Andrew in Patras, Greece.</li> <li>Reliquary arms of Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_the_Apostle" title="Thomas the Apostle">Thomas the Apostle</a> can be found in churches around the globe. Most contain only a fragment of the arm that allegedly touched Christ's side wound after the Resurrection.</li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>' relics are contained in the Church of the Jacobins, <a href="/wiki/Toulouse" title="Toulouse">Toulouse</a>, France.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Saint Francis of Assisi</a>'s relics are enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Francis_of_Assisi" title="Basilica of Saint Francis of Assisi">Basilica of Saint Francis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assisi" title="Assisi">Assisi</a>, Italy.</li> <li>Saint <a href="/wiki/Catherine_of_Siena" title="Catherine of Siena">Catherine of Siena</a>'s head is stored in San Domenico church, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a>, with her body in Santa Maria sopra Minerva Church in Rome.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Relic_of_St._George" class="mw-redirect" title="Sacred Relic of St. George">Saint George</a>'s arm is kept in <a href="/wiki/Lod" title="Lod">Lod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Servatius" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Servatius">Saint Servatius</a>' relics are largely kept in a gilded chest and bust in the <a href="/wiki/Basilica_of_Saint_Servatius" title="Basilica of Saint Servatius">Basilica of Saint Servatius</a> in <a href="/wiki/Maastricht" title="Maastricht">Maastricht</a>, Netherlands. Some of his relics are in <a href="/wiki/Tongeren" title="Tongeren">Tongeren</a>, Belgium, and <a href="/wiki/Quedlinburg" title="Quedlinburg">Quedlinburg</a>, Germany.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lambert_of_Maastricht" title="Lambert of Maastricht">Saint Lambert</a>'s skull is contained in a reliquary bust in <a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Cathedral" title="Liège Cathedral">Liège Cathedral</a>, Belgium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubertus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hubertus">Saint Hubert</a>'s remains were enshrined in the <a href="/wiki/Abbey_of_Saint-Hubert" title="Abbey of Saint-Hubert">Abbey of Saint-Hubert</a>, Belgium.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willibrord" title="Willibrord">Saint Willibrord</a>'s remains are in <a href="/wiki/Echternach" title="Echternach">Echternach</a>, Luxemburg.</li> <li>Nun Maria Droste zu Vischering's (known as <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_the_Divine_Heart" title="Mary of the Divine Heart">Mary of the Divine Heart</a>) relics are exposed in the Church of the Sacred Heart of Jesus in <a href="/wiki/Ermesinde" title="Ermesinde">Ermesinde</a>, Portugal.</li> <li>The shin of Pope <a href="/wiki/Pope_Clement_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Pope Clement I">Saint Clement I</a> is kept in the <a href="/wiki/Iglesia_de_la_Concepci%C3%B3n_(Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife)" title="Iglesia de la Concepción (Santa Cruz de Tenerife)">Church of the Conception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Spain.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hinduism">Hinduism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hinduism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Hinduism" title="Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, relics are less common than in other religions since the physical remains of most saints are <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a>. The veneration of corporal relics may have originated with the <i><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Arama%E1%B9%87a" title="Śramaṇa">śramaṇa</a></i> movement or the appearance of <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, and burial practices became more common after the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquests_on_the_Indian_subcontinent" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim conquests on the Indian subcontinent">Muslim invasions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One prominent example is the preserved body of <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Swami Ramanuja</a> in a separate shrine inside Srirangam Temple. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Islam">Islam</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Islam"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Relics_of_Muhammad" title="Relics of Muhammad">Relics of Muhammad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg/250px-DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg/330px-DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg/500px-DSC04740_Istanbul_-_Impronta_del_piede_di_Maometto_ad_Ey%C3%BCp_-_Foto_G._Dall%27Orto_30-5-2006.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Footprint of the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Prophet" title="Prophet">prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>, preserved in the <a href="/wiki/T%C3%BCrbe" title="Türbe">türbe</a> (funerary mausoleum) in <a href="/wiki/Ey%C3%BCp" class="mw-redirect" title="Eyüp">Eyüp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The veneration of the relics of <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saints</a> became an incredibly important part of devotional piety in both <a href="/wiki/Sunni" class="mw-redirect" title="Sunni">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shia" class="mw-redirect" title="Shia">Shia</a> Islam throughout the classical and medieval periods, with "the ubiquity of relics and ritual practices associated with them" becoming a mainstay of "the devotional life of the Muslims ... [all over the world but particularly in] the <a href="/wiki/Near_East" title="Near East">Near East</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the latter-day influence of the reformist movements of <a href="/wiki/Salafism" class="mw-redirect" title="Salafism">Salafism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wahhabism" title="Wahhabism">Wahhabism</a>, there is, according to some scholars, an erroneous perception which persists both among some modern Muslims and Western observers opining that "the Islamic experience['s relationship with relic-veneration] is marginal, because of the perceived absence of relics in Islam."<sup id="cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is, however, evident that "the historical reality of relics in Islam" was very different, and that the classical Islamic thinkers posed various reasons for why the veneration of the relics of prophets and saints was permissible.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relics_of_the_prophets">Relics of the prophets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Relics of the prophets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Istanbul">In Istanbul</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: In Istanbul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sacred_Relics_(Topkap%C4%B1_Palace)" title="Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)">Sacred Relics (Topkapı Palace)</a></div> <p>While various relics are preserved by different Muslim communities, the most important are those known as <a href="/wiki/The_Sacred_Trusts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sacred Trusts">The Sacred Trusts</a>, more than 600 pieces treasured in the <a href="/wiki/Privy_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="Privy Chamber">Privy Chamber</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>. </p><p>Muslims believe that these treasures include: </p> <ul><li>Hair from <a href="/wiki/Prophet_Muhammad" class="mw-redirect" title="Prophet Muhammad">Prophet Muhammad</a>'s beard and footprint</li> <li>Sword of <a href="/wiki/Ali" title="Ali">Ali</a></li> <li>Sword of <a href="/wiki/David" title="David">David</a></li> <li>Turban of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_view_of_Joseph" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic view of Joseph">Joseph</a></li> <li>Staff of <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a></li> <li>Pot of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li>Forearm and hand of Yahya</li></ul> <p>Most of the trusts can be seen in the museum, but the most important of them can only be seen during the month of <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramadan</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Qur%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Qur'an">Qur'an</a> has been recited next to these relics uninterruptedly since they were brought to the Topkapı Palace, but Muslims do not worship these relics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sacred_Cloak_of_the_Prophet">Sacred Cloak of the Prophet</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sacred Cloak of the Prophet"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mosque_of_the_Cloak_of_the_Prophet_Mohammed" class="mw-redirect" title="Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed">Mosque of the Cloak of the Prophet Mohammed</a></div> <p>A cloak (<span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">kherqa</i></span>) believed to have belonged to the prophet Mohammed is kept in the central mosque in <a href="/wiki/Kandahar" title="Kandahar">Kandahar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. According to local history, it was given to <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Shah_Durrani" title="Ahmad Shah Durrani">Ahmad Shah</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mured_Beg" class="mw-redirect" title="Mured Beg">Mured Beg</a>, the Emir of <a href="/wiki/Bokhara" class="mw-redirect" title="Bokhara">Bokhara</a>. The Sacred Cloak is kept locked away, taken out only at times of great crisis. In 1996 <a href="/wiki/Mullah_Omar" title="Mullah Omar">Mullah Omar</a>, leader of the Afghan <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a>, took it out, displayed it to a crowd of <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Ulema" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulema">ulema</a></i></span> (religious scholars) and was declared <span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Amir-ul Momineen</i></span> ("Commander of the Faithful"). Prior to this, the last time it had been removed had been when the city was struck by a <a href="/wiki/Cholera_outbreaks_and_pandemics" class="mw-redirect" title="Cholera outbreaks and pandemics">cholera epidemic</a> in the 1930s.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_relics">Cultural relics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cultural relics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Relic</i> is also the term for something that has survived the passage of time, especially an object or custom whose original culture has disappeared, but also an object cherished for historical or memorial value (such as a keepsake or heirloom). </p><p>"Cultural relic" is a common translation for <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wenwu</i></span> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%96%87%E7%89%A9" class="extiw" title="wikt:文物">文物</a></span></span>), a common Chinese word that usually means "<a href="/wiki/Antique" title="Antique">antique</a>" but can be extended to anything, including object and <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monument</a>, that is of historical and cultural value. However, this has some issues since the term <span title="Chinese-language romanization"><i lang="zh-Latn">wenwu</i></span> has little resemblance to the English usage of "relic". In most cases, "artifact", "archaeological site", "monument", or just plain "archaeology" would be a better translation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In fiction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>The Relic</i> by <a href="/wiki/E%C3%A7a_de_Queiroz" title="Eça de Queiroz">Eça de Queiroz</a>, Dedalus Ltd, UK 1994. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-946626-94-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-946626-94-4">0-946626-94-4</a></li> <li><i>The Translation of Father Torturo</i> by <a href="/wiki/Brendan_Connell" title="Brendan Connell">Brendan Connell</a>, Prime Books, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8095-0043-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8095-0043-4">0-8095-0043-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catacomb_saints" title="Catacomb saints">Catacomb saints</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazratbal_Shrine" title="Hazratbal Shrine">Hazratbal Shrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relick_Sunday" title="Relick Sunday">Relick Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics associated with Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Jesus" title="Relics associated with Jesus">Relics associated with Jesus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrine_of_the_Three_Kings" title="Shrine of the Three Kings">Shrine of the Three Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Translation_(relic)" title="Translation (relic)">Translation (relic)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210506203555/https://www.lexico.com/definition/relic">"Definition of relic"</a>. <i>Lexico</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lexico.com/definition/relic">the original</a> on May 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lexico&rft.atitle=Definition+of+relic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2Frelic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekroth-p110-111-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ekroth-p110-111_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnel Ekroth, "Heroes and Hero-Cult", in <i>A Companion to Greek Religion</i> (Blackwell, 2010), pp. 110–111.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruth Fainlight and Robert J. Littman, <i>The Theban Plays: Oedipus the King, Oedipus at Colonus, Antigone</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 2009), p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Susan E. Alcock, "Tomb Cult and the Post-Classical Polis", <i>American Journal of Archaeology</i> 95 (1991), p. 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, <i>Histories</i> 1.46, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, <i>The Theban Plays</i>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Theseus</i> 36, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Theseus*.html#36">Bill Thayer's edition</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a> translation at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Euripides" title="Euripides">Euripides</a>, <i>Heracleides</i> 1032–1034; <a href="/wiki/Aeschylus" title="Aeschylus">Aeschylus</a>, <i>Eumenides</i> 763ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herodotus, <i>Histories</i> 8.134 and Aeschylus, <i>Seven Against Thebes</i> 587–588, as cited by Fainlight and Littman, <i>The Theban Plays</i>, p. xii.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Plutarch, <i>Demetrius</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Demetrius*.html#53">53</a> and <i>Phocion</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Phocion*.html#37">37–38</a>, English translations at <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Philostratus_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Philostratus III">Philostratus</a>, <i>Heroicus</i> 5.3 and <i>Life of Apollonius</i> 4.14; Joseph Falaky Nagy, "Hierarchy, Heroes, and Heads: Indo-European Structures in Greek Myth", in <i>Approaches to Greek Myth</i> (Johns Hopkins University Press, 1990), pp. 210–212. <a href="/wiki/Pottery_of_ancient_Greece" title="Pottery of ancient Greece">Ancient Greek vase paintings</a> also depict the head of Orpheus prophesying.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias 9.30.4–5, as cited and discussed by Nagy, <i>op. cit.</i> pp. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dindorf, p. 67.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mechon-mamre.org/p/pt/pt09b13.htm#20">2 Kings 13:20–21</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-head-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-head_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-head_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-head_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm">Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120717041711/http://www.the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm">Archived</a> July 17, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mangan-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mangan_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0331.html">Mangan, Charles. 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Vol. 12. New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1911. 13 March 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sourcebook-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-sourcebook_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594), <i>History of the Franks</i>, Books I–X, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut">Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv</a> [Note: Many of Brehaut's opinions and prejudices would not be upheld by modern historians. 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(2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vXriQodlUsQC&pg=PA22"><i>Furta Sacra: Thefts of Relics in the Central Middle Ages</i></a> (Revised ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2020-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4008-2020-7"><bdi>978-1-4008-2020-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Furta+Sacra%3A+Thefts+of+Relics+in+the+Central+Middle+Ages&rft.edition=Revised&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4008-2020-7&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvXriQodlUsQC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patg-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patg_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patg_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGeary1986" class="citation cs2">Geary, Patrick (1986-04-30), Appadurai, Arjun (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140314102934/http://sacredspace.barrystephenson.ca/wp-content/uploads/2009/11/Geary-Sacred-Commodities-Medieval-Relics.pdf">"Sacred commodities: the circulation of medieval relics"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>, <i>The Social Life of Things</i> (1 ed.), Cambridge University Press, pp. <span class="nowrap">169–</span>192, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511819582.008">10.1017/cbo9780511819582.008</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32351-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-32351-2"><bdi>978-0-521-32351-2</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/CBO9780511819582A016/type/book_part">the original</a> on 2014-03-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-18</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Social+Life+of+Things&rft.atitle=Sacred+commodities%3A+the+circulation+of+medieval+relics&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E192&rft.date=1986-04-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511819582.008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-32351-2&rft.aulast=Geary&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FCBO9780511819582A016%2Ftype%2Fbook_part&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brown-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-brown_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrown" class="citation web cs1">Brown, Matthew. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art-value5-25-10.asp">"Dust to Dust"</a>. <i>www.artnet.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220205143130/http://www.artnet.com/magazineus/features/bown/art-value5-25-10.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-02-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.artnet.com&rft.atitle=Dust+to+Dust&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Matthew&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.artnet.com%2Fmagazineus%2Ffeatures%2Fbown%2Fart-value5-25-10.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-freeman-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-freeman_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2011" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Charles (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EDQH9Pi5eT0C&pg=PA31"><i>Holy Bones, Holy Dust: How Relics Shaped the History of Medieval Europe</i></a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16659-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-16659-0"><bdi>978-0-300-16659-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Holy+Bones%2C+Holy+Dust%3A+How+Relics+Shaped+the+History+of+Medieval+Europe&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-300-16659-0&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEDQH9Pi5eT0C%26pg%3DPA31&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/1314.htm">"Of the Works of Monks"</a> (St. Augustine): "36...Some hawking about limbs of martyrs, if indeed of martyrs"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Calvin, <i>Traité Des Reliques</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B3,_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Радциг, Николай Иванович">Radtsig, N. 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Theological Controversies. / § 122. Against the Worship of Relics. 1543.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vatican_Website-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_Website_39-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vatican_Website_39-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/congregations/csaints/documents/rc_con_csaints_doc_20070517_sanctorum-mater_en.html#Authentication">"Instruction for Conducting Diocesan or Eparchial Inquiries in the Causes of Saints (Rome 2007) – Authentication"</a>. <i>Vatican Website</i>. Congregation for the Causes of Saints<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catholic+Relics%3A+Third+Class+Relics&rft.date=2019-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scripturecatholic.com%2Fcatholic-relics%2F%23Third_Class_Relics_Or_Even_Fourth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McNamara-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McNamara_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ewtn.com/library/Liturgy/zlitur288.htm">"Venerating Relics at Mass"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venerating+Relics+at+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Flibrary%2FLiturgy%2Fzlitur288.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Promey-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Promey_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFClifton2014" class="citation book cs1">Clifton, James (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=x1yyAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA210">"Conversations in Museums"</a>. In Sally M. Promey (ed.). <i>Sensational Religion: Sensory Cultures in Material Practice</i>. Yale UP. pp. <span class="nowrap">205–</span>214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300187359" title="Special:BookSources/9780300187359"><bdi>9780300187359</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conversations+in+Museums&rft.btitle=Sensational+Religion%3A+Sensory+Cultures+in+Material+Practice&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E214&rft.pub=Yale+UP&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780300187359&rft.aulast=Clifton&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dx1yyAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA210&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sectis corum corporibus, integra et indivisa gratia perseverat" appearing in Sermon on the Martyrs (de Martyribus), ch. 8, in, The Cure of Pagan Maladies (Cure of the Pagan Diseases; Cure for Hellenic Maladies; Cure of Greek Maladies; Cure of Pagan Ills). [Graecorum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affectionum curatio, Graecarum affect. Curatio, Graec. Aff. cur.], (ante A.D. 449)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eduard Syndicus; <i>Early Christian Art</i>; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTomovDzhangozov" class="citation journal cs1">Tomov, Nikola; Dzhangozov, Januarius (Yanko). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iempam.bas.bg/journals/acta/acta25a/122-125.pdf">"Wax Embedding as a Method for Preservation of Body Relics Used by the Orthodox Church"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Acta Morphologica et Anthropologica</i>. <b>25</b> (<span class="nowrap">1–</span>2): <span class="nowrap">122–</span>125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Morphologica+et+Anthropologica&rft.atitle=Wax+Embedding+as+a+Method+for+Preservation+of+Body+Relics+Used+by+the+Orthodox+Church&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E122-%3C%2Fspan%3E125&rft.aulast=Tomov&rft.aufirst=Nikola&rft.au=Dzhangozov%2C+Januarius+%28Yanko%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iempam.bas.bg%2Fjournals%2Facta%2Facta25a%2F122-125.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRomansky" class="citation cs2">Romansky, Nikolay (Николай Романский), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.pravmir.ru/library/readbook/410"><i>Что такое святые мощи и как совершается их раздробление</i></a> [<i>What are holy relics and how their division is carried out</i>]</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%BE+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%81%D0%B2%D1%8F%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%89%D0%B8+%D0%B8+%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5&rft.aulast=Romansky&rft.aufirst=Nikolay+%28%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flib.pravmir.ru%2Flibrary%2Freadbook%2F410&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boehm-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-boehm_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/relc/hd_relc.htm">"Relics and Reliquaries in Medieval Christianity"</a>. <i>Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History</i>. Metropolitan Museum of Art.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Heilbrunn+Timeline+of+Art+History&rft.atitle=Relics+and+Reliquaries+in+Medieval+Christianity&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Frelc%2Fhd_relc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-speakman-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-speakman_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.learn.columbia.edu/treasuresofheaven/relics/Reliquary.php">"Reliquary"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Reliquary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.learn.columbia.edu%2Ftreasuresofheaven%2Frelics%2FReliquary.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.indcatholicnews.com/news.php?viewStory=14539">"Relics of St Paul discovered"</a>. <i>Independent Catholic News</i>. 28 June 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Independent+Catholic+News&rft.atitle=Relics+of+St+Paul+discovered&rft.date=2009-06-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.indcatholicnews.com%2Fnews.php%3FviewStory%3D14539&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SuclAQAAIAAJ">"The Biblical Archaeologist"</a>. American Schools of Oriental Research. March 7, 1974 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Biblical+Archaeologist&rft.pub=American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research.&rft.date=1974-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSuclAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Squires, Nick (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/bulgaria/7926657/St-John-the-Baptists-bones-found-in-Bulgarian-monastery.html">"St John the Baptist's bones 'found in Bulgarian monastery<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i>The Telegraph</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the-tomb-of-the-holy-great-martyr-george-from-lodd-lydda/">"The Tomb of the Holy Great Martyr George from Lodd, Lydda"</a>. <i>OrthodoxWord</i>. 2010-04-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210816013205/https://orthodoxword.wordpress.com/2010/04/21/the-tomb-of-the-holy-great-martyr-george-from-lodd-lydda/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-08-16<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OrthodoxWord&rft.atitle=The+Tomb+of+the+Holy+Great+Martyr+George+from+Lodd%2C+Lydda&rft.date=2010-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Forthodoxword.wordpress.com%2F2010%2F04%2F21%2Fthe-tomb-of-the-holy-great-martyr-george-from-lodd-lydda%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGonzález2007" class="citation book cs1">González, Manuel Hernández (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YzofqK1vZJ8C&dq=Fiestas+y+creencias+en+Canarias+en+la+Edad+Moderna&pg=PA3"><i>Fiestas y creencias en Canarias en la Edad Moderna</i></a>. Ediciones IDEA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788483821077" title="Special:BookSources/9788483821077"><bdi>9788483821077</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fiestas+y+creencias+en+Canarias+en+la+Edad+Moderna&rft.pub=Ediciones+IDEA&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9788483821077&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Manuel+Hern%C3%A1ndez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYzofqK1vZJ8C%26dq%3DFiestas%2By%2Bcreencias%2Ben%2BCanarias%2Ben%2Bla%2BEdad%2BModerna%26pg%3DPA3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAymard2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Orianne_Aymard" title="Orianne Aymard">Aymard, Orianne</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C4hSAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA71"><i>When a Goddess Dies: Worshipping Ma Anandamayi after Her Death</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0199368631" title="Special:BookSources/978-0199368631"><bdi>978-0199368631</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+a+Goddess+Dies%3A+Worshipping+Ma+Anandamayi+after+Her+Death&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0199368631&rft.aulast=Aymard&rft.aufirst=Orianne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC4hSAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA71&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97_61-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Josef_W._Meri_2010_p._97_61-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam", <i>Past and Present</i> 103.5, in <i>Relics and Remains</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Josef W. Meri, "Relics of Piety and Power in Medieval Islam", <i>Past and Present</i> 103.5, in <i>Relics and Remains</i> (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010), p. 98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lamb, Christina (2002). <i>The Sewing Circles of Herat</i>. HarperCollins. First Perennial edition (2004), p. 38 and n. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-050527-3">0-06-050527-3</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCruz2015" class="citation book cs1">Cruz, Joan Carroll (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tanbooks.com/saints/books-about-saints/relics-what-they-are-and-why-they-matter/"><i>Relics: What They Are and Why They Matter</i></a>. Charlotte NC: TAN Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780895558596" title="Special:BookSources/9780895558596"><bdi>9780895558596</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Relics%3A+What+They+Are+and+Why+They+Matter&rft.place=Charlotte+NC&rft.pub=TAN+Books&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9780895558596&rft.aulast=Cruz&rft.aufirst=Joan+Carroll&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftanbooks.com%2Fsaints%2Fbooks-about-saints%2Frelics-what-they-are-and-why-they-matter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARelic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Brown, Peter; Cult of the Saints: Its Rise and Function in Latin Christianity; University of Chicago Press; 1982</li> <li>Vauchez, Andre; Sainthood in the Later Middle Ages; Cambridge University Press; 1997</li> <li>Mayr, Markus; Geld, Macht und Reliquien; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2000</li> <li>Mayr, Markus (Hg); Von goldenen Gebeinen; Studienverlag, Innsbruck, 2001</li> <li>Fiore, Davide; Human variation of a relic (original title: Variazione Umana di una reliquia); StreetLib, Italy; 2017</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Relic" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Relic">Relic</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/relic" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:relic">relic</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Relics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Relics">Relics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/first-class-relics-st-maximilian-kolbe/">The First-class Relics of St. Maximilian Kolbe</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pastoralcentre.pl/parish/relics/">Relics in the Church of St Charles Borromeo, Wrocław, Poland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereseoflisieux.org/pilgrim-saint-thereserelicsont/">World tour of the relics of St. Therese of Lisieux</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catholiceducation.org/articles/religion/re0646.html">Keeping Relics in Perspective</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090513024416/http://www.cts.org.au/2000/aplaceforrelics.htm">A Place for Relics</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecommons.udayton.edu/uscc_relics/">Relics and Reliquaries Collection, University of Dayton Special Collections</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html#brehaut">Introduction by Earnest Brehaut (from his 1916 translation), pp. ix–xxv</a> to: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/basis/gregory-hist.html">Medieval Sourcebook, Gregory of Tours (539–594), <i>History of the Franks</i>, Books I–X</a> (on the 6th century meaning of <i>sanctus</i> and <i>virtus</i>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160308085620/http://the-orb.net/encyclop/religion/hagiography/cult.htm">Head, Thomas. "The Cult of the Saints and Their Relics", The On-line Reference Book for Medieval Studies (the ORB), College of Staten Island, City University of New York</a><sup><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a></sup></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gla.ac.uk/media/media_306131_en.pdf">Smith, Judith M. H., "Portable Christianity: Relics in the Medieval West (c.700–1200)", Raleigh Lecture on History 2010</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/books-and-arts/magazine/92804/medieval-christian-art-relics">Butterfield, Andrew. "What Remains", <i>New Republic</i>, July 28, 2011</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.columbia.edu/cu/arthistory/faculty/Klein/Sacred-Things-and-Holy-Bodies.pdf"><i>Treasures of Heaven: Saints, Relics, and Devotion in Medieval Europe</i>—joint exhibition of the British Museum, Cleveland Museum of Art, and the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>67 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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