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href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Mobile+ticketing" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Mobile+ticketing" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. 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class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 7 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-7" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">7 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%AC%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B0%D8%A7%D9%83%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%81_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84" title="حجز التذاكر باستعمال الهاتف المحمول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حجز التذاكر باستعمال الهاتف المحمول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMS_j%C3%ADzdenka" title="SMS jízdenka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="SMS jízdenka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Ticketing" title="Mobile Ticketing – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Mobile Ticketing" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M-Ticketing" title="M-Ticketing – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="M-Ticketing" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_Advantage" title="Mobile Advantage – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Mobile Advantage" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A2%E3%83%90%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB%E3%83%81%E3%82%B1%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="モバイルチケット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="モバイルチケット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobilbiljett" title="Mobilbiljett – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mobilbiljett" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1457423#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_ticketing" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" 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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Process for buying and validating tickets</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Shopping_cart_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/42px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="42" height="34" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/63px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Shopping_cart_icon.svg/84px-Shopping_cart_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="116" data-file-height="95" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Digital content</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ebook" title="Ebook">Ebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streaming_media" title="Streaming media">Streaming media</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Retail goods and services</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Online_advertising" title="Online advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_auction" title="Online auction">Auctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_banking" title="Online banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD-by-mail" title="DVD-by-mail">DVD-by-mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_distribution" title="Digital distribution">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_food_ordering" title="Online food ordering">Food ordering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_grocer" title="Online grocer">Grocery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_marketplace" title="Online marketplace">Marketplace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_pharmacy" title="Online pharmacy">Pharmacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridesharing_company" title="Ridesharing company">Ride-hailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Travel_website" title="Travel website">Travel</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Online_shopping" title="Online shopping">Online shopping</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_shopping_website" title="Comparison shopping website">Comparison shopping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_commerce" title="Social commerce">Social commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_trading_community" title="Online trading community">Trading communities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_wallet" title="Online wallet">Wallet</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Mobile commerce</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payment</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ticketing</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Customer_service" title="Customer service">Customer service</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">Call centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help_desk" title="Help desk">Help desk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Online_chat" title="Online chat">Live support software</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/E-procurement" title="E-procurement">E-procurement</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Purchase-to-pay" title="Purchase-to-pay">Purchase-to-pay</a></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> <a href="/wiki/Super-app" title="Super-app">Super-apps</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:E-commerce" title="Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:E-commerce" title="Template talk:E-commerce"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce" title="Special:EditPage/Template:E-commerce"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Mobile ticketing</b> is the process whereby customers order, pay for, obtain, and validate <a href="/wiki/Ticket_(admission)" title="Ticket (admission)">tickets</a> using <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>. A mobile ticket contains a verification unique to the holder's phone. Mobile tickets reduce the production and distribution costs associated with paper-based ticketing for operators by transferring the burden to the customer,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who is required to contribute the cost of the physical device (<a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphone</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Internet_access#Pricing_and_spending" title="Internet access">internet access</a> to the process.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of these prerequisites, and in contrast to paper-based systems, mobile ticketing does not follow the principles of <a href="/wiki/Universal_design#Principles" title="Universal design">universal design</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dynamic_Barcode_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynamic_Barcode-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Covid_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covid-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Mobile tickets should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/Electronic_ticket" title="Electronic ticket">e-tickets</a>, which are simply tickets issued in <a href="/wiki/Electronic_document" title="Electronic document">electronic form</a>, independent of a specific device and in a standard, intelligible format, that can be printed and used in paper form. While a mobile phone is compatible with an e-ticket, mobile ticketing is a distinct system. </p><p>There are several methods of implementing a mobile ticketing system, with varying degrees of complexity and transparency depending on the underlying technology. Mobile tickets may lessen the potential for scalping (touting) and fraud.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_ticketing&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/QR_code" title="QR code">QR code</a> was created by a subsidiary of the Japanese automotive company <a href="/wiki/Denso" title="Denso">Denso</a> in 1994. <a href="/wiki/Philips" title="Philips">Philips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a> developed <a href="/wiki/Near-field_communication" title="Near-field communication">near-field communication</a> (NFC) in 2002.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is based on <a href="/wiki/Radio-frequency_identification" title="Radio-frequency identification">radio-frequency identification</a> (RFID) technology and enables short-range communication between electronic devices. Philips published an early paper on NFC in 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the NFC Forum was established in the same year.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/GSMA" title="GSMA">GSMA</a> published a whitepaper on M-Ticketing in 2011, having commissioned research to examine the opportunities for network operators in a mobile ticketing market.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The research was focused on a specific NFC system based on the <a href="/wiki/Universal_integrated_circuit_card" title="Universal integrated circuit card">UICC</a>, which is owned and controlled by the network operator that issues it, and other technologies such as <a href="/wiki/SMS" title="SMS">SMS</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barcode" title="Barcode">barcode</a> were given passing consideration in the report. </p><p>The first mobile ticketing deployment for a public transport operator in the UK was for Chiltern Railways in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first transit agency in the US to deploy mobile ticketing was Boston's <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Bay_Transportation_Authority" title="Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority">MBTA</a> in 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the first system in Australia was <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_Metro" title="Adelaide Metro">Adelaide Metro</a> in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_Yankees" title="New York Yankees">New York Yankees</a> partnered with <a href="/wiki/Ticketmaster" title="Ticketmaster">Ticketmaster</a> in 2015 and adopted a new ticketing policy the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The option of a print-at-home e-ticket (<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>), which was popular among fans for its convenience, was replaced by a mobile ticketing system.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2017, the state of <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_General_Assembly" title="Connecticut General Assembly">Connecticut</a> passed a law that requires venues to make printed, paper tickets available to customers and provide a means to transfer tickets without restrictions.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019, a mobile-only ticketing system developed by Ticketmaster was installed in stadiums across the <a href="/wiki/National_Football_League" title="National Football League">NFL</a>, based on the Presence platform developed by the company in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The platform is an access control system and marketing tool involving personalized digital tickets and <a href="/wiki/Tracking_system#Person_tracking" title="Tracking system">tracking</a> software. The mobile-only version of the system, SafeTix, links the tickets to individual smartphones and was adopted by the vast majority of NFL franchises due to Ticketmaster's position as primary ticket partner of the league.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Buffalo_Bills" title="Buffalo Bills">Buffalo Bills</a> received praise from several organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a>, for not adopting mobile-only ticketing, while fans across the league experienced delays and refusals of entry due to a range of issues with the system.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/All_England_Lawn_Tennis_and_Croquet_Club" title="All England Lawn Tennis and Croquet Club">All England Club</a> implemented mobile ticketing with an online-only ballot and a ban on ticket transfers for the <a href="/wiki/2021_Wimbledon_Championships" title="2021 Wimbledon Championships">2021 Wimbledon Championships</a>, citing <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19</a> protocols developed by the <a href="/wiki/Sports_Grounds_Safety_Authority" title="Sports Grounds Safety Authority">SGSA</a>. The policy was criticized by <a href="/wiki/Age_UK" title="Age UK">Age UK</a> for lacking an offline option.<sup id="cite_ref-Covid_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Covid-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of <a href="/wiki/Premier_League" title="Premier League">Premier League</a> clubs adopted a mobile-only policy for the 2021–22 season, resulting in problems accessing their respective grounds and pushback from supporters' groups.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Liverpool_F.C." title="Liverpool F.C.">Liverpool F.C.</a> gave its fans the option of a <a href="/wiki/Contactless_smart_card" title="Contactless smart card">photographic smart card</a> for those without an NFC-enabled phone.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ID cards of any form are controversial among football supporters and have been rejected by English fans in the past.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the <a href="/wiki/2021_NFL_season" title="2021 NFL season">2021</a> season, the NFL is mandating mobile-only ticketing across the league.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandate removes the option to issue paper tickets for the few franchises that had not enforced a mobile-only policy, and codifies the requirement for every fan to own a smartphone and grant access to it in order to attend a game.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A fifth of Americans do not own a smartphone, either by choice or due to constraint.<sup id="cite_ref-Dynamic_Barcode_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dynamic_Barcode-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methods">Methods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_ticketing&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Methods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are several methods of implementing a mobile ticketing system, depending on the technology used. In a system based on <a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">text messaging</a>, the user receives their ticket in the form of either an <a href="/wiki/Alphanumeric" class="mw-redirect" title="Alphanumeric">alphanumeric</a> code or a barcode.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a process based on a <a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">mobile application</a>, the user carries out a <a href="/wiki/Electronic_funds_transfer" title="Electronic funds transfer">transaction</a> through the app and receives a verification, such as a QR code, specific to their account. Where NFC technology is used, a ticket is issued in the form of a discreet token generated by emulation software on the user's phone itself.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Privacy_and_transparency">Privacy and transparency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_ticketing&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Privacy and transparency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Surveillance_capitalism" title="Surveillance capitalism">Surveillance capitalism</a></div> <p>The operation of a mobile ticketing system raises issues of <a href="/wiki/Privacy" title="Privacy">privacy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Security" title="Security">security</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harvesting of personal <a href="/wiki/Unit_of_observation#Data_point" title="Unit of observation">data points</a> enables an operator to model, predict, and potentially modify, the behavior of a customer.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The implementation of <a href="/wiki/OMNY" title="OMNY">OMNY</a>, a contactless fare payment system for public transport in New York City, has provoked a number of concerns related to <a href="/wiki/Surveillance" title="Surveillance">surveillance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Data_security" title="Data security">data security</a>, and transparency in the usage of passengers' <a href="/wiki/Personal_data" title="Personal data">information</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidden_Cost_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidden_Cost-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The system, which uses NFC technology, collects significant amounts of user data, including <a href="/wiki/MAC_address" title="MAC address">device identifiers</a> and <a href="/wiki/IP_address" title="IP address">IP addresses</a>, locations of entry, billing addresses, and payment information.<sup id="cite_ref-Hidden_Cost_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hidden_Cost-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_ticketing&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_smart_card" title="Contactless smart card">Contactless smart card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appropriate_technology" title="Appropriate technology">Appropriate technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Mobile payment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">Multimedia Messaging Service</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_ticketing&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.consumer-action.org/news/articles/paper-or-digital-winter-2018-2019">"Paper or digital? (Winter 2018–2019)"</a>. Consumer Action. 2019-01-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525161724/https://www.consumer-action.org/news/articles/paper-or-digital-winter-2018-2019">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paper+or+digital%3F+%28Winter+2018%E2%80%932019%29&rft.pub=Consumer+Action&rft.date=2019-01-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.consumer-action.org%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fpaper-or-digital-winter-2018-2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagobears.com/tickets/mobile-ticket-guide">"Mobile Ticket Guide"</a>. Chicago Bears. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210503153740/https://www.chicagobears.com/tickets/mobile-ticket-guide">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+Ticket+Guide&rft.pub=Chicago+Bears&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagobears.com%2Ftickets%2Fmobile-ticket-guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/105852/ensuring-contactless-fare-payment-accessible-equitable/">"How well are we ensuring that contactless fare payment is accessible and equitable?"</a>. Intelligent Transport. 2020-10-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210519193511/https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-articles/105852/ensuring-contactless-fare-payment-accessible-equitable/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-05-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+well+are+we+ensuring+that+contactless+fare+payment+is+accessible+and+equitable%3F&rft.pub=Intelligent+Transport&rft.date=2020-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligenttransport.com%2Ftransport-articles%2F105852%2Fensuring-contactless-fare-payment-accessible-equitable%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dynamic_Barcode-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dynamic_Barcode_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dynamic_Barcode_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/03/dynamic-barcode-ticketmaster-consumer-concerns/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Dynamic Barcode" System Set to Roll Out Despite Consumer Concerns"</a>. TicketNews. 2019-03-21. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624202036/https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/03/dynamic-barcode-ticketmaster-consumer-concerns/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Dynamic+Barcode%22+System+Set+to+Roll+Out+Despite+Consumer+Concerns&rft.pub=TicketNews&rft.date=2019-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketnews.com%2F2019%2F03%2Fdynamic-barcode-ticketmaster-consumer-concerns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Covid-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Covid_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Covid_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/money/2021/jul/01/covid-ticketing-rules-exclude-people-not-online-from-major-events">"Covid ticketing rules exclude people not online from major events"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2021-07-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210705233849/https://www.theguardian.com/money/2021/jul/01/covid-ticketing-rules-exclude-people-not-online-from-major-events">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Covid+ticketing+rules+exclude+people+not+online+from+major+events&rft.date=2021-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmoney%2F2021%2Fjul%2F01%2Fcovid-ticketing-rules-exclude-people-not-online-from-major-events&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2017-10-19-nfl-and-ticketmaster-digital-ticket-system.html">"NFL's new digital ticket system tries to cut out scalpers"</a>. Engadget. 2017-10-19. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201031153310/https://www.engadget.com/2017-10-19-nfl-and-ticketmaster-digital-ticket-system.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2020-10-31.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFL%27s+new+digital+ticket+system+tries+to+cut+out+scalpers&rft.pub=Engadget&rft.date=2017-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2017-10-19-nfl-and-ticketmaster-digital-ticket-system.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jun/09/transfer-of-tickets-via-euro-2020-app-risking-touting-and-crowd-trouble">"Transfer of tickets via Euro 2020 app risking touting and crowd problems"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2021-06-09. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210930214412/https://www.theguardian.com/football/2021/jun/09/transfer-of-tickets-via-euro-2020-app-risking-touting-and-crowd-trouble">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Transfer+of+tickets+via+Euro+2020+app+risking+touting+and+crowd+problems&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2021%2Fjun%2F09%2Ftransfer-of-tickets-via-euro-2020-app-risking-touting-and-crowd-trouble&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200209/02-0905E/">"Philips and Sony announce strategic cooperation to define next generation near field radio-frequency communications"</a>. Sony Global. 2002-09-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183219/https://www.sony.com/en/SonyInfo/News/Press_Archive/200209/02-0905E/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Philips+and+Sony+announce+strategic+cooperation+to+define+next+generation+near+field+radio-frequency+communications&rft.pub=Sony+Global&rft.date=2002-09-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sony.com%2Fen%2FSonyInfo%2FNews%2FPress_Archive%2F200209%2F02-0905E%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacg.com.tw/sacweb/marcom/epaper/images/NFC.pdf">"Near Field Communication, Philips, 2004"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170829180545/http://www.sacg.com.tw/sacweb/marcom/epaper/images/NFC.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2017-08-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Near+Field+Communication%2C+Philips%2C+2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacg.com.tw%2Fsacweb%2Fmarcom%2Fepaper%2Fimages%2FNFC.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110628203003/http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d8968a33b4812e2509e5b74247d1366dc8ef91d8">"Nokia, Philips And Sony Establish The Near Field Communication (NFC) Forum"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfc-forum.org/news/pr/view?item_key=d8968a33b4812e2509e5b74247d1366dc8ef91d8">the original</a> on 2011-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nokia%2C+Philips+And+Sony+Establish+The+Near+Field+Communication+%28NFC%29+Forum&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfc-forum.org%2Fnews%2Fpr%2Fview%3Fitem_key%3Dd8968a33b4812e2509e5b74247d1366dc8ef91d8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nfc-forum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/GSMA-Mobile-Ticketing-White-Paper.pdf">"GSMA M-Ticketing Whitepaper"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804012614/http://nfc-forum.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/GSMA-Mobile-Ticketing-White-Paper.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2020-08-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-09-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=GSMA+M-Ticketing+Whitepaper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnfc-forum.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F12%2FGSMA-Mobile-Ticketing-White-Paper.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theregister.com/2007/10/22/secure_tickets/">"Chiltern Railways completes mobile phone ticketing circle"</a>. The Register. 2007-10-22. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709190732/https://www.theregister.com/2007/10/22/secure_tickets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chiltern+Railways+completes+mobile+phone+ticketing+circle&rft.pub=The+Register&rft.date=2007-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theregister.com%2F2007%2F10%2F22%2Fsecure_tickets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.engadget.com/2012-04-23-mbta-masabi-smartphone-ticketing.html">"MBTA and Masabi team up for first smartphone rail ticketing system in the US, launching in Boston this fall"</a>. Engadget. 2012-04-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709183019/https://www.engadget.com/2012-04-23-mbta-masabi-smartphone-ticketing.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MBTA+and+Masabi+team+up+for+first+smartphone+rail+ticketing+system+in+the+US%2C+launching+in+Boston+this+fall&rft.pub=Engadget&rft.date=2012-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2012-04-23-mbta-masabi-smartphone-ticketing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/29972/adelaide-metro-first-australian-trial-mobile-ticketing/">"Adelaide Metro to become first Australian transit system to trial mobile ticketing"</a>. Intelligent Transport. 2017-11-13. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190627140505/https://www.intelligenttransport.com/transport-news/29972/adelaide-metro-first-australian-trial-mobile-ticketing/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Adelaide+Metro+to+become+first+Australian+transit+system+to+trial+mobile+ticketing&rft.pub=Intelligent+Transport&rft.date=2017-11-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.intelligenttransport.com%2Ftransport-news%2F29972%2Fadelaide-metro-first-australian-trial-mobile-ticketing%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-york-yankees-protect-fans-by-making-ticket-resales-a-hassle-2016-03-16">"Opinion: New York Yankees 'protect' fans by making ticket resales a hassle"</a>. MarketWatch. 2016-03-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202002/https://www.marketwatch.com/story/new-york-yankees-protect-fans-by-making-ticket-resales-a-hassle-2016-03-16">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Opinion%3A+New+York+Yankees+%27protect%27+fans+by+making+ticket+resales+a+hassle&rft.pub=MarketWatch&rft.date=2016-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketwatch.com%2Fstory%2Fnew-york-yankees-protect-fans-by-making-ticket-resales-a-hassle-2016-03-16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-mobile-ticketing-yankees-fans-20160223-story.html">"Mobile ticketing leaves Yankees fans behind"</a>. Chicago Tribune. 2016-02-23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202001/https://www.chicagotribune.com/sports/ct-mobile-ticketing-yankees-fans-20160223-story.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mobile+ticketing+leaves+Yankees+fans+behind&rft.pub=Chicago+Tribune&rft.date=2016-02-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chicagotribune.com%2Fsports%2Fct-mobile-ticketing-yankees-fans-20160223-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pinstripealley.com/2016/6/28/12047878/yankees-ticket-policy-stubhub-ticketmaster-print-at-home-mobile-pdf">"Don't be fooled by the StubHub deal, the Yankees still don't care"</a>. Pinstripe Alley. 2016-06-28. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712202001/https://www.pinstripealley.com/2016/6/28/12047878/yankees-ticket-policy-stubhub-ticketmaster-print-at-home-mobile-pdf">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Don%27t+be+fooled+by+the+StubHub+deal%2C+the+Yankees+still+don%27t+care&rft.pub=Pinstripe+Alley&rft.date=2016-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pinstripealley.com%2F2016%2F6%2F28%2F12047878%2Fyankees-ticket-policy-stubhub-ticketmaster-print-at-home-mobile-pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theticketingbusiness.com/2017/06/12/venues-required-provide-paper-ticket-option-new-connecticut-law/">"Venues required to provide paper ticket option under new Connecticut law"</a>. The Ticketing Business. 2017-06-12. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210712183916/https://www.theticketingbusiness.com/2017/06/12/venues-required-provide-paper-ticket-option-new-connecticut-law/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venues+required+to+provide+paper+ticket+option+under+new+Connecticut+law&rft.pub=The+Ticketing+Business&rft.date=2017-06-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theticketingbusiness.com%2F2017%2F06%2F12%2Fvenues-required-provide-paper-ticket-option-new-connecticut-law%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/05/ticketmaster-announces-safetix-encrypted-ticket-system/">"Ticketmaster Announces "SafeTix" Encrypted Ticket System"</a>. TicketNews. 2019-05-15. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200547/https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/05/ticketmaster-announces-safetix-encrypted-ticket-system/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ticketmaster+Announces+%22SafeTix%22+Encrypted+Ticket+System&rft.pub=TicketNews&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketnews.com%2F2019%2F05%2Fticketmaster-announces-safetix-encrypted-ticket-system%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/09/major-mobile-entry-woes-nfl/">"Fans Report Major Mobile Entry Woes on NFL's Opening Weekend"</a>. TicketNews. 2019-09-10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624201214/https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/09/major-mobile-entry-woes-nfl/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fans+Report+Major+Mobile+Entry+Woes+on+NFL%27s+Opening+Weekend&rft.pub=TicketNews&rft.date=2019-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketnews.com%2F2019%2F09%2Fmajor-mobile-entry-woes-nfl%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/10/buffalo-bills-mobile-only-ticketing-holdout/">"Buffalo Bills Stand Alone Against NFL Mobile-Only Policy"</a>. TicketNews. 2019-10-30. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200750/https://www.ticketnews.com/2019/10/buffalo-bills-mobile-only-ticketing-holdout/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buffalo+Bills+Stand+Alone+Against+NFL+Mobile-Only+Policy&rft.pub=TicketNews&rft.date=2019-10-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketnews.com%2F2019%2F10%2Fbuffalo-bills-mobile-only-ticketing-holdout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thefsa.org.uk/news/new-season-digital-only-ticketing-causes-delays-and-frustration/">"New season: Digital-only ticketing causes delays and frustration"</a>. Football Supporters' Association. 2021-08-24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210903005723/https://thefsa.org.uk/news/new-season-digital-only-ticketing-causes-delays-and-frustration/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+season%3A+Digital-only+ticketing+causes+delays+and+frustration&rft.pub=Football+Supporters%27+Association&rft.date=2021-08-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthefsa.org.uk%2Fnews%2Fnew-season-digital-only-ticketing-causes-delays-and-frustration%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2021/05/07/anfield-to-move-to-fully-digital-ticketing-model/">"Anfield to move to fully digital ticketing model"</a>. The Stadium Business. 2021-05-07. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184753/https://www.thestadiumbusiness.com/2021/05/07/anfield-to-move-to-fully-digital-ticketing-model/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anfield+to+move+to+fully+digital+ticketing+model&rft.pub=The+Stadium+Business&rft.date=2021-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestadiumbusiness.com%2F2021%2F05%2F07%2Fanfield-to-move-to-fully-digital-ticketing-model%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wsc.co.uk/the-archive/100-Fan-culture/8341-having-a-say">"Having a say"</a>. When Saturday Comes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709185301/https://www.wsc.co.uk/the-archive/100-Fan-culture/8341-having-a-say">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Having+a+say&rft.pub=When+Saturday+Comes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsc.co.uk%2Fthe-archive%2F100-Fan-culture%2F8341-having-a-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fanseurope.org/en/news/news-3/2525-interview-dachverband-der-fanhilfen.html">"Interview: Dachverband der Fanhilfen"</a>. Football Supporters Europe. 2021-07-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210730082033/https://www.fanseurope.org/en/news/news-3/2525-interview-dachverband-der-fanhilfen.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Interview%3A+Dachverband+der+Fanhilfen&rft.pub=Football+Supporters+Europe&rft.date=2021-07-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fanseurope.org%2Fen%2Fnews%2Fnews-3%2F2525-interview-dachverband-der-fanhilfen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://frontofficesports.com/nfl-leads-the-way-on-mobile-only-tickets/">"NFL Punts On Paper Tickets, Goes Mobile-Only"</a>. Front Office Sports. 2021-06-01. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617060445/https://frontofficesports.com/nfl-leads-the-way-on-mobile-only-tickets/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFL+Punts+On+Paper+Tickets%2C+Goes+Mobile-Only&rft.pub=Front+Office+Sports&rft.date=2021-06-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffrontofficesports.com%2Fnfl-leads-the-way-on-mobile-only-tickets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ticketnews.com/2021/06/older-packers-fans-feel-forced-out-by-team-in-mobile-only-transition/">"Older Packers Fans Feel "Forced Out" by Team in Mobile-Only Transition"</a>. TicketNews. 2021-06-17. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210617222621/https://www.ticketnews.com/2021/06/older-packers-fans-feel-forced-out-by-team-in-mobile-only-transition/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-17.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Older+Packers+Fans+Feel+%22Forced+Out%22+by+Team+in+Mobile-Only+Transition&rft.pub=TicketNews&rft.date=2021-06-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ticketnews.com%2F2021%2F06%2Folder-packers-fans-feel-forced-out-by-team-in-mobile-only-transition%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/the-flip-phone-is-back-have-people-had-enough-of-constant-connection">"The flip phone is back. Have people had enough of constant connection?"</a>. PBS. 2019-04-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184748/https://www.pbs.org/newshour/arts/the-flip-phone-is-back-have-people-had-enough-of-constant-connection">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+flip+phone+is+back.+Have+people+had+enough+of+constant+connection%3F&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2019-04-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Farts%2Fthe-flip-phone-is-back-have-people-had-enough-of-constant-connection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-mobile-ticketing-works.htm">"How Mobile Ticketing Works"</a>. <i>HowStuffWorks</i>. 26 June 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210711181929/https://computer.howstuffworks.com/how-mobile-ticketing-works.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HowStuffWorks&rft.atitle=How+Mobile+Ticketing+Works&rft.date=2007-06-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcomputer.howstuffworks.com%2Fhow-mobile-ticketing-works.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/nfc-tokenization/">"NFC Tokenization"</a>. Dummies. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210718154741/https://www.dummies.com/consumer-electronics/nfc-tokenization/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-07-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NFC+Tokenization&rft.pub=Dummies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dummies.com%2Fconsumer-electronics%2Fnfc-tokenization%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2021/03/05/e-ticketing-rise-comes-with-security-concerns.html">"E-ticketing rise comes with security concerns"</a>. New York Business Journal. 2021-03-05. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309005143/https://www.bizjournals.com/newyork/news/2021/03/05/e-ticketing-rise-comes-with-security-concerns.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-03-09.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=E-ticketing+rise+comes+with+security+concerns&rft.pub=New+York+Business+Journal&rft.date=2021-03-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bizjournals.com%2Fnewyork%2Fnews%2F2021%2F03%2F05%2Fe-ticketing-rise-comes-with-security-concerns.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/20/shoshana-zuboff-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-google-facebook">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The goal is to automate us': welcome to the age of surveillance capitalism"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. 2019-01-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190918062831/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/20/shoshana-zuboff-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-google-facebook">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-09-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27The+goal+is+to+automate+us%27%3A+welcome+to+the+age+of+surveillance+capitalism&rft.date=2019-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2019%2Fjan%2F20%2Fshoshana-zuboff-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-google-facebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/08/26/spy-your-wallet-credit-cards-have-privacy-problem/">"The spy in your wallet: Credit cards have a privacy problem"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i>. 2019-08-26. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210925194502/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/08/26/spy-your-wallet-credit-cards-have-privacy-problem/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=The+spy+in+your+wallet%3A+Credit+cards+have+a+privacy+problem&rft.date=2019-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Ftechnology%2F2019%2F08%2F26%2Fspy-your-wallet-credit-cards-have-privacy-problem%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hidden_Cost-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_Cost_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hidden_Cost_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/16/21175699/mta-omny-privacy-security-smartphone-identifier-location-nyc">"The NYC subway's new tap-to-pay system has a hidden cost — rider data"</a>. The Verge. 2020-03-16. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628225320/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/16/21175699/mta-omny-privacy-security-smartphone-identifier-location-nyc">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+NYC+subway%27s+new+tap-to-pay+system+has+a+hidden+cost+%E2%80%94+rider+data&rft.pub=The+Verge&rft.date=2020-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theverge.com%2F2020%2F3%2F16%2F21175699%2Fmta-omny-privacy-security-smartphone-identifier-location-nyc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMobile+ticketing" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mobile_phones" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Mobile_phones" title="Template talk:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile_phones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Mobile phones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Mobile_phones" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phones</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cellular_network" title="Cellular network">Mobile<br />networks</a>,<br />protocols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Channel_capacity" title="Channel capacity">Channel capacity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellular_frequencies" title="Cellular frequencies">Frequencies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-band_device" title="Multi-band device">Multi-band</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_operator" title="Mobile phone operator">Network operator</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_network_operators" title="List of mobile network operators">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roaming" title="Roaming">Roaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_signal" title="Mobile phone signal">Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_card" title="SIM card">SIM card</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dual_SIM" title="Dual SIM">dual SIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ESIM" title="ESIM">eSIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SIM_lock" title="SIM lock">SIM lock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_mobile_phone_standards" title="Comparison of mobile phone standards">Standards comparison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tethering" title="Tethering">Tethering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_VoIP" title="Mobile VoIP">VoIP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_Application_Protocol" title="Wireless Application Protocol">WAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XHTML_Mobile_Profile" title="XHTML Mobile Profile">XHTML-MP</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_phone_generations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mobile phone generations">Generations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Analogue</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_radio_telephone" title="Mobile radio telephone">0G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1G" title="1G">1G</a></li> <li><b>Digital</b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/2G" title="2G">2G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3G" title="3G">3G</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3G_adoption" title="3G adoption">adoption</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">3.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4G" title="4G">4G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LTE_Advanced_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="LTE Advanced Pro">4.5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5G" title="5G">5G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6G" title="6G">6G</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General<br />operation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_feature" title="Mobile phone feature">Features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSM" title="GSM">GSM</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/GSM_services" title="GSM services">services</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_operating_system" title="Mobile operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_security" title="Mobile security">Security</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Phone_cloning" title="Phone cloning">phone cloning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Telephony</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Airplane_mode" title="Airplane mode">airplane mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_messaging" title="Text messaging">Text messaging</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Short_Message_Service" class="mw-redirect" title="Short Message Service">SMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_Messaging_Service" title="Multimedia Messaging Service">MMS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_Communication_Services" title="Rich Communication Services">RCS</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_spam" title="Mobile phone spam">Spam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_tracking" title="Mobile phone tracking">Tracking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_web" title="Mobile web">Web browsing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Mobile<br />devices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_manufacturers" title="Category:Mobile phone manufacturers">Manufacturers</a></b></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_3D-enabled_mobile_phones" title="List of 3D-enabled mobile phones">3D phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Car_phone" title="Car phone">Car phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Projector_phone" title="Projector phone">Projector phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">Satellite phone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Form factors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Bar" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clamshell_design" title="Clamshell design">Flip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slider" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(mobile_phones)#Slate" title="Form factor (mobile phones)">Slate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Fold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_smartphones" title="Comparison of smartphones">Smartphones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Android_(operating_system)" title="Android (operating system)">Android devices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">rooting</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlackBerry_10#Devices" title="BlackBerry 10">BlackBerry 10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhone" title="IPhone">iPhone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_open-source_mobile_phones" title="List of open-source mobile phones">Open-source mobile phones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Symbian_devices" title="Comparison of Symbian devices">Symbian devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Windows_phones" title="List of Windows phones">Windows Phone devices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mobile<br />specific<br /><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app" title="Mobile app">Apps</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_app_development" title="Mobile app development">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mobile_app_distribution_platforms" title="List of mobile app distribution platforms">Distribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_application_management" title="Mobile application management">Management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_cloud_computing" title="Mobile cloud computing">Cloud computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_commerce" title="Mobile commerce">Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_banking" title="Mobile banking">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_marketing" title="Mobile marketing">Marketing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_advertising" title="Mobile advertising">advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_campaign" title="Mobile campaign">campaigns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_payment" title="Mobile payment">Payments</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contactless_payment" title="Contactless payment">contactless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_donating" title="Mobile donating">donating</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ticketing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_content" title="Mobile content">Content</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_blogging" title="Mobile blogging">Blogging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Push_email" title="Push email">Email</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_gambling" title="Mobile gambling">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_game" title="Mobile game">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MHealth" title="MHealth">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_messaging" title="Instant messaging">Instant messaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M-learning" title="M-learning">Learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_music" title="Mobile music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_news" title="Mobile news">News</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mobile_search&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mobile search (page does not exist)">Search</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_local_search" title="Mobile local search">local</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_network" title="Mobile social network">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_social_address_book" title="Mobile social address book">address book</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_television" title="Mobile television">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Mobile_phone_culture" title="Category:Mobile phone culture">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Box_breaker" title="Box breaker">Box breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_charm" title="Mobile phone charm">Charms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_dating" title="Mobile dating">Dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_mobile_phone_culture" title="Japanese mobile phone culture">Japanese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cell_phone_novel" title="Cell phone novel">Novels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ringtone" title="Ringtone">Ringtones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_mode" title="Silent mode">silent mode</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selfie" title="Selfie">Selfie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SMS_language" title="SMS language">Txt-spk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(computing)" title="Wallpaper (computing)">Wallpaper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Environment<br />and health</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/De_Quervain_syndrome" title="De Quervain syndrome">BlackBerry thumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_and_driving_safety" title="Mobile phones and driving safety">Driving safety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_waste" title="Electronic waste">Electronic waste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_external_power_supply" title="Common external power supply">External power supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_media_use_and_mental_health" title="Digital media use and mental health">Mental health from overuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_vibration_syndrome" title="Phantom vibration syndrome">Phantom vibration syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_device_radiation_and_health" title="Wireless device radiation and health">Radiation and health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone_recycling" title="Mobile phone recycling">Recycling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrier_IQ" title="Carrier IQ">Carrier IQ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legality_of_recording_by_civilians" title="Legality of recording by civilians">Legality of recording by civilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phones_in_prison" title="Mobile phones in prison">Mobile phones in prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photography_and_the_law" title="Photography and the law">Photography and the law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephone_tapping" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone tapping">Telephone tapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texting_while_driving" title="Texting while driving">Texting while driving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restrictions_on_cell_phone_use_while_driving_in_the_United_States" title="Restrictions on cell phone use while driving in the United States">USA use restrictions while driving</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" 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