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<li id="toc-Abbasid_era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Abbasid_era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Abbasid era</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Abbasid_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkic_kaftan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkic_kaftan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Turkic kaftan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkic_kaftan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Algerian_kaftan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Algerian_kaftan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Algerian kaftan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Algerian_kaftan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moroccan_kaftan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moroccan_kaftan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Moroccan kaftan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moroccan_kaftan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_African_kaftan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_African_kaftan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>West African kaftan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_African_kaftan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Persian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Persian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Persian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Persian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Asia_and_Eastern_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Asia_and_Eastern_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>North Asia and Eastern Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Asia_and_Eastern_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Russian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Russian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.1</span> <span>Russian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Russian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jewish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jewish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6.2</span> <span>Jewish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jewish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asian" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asian"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Southeast Asian</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asian-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe_and_United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe_and_United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Europe and United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe_and_United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaftan</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قفطان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="قفطان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Сапан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Сапан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кафтан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Кафтан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кафтан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Кафтан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caftan" title="Caftan – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Caftan" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caft%C3%A1n" title="Caftán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Caftán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftano" title="Kaftano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kaftano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caftan" title="Caftan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Caftan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%86%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Կաֆտան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաֆտան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftano" title="Kaftano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kaftano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caftan" title="Caftan – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Caftan" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caffettano" title="Caffettano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Caffettano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Шекпен – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Шекпен" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xiftan" title="Xiftan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xiftan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftanas" title="Kaftanas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kaftanas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кафтан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Кафтан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%D9%81%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%86" title="قفطان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="قفطان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%BF%E3%83%B3" title="カフタン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カフタン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਕਫ਼ਤਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਫ਼ਤਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafet%C3%A3" title="Cafetã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cafetã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Кафтан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кафтан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftani" title="Kaftani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kaftani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftaani" title="Kaftaani – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kaftaani" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaftan" title="Kaftan – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kaftan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Каптан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каптан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cafetan" title="Cafetan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Cafetan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Traditional elongated cloak-like garment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Caftan" redirects here. For a specific 8th-century caftan, see <a href="/wiki/Caftan_(Metropolitan_Museum_of_Art)" title="Caftan (Metropolitan Museum of Art)"><i>Caftan</i> (Metropolitan Museum of Art)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurd_Man.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kurd_Man.png/220px-Kurd_Man.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="360" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kurd_Man.png/330px-Kurd_Man.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Kurd_Man.png/440px-Kurd_Man.png 2x" data-file-width="538" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish people">Kurdish</a> man wearing a kaftan. Illustration by <a href="/wiki/Max_Karl_Tilke" title="Max Karl Tilke">Max Karl Tilke</a> published in <i>Oriental Costumes: Their Designs and Colors</i> (1922), <a href="/wiki/Georgian_National_Museum" title="Georgian National Museum">Georgian National Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>kaftan</b> or <b>caftan</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/æ/: 'a' in 'bad'">æ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">قفطان</span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">qafṭān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">خفتان</span>, <span title="Persian-language romanization"><i lang="fa-Latn">khaftān</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>: <i lang="tr">kaftan</i>) is a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Robe" title="Robe">robe</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tunic" title="Tunic">tunic</a>. Originating in Asia, it has been worn by a number of cultures around the world for thousands of years. In Russian usage, <i>kaftan</i> instead refers to a style of men's long suit with tight sleeves. </p><p>It may be made of <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cashmere_wool" title="Cashmere wool">cashmere</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silk" title="Silk">silk</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cotton" title="Cotton">cotton</a>, and may be worn with a <a href="/wiki/Sash" title="Sash">sash</a>. Popular during the time of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, detailed and elaborately designed garments were given to ambassadors and other important guests at the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a>. </p><p>Variations of the kaftan were inherited by cultures throughout Asia and were worn by individuals in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> (North Asia, Eastern Europe and formerly Central Asia), Southwest Asia and Northern Africa. </p><p>Styles, uses, and names for the kaftan vary from culture to culture. The kaftan is often worn as a <a href="/wiki/Coat_(clothing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat (clothing)">coat</a> or as an overdress, usually having long sleeves and reaching to the ankles. In regions with a warm climate, it is worn as a light-weight, loose-fitting garment. 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Arab_culture" title="Category:Arab culture">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle fn org country-name adr"><a href="/wiki/Arab_culture" title="Arab culture">Arabic culture</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maq%C4%81ma_21_(fols._58v%E2%80%9359r,_double-page_spread_as_a_unit),_Maqamat_al-Harari,_1237.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/260px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/390px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg/520px-Maq%C4%81ma_21_%28fols._58v%E2%80%9359r%2C_double-page_spread_as_a_unit%29%2C_Maqamat_al-Harari%2C_1237.jpg 2x" data-file-width="852" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_architecture" title="Category:Arabic architecture">Architecture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Yemen" title="Architecture of Yemen">Yemeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_architecture" title="Nabataean architecture">Nabataean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_architecture" title="Umayyad architecture">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_architecture" title="Abbasid architecture">Abbasid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_architecture" title="Fatimid architecture">Fatimid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorish_architecture" title="Moorish architecture">Moorish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a></li></ul> <p><br /> <b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfiz" title="Alfiz">Alfiz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque" title="Arabesque">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Arabic_and_Western_European_domes" title="History of medieval Arabic and Western European domes"> Arabic dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih" title="Girih">Girih</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horseshoe_arch" title="Horseshoe arch">Horseshoe arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howz" title="Howz">Howz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypostyle" title="Hypostyle">Hypostyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy" title="Islamic calligraphy">Islamic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geometric_patterns" title="Islamic geometric patterns">Islamic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_ornament" title="Islamic ornament">Islamic ornament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwan" title="Iwan">Iwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwan" title="Liwan">Liwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mashrabiya" title="Mashrabiya">Mashrabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riad_(architecture)" title="Riad (architecture)">Riad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosaic#Arab" title="Mosaic">Mosaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multifoil_arch" title="Multifoil arch">Multifoil arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagash_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagash painting">Nagash painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadad" title="Qadad">Qadad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwaq_(arcade)" title="Riwaq (arcade)">Riwaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahn" title="Sahn">Sahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socarrat" title="Socarrat">Socarrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stucco_decoration_in_Islamic_architecture" title="Stucco decoration in Islamic architecture">Stucco decoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tadelakt" title="Tadelakt">Tadelakt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaulting" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaulting">Vaulting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voussoir" title="Voussoir">Voussoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windcatcher" title="Windcatcher">Windcatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albarrana_tower" title="Albarrana tower">Albarrana tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alc%C3%A1zar" title="Alcázar">Alcázar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">Bazaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caravanserai" title="Caravanserai">Caravanserai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimaristan" title="Bimaristan">Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammam" title="Hammam">Hammam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasbah" title="Kasbah">Kasbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqam_(shrine)" title="Maqam (shrine)">Maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazar_(mausoleum)" title="Mazar (mausoleum)">Mazar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medina_quarter" title="Medina quarter">Medina quarter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalat_(fortress)" title="Qalat (fortress)">Qalat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribat" title="Ribat">Ribat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebil" class="mw-redirect" title="Sebil">Sabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadirvan" title="Shadirvan">Shadirvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tekyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Tekyeh">Tekyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Well house">Well house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zawiya_(institution)" title="Zawiya (institution)">Zawiya</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_art" title="Category:Arabic art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Styles</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_South_Arabian_art" title="Ancient South Arabian art">Ancient South Arabian art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabataean_art" title="Nabataean art">Nabataean art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fatimid_art" title="Fatimid art">Fatimid art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate#Art" title="Mamluk Sultanate">Mamluk art</a></li></ul></li></ul> <p><b>Types</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_calligraphy" title="Arabic calligraphy">Arabic calligraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_graffiti" title="Islamic graffiti">Arabic graffiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_carpet" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab carpet">Arab carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_miniature" title="Arabic miniature">Arabic miniature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_pottery" title="Category:Arabic pottery">Arabic pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_wood_carving_in_Palestine" title="Olive wood carving in Palestine">Palestinian wood carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_embroidery" title="Islamic embroidery">Islamic embroidery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardstone_carving#Islamic_hardstone_carving" title="Hardstone carving">Islamic hardstone carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_garden" title="Islamic garden">Islamic garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_glass" title="Islamic glass">Islamic glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_carving#Islamic_ivory" title="Ivory carving">Islamic ivory carving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_art#Islamic_brasswork" title="Islamic art">Islamic Metalwork</a></li></ul> <p><b>Features </b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Islamic_art)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabesque (Islamic art)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_geometric_patterns" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic geometric patterns">Arabic geometric patterns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banna%27i" title="Banna'i">Banna'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_steel" title="Damascus steel">Damascus steel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damask" title="Damask">Damask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girih_tiles" title="Girih tiles">Girih tiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedwig_glass" title="Hedwig glass">Hedwig glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiswah" title="Kiswah">Kiswah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">Muqarnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Arabic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudo-Arabic">Pseudo-Arabic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zellij" title="Zellij">Zellij</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_cuisine" title="Arab cuisine">Cuisine</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Arabian_cuisine" title="Eastern Arabian cuisine">Khalij <span style="font-size:85%;">(Arabian Peninsula)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_cuisine" title="Levantine cuisine">Arab Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Levant)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_cuisine" title="Iraqi cuisine">Mashriq <span style="font-size:85%;">(Mesopotamia)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_cuisine" title="Egyptian cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Egypt)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_cuisine" title="Sudanese cuisine">Mawset <span style="font-size:85%;">(Sudan)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maghreb_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Maghreb cuisine">Arab Maghreb <span style="font-size:85%;">(North Africa)</span></a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_clothing" title="Category:Arabic clothing">Dress</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Headwear</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agal_(accessory)" title="Agal (accessory)">Agal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battoulah" title="Battoulah">Battoulah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haik_(garment)" title="Haik (garment)"> Haik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keffiyeh" title="Keffiyeh">Keffiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Litham" title="Litham">Litham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhalla" title="Madhalla">Madhalla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqiyah_(cap)" title="Taqiyah (cap)">Taqiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantour" title="Tantour">Tantour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fez_(hat)" title="Fez (hat)">Tarboush (fez)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turban" title="Turban">Turban</a></li></ul> <p><b>Clothing</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abaya" title="Abaya">Abaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisht_(clothing)" title="Bisht (clothing)">Bisht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnous" title="Burnous">Burnous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djellaba" title="Djellaba">Djellaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durra%27ah" title="Durra'ah">Durra'ah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fouta_towel" title="Fouta towel">Fouta towel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izaar" title="Izaar">Izaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jellabiya" title="Jellabiya">Jellabiya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaftan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarong#Somalia" title="Sarong">Macawis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robe_of_honour" title="Robe of honour">Robe of honour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sirwal" title="Sirwal">Sirwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraz" title="Tiraz">Tiraz</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music" title="Arabic music">Music</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>Theory</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_maqam" title="Arabic maqam">Arabic maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_tone_system" title="Arab tone system">Arab tone system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_scale" title="Algerian scale">Algerian scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythm_in_Arabic_music" title="Rhythm in Arabic music">Rhythm in Arabic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jins" title="Jins">Jins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazma" title="Lazma">Lazma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teslim" title="Teslim">Teslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quarter_tone" title="Quarter tone">Quarter tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_musical_instruments" title="Category:Arabic musical instruments">Arabic musical instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Musiqa_al-Kabir" title="Kitab al-Musiqa al-Kabir"> Great Book of Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitab_al-Aghani" title="Kitab al-Aghani"> Kitab al-Aghani</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_pop" title="Arabic pop">Arabic pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_hip_hop" title="Arabic hip hop">Arabic hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_rock" title="Arabic rock">Arabic rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#Arabic_jazz" title="Arabic music"> Arabic jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_music#20th_century" title="Arabic music"> Classical Arab music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opera_in_Arabic" title="Opera in Arabic">Opera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Jeel" title="Al Jeel">Al Jeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaliji_(music)" title="Khaliji (music)">Khaliji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li></ul> <p><b>Art music</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andalusian_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Andalusian classical music">Andalusian classical music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andalusi_nubah" title="Andalusi nubah">Andalusi nubah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashraf" class="mw-redirect" title="Bashraf">Bashraf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dawr" title="Dawr">Dawr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulab" class="mw-redirect" title="Dulab">Dulab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layali" title="Layali">Layali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malhun" title="Malhun">Malhun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_maqam" title="Iraqi maqam">Iraqi maqam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasidah" class="mw-redirect" title="Qasidah">Qasidah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qudud_Halabiya" title="Qudud Halabiya">Qudud Halabiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama%27i" title="Sama'i">Sama'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahmilah" title="Tahmilah">Tahmilah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taqsim" title="Taqsim">Taqsim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waslah" title="Waslah">Waslah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Folk</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ataaba" title="Ataaba">Ataaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Algerian Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedouin_music" title="Bedouin music"> Bedouin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Algeria)" title="Chaabi (Algeria)">Chaabi (Algeria)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabi_(Morocco)" title="Chaabi (Morocco)">Chaabi (Morocco)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baladi" title="Baladi">Egyptian folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fann_at-Tanbura" title="Fann at-Tanbura">Fann at-Tanbura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fijiri" title="Fijiri">Fijiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnawa_music" title="Gnawa music">Gnawa (North Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezwed" title="Mezwed">Mezwed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawt_(music)" title="Sawt (music)">Sawt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaabi" title="Shaabi">Shaabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Dance</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ardah" title="Ardah">Ardah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belly_dance" title="Belly dance">Belly dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dabke" title="Dabke">Dabke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Deheyeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Deheyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Guedra" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Guedra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Hagallah" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Hagallah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khaleegy_(dance)" title="Khaleegy (dance)">Khaleegy </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwa_(music)" title="Liwa (music)">Liwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizmar_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mizmar (dance)">Mizmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ouled_Nail" class="mw-redirect" title="Ouled Nail">Ouled Nail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raqs_Sharqi" class="mw-redirect" title="Raqs Sharqi">Raqs Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samri" title="Samri">Samri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Shamadan" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Shamadan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_dance#Schikhatt" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab dance">Schikhatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahtib" title="Tahtib">Tahtib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling#Egyptian_tanoura" title="Sufi whirling">Tanoura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yowlah" title="Yowlah">Yowlah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81r" title="Zār">Zār</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">Literature</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Scripts</a></b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Arabic" title="Old Arabic"> Old </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleo-Arabic" title="Paleo-Arabic"> Paleo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_Arabic" title="Classical Arabic">Classical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Modern</a></li></ul> <p><b>Prose</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_epic_literature" title="Arabic epic literature">Epic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhymed_prose" title="Rhymed prose">Saj <span style="font-size:85%;">(ryhmed prose)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maqama" title="Maqama">Maqama</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:Love_in_Arabic_literature&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Category:Love in Arabic literature (page does not exist)">Love in Arabic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_erotic_literature" title="Category:Arabic erotic literature">Arabic erotic literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_grimoires" title="Category:Arabic grimoires">Arabic grimoires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_criticism#Classical_and_medieval_criticism" title="Literary criticism">Literary_criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_short_story" title="Arabic short story">Arabic short story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabaqat" title="Tabaqat">Tabaqat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tezkire" title="Tezkire">Tezkire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rihla" title="Rihla">Rihla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Islamic_mirrors_for_princes" title="Category:Islamic mirrors for princes">Mirrors for princes</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Islamic_literature" title="Islamic literature">Islamic</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tafsir" title="Tafsir">Tafsir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">Hadith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sīra">Sīra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiqh" title="Fiqh">Fiqh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqidah" title="Aqidah">Aqidah</a></li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">Poetry</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic_anthologies" title="Category:Arabic anthologies">Anthologies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabic-language_poets" title="Category:Arabic-language poets">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabic_poetry" title="Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry">Pre-Islamic Arabic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Arabic_poetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern Arabic poetry">Modern Arabic poetry</a></li></ul> <p><b>Genres</b> </p> <ul><li>Madih</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hija" class="mw-redirect" title="Hija">Hija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rith%C4%81%27" title="Rithā'">Rithā'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wa%E1%B9%A3f" title="Waṣf">Waṣf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghazal" title="Ghazal">Ghazal</a></li> <li>Khamriyyah</li> <li>Tardiyyah</li> <li>Khawal</li> <li>Fakhr</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamasah" title="Hamasah">Hamasah</a></li></ul> <p><b>Forms</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diwan_(poetry)" title="Diwan (poetry)"> Diwan </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qasida" title="Qasida">Qasida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muwashshah" title="Muwashshah">Muwashshah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz_(prosody)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rajaz (prosody)">Urjūza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathnawi" title="Mathnawi">Mathnawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruba%27i" title="Ruba'i">Ruba'i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nas%C4%ABb_(poetry)" title="Nasīb (poetry)">Nasīb </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddles_(Arabic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Riddles (Arabic)">Riddles </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kharja" title="Kharja">Kharja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zajal" title="Zajal">Zajal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawwal" title="Mawwal">Mawwal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabati" title="Nabati">Nabati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghinnawa" title="Ghinnawa">Ghinnawa</a></li> <li>Humayni</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_prosody" title="Arabic prosody">Arabic prosody</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bayt_(poetry)" title="Bayt (poetry)">Bayt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%ACaw%C4%ABl" class="mw-redirect" title="Ṭawīl">Ṭawīl</a></li> <li>Madīd</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas%C4%AB%E1%B9%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Basīṭ">Basīṭ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamil_(metre)" title="Kamil (metre)"> Kamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81fir" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāfir">Wāfir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazaj_meter" title="Hazaj meter">Hazaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajaz" title="Rajaz">Rajaz </a></li> <li>Ramal</li> <li>Munsariħ</li> <li>Khafīf</li> <li>Muqtaḍab</li> <li>Mujtathth</li> <li>Muḍāriʿ</li> <li>Sarīʿ</li> <li>Mutaqārib</li> <li>Mutadārik</li></ul> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Arabic_literature" title="Arabic literature">National literatures of Arab States</a></b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerian_literature" title="Algerian literature">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Bahrain" class="mw-redirect" title="Literature of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Djibouti" title="Literature of Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_literature" title="Egyptian literature">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_literature" title="Iraqi literature">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Jordan" title="Culture of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwaiti_literature" title="Kuwaiti literature">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Lebanon" title="Culture of Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_literature" title="Libyan literature">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccan_literature" title="Moroccan literature">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Oman" title="Culture of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestinian_literature" title="Palestinian literature">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatari_literature" title="Qatari literature">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Saudi_Arabian_writers" title="List of Saudi Arabian writers">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_literature" title="Somali literature">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudanese_literature" title="Sudanese literature">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_literature" title="Syrian literature">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_literature" title="Tunisian literature">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Culture of the United Arab Emirates">U.A.E.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yemen" title="Culture of Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic science">Science</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_alchemy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic alchemy">Arabic chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astrology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astrology">Arabic astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabic_astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic astronomy">Arabic astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_geography" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic geography">Arabic geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Arabic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_mathematics" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic mathematics">Arabic mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">Arabic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic psychology">Arabic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic technology">Arabic technology</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabic_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">Early Arabic Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism#Islamic_world" title="Aristotelianism">Islamic Aristotelianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platonism_in_Islamic_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Platonism in Islamic Philosophy">Islamic Platonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Logic in Islamic philosophy">Islamic Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">Kalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_metaphysics" title="Sufi metaphysics">Sufi metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_philosophy" title="Sufi philosophy">Sufi philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Farabi" title="Al-Farabi">Farabism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avicennism" title="Avicennism">Avicennism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averroism" title="Averroism">Averroism</a></li></ul> <p><b>Concepts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-aql_al-faal" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-aql al-faal">Al-aql al-faal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aql_bi-l-fi%27l" class="mw-redirect" title="Aql bi-l-fi'l">Aql bi-l-fi'l</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ins%C4%81n_al-K%C4%81mil" title="Al-Insān al-Kāmil">Al-Insān al-Kāmil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhati_in_islamic_philosophy" title="Dhati in islamic philosophy">Dhati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_in_Islamic_philosophy" title="Peace in Islamic philosophy">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcs_of_Descent_and_Ascent" title="Arcs of Descent and Ascent">Arcs of Descent and Ascent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asabiyyah" title="Asabiyyah">Asabiyyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_(Sufism)" title="Hal (Sufism)">Hal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irfan" title="Irfan">Irfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafs" title="Nafs">Nafs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadar" class="mw-redirect" title="Qadar">Qadar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qalb" title="Qalb">Qalb</a></li></ul> <p><b>Texts</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liber_de_Causis" title="Liber de Causis">Liber de Causis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Theology_of_Aristotle" class="mw-redirect" title="The Theology of Aristotle">The Theology of Aristotle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-isharat_wa_al-tanbihat" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-isharat wa al-tanbihat">Al-isharat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Book_of_the_Apple" title="The Book of the Apple">The Book of the Apple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_the_Brethren_of_Purity" title="Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity">Encyclopedia of the Brethren of Purity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Philosophers" title="The Incoherence of the Philosophers">The Incoherence of the Philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Incoherence_of_the_Incoherence" title="The Incoherence of the Incoherence">The Incoherence of the Incoherence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theologus_Autodidactus" title="Theologus Autodidactus">Theologus Autodidactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_the_Harmony_of_Religions_and_Philosophy" title="On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy">On the Harmony of Religions and Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muqaddimah" title="Muqaddimah">Muqaddimah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Questions" title="Sicilian Questions">Sicilian Questions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Arabi#Commentaries_and_translations_of_Fuṣūṣ_al-Ḥikam" title="Ibn Arabi"> Fusus al-Hikam</a></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Arabian_mythology" title="Category:Arabian mythology">Mythology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ababil_(mythology)" title="Ababil (mythology)">Ababil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantis_of_the_Sands" title="Atlantis of the Sands">Atlantis of the Sands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahamut" title="Bahamut">Bahamut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beast_of_the_Earth" title="Beast of the Earth">Beast of the Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Idols" title="Book of Idols">Book of Idols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Wonders" title="Book of Wonders">Book of Wonders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buraq" title="Buraq">Buraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dandan" title="Dandan">Dandan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falak_(Arabian_legend)" title="Falak (Arabian legend)">Falak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghoul" title="Ghoul">Ghoul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinn_(mythology)" title="Hinn (mythology)">Hinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houri" title="Houri">Houri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ifrit" title="Ifrit">Ifrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iram_of_the_Pillars" title="Iram of the Pillars">Iram of the Pillars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karkadann" title="Karkadann">Karkadann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kujata_(mythology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kujata (mythology)">Kujata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luqman" title="Luqman">Luqman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marid" title="Marid">Marid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qaf" title="Mount Qaf">Mount Qaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasnas" title="Nasnas">Nasnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_Thousand_and_One_Nights" title="One Thousand and One Nights">One Thousand and One Nights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qareen" title="Qareen">Qareen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qutrub" title="Qutrub">Qutrub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roc_(mythology)" title="Roc (mythology)"> Roc </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaddad" title="Shaddad">Shaddad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shadhavar" title="Shadhavar">Shadhavar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shams_al-Ma%27arif" title="Shams al-Ma'arif">Shams al-Ma'arif</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/She-Camel_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="She-Camel of God">She-Camel of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%81%E1%B8%B3w%C4%81%E1%B8%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Wāḳwāḳ">Wāḳwāḳ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulfiqar" title="Zulfiqar">Zulfiqar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarqa_al_Yamama" title="Zarqa al Yamama">Zarqa al Yamama</a></li></ul> <p><b>Fictional Arab people</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aladdin" title="Aladdin">Aladdin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Alhazred" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Alhazred">Abdul Alhazred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ali_Baba" class="mw-redirect" title="Ali Baba">Ali Baba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alta%C3%AFr_Ibn-La%27Ahad" class="mw-redirect" title="Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad">Altaïr Ibn-La'Ahad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battal_Gazi" title="Battal Gazi">Battal Gazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hayy_ibn_Yaqdhan" title="Hayy ibn Yaqdhan">Hayy ibn Yaqdhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Ben_Nemsi" title="Kara Ben Nemsi">Kara Ben Nemsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Marsile" title="King Marsile">King Marsile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Layla_and_Majnun" title="Layla and Majnun">Layla and Majnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Othello" title="Othello">Othello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palamedes_(Arthurian_legend)" title="Palamedes (Arthurian legend)">Palamedes </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Jasmine" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Jasmine">Princess Jasmine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%27s_al_Ghul" title="Ra's al Ghul">Ra's al Ghul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinbad_the_Sailor" title="Sinbad the Sailor">Sindbad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talia_al_Ghul" title="Talia al Ghul">Talia al Ghul</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content" style="padding-bottom:0; margin-bottom:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="white-space:nowrap; font-size:12.5px; text-align:center; border-top:solid 1px #aaa; font-variant: small-caps;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Arabian_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabian mythology">Spirituality</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content plainlist" style="border-top:solid 1px #aaa;"><div class="hlist"><b>North Arabian deities</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allah#Pre-Islamic_Arabians" title="Allah">Allah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-%E2%80%98Uzz%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-‘Uzzá">Al-‘Uzzá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Lat" title="Al-Lat">Al-Lat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dushara" title="Dushara">Dushara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaabou" title="Chaabou">Chaabou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manaf_(deity)" title="Manaf (deity)">Manaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuha_(deity)" title="Nuha (deity)">Nuha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kutbay" title="Al-Kutbay">Al-Kutbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asira" title="Asira">Asira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Awal" title="Awal">Awal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azizos" title="Azizos">Azizos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajir" title="Bajir">Bajir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quzah" title="Quzah">Quzah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man%C4%81t" class="mw-redirect" title="Manāt">Manāt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%27ra" class="mw-redirect" title="A'ra">A'ra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abgal_(god)" title="Abgal (god)">Abgal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aglibol" title="Aglibol">Aglibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qaum" title="Al-Qaum">Al-Qaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atarsamain" title="Atarsamain">Atarsamain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baalshamin" title="Baalshamin">Baalshamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bel_(mythology)" title="Bel (mythology)">Bēl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubal" title="Hubal">Hubal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suwa%27" title="Suwa'">Suwa'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theandrios" title="Theandrios">Theandrios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadd" title="Wadd">Wadd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malakbel" title="Malakbel">Malakbel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orotalt" title="Orotalt">Orotalt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruda_(deity)" title="Ruda (deity)">Ruda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27d_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sa'd (idol)">Sa'd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarhibol" title="Yarhibol">Yarhibol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Is%C4%81f_and_N%C4%81%27ila" class="mw-redirect" title="Isāf and Nā'ila">Isāf and Nā'ila</a></li></ul> <p><b>South Arabian deities</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almaqah" title="Almaqah">Almaqah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amm_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Amm (god)">Amm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anbay" title="Anbay">Anbay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attar_(god)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attar (god)">Athtar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salman_(myth)" title="Salman (myth)"> Salman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhat-Badan" title="Dhat-Badan">Dhat-Badan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haubas" title="Haubas">Haubas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27lab" title="Ta'lab">Ta'lab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaynan" title="Qaynan">Qaynan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basamum" title="Basamum">Basamum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhul_Khalasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhul Khalasa">Dhul Khalasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haukim" title="Haukim">Haukim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasr_(idol)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasr (idol)">Nasr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sin_(mythology)" title="Sin (mythology)">Sīn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%27uq" title="Ya'uq">Ya'uq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaghuth" class="mw-redirect" title="Yaghuth">Yaghūth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yatha" title="Yatha">Yatha</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="padding-top:0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Arabic_culture" title="Template talk:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic_culture" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Arabic culture"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The origins of the kaftan are uncertain, but it is believed to have first appeared in ancient <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is described as a long robe as far as the calves sometimes or just under the knee, and is open at the front and the sleeves are slight cut at the wrists or even as far as to the middle of the arms.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Abbasid_era">Abbasid era</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Abbasid era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the Islamic golden age of the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a> era, the cosmopolitan super-culture<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (October 2021)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> spread far and wide to Chinese emperors, <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon">Anglo-Saxon</a> coinage, but also in <a href="/wiki/Constantinople" title="Constantinople">Constantinople</a> too (current day <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>). They were mimicking and imitating <a href="/wiki/Baghdad" title="Baghdad">Baghdad</a> culture (capital of the Abbasids).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 830s, <a href="/wiki/Byzantine" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine">Byzantine</a> Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(emperor)" title="Theophilos (emperor)">Theophilus</a>, who fought the Abbasids on the battlefield and built a Baghdad-style palace near the <a href="/wiki/Bosporus" title="Bosporus">Bosporus</a>, went about in kaftans and turbans. Even as far as the streets of <a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Ghuangzhou</a> during the era of <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang dynasty</a>, the Abbasid kaftan was in fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The kaftan became a luxurious fashion,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (October 2021)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> a richly styled robe with buttons down the front. The Caliphs wore elegant kaftans made from silver or gold brocade and buttons in the front of the sleeves.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Caliph <a href="/wiki/Al-Muqtadir" title="Al-Muqtadir">al-Muqtaddir</a> (908–932) wore a kaftan from silver brocade Tustari silk and had his son one made from Byzantine silk richly decorated with figures. The kaftan was spread far and wide by the Abbasids and made known throughout the Middle East and North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkic_kaftan">Turkic kaftan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Turkic kaftan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The caftan appears to be the oldest Turkish dress, this costume can be traced as far back as the <a href="/wiki/Xiongnu" title="Xiongnu">Hun</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6kt%C3%BCrk" class="mw-redirect" title="Göktürk">Göktürk</a> periods.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kaftan was the favourite garment worn in Turkic states of Central Asia, the Turkic Empire in India, the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Turks</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rado1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rado1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was the most important component of the Seljuk period and the oldest known examples of this robe are said to have been found in Hun tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-Türk_Kültürüne_Hizmet_Vakfı,_Turkish_Cultural_Service_Foundation1998_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Türk_Kültürüne_Hizmet_Vakfı,_Turkish_Cultural_Service_Foundation1998-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The costume of the Gokturk period consisted of long kaftans that are closed with a belt at the waist, these kaftans can be observed in Gokturk statues.<sup id="cite_ref-Erdirençelebi2011_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Erdirençelebi2011-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Seljuk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_Sanjar" title="Ahmad Sanjar">Ahmad Sanjar</a> who ruled from 1097 to 1118 gave 1000 red kaftans to his soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-Merçil1977_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Merçil1977-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1058 as well as the period of the Seljuk Sultan <a href="/wiki/Malik-Shah_I" title="Malik-Shah I">Malik-Shah I</a>, the Seljuk Turks wore kaftans and excavations discovered a child's kaftan dating back to the reign of Sanjar-Shah who ruled from 1185 or 1186 to 1187.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-C._Bathurst1759_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-C._Bathurst1759-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The tiles in the <a href="/wiki/Kubadabad_Palace" title="Kubadabad Palace">Kubadabad Palace</a> depict Turkish figures dressed in kaftans.<sup id="cite_ref-Selçuklu_Araştırmaları_Merkezi1988_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selçuklu_Araştırmaları_Merkezi1988-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The palace was built for Sultan Aladdin Kayqubad I who ruled from 1220 to 1237. Furthermore, typical Seljuk depictions from the 11th to the 13th century depict figures dressed in Turkish style kaftans.<sup id="cite_ref-Selçuklu_Tarih_ve_Medeniyeti_Enstitüsü.1971_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selçuklu_Tarih_ve_Medeniyeti_Enstitüsü.1971-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The kaftan was also worn by the Anatolian Seljuks who had even gifted kaftans to the first Ottoman Sultan, Osman I.<sup id="cite_ref-Edgü1983_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Edgü1983-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mansel2005_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mansel2005-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In connection with the inheritance of <a href="/wiki/Osman_I" title="Osman I">Osman I</a>, the historian Neşri described a kaftan in the list of inherited items: "There was a short-sleeved kaftan of <a href="/wiki/Denizli_Province" title="Denizli Province">Denizli</a> cloth".<sup id="cite_ref-Öz1950_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öz1950-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In an excavation in Kinet in Turkey, a bowl dating back to the early 14th century was found with a depiction of a man wearing what appears to be a kaftan.<sup id="cite_ref-GrossmanWalker2013_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GrossmanWalker2013-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaftans were worn by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">sultans</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. Decoration on the garment, including colours, patterns, ribbons, and buttons, indicated the rank of the person who wore it. In the first half of the 14th century <a href="/wiki/Orhan" title="Orhan">Orhan Ghazi</a> captured <a href="/wiki/Bursa_Province" title="Bursa Province">Bursa</a> and made it the Ottoman capital. One of the chief specialties of Bursa was gold embroidery among other weaving related specialties, an archive notes that two kaftans made of the finest Bursa gold-brocaded velvet were prepared for the circumcision of Geliboulu Bey Sinan Pasha's two sons in 1494.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Harris1993_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harris1993-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ibn Battuta who had visited Anatolia witnessed that a mudarris was wearing a gown embroidered with golden pieces and that a Seljuk Bey gifted a kaftan that was embroidered with golden threads.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 14th century through the 17th century, textiles with large patterns were used. By the late 16th and early 17th centuries, decorative patterns on the fabrics had become smaller and brighter. By the second half of the 17th century, the most precious kaftans were those with <i>yollu</i>: vertical stripes with varying embroidery and small patterns – the so-called "Selimiye" fabrics.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Most fabrics manufactured in Turkey were made in <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bursa" title="Bursa">Bursa</a>, but some textiles came from as far away as <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Persia (Iran)</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, and even <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. kaftans were made from velvet, <i>aba</i>, <i>bürümcük</i> (a type of crepe with a silk warp and cotton weft), <i>canfes</i>, <i>çatma</i> (a heavy silk <a href="/wiki/Brocade" title="Brocade">brocade</a>), <i>gezi</i>, <i>diba</i> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: <span lang="fa" dir="rtl">دیبا</span>), <i>hatayi</i>, <i>kutnu</i>, <i>kemha</i>, <i>seraser</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">سراسر</span></span>) (brocade fabric with silk warp and gold or silver metallic thread weft), <i><span title="Persian-language text"><i lang="fa">serenk</i></span></i>, <i>zerbaft</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">زربافت</span></span>), and <i>tafta</i> (<span title="Persian-language text"><span lang="fa" dir="rtl">تافته</span></span>). Favoured colours were <a href="/wiki/Indigo" title="Indigo">indigo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermes_(dye)" title="Kermes (dye)">kermes</a>, violet, <i>pişmiş ayva</i> or "cooked quince", and <a href="/wiki/Reseda_luteola" title="Reseda luteola">weld yellow</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Silk or wooled vests embellished with couched gold thread or silk embroidery probably represent the introduction of a Turkish feature into an Arab aesthetic.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nearly 2,500 caftans and other garments belonging to subsequent sultans from the 15th to the 19th century are preserved in the <a href="/wiki/Topkap%C4%B1_Palace" title="Topkapı Palace">Topkapı Palace</a> museum.<sup id="cite_ref-Turnau1991_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turnau1991-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Topkapı Palace houses 21 kaftan that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Mehmed_II" title="Mehmed II">Mehmed II</a>, 77 kaftan that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a>, 13 that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Ahmed_I" title="Ahmed I">Ahmed I</a>, 30 that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Osman_II" title="Osman II">Osman II</a> and 27 that belonged to <a href="/wiki/Murad_IV" title="Murad IV">Murad IV</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:236px;max-width:236px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:259px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg/234px-Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg" decoding="async" width="234" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg/351px-Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg/468px-Ertugrul-gazi-1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="698" data-file-height="772" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Depiction of <a href="/wiki/Ertugrul" class="mw-redirect" title="Ertugrul">Ertugrul</a> wearing a kaftan</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:259px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Semailname_47b.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/148px-Semailname_47b.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/222px-Semailname_47b.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Semailname_47b.jpg/296px-Semailname_47b.jpg 2x" data-file-width="345" data-file-height="605" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Ottoman <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Suleiman_the_Magnificent" title="Suleiman the Magnificent">Suleiman the Magnificent</a> in a kaftan of complex woven fabric.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:259px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg/198px-Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="259" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg/297px-Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg/396px-Gentile_Bellini_009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2619" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A young member of the Ottoman court dressed in a navy velvet caftan woven with gold. Variously attributed to <a href="/wiki/Gentile_Bellini" title="Gentile Bellini">Gentile Bellini</a> or <a href="/wiki/Costanzo_da_Ferrara" title="Costanzo da Ferrara">Costanzo da Ferrara</a>, with a caption in <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> by a later hand. <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Stewart_Gardner_Museum" title="Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum">Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algerian_kaftan">Algerian kaftan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Algerian kaftan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The kaftan has been historically documented to have been worn in Algeria in the beginning of the 16th century and the presence of the kaftan in Algeria dates far back to the <a href="/wiki/Rustamid_dynasty" title="Rustamid dynasty">Rustamid</a> period<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is attested during the <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a> period in the 10th century as well as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tlemcen" title="Kingdom of Tlemcen">Zayyanid</a> period.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Ottoman tradition, the male kaftan, known as the kaftan of honour, was bestowed by the Ottoman Sultan upon the governors of Algiers who, in turn, bestowed kaftans upon the Beys and members of distinguished families.<sup id="cite_ref-Chitour2004_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chitour2004-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Paradis2006_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paradis2006-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his <i>Topography and General History of Algiers</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Antonio_de_Sosa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antonio de Sosa (page does not exist)">Antonio de Sosa</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antonio_de_Sosa" class="extiw" title="es:Antonio de Sosa">es</a>]</span> described it as a coloured robe made of satin, of damask, of velvet and silk and having a form that reminded him of the priests' cassocks.<sup id="cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marçais1930-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dey wore the kaftan with dangling sleeves; the <i>khodjas</i> (secretaries) wore a very long cloth based kaftan, falling to the ankles; the <i>chaouchs</i> (executors of the justice of the dey) were recognized by a green kaftan with sleeves either open or closed, according to their rank. The kaftan was also worn by the janissaries in the 17th and part of the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marçais1930-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to be worn by male dignitaries well into the 20th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marçais1930-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The female kaftan, on the other hand, evolved locally and derives from the <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ghlila" title="Ghlila">ghlila</a></i></span></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paresys2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a mid-calf jacket that combined Morisco and Ottoman influences, but which evolved following a very specific Algerian style from the sixteenth century onward.<sup id="cite_ref-ZanardiKlich2018_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZanardiKlich2018-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the sixteenth and seventeenth century, middle-class women started wearing the <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ghlila" title="Ghlila">ghlila</a></i></span></i>. The use of brocades and quality velvet, the profusion of embroidery and gold threading were not enough to satisfy the need for distinction of the wealthiest Algerians who choose to lengthen the <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar">ghlila</i></span></i> all the way to the ankles to make a kaftan that became the centrepiece of the ceremonial costume, while the <i><span title="Arabic-language text"><i lang="ar"><a href="/wiki/Ghlila" title="Ghlila">ghlila</a></i></span></i> was confined to the role of daily clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paresys2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced through Turkish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Prussin_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prussin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1789, the diplomat <a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_de_Venture_de_Paradis" title="Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis">Venture de Paradis</a> described the women of Algiers as follows: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>When they go to a party, they put three or four ankle length golden kaftans on top of one another, which, with their other adjustments and gilding, may weigh more than fifty to sixty pounds. These kaftans in velvet, satin or other silks are embroidered in gold or silver thread on the shoulders and on the front, and they have up to the waistband big buttons in gold or silver thread on both sides; they are closed in front by two buttons only.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jean_Michel_de_Venture_de_Paradis" title="Jean Michel de Venture de Paradis">Venture de Paradis</a>, <sup id="cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Paresys2008-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Several types of kaftans were developed since then, while still respecting the original pattern. Nowadays, the Algerian female kaftans, including the modernised versions, are seen as an essential garment in the bride's trousseau in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annaba" title="Annaba">Annaba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bejaia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bejaia">Bejaia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blida" title="Blida">Blida</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constantine,_Algeria" title="Constantine, Algeria">Constantine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miliana" title="Miliana">Miliana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nedroma" title="Nedroma">Nedroma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlemcen" title="Tlemcen">Tlemcen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Tradition_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tradition-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen, known as <a href="/wiki/Chedda_of_Tlemcen" title="Chedda of Tlemcen">chedda of Tlemcen</a>.,<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which features the Algerian caftan, was inscribed to the Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> in 2012, in recognition of its cultural significance.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier,_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg/157px-Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg/236px-Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg/314px-Conterfan_dess_Mezomorto_gewesten_Da%C3%BF_in_Algier%2C_iez%C3%BCnd_Capitan_Bassa_der_Flotten_dess_Gross_T%C3%BCrcken_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4375" data-file-height="6547" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dey_of_Algiers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dey of Algiers">Dey of Algiers</a> <a href="/wiki/Mezzo_Morto_H%C3%BCseyin_Pasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha">Mezzo Morto Hüseyin Pasha</a> wearing a yellow kaftan in 1687, by <a href="/wiki/Andreas_Matth%C3%A4us_Wolfgang" title="Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang">Andreas Matthäus Wolfgang</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:137px;max-width:137px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JACKSON(1817)_p198_MUFTI.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg/135px-JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg" decoding="async" width="135" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg/203px-JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg/270px-JACKSON%281817%29_p198_MUFTI.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1299" data-file-height="2266" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mufti" title="Mufti">Mufti</a> of Algiers wearing what appears to be crimson kaftan in 1817, <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:235px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Female_Kaftan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/288px-Female_Kaftan.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/432px-Female_Kaftan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Female_Kaftan.jpg/576px-Female_Kaftan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="530" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">A female kaftan offered by Ali Abdi Pacha of Algiers to the crown of Sweden on the occasion of a peace treaty, 1731.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moroccan_kaftan">Moroccan kaftan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Moroccan kaftan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_of_Islam" title="Encyclopaedia of Islam">Encyclopaedia of Islam</a>, the kaftan was introduced into the <a href="/wiki/Barbary_Coast" title="Barbary Coast">Barbary States</a> by the Ottomans and spread by fashion as far as Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-Huart_2012_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huart_2012-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to art historian Rachida Alaoui, the kaftan in Morocco dates back to the end of the 15th century and goes back to the region's Moorish history, which represents the medieval heritage of <a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>. However, the first <i>written record</i> of the garment being worn in Morocco is from the 16th century, she states.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Naima_El_Khatib_Boujibar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Naima El Khatib Boujibar (page does not exist)">Naima El Khatib Boujibar</a>, however, the kaftan might only have been introduced to Morocco by the <a href="/wiki/Saadi_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Saadi dynasty">Saadi</a> Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abu_Marwan_Abd_al-Malik_I_Saadi" title="Abu Marwan Abd al-Malik I Saadi">Abd al-Malik</a>, who had lived in <a href="/wiki/Algiers" title="Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-VM_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VM-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abd al-Malik, who had officially acknowledged Ottoman overlordship throughout his time as ruler of Morocco, dressed in Ottoman fashion, spoke Turkish, reorganised his army and administration in imitation of Ottoman practices and used Ottoman Turkish titles for his officials.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The second half of the sixteenth century was a period of Ottoman influence in Morocco during which Ahmad al-Mansur, who was greatly influenced by Ottoman culture, adopted Turkish costumes and customs, he introduced Ottoman fashions of dress, his army adopted Turkish costumes and titles and ambassadors even noted the use of Turkish pottery and Turkish carpets in the Badi Palace.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aspects of Ottoman culture had been introduced to Morocco during the reign of both Abd al-Malik and Ahmad al-Mansur and Abd al-Malik's brief reign opened a period which continued under his successor of the "Turkification" of Morocco.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Henri_Terrasse" title="Henri Terrasse">Henri Terrasse</a> asserted that Moroccan embroidery styles are almost all derived from the former regions of the Turkish empire, the introduction of gold thread embroidery into North Africa itself is reputed to have been introduced with Turkish rule.<sup id="cite_ref-Prussin_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prussin-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Worn by the dignitaries and women of the palace at first, it became fashionable among the middle classes from the late 17th century onwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Museum_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Museum-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today in Morocco, kaftans are worn by women of different social groups and the word kaftan is commonly used to mean a "one-piece traditional fancy dress". Alternative two-piece versions of Moroccan kaftans are called <a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">takchita</a> and worn with a large belt. The takchita is also known as <b>Mansouria</b> which derives from the name of Sultan <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_al-Mansur" title="Ahmad al-Mansur">Ahmad al-Mansur</a>, who invented Al-Mansouria and the new fashion of wearing a two-piece kaftan.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since June 5, 2022, the Moroccan kaftan and the brocade of Fes have been officially included in the list of intangible cultural heritage by <a href="/wiki/Islamic_World_Educational,_Scientific_and_Cultural_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic World Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization">ICESCO</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_African_kaftan">West African kaftan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: West African kaftan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Senegalese_kaftan" title="Senegalese kaftan">Senegalese kaftan</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, a kaftan is a pullover robe, worn by both men and women. The women's robe is called a <a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)">kaftan</a>, and the men's garment is referred to as a Senegalese kaftan. </p><p>A Senegalese kaftan is a pullover men's robe with long bell-like sleeves. In the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof language</a>, this robe is called a <i>mbubb</i> and in French, it is called a <i>boubou</i>. The Senegalese kaftan is an ankle-length garment, and is worn with matching <a href="/wiki/Drawstring_pants" title="Drawstring pants">drawstring pants</a> called <i>tubay</i>. Usually made of cotton brocade, lace, or synthetic fabrics, these robes are common throughout West Africa. A kaftan and matching pants are called a kaftan suit. The kaftan suit is worn with a <a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">kufi cap</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seattletimes_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seattletimes-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Senegalese kaftans are formal wear in all West African countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Persian">Persian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Persian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Persian kaftan robes of honour were commonly known as <a href="/wiki/Khalat" title="Khalat">khalat</a> or kelat.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Asia_and_Eastern_Europe">North Asia and Eastern Europe<span class="anchor" id="Russian_kaftan"></span></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: North Asia and Eastern Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Russian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg/220px-Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/32/Tangelgarda_Odin.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="212" /></a><figcaption>Gotlandic picture stone showing men in kaftan-like attire</figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, the word "kaftan" is used for another type of clothing: a style of men's long suit with tight sleeves. Going back to the people of various <a href="/wiki/Balt" class="mw-redirect" title="Balt">Baltic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Iranic" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranic">Iranic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythian</a>) tribes who inhabited today's Russia along with the <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> population, kaftan-like clothing was already prevalent in ancient times in regions where later the <a href="/wiki/Rus%27_Khaganate" title="Rus' Khaganate">Rus' Khaganate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kievan_Rus%27" title="Kievan Rus'">Kievan Rus'</a> states appeared.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Russian kaftan was probably influenced by Persian and/or Turkic people in Old Russia.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The word "kaftan" was adopted from the Tatar language, which in turn borrowed the word from Persia.<sup id="cite_ref-Hellie1999_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hellie1999-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the 13th century, the kaftan was still common in Russia. In the 19th century, Russian kaftans were the most widespread type of outer-clothing amongst peasants and merchants in Old Russia. Currently in the early 21st century, they are most commonly used as ritual religious clothing by conservative <a href="/wiki/Old_Believers" title="Old Believers">Old Believers</a>, in Russian fashion (Rusfashion), Russian folk dress and with regards to <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Russia">Russian folklore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jewish">Jewish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Jewish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg/200px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg/300px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg/400px-Jewish_Children_with_their_Teacher_in_Samarkand_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1914" data-file-height="1809" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bukharan_Jews" title="Bukharan Jews">Jewish</a> children with a school teacher in <a href="/wiki/Samarkand" title="Samarkand">Samarkand</a>, wearing kaftans (circa 1910).</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Hasidic_Judaism" title="Hasidic Judaism">Hasidic Jewish culture</a> adapted a silky robe (<i><a href="/wiki/Bekishe" title="Bekishe">bekishe</a></i>) or <a href="/wiki/Frock_coat" title="Frock coat">frock coat</a> (<i>kapoteh</i>, Yiddish word <i>kapote</i> or Turkish synonym <i>chalat</i>) from the garb of <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Polish</a> nobility,<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was itself a type of kaftan. The term <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%98%D7%94" class="extiw" title="he:קפוטה"><i>kapoteh</i></a> may originate from the Spanish <i>capote</i> or possibly from "kaftan" via <a href="/wiki/Judaeo-Spanish" title="Judaeo-Spanish">Ladino</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sephardic_Jews" title="Sephardic Jews">Sephardic Jews</a> from Muslim countries wore a kaftan similar to those of their neighbours.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southeast_Asian">Southeast Asian</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Southeast Asian"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, the kaftan was originally worn by <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia#Spread_of_Islam" title="Southeast Asia">Arab traders</a>, as seen in early lithographs and photographs from the region. Religious communities that formed as Islam became established later adopted this style of dress as a distinguishing feature, under a variety of names deriving from Arabic and Persian such as "<a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">jubah</a>", a robe, and "cadar", a veil or <a href="/wiki/Chador" title="Chador">chador</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe_and_United_States">Europe and United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Europe and United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hippie_trail.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hippie_trail.svg/250px-Hippie_trail.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hippie_trail.svg/375px-Hippie_trail.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Hippie_trail.svg/500px-Hippie_trail.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1514" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Americans returning from journeys on the <a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">hippie trail</a> helped popularise the kaftan.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the recent era the kaftan was introduced to the West in the 1890s, Queen Victoria's granddaughter <a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Feodorovna_(Alix_of_Hesse)" title="Alexandra Feodorovna (Alix of Hesse)">Alix of Hesse</a> wore a traditional Russian coronation dress before a crowd which included Western on-lookers, this traditional dress featured the loose-fitting Russian kaftan which was so exotic to Western eyes.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Collector's Weekly is not considered reliable (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This was one of the first times a Western woman, a high-status Western woman who had also been seen in fashionable Western dress no less, was seen wearing something so exotic. The traditional Russian kaftan resembles the kaftans worn by the Ottoman sultans; it was in stark contrast to the tight-fitting, <a href="/wiki/Corset" title="Corset">corseted</a> dresses common in England at that time.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The kaftan slowly gained popularity as an exotic form of loose-fitting clothing. French fashion designer <a href="/wiki/Paul_Poiret" title="Paul Poiret">Paul Poiret</a> further popularized this style in the early 20th century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, fashion designers such as <a href="/wiki/Christian_Dior" title="Christian Dior">Christian Dior</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balenciaga" title="Balenciaga">Balenciaga</a> adopted the kaftan as a loose evening gown or robe in their collections.<sup id="cite_ref-LynchStrauss2014_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LynchStrauss2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These variations were usually sashless. This style had also began appearing as high fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American <a href="/wiki/Hippie" title="Hippie">hippie</a> fashions of the late 1960s and the 1970s often drew inspiration from ethnic styles, including kaftans for women and men. These styles were brought to the United States by people who journeyed the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Hippie_trail" title="Hippie trail">hippie trail</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-LynchStrauss2014_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LynchStrauss2014-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> African-styled, kaftan-like <a href="/wiki/Dashiki" title="Dashiki">dashikis</a> were popular, especially among <a href="/wiki/African-American" class="mw-redirect" title="African-American">African-Americans</a>. Street styles were appropriated by fashion designers, who marketed lavish kaftans as hostess gowns for casual at-home entertaining. The popularity of Kaftans went high in mass market and their cheap imports.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Given the materials and the style of the Kaftan, it has shown to symbolize serving as royalty.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The types of forms of dresses and kaftans were among the rich.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Diana_Vreeland" title="Diana Vreeland">Diana Vreeland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babe_Paley" title="Babe Paley">Babe Paley</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hutton" title="Barbara Hutton">Barbara Hutton</a> all helped popularize the kaftan in mainstream western fashion.<sup id="cite_ref-Stalder2008_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stalder2008-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Into the 1970s, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a> often wore kaftans designed by <a href="/wiki/Thea_Porter" title="Thea Porter">Thea Porter</a>. In 1975, for her second wedding to Richard Burton she wore a kaftan designed by <a href="/wiki/Gina_Fratini" title="Gina Fratini">Gina Fratini</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, in 2011 <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Simpson" title="Jessica Simpson">Jessica Simpson</a> was photographed wearing kaftans during her pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-cw_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cw-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Collector's Weekly is not considered reliable (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> American fashion editor <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Leon_Talley" title="André Leon Talley">André Leon Talley</a> also wore kaftans designed by <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Rucci" title="Ralph Rucci">Ralph Rucci</a> as one of his signature looks.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beyoncé, Uma Thurman, Susan Sarandon, Kate Moss, Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen, and Nicole Richie have all been seen wearing the style.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="Collector's Weekly is not considered reliable (May 2022)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some fashion lines have dedicated collections to the kaftan. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Babur_idealisiert.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The first Mughal Emperor Babur dressed in a kaftan."><img alt="The first Mughal Emperor Babur dressed in a kaftan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babur_idealisiert.jpg/82px-Babur_idealisiert.jpg" decoding="async" width="82" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babur_idealisiert.jpg/123px-Babur_idealisiert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Babur_idealisiert.jpg/164px-Babur_idealisiert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="614" data-file-height="900" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The first <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Mughal Emperor">Mughal Emperor</a> <a href="/wiki/Babur" title="Babur">Babur</a> dressed in a kaftan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="August III the Saxon in żupan, by Louis de Silvestre."><img alt="August III the Saxon in żupan, by Louis de Silvestre." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG/68px-Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG" decoding="async" width="68" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG/102px-Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG/136px-Augustus_III_in_Polish_costume.JPG 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="647" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/August_III_the_Saxon" class="mw-redirect" title="August III the Saxon">August III the Saxon</a> in <a href="/wiki/%C5%BBupan" title="Żupan">żupan</a>, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Silvestre" title="Louis de Silvestre">Louis de Silvestre</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Evreu cu caftan (Jew in kaftan) by Nicolae Grigorescu."><img alt="Evreu cu caftan (Jew in kaftan) by Nicolae Grigorescu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg/69px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg" decoding="async" width="69" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg/104px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg/139px-Nicolae_Grigorescu_-_Evreu_cu_caftan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="290" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i>Evreu cu caftan</i> (<a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jew</a> in kaftan) by <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Grigorescu" title="Nicolae Grigorescu">Nicolae Grigorescu</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="An Armenian youth 'out of Persia' who wears a pale blue kaftan. Ottoman Turkish Illustrations from Peter Mundy's Album, Istanbul 1618."><img alt="An Armenian youth 'out of Persia' who wears a pale blue kaftan. Ottoman Turkish Illustrations from Peter Mundy's Album, Istanbul 1618." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg/52px-Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg/78px-Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg/103px-Mundy-Armenian_youth_%27out_of_Persia%27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="320" data-file-height="740" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">An Armenian youth 'out of Persia' who wears a pale blue kaftan. Ottoman Turkish Illustrations from Peter Mundy's Album, Istanbul 1618.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues,_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar,_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portrait of the artist's wife, Marie Fargues, in a kaftan, by Jean-Étienne Liotard."><img alt="Portrait of the artist's wife, Marie Fargues, in a kaftan, by Jean-Étienne Liotard." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg/90px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg/136px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg/181px-Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard_-_Portret_van_Marie_Fargues%2C_echtgenote_van_de_kunstenaar%2C_in_Turks_kostuum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2138" data-file-height="2836" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Portrait of the artist's wife, Marie Fargues, in a kaftan, by <a href="/wiki/Jean-%C3%89tienne_Liotard" title="Jean-Étienne Liotard">Jean-Étienne Liotard</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tzar Feodor I wearing a kaftan. Antiquities of the Russian country 1846–1853, Solntsev, Fedor Grigorievich."><img alt="Tzar Feodor I wearing a kaftan. Antiquities of the Russian country 1846–1853, Solntsev, Fedor Grigorievich." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg/75px-Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg" decoding="async" width="75" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg/113px-Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg/151px-Drevnosti_RG_v4_ill008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1490" data-file-height="2370" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Tzar" class="mw-redirect" title="Tzar">Tzar</a> <a href="/wiki/Feodor_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Feodor I">Feodor I</a> wearing a kaftan. Antiquities of the Russian country 1846–1853, Solntsev, Fedor Grigorievich.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa, Barbary corsair, Beylerbey of Algiers and Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) of the navy of the Ottoman Empire, wearing a caftan."><img alt="Hayreddin Barbarossa, Barbary corsair, Beylerbey of Algiers and Kapudan Pasha (Grand Admiral) of the navy of the Ottoman Empire, wearing a caftan." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg/52px-Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg" decoding="async" width="52" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg/77px-Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg/103px-Italienischer_Meister_von_1580_001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="3176" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Hayreddin_Barbarossa" title="Hayreddin Barbarossa">Hayreddin Barbarossa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_pirates" title="Barbary pirates">Barbary corsair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beylerbey" title="Beylerbey">Beylerbey</a> of <a href="/wiki/Regency_of_Algiers" title="Regency of Algiers">Algiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kapudan_Pasha" title="Kapudan Pasha">Kapudan Pasha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Grand_admiral" title="Grand admiral">Grand Admiral</a>) of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman navy">navy</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, wearing a caftan.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_Strieltsy.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Streltsy (warriors in Russia from 16th to the early 18th centuries) wearing kaftans. Painted in 19th century."><img alt="Streltsy (warriors in Russia from 16th to the early 18th centuries) wearing kaftans. Painted in 19th century." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Strieltsy.JPG/99px-Russian_Strieltsy.JPG" decoding="async" width="99" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Strieltsy.JPG/149px-Russian_Strieltsy.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Russian_Strieltsy.JPG/199px-Russian_Strieltsy.JPG 2x" data-file-width="522" data-file-height="630" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Streltsy" title="Streltsy">Streltsy</a> (warriors in Russia from 16th to the early 18th centuries) wearing kaftans. Painted in 19th century.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:KAFTAN_-_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Green kaftan designed by Sybil Connolly (1970s)"><img alt="Green kaftan designed by Sybil Connolly (1970s)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KAFTAN_-_front.jpg/80px-KAFTAN_-_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KAFTAN_-_front.jpg/120px-KAFTAN_-_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/KAFTAN_-_front.jpg/160px-KAFTAN_-_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="6000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Green kaftan designed by <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Connolly" title="Sybil Connolly">Sybil Connolly</a> (1970s)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Algerian caftan at the ifaegypt of the 2023 by Karim Akrouf."><img alt="Algerian caftan at the ifaegypt of the 2023 by Karim Akrouf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg/96px-Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg/144px-Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg/192px-Algerian_caftan_ifaegypt2023_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1799" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Algerian caftan at the ifaegypt of the 2023 by Karim Akrouf.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Royal algerian caftan of 2023 by Karim Akrouf."><img alt="Royal algerian caftan of 2023 by Karim Akrouf." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg/96px-Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg/144px-Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg/192px-Algerian_caftan_Akrouf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1440" data-file-height="1800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Royal algerian caftan of 2023 by Karim Akrouf.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caftan_Show" title="Caftan Show">Caftan Show</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapan" title="Chapan">Chapan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deel_(clothing)" title="Deel (clothing)">Deel (clothing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanzu" title="Kanzu">Kanzu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kufi" title="Kufi">Kufi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_clothing" title="Ottoman clothing">Ottoman clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takchita" class="mw-redirect" title="Takchita">Takchita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thawb" title="Thawb">Thawb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrapper_(clothing)" title="Wrapper (clothing)">Wrapper (clothing)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAdlerCasanowicz1898" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Cyrus; Casanowicz, Immanuel M. (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lp8XAAAAYAAJ"><i>Biblical Antiquities: A Description of the Exhibit at the Cotton States International Exposition, Atlanta, 1895</i></a>. U.S. Government Printing Office.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biblical+Antiquities%3A+A+Description+of+the+Exhibit+at+the+Cotton+States+International+Exposition%2C+Atlanta%2C+1895&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1898&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Cyrus&rft.au=Casanowicz%2C+Immanuel+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dlp8XAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://htschool.hindustantimes.com/editorsdesk/knowledge-vine/the-journey-of-kaftans-from-mesopotamia-to-the-rest-of-the-world">"The journey of kaftans from Mesopotamia to the rest of the world"</a>. <i>HT School</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-06-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HT+School&rft.atitle=The+journey+of+kaftans+from+Mesopotamia+to+the+rest+of+the+world&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhtschool.hindustantimes.com%2Feditorsdesk%2Fknowledge-vine%2Fthe-journey-of-kaftans-from-mesopotamia-to-the-rest-of-the-world&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackintosh-Smith2019" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tim_Mackintosh-Smith" title="Tim Mackintosh-Smith">Mackintosh-Smith, Tim</a> (2019-04-30). <i><a href="/wiki/Arabs_(book)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabs (book)">Arabs: A 3,000-Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires</a></i>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18235-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-18235-4"><bdi>978-0-300-18235-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arabs%3A+A+3%2C000-Year+History+of+Peoples%2C+Tribes+and+Empires&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2019-04-30&rft.isbn=978-0-300-18235-4&rft.aulast=Mackintosh-Smith&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosmanJones2009" class="citation book cs1">Cosman, Madeleine Pelner; Jones, Linda Gale (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Jf5t1vFw1QC&q=caftan+abbasid&pg=PA848"><i>Handbook to Life in the Medieval World, 3-Volume Set</i></a>. Infobase Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4381-0907-7"><bdi>978-1-4381-0907-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+to+Life+in+the+Medieval+World%2C+3-Volume+Set&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4381-0907-7&rft.aulast=Cosman&rft.aufirst=Madeleine+Pelner&rft.au=Jones%2C+Linda+Gale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Jf5t1vFw1QC%26q%3Dcaftan%2Babbasid%26pg%3DPA848&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloomBlairBlair2009" class="citation book cs1">Bloom, Jonathan; Blair, Sheila S.; Blair, Sheila (2009-05-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=un4WcfEASZwC&q=abbasid+kaftan&pg=RA1-PA26"><i>Grove Encyclopedia of Islamic Art & Architecture: Three-Volume Set</i></a>. OUP USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-530991-1"><bdi>978-0-19-530991-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grove+Encyclopedia+of+Islamic+Art+%26+Architecture%3A+Three-Volume+Set&rft.pub=OUP+USA&rft.date=2009-05-14&rft.isbn=978-0-19-530991-1&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila+S.&rft.au=Blair%2C+Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dun4WcfEASZwC%26q%3Dabbasid%2Bkaftan%26pg%3DRA1-PA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ABDYYEVA, Gulruh (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etimesut.org/_files/ugd/c50047_c42232e5714a4c3abe52fdd06fc6182f.pdf?index=true">"Clothing Culture in the Hun Period and Hun Reflections in the Gokturk Period: Traces on the Clothes of Today’s Central Asian Folks".</a> International Turkish Culture and Art Symposium 29–30 October 2020 ETIMESGUT / Ankara.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rado1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rado1987_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŞevket_Rado1987" class="citation book cs1">Şevket Rado (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SXNpAAAAMAAJ"><i>Âletler ve âdetler</i></a>. Ak Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/214455569">214455569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%82letler+ve+%C3%A2detler&rft.pub=Ak+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F214455569&rft.au=%C5%9Eevket+Rado&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSXNpAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Türk_Kültürüne_Hizmet_Vakfı,_Turkish_Cultural_Service_Foundation1998-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Türk_Kültürüne_Hizmet_Vakfı,_Turkish_Cultural_Service_Foundation1998_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BXU_AQAAIAAJ"><i>Türk dünyası kültür atlası: Osmanlı dönemi. 3. 2</i></a>. Türk Kültürüne Hizmet Vakfı, Turkish Cultural Service Foundation. 1998. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789757522119" title="Special:BookSources/9789757522119"><bdi>9789757522119</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39969202">39969202</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrk+d%C3%BCnyas%C4%B1+k%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+atlas%C4%B1%3A+Osmanl%C4%B1+d%C3%B6nemi.+3.+2&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrk+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr%C3%BCne+Hizmet+Vakf%C4%B1%2C+Turkish+Cultural+Service+Foundation&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39969202&rft.isbn=9789757522119&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBXU_AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Erdirençelebi2011-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Erdirençelebi2011_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeral_Erdirençelebi2011" class="citation book cs1">Meral Erdirençelebi (13 May 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pMGiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA4"><i>Mustafa Kemal Atatürk'ün Şıklığı</i></a>. Eğitim Yayinevi. p. 4. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786054392384" title="Special:BookSources/9786054392384"><bdi>9786054392384</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1017992265">1017992265</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mustafa+Kemal+Atat%C3%BCrk%27%C3%BCn+%C5%9E%C4%B1kl%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1&rft.pages=4&rft.pub=E%C4%9Fitim+Yayinevi&rft.date=2011-05-13&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1017992265&rft.isbn=9786054392384&rft.au=Meral+Erdiren%C3%A7elebi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpMGiDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AYHAN, Fatma. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ayk.gov.tr/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/AYHAN-Fatma-TÜRKLERİN-GİYİM-KUŞAMINDA-KÜRK.pdf">"TÜRKLERİN GİYİM KUŞAMINDA KÜRK."</a> 38. ICANAS: 189</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Merçil1977-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Merçil1977_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmed_bin_Mahmud_(Bursalı)1977" class="citation book cs1">Ahmed bin Mahmud (Bursalı) (1977). Erdoğan Merçil (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-M4bAAAAMAAJ"><i>Selçuk-nâme, Volume 2</i></a>. Tercüman Gazetesi. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23555209">23555209</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sel%C3%A7uk-n%C3%A2me%2C+Volume+2&rft.pub=Terc%C3%BCman+Gazetesi&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23555209&rft.au=Ahmed+bin+Mahmud+%28Bursal%C4%B1%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-M4bAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHadjianastasis2015" class="citation journal cs1">Hadjianastasis, Marios (1 January 2015). "Frontiers of the Ottoman Imagination: Studies in Honour of Rhoads Murphey": 111. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004283510_007">10.1163/9789004283510_007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Frontiers+of+the+Ottoman+Imagination%3A+Studies+in+Honour+of+Rhoads+Murphey&rft.pages=111&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004283510_007&rft.aulast=Hadjianastasis&rft.aufirst=Marios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-C._Bathurst1759-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-C._Bathurst1759_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TasEAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA140"><i>An Universal History: From the Earliest Accounts to the Present Time, Volume 4</i></a>. C. Bathurst. 1759. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21385381">21385381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Universal+History%3A+From+the+Earliest+Accounts+to+the+Present+Time%2C+Volume+4&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=C.+Bathurst&rft.date=1759&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21385381&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTasEAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210630145558/https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/15558887/1/sanjar-shah.html">"Sanjar-Shah was the amir of central Khurasan from 1185 or 1186 until 1187. His short reign was ended by a Khwarezmid invasion and resulted in the takeover of Ni"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amp.ww.en.freejournal.org/15558887/1/sanjar-shah.html">the original</a> on 2021-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sanjar-Shah+was+the+amir+of+central+Khurasan+from+1185+or+1186+until+1187.+His+short+reign+was+ended+by+a+Khwarezmid+invasion+and+resulted+in+the+takeover+of+Ni&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famp.ww.en.freejournal.org%2F15558887%2F1%2Fsanjar-shah.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selçuklu_Araştırmaları_Merkezi1988-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selçuklu_Araştırmaları_Merkezi1988_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D6fiAAAAMAAJ"><i>Selçuk, Issue 3</i></a>. Selçuklu Araştırmaları Merkezi. 1988. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23036573">23036573</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sel%C3%A7uk%2C+Issue+3&rft.pub=Sel%C3%A7uklu+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+Merkezi&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23036573&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DD6fiAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Selçuklu_Tarih_ve_Medeniyeti_Enstitüsü.1971-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Selçuklu_Tarih_ve_Medeniyeti_Enstitüsü.1971_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SSBIAAAAMAAJ"><i>Journal of Seljuk studies, Volume 3</i></a>. Selçuklu Tarih ve Medeniyeti Enstitüsü. 1971. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1787806">1787806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal+of+Seljuk+studies%2C+Volume+3&rft.pub=Sel%C3%A7uklu+Tarih+ve+Medeniyeti+Enstit%C3%BCs%C3%BC&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1787806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSSBIAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Edgü1983-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Edgü1983_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerit_Edgü1983" class="citation book cs1">Ferit Edgü, ed. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0pAjAAAAMAAJ"><i>The Anatolian Civilisations: Seljuk</i></a>. Turkish Ministry of Culture and Tourism. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/21460383">21460383</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Anatolian+Civilisations%3A+Seljuk&rft.pub=Turkish+Ministry+of+Culture+and+Tourism&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F21460383&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0pAjAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mansel2005-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mansel2005_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansel,_Philip2005" class="citation book cs1">Mansel, Philip (1 January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QCIxgIZ4w38C&pg=PA39"><i>Dressed to Rule: Royal and Court Costume from Louis XIV to Elizabeth II</i></a>. Yale University Press. p. 39. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10697-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10697-8"><bdi>978-0-300-10697-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1000803473">1000803473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dressed+to+Rule%3A+Royal+and+Court+Costume+from+Louis+XIV+to+Elizabeth+II&rft.pages=39&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2005-01-01&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1000803473&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10697-8&rft.au=Mansel%2C+Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQCIxgIZ4w38C%26pg%3DPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öz1950-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Öz1950_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTahsin_Öz1950" class="citation book cs1">Tahsin Öz (1950). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xH8rAAAAMAAJ"><i>XIV–XVI centuries</i></a>. Turkish Press, Broadcasting and Tourist Department. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/7134256">7134256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=XIV%E2%80%93XVI+centuries&rft.pub=Turkish+Press%2C+Broadcasting+and+Tourist+Department&rft.date=1950&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F7134256&rft.au=Tahsin+%C3%96z&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxH8rAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GrossmanWalker2013-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GrossmanWalker2013_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrossman,_Heather_E.Alicia_Walker2013" class="citation book cs1">Grossman, Heather E.; Alicia Walker, eds. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U-yqmgEACAAJ"><i>Mechanisms of Exchange: Transmission in Medieval Art and Architecture of the Mediterranean, Ca. 1000–1500</i></a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24977-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-24977-6"><bdi>978-90-04-24977-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008267530">1008267530</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mechanisms+of+Exchange%3A+Transmission+in+Medieval+Art+and+Architecture+of+the+Mediterranean%2C+Ca.+1000%E2%80%931500&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008267530&rft.isbn=978-90-04-24977-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU-yqmgEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1993&context=tsaconf">Velvet and Patronage: The Origin and Historical Background of Ottoman and Italian Velvets</a>. S Okumura. 2016.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harris1993-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Harris1993_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris,_Jennifer1993" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Jennifer, ed. (30 September 1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=eUvrAAAAMAAJ"><i>Textiles: 5000 Years</i></a>. Harry N. Abrams. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3875-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8109-3875-5"><bdi>978-0-8109-3875-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/247803587">247803587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Textiles%3A+5000+Years&rft.pub=Harry+N.+Abrams&rft.date=1993-09-30&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F247803587&rft.isbn=978-0-8109-3875-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DeUvrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> BAHAR, T.; N. BAYKASOĞLU (2017). "Embroidery in Turkish culture". <i>Developments in Social Sciences</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jirousek, Charlotte A., and Sara Catterall (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctv7xbsb5"><i>Ottoman Dress and Design in the West: A Visual History of Cultural Exchange</i>.</a> Indiana University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Turnau1991-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Turnau1991_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurnau,_Irena1991" class="citation book cs1">Turnau, Irena (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qnyBAAAAMAAJ"><i>History of Dress in Central and Eastern Europe from the Sixteenth to the Eighteenth Century</i></a>. Institute of the History of Material Culture, Polish Academy of Sciences. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788385463030" title="Special:BookSources/9788385463030"><bdi>9788385463030</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1008382522">1008382522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Dress+in+Central+and+Eastern+Europe+from+the+Sixteenth+to+the+Eighteenth+Century&rft.pub=Institute+of+the+History+of+Material+Culture%2C+Polish+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1008382522&rft.isbn=9788385463030&rft.au=Turnau%2C+Irena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqnyBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Moore, Jennifer Grayer (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sxGiDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT306"><i>Patternmaking History and Theory</i>.</a> Bloomsbury Publishing.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S3V3AAAAMAAJ&q=caftan+rostémide">Histoire et archéologie de l'Afrique du Nord: actes du IIIe colloque international réuni dans le cadre du 110e Congrès national des sociétes savantes</a>, Montpellier, 1-15 avril 1985. France. Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques Ministère de l'éducation nationale, Comité des travaux historiques et scientifiques.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaïd, Mouloud. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KwxyAAAAMAAJ&q=caftan"><i>Les Berbers dans l'histoire: De Ziri à Hammad</i>. Editions Mimouni.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HL4Zk4Ws4CsC&pg=PA380">Bulletin trimestriel, Volume 10</a>. Société de Géographie de la Province d'Oran.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chitour2004-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Chitour2004_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChems-Eddine_Chitour2004" class="citation book cs1">Chems-Eddine Chitour (2004). <i>Algérie: le passé revisité : une brève histoire de l'Algérie</i>. Casbah Editions. p. 221.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alg%C3%A9rie%3A+le+pass%C3%A9+revisit%C3%A9+%3A+une+br%C3%A8ve+histoire+de+l%27Alg%C3%A9rie&rft.pages=221&rft.pub=Casbah+Editions&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Chems-Eddine+Chitour&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paradis2006-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Paradis2006_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJean-Michel_Venture_de_Paradis2006" class="citation book cs1">Jean-Michel Venture de Paradis (2006). <i>Alger au XVIII siècle, 1788-1790: mémoires, notes et observations d'un dipolomate-espion</i>. Éditions grand-Alger livres. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alger+au+XVIII+si%C3%A8cle%2C+1788-1790%3A+m%C3%A9moires%2C+notes+et+observations+d%27un+dipolomate-espion&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+grand-Alger+livres&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Jean-Michel+Venture+de+Paradis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marçais1930-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marçais1930_32-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarçais,_Georges1930" class="citation book cs1">Marçais, Georges (1930). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-LOBAAAAMAAJ"><i>Le Costume musulman d'Alger</i></a>. Plon. pp. 36–47.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Costume+musulman+d%27Alger&rft.pages=36-47&rft.pub=Plon&rft.date=1930&rft.au=Mar%C3%A7ais%2C+Georges&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-LOBAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Paresys2008-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Paresys2008_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParesys,_Isabelle2008" class="citation book cs1">Paresys, Isabelle (26 February 2008). <i>Paraître et apparences en Europe occidentale du Moyen Âge à nos jours</i>. Presses Univ. Septentrion. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-85939-996-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-85939-996-2"><bdi>978-2-85939-996-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Para%C3%AEtre+et+apparences+en+Europe+occidentale+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge+%C3%A0+nos+jours&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Presses+Univ.+Septentrion&rft.date=2008-02-26&rft.isbn=978-2-85939-996-2&rft.au=Paresys%2C+Isabelle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZanardiKlich2018-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZanardiKlich2018_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZanardi,_TaraLynda_Klich2018" class="citation book cs1">Zanardi, Tara; Lynda Klich (4 July 2018). <i>Visual Typologies from the Early Modern to the Contemporary: Local Contexts and Global Practices</i>. Taylor & Francis. p. 569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51511-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-315-51511-3"><bdi>978-1-315-51511-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Visual+Typologies+from+the+Early+Modern+to+the+Contemporary%3A+Local+Contexts+and+Global+Practices&rft.pages=569&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2018-07-04&rft.isbn=978-1-315-51511-3&rft.au=Zanardi%2C+Tara&rft.au=Lynda+Klich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prussin-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Prussin_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Prussin_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Prussin, Labelle (2006). "Judaic Threads in the West African Tapestry: No More Forever?" <i>The Art Bulletin</i>, 88:2, 328-353, DOI: 10.1080/00043079.2006.10786293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tradition-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tradition_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmoudjahid.com/fr/actualites/129327">"Tradition vestimentaire : Le Kaftan est Algérien"</a>. <i>elmoudjahid.com</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=elmoudjahid.com&rft.atitle=Tradition+vestimentaire+%3A+Le+Kaftan+est+Alg%C3%A9rien&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elmoudjahid.com%2Ffr%2Factualites%2F129327&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668">"UNESCO - Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-05-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Rites+and+craftsmanship+associated+with+the+wedding+costume+tradition+of+Tlemcen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Frites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/rites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668">"UNESCO - Rites and craftsmanship associated with the wedding costume tradition of Tlemcen"</a>. <i>ich.unesco.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-03-29</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+-+Rites+and+craftsmanship+associated+with+the+wedding+costume+tradition+of+Tlemcen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Frites-and-craftsmanship-associated-with-the-wedding-costume-tradition-of-tlemcen-00668&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huart_2012-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huart_2012_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuart2012" class="citation journal cs1">Huart, Cl. (24 Apr 2012). "Ḳaftān". <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3796">10.1163/2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3796</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%E1%B8%B2aft%C4%81n&rft.date=2012-04-24&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F2214-871X_ei1_SIM_3796&rft.aulast=Huart&rft.aufirst=Cl.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://femmesdumaroc.com/caftan/rachida-alaoui-de-lorigine-du-caftan-122">"Rachida Alaoui, de l'origine du caftan"</a>. <i>femmesdumaroc</i> (in French)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-06-04</span></span>. <q>Il remonte à la fin du XVème siècle, et les premières mentions de ce vêtement porté par les Marocains datent du XVIème siècle." English:"It dates back to the end of the 15th century, and the first mentions of this garment worn by Moroccans date from the 16th century.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=femmesdumaroc&rft.atitle=Rachida+Alaoui%2C+de+l%27origine+du+caftan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffemmesdumaroc.com%2Fcaftan%2Frachida-alaoui-de-lorigine-du-caftan-122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VM-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VM_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamicart.museumwnf.org/database_item.php?id=object;ISL;ma;Mus01_B;45;en&pageT=N">"Discover Islamic Art"</a>. <i>Virtual Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-547-94693-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-547-94693-1"><bdi>978-0-547-94693-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fashion+101%3A+A+Crash+Course+in+Clothing&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=2008-05-01&rft.isbn=978-0-547-94693-1&rft.au=Erika+Stalder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuNxhd1Z7n1EC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalamone2011" class="citation web cs1">Salamone, Gina (2 December 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/entertainment/tv-movies/elizabeth-taylor-prized-possessions-ranging-diamonds-designer-gowns-view-christie-auction-article-1.985851">"Elizabeth Taylor's prized possessions—ranging from diamonds to designer gowns—on view at Christie's before going on auction"</a>. <i>NY Daily News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NY+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Elizabeth+Taylor%27s+prized+possessions%E2%80%94ranging+from+diamonds+to+designer+gowns%E2%80%94on+view+at+Christie%27s+before+going+on+auction&rft.date=2011-12-02&rft.aulast=Salamone&rft.aufirst=Gina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fentertainment%2Ftv-movies%2Felizabeth-taylor-prized-possessions-ranging-diamonds-designer-gowns-view-christie-auction-article-1.985851&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2013" class="citation web cs1">Smith, Ray A. (9 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304520704579125780024564384">"An Emperor of Fashion"</a>. <i>The Wall Street Journal</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 January</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=An+Emperor+of+Fashion&rft.date=2013-10-09&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Ray+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2FSB10001424052702304520704579125780024564384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.collectorsweekly.com/articles/caftan-liberation/">"Caftan Liberation: How an Ancient Fashion Set Modern Women Free"</a>. Collectors Weekly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Caftan+Liberation%3A+How+an+Ancient+Fashion+Set+Modern+Women+Free&rft.pub=Collectors+Weekly&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.collectorsweekly.com%2Farticles%2Fcaftan-liberation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKaftan" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaftan&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" 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