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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Kingdom of Dagbon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kingdom_of_Dagbon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chieftaincy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chieftaincy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Chieftaincy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chieftaincy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dagomba_Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dagomba_Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Dagomba Festivals</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Dagomba_Festivals-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Dagomba Festivals subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Dagomba_Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bugum_festival_(fire_festival)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bugum_festival_(fire_festival)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Bugum festival (fire festival)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bugum_festival_(fire_festival)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_Dagombas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_Dagombas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Notable Dagombas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_Dagombas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Dagomba people</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF" title="ডাগোম্বা জাতি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডাগোম্বা জাতি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombes" title="Dagombes – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Dagombes" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagbamba" title="Dagbamba – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Dagbamba" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba_(folk)" title="Dagomba (folk) – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Dagomba (folk)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba_(Volk)" title="Dagomba (Volk) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Dagomba (Volk)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombaoj" title="Dagombaoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Dagombaoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombas" title="Dagombas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Dagombas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%A4%EA%B3%B0%EB%B0%94%EC%A1%B1" title="다곰바족 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="다곰바족" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutanen_Dagomba" title="Mutanen Dagomba – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Mutanen Dagomba" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%93%D7%92%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%94" title="דגומבה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="דגומבה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дагомба – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Дагомба" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombai" title="Dagombai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Dagombai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba" title="Dagomba – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Dagomba" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba_(folk)" title="Dagomba (folk) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Dagomba (folk)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagomba_(lud)" title="Dagomba (lud) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dagomba (lud)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombas" title="Dagombas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Dagombas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0_(%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4)" title="Дагомба (народ) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Дагомба (народ)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagombat" title="Dagombat – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Dagombat" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Дагомба – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Дагомба" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group in Ghana</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the ethnic group living in the central plateau region of the country of <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Dogon_people" title="Dogon people">Dogon people</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Dagombas</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Dagbamba</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg/220px-Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg/330px-Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg/440px-Tibung_cultural_display_activities_18.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3968" data-file-height="2976" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">3.1 million<sup id="cite_ref-World_Map_-_People_Group_Name:_Dagomba_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-World_Map_-_People_Group_Name:_Dagomba-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a> (northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani</a>, <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a>, minority <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a>, other <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur</a> peoples </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="background:#fff6d9"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">People</th><td class="infobox-data">Dagomba</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Language</th><td class="infobox-data">Dagbani</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="background:#fee8ab">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Dagbon" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagbon">Dagbon</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Dagbamba</b> or <b>Dagomba</b> are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a>. They number more than 3.1 million people. The term Dagbamba is originally extended to refer to other related peoples who were unified by <a href="/wiki/Naa_Gbewaa" title="Naa Gbewaa">Naa Gbewaa</a> including the <a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nanumba_people" title="Nanumba people">Nanumba</a>. The Dagomba <a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">country</a> is called <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="Quotation needed from source to verify. (October 2023)">need quotation to verify</span></a></i>]</sup> and they speak <a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbanli language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dagbanli is the most spoken language of northern Ghana and second most widely spoken local language of Ghana.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources in the body of the article. (October 2023)">not verified in body</span></a></i>]</sup> Dagbanli belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Mabia_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Mabia languages">Mabia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mole-Dagbon_people" title="Mole-Dagbon people">Mole-Dagbani</a>) subgroup of the <a href="/wiki/Gur_languages" title="Gur languages">Gur languages</a>, a large group of related languages in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>. The Dagomba practises both patrilineal and matrilineal systems of inheritance.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the late 1600s, <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dagbon" title="List of kings of Dagbon">King Zanjina</a>, became the first ruler to practise Islam.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reign of Zanjina ushered in an era of greater prosperity. Many learning centres were established and scholarship became an important part of tradition. In 1700, the <a href="/wiki/Moliyili" title="Moliyili">University Moliyili</a> was established,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but was later abandoned during European colonization. The Dagomba resisted European Colonization even after Germany burnt down and occupied its capital, Yendi,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located in Eastern Dagbon (Naya). </p><p>The Dagomba are one of few African people who reserve royal titles for women<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Dagomba women rule, ascend to royal positions with male subjects, and own regal lands.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The impact of its women is prominent as it has given birth to Ghana's first female minister,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Africa's first female cabinet minister.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Historically, its noble daughter, <a href="/wiki/Yennenga" title="Yennenga">Yennenga</a>, is regarded as the "mother" of the Mossi kingdoms,<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a people who constitute nearly half of the nation of <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Gundonaa_Samata_Abudu" title="Gundonaa Samata Abudu">Gundo Naa</a> is the head of all female chiefs, and the <a href="/wiki/Zosimli_Naa" title="Zosimli Naa">Zosimli Naa</a> enhances collaboration between cities of Dagbon and sister cities.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dagombas established several schools prior to European arrivals in Africa. A later but more known institution is the <a href="/wiki/Moliyili" title="Moliyili">University of Moliyili</a>, established in 1700.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moliyili had a hierarchical scholastic system similar to what is found in modern universities. The Dagomba have a writing system,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Dagbani script, which uses a modified Arabic alphabet but Dagbani syntax.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The archival manuscripts have been lost, but many transferred to Denmark. After joining Gold Coast as a <a href="/wiki/Protectorate" title="Protectorate">protectorate</a> (not <a href="/wiki/Colony" title="Colony">colony</a>), the Dagombas adopted the Greek and Latin alphabets.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Women are held in high regard, and children fear the displeasure and wrath of the mother. Brothers protect the dignity of sisters at all cost. The Dagombas are one of the few peoples in Africa to have female chiefs who possess regal lands and rule over male subjects.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closest family bonds are termed "Mabihili". Both males and females in such a close family bond refer to each other as Mabia (mother's child), signifying the importance of the mother. Motherland is termed Mayili and fatherland is termed Bayili. There is no English equivalent of Mabihili. </p><p>In Dagomba society, there are several gods (singular: wuni, plural: wuna).<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chief (Naa) of all these gods is Naawuni.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each city has a shrine (buɣli). For example, the shrine of the People of Tolon is Jaagbo,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and that of Nyankpala is Wonoyili. There are many soothsayers (baɣa) whom people consult for prophesies and solutions to their problems.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The inheritance of many soothsaying is through a maternal brother. </p><p>Many Christian evangelical groups have launched failed campaigns to convert the Dagomba.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Dagomba continue practising its traditional religion and Islam. The arrival of Islam to the Dagomba brought prosperity,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> whiles, Christianity was brought by Europeans, who burnt their cities and displaced its people.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, the Dagomba have provided free lands to many Christian missionaries to undertake their activities. While Islamic schools do not mandate students to worship or visit mosques, Christian schools makes worship compulsory for all students, even for members of the Dagbon Traditional Religion and Islam. </p><p>The Dagombas celebrate the oldest festivals in Ghana, including the <a href="/wiki/Bugum_Chugu" title="Bugum Chugu">Fire Festival</a>, which existed prior to the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a>. Other festivals include the <a href="/wiki/Damba_festival" title="Damba festival">Damba Festival</a>, Guinea Fowl (Kpini Chuɣu) Festival and Yam Festival (Nyuli Dibu), Konyuri Chuɣu (Eid Al-Fitr), Chimsi Chuɣu (Eid AL-Adha).<sup id="cite_ref-:2_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other minor localized festivals that are celebrated included the Market Festival (Daa Chuɣu) by the people of Tolon. </p><p>The Dagomba founded the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are historically related to the <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a> of Burkina Faso. The Mossi Kingdoms were founded by <a href="/wiki/Yennenga" title="Yennenga">Yennenga</a>, a daughter of Naa Gbewaa. The <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mohi/Mossi</a> have their homeland in central <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>. Aside the Mossi, the Dagombas are the founders of the <a href="/wiki/Bouna,_Ivory_Coast" title="Bouna, Ivory Coast">Bouna state</a><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a> states of <a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Region" title="Upper West Region">Upper West Region</a> of Ghana. The homeland of the Dagomba, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Dagbon</a>, covers about 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> in area. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Na_Gbewa" class="mw-redirect" title="Na Gbewa">Naa Gbewaa</a> is the founder of the Dagbon Kingdom. Earlier Dagombas prior to Naa Gbewaa lived in decentralized states. Gbewaa, and his <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Dagbon" title="List of kings of Dagbon">descendants</a>, centralized the kingdom. The decentralized states were headed by the Tindaamba. Today, the Tindaamba still preserve the ancient Dagbon traditions that have been passed through the ages, leading traditional religious acts and solving problems of their constituents. The Tindaamba are not appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Yaa_Naa" title="Yaa Naa">Yaa Naa</a>, they are chosen by an oracle. Inheritance is both patrilineal and matrilineal. Royalty in Dagbon is complex as it has evolved through the centuries. Dagomba are one of the ethnic groups with a sophisticated oral tradition woven around drums and other musical instruments. Thus, Dagbon history has been passed down meticulously via oral tradition, with drummers as professional <a href="/wiki/Griots" class="mw-redirect" title="Griots">griots</a> known as Lunsi.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to oral tradition, the political history of Dagbon has its origin in the life story of a legend called <i>Tohazie</i> (translated as "red hunter").<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Dagombas practise both Islam and the Dagbon Traditional Religion. <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> was brought to the region by <a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a> (known as <i><a href="/wiki/Soninke_Wangara" title="Soninke Wangara">Wangara</a></i> by Ghanaians) traders between the 12th and 15th centuries. Since the time of Naa Zanjina, <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> has been the state religion and Islam seems to be growing rapidly ever since.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reformist activities of <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Soalih_Ajura" title="Yusuf Soalih Ajura">Afa Ajura</a> in the middle of the twentieth century caused entire communities to embrace the Islamic religion <i>en masse</i>. Inheritance in the Dagomba people is largely patrilineal, however, inheritance of certain Tindaamba is matrilineal. There are also female rulers with male subordinates, such as the Gundo Naa and the Kpatu Naa. The Gundo Naa has vast land and head all female royals of Dagbon. Important festivals include the Damba, Bugum (fire festival) and the Islamic <a href="/wiki/Muslim_holidays" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim holidays">Eid</a> festivals. The largest <a href="/wiki/Human_settlement" title="Human settlement">settlement</a> of the Dagomba is <a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a>, Ghana's third populous and the Northern Region's capital. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg/220px-A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg/330px-A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg/440px-A_beautifullly_Dagomba_Woman_dressed_in_Kente_in_Northern_Ghana_05.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="5472" /></a><figcaption>A Dagomba lady on a horse.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg/220px-Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg/330px-Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg/440px-Tamale_fashion_week_2020_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1963" data-file-height="2748" /></a><figcaption>A man in a full Dagomba traditional wear.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Mossi_Kingdoms" title="Mossi Kingdoms">Mossi</a> and Dagomba states are among the great West African medieval empires. Beginning in the 12th century, they eventually ruled the lands of the entire northern <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Ghana#Volta_Basin" title="Geography of Ghana">Volta basin</a>, which today includes all of northern Ghana and Burkina Faso. During their second northern expansion, the Mossi invasion reached eastern Maasina and <a href="/wiki/Lake_D%C3%A9bo" title="Lake Débo">Lake Débo</a> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400, Benka in c. 1433 and Walata in 1477-83 (these empires were in present-day <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>). According to Illiasu (1971) in his work <i>The Origins of the Mossi-Dagomba states</i>, the second period of the Mossi-Dagomba success came to an end with the restoration of <a href="/wiki/Songhai_Empire" title="Songhai Empire">Imperial Songhai</a> power towards the close of the 15th century. Although the Mossi-Dagomba states have the same grandfather (Naa Gbewa), the Dagomba are traditionally regarded as "senior" to the Mossi states of Ouagadougou, Yatenga and Fada N'Gourma. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg/250px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg/375px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg/500px-The_National_Archives_UK_-_CO_1069-43-87-1-001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="605" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Northern territories chiefs and elders at the Volta River project travelling exhibition (1950)</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dagombas have inhabited Northern for thousands of years. Some members of the ruling class descended from <a href="/wiki/Naa_Gbewaa" title="Naa Gbewaa">Naa Gbewaa</a>, whose ancestors migrated from around the areas of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Chad" title="Lake Chad">Lake Chad</a> after the break up of the Ghana Empire at the end of the 13th Century.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Gbewaa unified the Dagomba people into a kingdom. Chiefs who are descendants of Gbewaa are the Nanima (singular: Naa) and aboriginal chiefs are the Tindaamba (singular: Tindana).<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other important chiefs such the chiefs of Tolon, Kumbungu and Gulkpeɣu (Tamale) may not be descendants of Gbewaa.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kingdom_of_Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Kingdom of Dagbon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dagbon" title="Kingdom of Dagbon">Kingdom of Dagbon</a></div> <p>The homeland of the Dagombas is called Dagbon and covers about 20,000 km<sup>2</sup> in area. The territories of Dagbon was decentralised until the Great Unification by the Nanima. The Dagomba share close bonds with related people whose lands were also unified. This include the <a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a>, Nanumba, <a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a> (in particular the <a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a> peoples), the <a href="/wiki/Wala_people" title="Wala people">Wala people</a> and Ligbi. The area constitutes fourteen administrative districts in present-day Ghana. These are the <a href="/wiki/Tamale,_Ghana" title="Tamale, Ghana">Tamale</a> Metropolitan, <a href="/wiki/Yendi" title="Yendi">Yendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Savelugu" title="Savelugu">Savelugu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sagnerigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sagnerigu">Sagnerigu</a> municipals, and <a href="/wiki/Tolon_District" title="Tolon District">Tolon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kumbungu_District" title="Kumbungu District">Kumbungu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nanton,_Ghana" title="Nanton, Ghana">Nanton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gushegu" title="Gushegu">Gushegu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karaga_District" title="Karaga District">Karaga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zabzugu" title="Zabzugu">Zabzugu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saboba_District" title="Saboba District">Saboba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sang,_Northern_Region" title="Sang, Northern Region">Sang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tatale" title="Tatale">Tatale</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheriponi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheriponi (page does not exist)">Cheriponi</a> districts. The king of the Dagbon Traditional Kingdom is the Ya-Na, whose court and administrative capital is at <a href="/wiki/Yendi" title="Yendi">Yendi</a>. Dagbon as a kingdom has never been subjugated until it was incorporated as a territory of the Gold Coast government. The Dagbon Kingdom has traditional administrative responsibilities hitherto <a href="/wiki/Acephalous_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Acephalous Society">acephalous groups</a> like the Konkomba, Bimoba, Chekosi, Basaari, Chamba, Wala, Gurusi and Zantasi. The Dagombas have cordial and respectful relationships to these groups. The seat of the <i>Yaa Naa</i> or king of Dagbon (literally translated as "King of Absolute Power") is a collection of lion and cow skins. Thus, the Dagbon or its political system is often called the Yendi Skin (not throne or crown or stool).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Another characteristic of the Dagomba is that their houses are arranged in a certain order, where the chief or elderly man has his hut built in the centre.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chieftaincy">Chieftaincy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chieftaincy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the major features of Dagomba society is chieftaincy. Their system of chieftaincy is very hierarchical, with the <a href="/wiki/Yaa_Naa" title="Yaa Naa">Yaa Naa</a>, or paramount King, at its head and a tiered system of rulers below him. In Dagbon, chiefs traditionally sit on a stack of skins.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dagomba_Festivals">Dagomba Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dagomba Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people of Ghana's Dagbon Kingdom celebrate a number of festivals. Festivals held in Dagbon include the <a href="/wiki/Bugum_Chugu" title="Bugum Chugu">Bugum festival</a> (fire festival), <a href="/wiki/Damba_festival" title="Damba festival">Damba</a>, and Kpini (festival of Guinea fowl). Additionally, there is the <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Adha" title="Eid al-Adha">Chimsi festival</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Konyuri chuɣu</a> (Festival of Breaking the Fast).<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bugum_festival_(fire_festival)"><span id="Bugum_festival_.28fire_festival.29"></span>Bugum festival (fire festival)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Bugum festival (fire festival)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bugum Festival also known as the Fire festival is an occasion where families gather for communal celebrations, rituals, and joy at the Fire festival in order to honor their ancestors, ask for blessings, and ward off evil spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many different ethnic groups in Northern Ghana celebrate this festival. Most attendees of the festivity are both Muslims and non-Muslims. Muslims celebrate the fire festival, known as Bugum, to commemorate the arrival of Prophet Noah's (Nuhu) Ark following the flood. During the night, bundles of grass are utilized as torches to celebrate. Since the celebration brings in a new year, some non-Muslims use this time to give sacrifices to God and their ancestors.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_Dagombas">Notable Dagombas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notable Dagombas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:208px;max-width:208px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SamataAngelAward08.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SamataAngelAward08.jpg/100px-SamataAngelAward08.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SamataAngelAward08.jpg/150px-SamataAngelAward08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/SamataAngelAward08.jpg/200px-SamataAngelAward08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="850" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Samata_Angel" class="mw-redirect" title="Samata Angel">Samata Angel</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg/100px-%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg/150px-%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg/200px-%D0%A3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81.jpg 2x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="446" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Majeed_Waris" title="Abdul Majeed Waris">Abdul Majeed Waris</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rocky_Dawuni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocky_Dawuni.jpg/100px-Rocky_Dawuni.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocky_Dawuni.jpg/150px-Rocky_Dawuni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Rocky_Dawuni.jpg/200px-Rocky_Dawuni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1365" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rocky_Dawuni" title="Rocky Dawuni">Rocky Dawuni</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg/100px-Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg/150px-Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg/200px-Alhaji_Aliu_Mahama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="770" data-file-height="1056" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Aliu_Mahama" title="Aliu Mahama">Aliu Mahama</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:102px;max-width:102px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg/100px-Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg/150px-Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg/200px-Sherifatu_Gunu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sherifa_Gunu" title="Sherifa Gunu">Sherifa Gunu</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Dagbon" title="List of people from Dagbon">List of people from Dagbon</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yakubu_II" title="Yakubu II">Yakubu II</a> - Former King of Dagbon.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aliu_Mahama" title="Aliu Mahama">Aliu Mahama</a> - Former Vice President of Ghana from 2000 to 2008.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruna_Yakubu" title="Haruna Yakubu">Haruna Yakubu</a> - A past Vice Chancellor of <a href="/wiki/University_for_Development_Studies" title="University for Development Studies">University for Development Studies</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haruna_Iddrisu" title="Haruna Iddrisu">Haruna Iddrisu</a> - A <a href="/wiki/Ghanaian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghanaian">Ghanaian</a> politician.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mubarak_Wakaso" title="Mubarak Wakaso">Mubarak Wakaso</a> - A Ghanaian football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Fatawu_Issahaku" class="mw-redirect" title="Abdul Fatawu Issahaku">Abdul Fatawu Issahaku</a> - A Ghanaian football player</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afa_Ajura" class="mw-redirect" title="Afa Ajura">Afa Ajura</a> - founder and leader of the Ahlus Sunnah wal Jamaa'a Islamic sect in Ghana</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Razak_Alhassan" title="Abdul Razak Alhassan">Abdul Razak Alhassan</a> - MMA fighter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fawaz_Aliu" title="Fawaz Aliu">Fawaz Aliu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abibata_Shanni_Mahama_Zakariah" title="Abibata Shanni Mahama Zakariah">Abibata Shanni Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohammed_Amin_Adam" title="Mohammed Amin Adam">Mohammed Amin Adam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhassan_Tampuli_Sulemana" title="Alhassan Tampuli Sulemana">Hassan Tampuli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Murtala_Muhammed" title="Ibrahim Murtala Muhammed">Ibrahim Murtala Mohammed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Habib_Iddrisu" title="Habib Iddrisu">Habib Iddrisu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alhassan_Suhuyini" title="Alhassan Suhuyini">Alhassan Suhuyini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farouk_Aliu_Mahama" title="Farouk Aliu Mahama">Farouk Aliu Mahama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdul-Aziz_Ayaba_Musah" title="Abdul-Aziz Ayaba Musah">Abdul-Aziz Ayaba Musah</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Dagbon" title="List of people from Dagbon">List of people from Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_the_Kingdom_of_Dagbon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of the Kingdom of Dagbon">List of rulers of the Kingdom of Dagbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbani language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mossi language">Moore language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugum_Chugu" title="Bugum Chugu">Bugum Chugu</a> (Fire Festival in Dagbon)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_customs_of_the_Dagomba_people" title="Naming customs of the Dagomba people">Naming customs of the Dagomba people</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dagomba+Festivals+%E2%80%A2+Dagbon+Kingdom%3A+Your+Gateway+to+the+Best+of+Culture%2C+History+%26+Tourism&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdagbonkingdom.com%2Fcategory%2Fculture-tradition%2Fdagomba-festivals%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagomba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalik2021" class="citation web cs1">Malik (2021-08-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dagbonkingdom.com/bugum-chugu-history-of-the-fire-festival/">"Bugum Festival: History of the Fire Festival & How It is Celebrated"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-04-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=pambeghana.org&rft.atitle=History+of+the+Fire+%28Bugum%29+Festival+%C2%AB+PAMBE+Ghana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpambeghana.org%2Fhistory-of-the-fire-bugum-festival%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ADagomba+people" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dagomba_people&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" 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href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_of_Ghana" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups of Ghana"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Ghana" title="Category:Ethnic groups in Ghana">Ethnic groups in Ghana</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adele_people" title="Adele people">Adele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agave_people" title="Agave people">Agave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akan_people" title="Akan people">Akan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abidji_people" title="Abidji people">Abidji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahafo" title="Ahafo">Ahafo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akyem" title="Akyem">Akyem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anyi_people" title="Anyi people">Anyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahanta_people" title="Ahanta people">Ahanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asante_people" title="Asante people">Ashanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assin" title="Assin">Assin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatime_people" title="Avatime people">Avatime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bono_people" title="Bono people">Bono</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evalue_people" title="Evalue people">Evalue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fante_people" title="Fante people">Fante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nzema_people" title="Nzema people">Nzema</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moba_people" title="Moba people">Bimoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissa_people" title="Bissa people">Bissa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chumburu" title="Chumburu">Chumburu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaaba_people" title="Dagaaba people">Dagaaba</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Dagomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyula_people" title="Dyula people">Dyula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewe_people" title="Ewe people">Ewe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anlo_Ewe" title="Anlo Ewe">Anlo Ewe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avenor_Ewe" title="Avenor Ewe">Avenor Ewe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_people" title="Frafra people">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ga-Adangbe_people" title="Ga-Adangbe people">Ga-Adangbe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guang_people" title="Guang people">Guang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Efutu_people" title="Efutu people">Efutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonja_people" title="Gonja people">Gonja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyode_people" title="Kyode people">Kyode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gurunsi_people" title="Gurunsi people">Gurunsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakhanke" title="Jakhanke">Jakhanke</a></li> <li>Karamogo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassena" title="Kassena">Kassena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konkomba_people" title="Konkomba people">Konkomba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krobo_people" title="Krobo people">Krobo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusasi_people" title="Kusasi people">Kusasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logba_people" title="Logba people">Logba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamprusi_people" title="Mamprusi people">Mamprusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nafana_people" title="Nafana people">Nafana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallensi" title="Tallensi">Tallensi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tem_people" title="Tem people">Tem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tshi" title="Tshi">Tshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wala_people" title="Wala people">Wala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeji" title="Yeji">Yeji</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hausa_people" title="Hausa people">Hausa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fula_people" title="Fula people">Fula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mossi_people" title="Mossi people">Mossi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soninke_people" title="Soninke people">Soninke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_people" title="Yoruba people">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zarma_people" title="Zarma people">Zarma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_Ghana" title="African Americans in Ghana">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Arabs" title="Ghanaian Arabs">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Ghana" title="Chinese people in Ghana">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_Euro-Africans" title="Gold Coast Euro-Africans">Gold Coast Euro-Africans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaian_Indian" title="Ghanaian Indian">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabom_people" title="Tabom people">Tabom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;border&#124;link=Flag_of_Dagbon&#124;Flag_of_Dagbon_Mole-Dagbon_topics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mole-Dagbon_topics" title="Template:Mole-Dagbon topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mole-Dagbon_topics" title="Template talk:Mole-Dagbon topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mole-Dagbon_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mole-Dagbon topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;border&#124;link=Flag_of_Dagbon&#124;Flag_of_Dagbon_Mole-Dagbon_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg/25px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg/38px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg/50px-Indian_Election_Symbol_Lion.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="558" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Mole-Dagbon_people" title="Mole-Dagbon people">Mole-Dagbon</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Countries" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country" title="Country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/25px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/38px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Flag_of_Benin.svg/50px-Flag_of_Benin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/25px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/38px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg/50px-Flag_of_Burkina_Faso.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boucle_du_Mouhoun_Region" title="Boucle du Mouhoun Region">Boucle du Mouhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Est_Region" title="Centre-Est Region">Centre-Est</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Nord_Region" title="Centre-Nord Region">Centre-Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Ouest_Region" title="Centre-Ouest Region">Centre-Ouest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" class="mw-redirect" title="Centre Region (Burkina Faso)">Centre Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre-Sud_Region" title="Centre-Sud Region">Centre-Sud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hauts-Bassins_Region" title="Hauts-Bassins Region">Hauts-Bassins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nord_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Nord Region (Burkina Faso)">Nord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau-Central_Region" title="Plateau-Central Region">Plateau-Central</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sud-Ouest_Region_(Burkina_Faso)" title="Sud-Ouest Region (Burkina Faso)">Sud-Ouest</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Ghana.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/25px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/38px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_Ghana.svg/50px-Flag_of_Ghana.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Region_(Ghana)" title="Northern Region (Ghana)">Northern Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_East_Region" title="Upper East Region">Upper East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_West_Region" title="Upper West Region">Upper West</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/25px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/38px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg/50px-Flag_of_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/25px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/38px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Mali.svg/50px-Flag_of_Mali.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a> <span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Dagbon" title="Flag of Dagbon"><img alt="Flag of Dagbon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/25px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/38px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg/50px-Flag_of_Togo_%283-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">Linguistics</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">Language</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birifor_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Birifor language">Birifor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bwa_people" title="Bwa people">Bwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagaare_language" title="Dagaare language">Dagaare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagbani_language" title="Dagbani language">Dagbanli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frafra_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Frafra language">Frafra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanga_language" title="Hanga language">Hanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamara_language" title="Kamara language">Kamara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kantosi_language" title="Kantosi language">Kantosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasem_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kasem language">Kasem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kusaal_language" title="Kusaal language">Kusaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lele_people" title="Lele people">Lele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mampruli_language" title="Mampruli language">Mampruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2or%C3%A9_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mòoré language">Mòoré</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nankani_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nankani language">Nankani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nootre_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nootre language">Nootre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuni_language" title="Nuni language">Nuni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safaliba_language" title="Safaliba language">Safaliba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sisaala_language" title="Sisaala language">Sisaala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wali_language_(Gur)" title="Wali language (Gur)">Wali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winye_language" title="Winye language">Kolsi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wikipedia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karung_Tuuli" class="extiw" title="dag:Karung Tuuli">Dagbanli Wikipedia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Dagbon" title="Category:Dagbon">Category</a></b></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592821#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q592821#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85035404">United 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