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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">British epidemiologist and researcher</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Professor" title="Professor">Professor</a></div><div class="fn">Azra Ghani</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-size: 77%; font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">MBE</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Academy_of_Medical_Sciences" title="Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences">FMedSci</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Azra Catherine Hilary Ghani</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data">Imperial College London <br /> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1006193417">Sexual partner networks and the epidemiology of gonorrhoea</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1997)</span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Azra Catherine Hilary Ghani</b> is a British epidemiologist who is a professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology at <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a>. Her research considers the mathematical modelling of infectious diseases, including <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>. She has worked with the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> on their technical strategy for malaria. She is associate director of the <a href="/wiki/MRC_Centre_for_Global_Infectious_Disease_Analysis" title="MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis">MRC Centre for Global Infectious Disease Analysis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azra_Ghani&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ghani was born to Feroz and Hilary Ghani.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>} She studied <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Newnham_College,_Cambridge" title="Newnham College, Cambridge">Newnham College, Cambridge</a>, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Cambridge" title="University of Cambridge">University of Cambridge</a>, matriculating in 1989.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After graduating, she moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Southampton" title="University of Southampton">University of Southampton</a> to complete a master's degree in <a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">operations research</a>. She joined <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_London" title="Imperial College London">Imperial College London</a> in 1993, where she researched the epidemiology of <a href="/wiki/Gonorrhea" title="Gonorrhea">gonorrhea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_partner" title="Sexual partner">sexual partner</a> networks.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After earning her doctorate Ghani moved to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a>, where she was supported by a <a href="/wiki/Wellcome_Trust" title="Wellcome Trust">Wellcome Trust</a> fellowship. She moved to Imperial College London as a <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> Dorothy Hodgkin Research Fellow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research_and_career">Research and career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azra_Ghani&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Research and career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2005 Ghani was appointed to the faculty at the <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Hygiene_%26_Tropical_Medicine" title="London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine">London School of Hygiene & Tropical Medicine</a>. Here she became interested in malaria, particularly the disease's complexity, and the need to understand many aspects of science and society to better control it.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She returned to Imperial College London in 2007, where she serves as Professor of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Head of the Malaria Modelling Research Group.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her research considers the epidemiology of infectious disease, including <a href="/wiki/Malaria" title="Malaria">malaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bovine_spongiform_encephalopathy" title="Bovine spongiform encephalopathy">bovine spongiform encephalopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>, <a href="/wiki/SARS" title="SARS">SARS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She develops mathematical models that can better describe the transmission dynamics of malaria, to visualise how it impacts both humans and mosquitoes, and use this insight to fight the disease.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ghani serves on the malaria policy advisory committee of the <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was elected to the spongiform <a href="/wiki/Encephalopathy" title="Encephalopathy">encephalopathy</a> advisory committee.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2017 Ghani was elected to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)" title="Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)">Academy of Medical Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Through her understanding of infectious diseases, Ghani looks to better inform public health interventions.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2020, during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, Ghani reported self-isolation, home quarantine and social distancing could limit the number of UK deaths caused by the <a href="/wiki/Coronavirus" title="Coronavirus">coronavirus</a> to 20,000.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She worked with <a href="/wiki/Neil_Ferguson_(epidemiologist)" title="Neil Ferguson (epidemiologist)">Neil Ferguson</a> to show that during the course of the pandemic, the <a href="/wiki/National_Health_Service" title="National Health Service">National Health Service</a> would become overwhelmed by the number of cases.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azra_Ghani&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>2017 Elected to the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Medical_Sciences_(United_Kingdom)" title="Academy of Medical Sciences (United Kingdom)">Academy of Medical Sciences</a><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017 <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Tropical_Medicine_and_Hygiene" title="Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene">Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene</a> Chalmers medal<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Ghani is a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She was appointed <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of the Order of the British Empire">Member of the Order of the British Empire</a> (MBE) in the <a href="/wiki/2021_Birthday_Honours" title="2021 Birthday Honours">2021 Birthday Honours</a> for services to infectious disease control and epidemiological research.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Selected_publications">Selected publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azra_Ghani&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Selected publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a profile for <a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/Q60550218" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/Q60550218"><b>Azra Ghani <small>(Q60550218)</small></b></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCheng2009" class="citation journal cs1">Cheng, Allen (13 May 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3410%2Ff.1159624.619929">"Faculty of 1000 evaluation for Pandemic potential of a strain of influenza A (H1N1): early findings"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3410%2Ff.1159624.619929">10.3410/f.1159624.619929</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Faculty+of+1000+evaluation+for+Pandemic+potential+of+a+strain+of+influenza+A+%28H1N1%29%3A+early+findings.&rft.date=2009-05-13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3410%2Ff.1159624.619929&rft.aulast=Cheng&rft.aufirst=Allen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3410%252Ff.1159624.619929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhittakerSlaterBousemaDrakeley2020" class="citation journal cs1">Whittaker, Charles; Slater, Hannah; Bousema, Teun; Drakeley, Chris; Ghani, Azra; Okell, Lucy (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biorxiv.org/content/biorxiv/early/2020/03/09/554311.full.pdf">"Global & Temporal Patterns of Submicroscopic Plasmodium falciparum Malaria Infection"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1101%2F554311">10.1101/554311</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:214722456">214722456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Global+%26+Temporal+Patterns+of+Submicroscopic+Plasmodium+falciparum+Malaria+Infection&rft.date=2020&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1101%2F554311&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A214722456%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Whittaker&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft.au=Slater%2C+Hannah&rft.au=Bousema%2C+Teun&rft.au=Drakeley%2C+Chris&rft.au=Ghani%2C+Azra&rft.au=Okell%2C+Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biorxiv.org%2Fcontent%2Fbiorxiv%2Fearly%2F2020%2F03%2F09%2F554311.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonnellyGhaniLeungHedley2003" class="citation journal cs1">Donnelly, Christl A; Ghani, Azra C; Leung, Gabriel M; Hedley, Anthony J; Fraser, Christophe; Riley, Steven; Abu-Raddad, Laith J; Ho, Lai-Ming; Thach, Thuan-Quoc; Chau, Patsy; Chan, King-Pan (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112380">"Epidemiological determinants of spread of causal agent of severe acute respiratory syndrome in Hong Kong"</a>. <i>The Lancet</i>. <b>361</b> (9371): 1761–1766. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2803%2913410-1">10.1016/s0140-6736(03)13410-1</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0140-6736">0140-6736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7112380">7112380</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12781533">12781533</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Epidemiological+determinants+of+spread+of+causal+agent+of+severe+acute+respiratory+syndrome+in+Hong+Kong&rft.volume=361&rft.issue=9371&rft.pages=1761-1766&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112380%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=0140-6736&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12781533&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fs0140-6736%2803%2913410-1&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Christl+A&rft.au=Ghani%2C+Azra+C&rft.au=Leung%2C+Gabriel+M&rft.au=Hedley%2C+Anthony+J&rft.au=Fraser%2C+Christophe&rft.au=Riley%2C+Steven&rft.au=Abu-Raddad%2C+Laith+J&rft.au=Ho%2C+Lai-Ming&rft.au=Thach%2C+Thuan-Quoc&rft.au=Chau%2C+Patsy&rft.au=Chan%2C+King-Pan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7112380&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImperial_College_COVID-19_Response_Team2020" class="citation web cs1">Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team (16 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/sph/ide/gida-fellowships/Imperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf">"Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID19 mortality and healthcare demand"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Impact+of+non-pharmaceutical+interventions+%28NPIs%29+to+reduce+COVID19+mortality+and+healthcare+demand&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft.au=Imperial+College+COVID-19+Response+Team&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedia%2Fimperial-college%2Fmedicine%2Fsph%2Fide%2Fgida-fellowships%2FImperial-College-COVID19-NPI-modelling-16-03-2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span> (Joint author)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Azra_Ghani&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imperial.ac.uk/medicine/departments/school-public-health/infectious-disease-epidemiology/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/about-us/governance/">"Governance"</a>. <i>Imperial College London</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Imperial+College+London&rft.atitle=Governance&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imperial.ac.uk%2Fmedicine%2Fdepartments%2Fschool-public-health%2Finfectious-disease-epidemiology%2Fmrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis%2Fabout-us%2Fgovernance%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Matriculation records of Newnham College, Cambridge</i>. archives of Newnham College, Cambridge: Newnham College, Cambridge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matriculation+records+of+Newnham+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.place=archives+of+Newnham+College%2C+Cambridge&rft.pub=Newnham+College%2C+Cambridge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.elsevier.com/events/conferences/international-conference-on-infectious-disease-dynamics/about/previous-epidemics-conferences/bio-ghani">"Bio Ghani - International Conference on Infectious Disease Dynamic - Elsevier"</a>. <i>www.elsevier.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.elsevier.com&rft.atitle=Bio+Ghani+-+International+Conference+on+Infectious+Disease+Dynamic+-+Elsevier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.elsevier.com%2Fevents%2Fconferences%2Finternational-conference-on-infectious-disease-dynamics%2Fabout%2Fprevious-epidemics-conferences%2Fbio-ghani&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhani1997" class="citation thesis cs1">Ghani, Azra Catherine Hilary (1997). <i>Sexual partner networks and the epidemiology of gonorrhea</i> (Thesis). <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1006193417">1006193417</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sexual+partner+networks+and+the+epidemiology+of+gonorrhea.&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1006193417&rft.aulast=Ghani&rft.aufirst=Azra+Catherine+Hilary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180614150218/http://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/interview-azra-ghani/en/">"WHO | Modelling: from runways to bednets"</a>. <i>WHO</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.who.int/malaria/mpac/interview-azra-ghani/en/">the original</a> on 14 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Stationery Office. 2009. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54281-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-215-54281-6"><bdi>978-0-215-54281-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government%27s+Review+of+the+Principles+Applying+to+the+Treatment+of+Independent+Scientific+Advice+Provided+to+Government%3A+Third+Report+of+Session+2009-10%2C+Vol.+2%3A+Written+Evidence&rft.pub=The+Stationery+Office&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-215-54281-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dhn1HDGfruWMC%26q%3Dazra%2Bghani%2Broyal%2Bstatistical%2Bsociety%26pg%3DPA26&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAzra+Ghani" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://acmedsci.ac.uk/fellows/fellows-directory/ordinary-fellows/fellow/Professor-Azra-Ghani-0022172">"Professor Azra Ghani | The Academy of Medical Sciences"</a>. <i>acmedsci.ac.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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