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<span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Bedforms vs. flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedforms_vs._flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ripple_marks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ripple_marks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ripple marks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ripple_marks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antidunes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antidunes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Antidunes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antidunes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Biological structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biological_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soft_sediment_deformation_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soft_sediment_deformation_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Soft sediment deformation structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soft_sediment_deformation_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bedding_plane_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bedding_plane_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bedding plane structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bedding_plane_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Within_bedding_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Within_bedding_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Within bedding structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Within_bedding_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Secondary_sedimentary_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Secondary_sedimentary_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Secondary sedimentary structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Secondary_sedimentary_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sedimentary structures</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_sediment%C3%A0ria" title="Estructura sedimentària – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Estructura sedimentària" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Estructura_sedimentaria" title="Estructura sedimentaria – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Estructura sedimentaria" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ساختارهای رسوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ساختارهای رسوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Structure_s%C3%A9dimentaire" title="Structure sédimentaire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Structure sédimentaire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Strutture_sedimentarie" title="Strutture sedimentarie – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Strutture sedimentarie" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Struktury_sedymentacyjne" title="Struktury sedymentacyjne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Struktury sedymentacyjne" 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class="mw-redirect" title="Fluid escape structures">Fluid escape structures</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Geologic structures formed during sediment deposition</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaripple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Megaripple.JPG/220px-Megaripple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Megaripple.JPG/330px-Megaripple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Megaripple.JPG/440px-Megaripple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Megaripple/dune, formed in the upper flow regime, from Utah</figcaption></figure> <style 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#82C3D8; padding:0.2em; font-size:160%; font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sediments</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/190px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/285px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG/380px-Channel-StellartonFm-CoalburnPit.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1809" data-file-height="1356" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By origin</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrigenous_sediment" title="Terrigenous sediment">Terrigenous (lithogenous)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Cosmogenous</li> <li>Hydrogenous</li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By texture</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundness_(geology)" title="Roundness (geology)">Roundness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorting_(sediment)" title="Sorting (sediment)">Sorting</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a><br /></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colloid" title="Colloid">colloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li>Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolite" title="Oolite">oolite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scree" title="Scree">scree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Till" title="Till">till</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">By composition</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manganese_nodules" class="mw-redirect" title="Manganese nodules">Manganese nodules</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">Oolitic aragonite sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektites" class="mw-redirect" title="Tektites">Tektites</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">By process</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_budget" title="Sedimentary budget">Sedimentary budget</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">coastal</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeolian_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeolian transport">Aeolian (windborne) transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomineralization" title="Biomineralization">Biomineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compaction_(geology)" title="Compaction (geology)">Compaction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concretion" title="Concretion">Concretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial processes">Fluvial processes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glacier_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Glacier flow">Glacier flow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ice-sheet_dynamics" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice-sheet dynamics">ice-sheet dynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ice_rafting" title="Ice rafting">ice rafting</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithification" title="Lithification">Lithification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siltation" title="Siltation">Siltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity_currents" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbidity currents">Turbidity currents</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">By structure</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedforms">Bedforms</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">cross-bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Dunes">duness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fault_(geology)" title="Fault (geology)">Fault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fold_(geology)" title="Fold (geology)">Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleocurrent" title="Paleocurrent">Paleocurrent indicators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_markings" title="Sole markings">sole markings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">imbrication</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment%E2%80%93water_interface" title="Sediment–water interface">Sediment–water interface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft-sediment_deformation_structures" title="Soft-sediment deformation structures">Soft-sediment deformation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unconformity" title="Unconformity">Unconformity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation-induced_sedimentary_structures" title="Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures">Vegetation-induced</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Soil sediment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">Soil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_matrix" title="Soil matrix">matrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pore_space_in_soil" title="Pore space in soil">pore space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeability_of_soils" title="Permeability of soils">permeability</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_morphology" title="Soil morphology">morphology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_texture" title="Soil texture">texture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_value" title="Soil value">value</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_color" title="Soil color">color</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catena_(soil)" title="Catena (soil)">Catena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_horizon" title="Soil horizon">Soil horizon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humus" title="Humus">Humus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humin" title="Humin">Humin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_salinity" title="Soil salinity">Soil salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydropedology" title="Hydropedology">Hydropedology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineralization_(soil_science)" title="Mineralization (soil science)">Mineralization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microbiologically_induced_calcite_precipitation" title="Microbiologically induced calcite precipitation">Microbial calcite precipitation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">Marine sediment</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssal_fan" title="Abyssal fan">Abyssal fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite" title="Aragonite">Aragonite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aragonite_sea" title="Aragonite sea">aragonite sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oolitic_aragonite_sand" title="Oolitic aragonite sand">oolitic aragonite sand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcite" title="Calcite">Calcite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcite_sea" title="Calcite sea">calcite sea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amorphous_calcium_carbonate" title="Amorphous calcium carbonate">Amorphous calcium carbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcification" title="Calcification">Calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_rise" title="Continental rise">Continental rise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">Bay mud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioirrigation" title="Bioirrigation">Bioirrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_transport" title="Coastal sediment transport">Coastal sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_clay" title="Marine clay">Marine clay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_red_clay" title="Pelagic red clay">pelagic red clay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">transgression</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pelagic_sediment" title="Pelagic sediment">Pelagic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contourite" title="Contourite">contourite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemipelagic_sediment" title="Hemipelagic sediment">hemipelagite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salt_tectonics" title="Salt tectonics">Salt tectonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bundle" title="Tidal bundle">Tidal bundle</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Biogenous_sediment" class="mw-redirect" title="Biogenous sediment">Biogenous sediments</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_ooze" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous ooze">Calcareous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marine_biogenic_calcification" title="Marine biogenic calcification">biogenic calcification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcareous_nannoplankton" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcareous nannoplankton">calcareous nannoplankton</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_ooze" title="Siliceous ooze">Siliceous ooze</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogenic_silica" title="Biogenic silica">biogenic silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicification" title="Silicification">silicification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diatomaceous_earth" title="Diatomaceous earth">diatomaceous earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiolarite" title="Radiolarite">radiolarite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Microfossil" title="Microfossil">Microfossil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_weathering" title="Reverse weathering">Reverse weathering</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Sedimentary ecology</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biomantle" title="Soil biomantle">Soil biomantle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_zoology" title="Soil zoology">Soil zoology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_borne_pathogen" title="Soil borne pathogen">soil pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedodiversity" title="Pedodiversity">Pedodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_biodiversity" title="Soil biodiversity">Soil biodiversity</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere" title="Rhizosphere">Rhizosphere</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Root_microbiome" title="Root microbiome">root microbiome</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Sedimentary carbon</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycorrhizal_fungi_and_soil_carbon_storage" title="Mycorrhizal fungi and soil carbon storage">Soil carbon storage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soil_carbon" title="Soil carbon">Soil carbon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">Sedimentary rock</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Badlands" title="Badlands">Badlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate_rock" title="Carbonate rock">Carbonates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(rock)" title="Dolomite (rock)">dolomite</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_rock" title="Clastic rock">Clastic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Breccia" title="Breccia">breccia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudrock" title="Mudrock">mudrock</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evaporite" title="Evaporite">Evaporite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">Chalk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chert" title="Chert">Chert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywacke" title="Greywacke">Greywacke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Iron-rich sedimentary rocks">Iron-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic-rich_sedimentary_rocks" title="Organic-rich sedimentary rocks">Organic-rich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phosphorite" title="Phosphorite">Phosphorite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siliceous_rock" title="Siliceous rock">Siliceous</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;font-size:100%;font-weight:bold;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_geology" title="History of geology">geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">geological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_paleontology" title="History of paleontology">paleontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_soil_science" title="History of soil science">soil science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_sediment" title="Legacy sediment">Legacy sediment</a></li> <li>Principles <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-cutting_relationships" title="Cross-cutting relationships">cross-cutting relationships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_lateral_continuity" title="Principle of lateral continuity">lateral continuity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principle_of_original_horizontality" title="Principle of original horizontality">original horizontality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provenance_(geology)" title="Provenance (geology)">Provenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geologic_record" title="Geologic record">Sedimentary record</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentology" title="Sedimentology">Sedimentology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">Stratigraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cycle" title="Rock cycle">Rock cycle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calcium_cycle" title="Calcium cycle">calcium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silica_cycle" title="Silica cycle">silica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbonate-silicate_cycle" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonate-silicate cycle">carbonate-silicate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolimnology" title="Paleolimnology">Paleolimnology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biosignature" title="Biosignature">Biosignature</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="background-color: #82C3D8; border-color: #A2B8BF"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Sediments" title="Category:Sediments">Category</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Sediment_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Sediment sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sediment sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sedimentary structures</b> include all kinds of features in <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediments</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rocks</a>, formed at the time of <a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">deposition</a>. </p><p>Sediments and sedimentary rocks are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Bed_(geology)" title="Bed (geology)">bedding</a>, which occurs when layers of sediment, with different particle sizes are deposited on top of each other.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beds range from millimeters to centimeters thick and can even go to meters or multiple meters thick. </p><p>Sedimentary structures such as <a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">cross-bedding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">ripple marks</a> are utilized in <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphy" title="Stratigraphy">stratigraphic</a> studies. They help indicate the <a href="/wiki/Way_up_structure" title="Way up structure">original position</a> of <a href="/wiki/Stratum" title="Stratum">strata</a> in geologically complex terrains. They also provide insight into the <a href="/wiki/Depositional_environment" title="Depositional environment">depositional environment</a> of the sediment. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flow_structures">Flow structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Flow structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two kinds of flow structures: bidirectional (multiple directions, back-and-forth) and unidirectional. Flow regimes in single-direction (typically <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a>) flow, which at varying speeds and velocities produce different structures, are called <a href="/wiki/Bedform" title="Bedform">bedforms</a>. In the <i>lower flow regime</i>, the natural progression is from a flat bed, to some sediment movement (<a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">saltation</a> etc.), to ripples, to slightly larger dunes. Dunes have a vortex in the lee side of the dune. As the <i>upper flow regime</i> forms, the dunes become flattened out, and then produce <a href="/wiki/Antidune" title="Antidune">antidunes</a>. At higher still velocity, the antidunes are flattened and most sedimentation stops, as erosion takes over as the dominant process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedforms_vs._flow">Bedforms vs. flow</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Bedforms vs. flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Typical unidirectional bedforms represent a specific flow velocity, assuming typical sediments (sands and silts) and water depths, and a chart such as below can be used for interpreting <a href="/wiki/Depositional_environment" title="Depositional environment">depositional environments</a>, with <i>increasing</i> water velocity going down the chart. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Flow regime </th> <th>Bedform </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Preservation_potential" class="mw-redirect" title="Preservation potential">Preservation potential</a> </th> <th>Identification tips </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Lower </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_plane_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower plane bed">Lower plane bed</a></td> <td>High</td> <td>Flat laminae, almost lack of current </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripple_marks" title="Ripple marks">Ripple marks</a></td> <td>Relatively Low</td> <td>Small, <a href="/wiki/Centimetre" title="Centimetre">cm</a>-scale undulations </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sand_waves" class="mw-redirect" title="Sand waves">Sand waves</a></td> <td>Medium to low</td> <td>Rare, longer wavelength than ripples </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Dune#Sub-aqueous_dunes" title="Dune">Dunes</a>/Megaripples</td> <td>Low</td> <td>Large, meter-scale ripples </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="5">Upper </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Upper_plane_bed" class="mw-redirect" title="Upper plane bed">Upper plane bed</a></td> <td>High</td> <td>Flat laminae, ± aligned grains (<a href="/wiki/Parting_lineation" title="Parting lineation">parting lineations</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Antidunes" class="mw-redirect" title="Antidunes">Antidunes</a></td> <td>Low</td> <td>Water in phase with bedform, low angle, subtle laminae </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pool and chute</td> <td>Very low</td> <td>Mostly erosional features </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ripple_marks">Ripple marks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Ripple marks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WaveRipple.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WaveRipple.JPG/220px-WaveRipple.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WaveRipple.JPG/330px-WaveRipple.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/WaveRipple.JPG/440px-WaveRipple.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wave_ripple" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave ripple">Wave ripple</a> or symmetric ripple, from <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a> rocks in <a href="/wiki/Nomgon" class="mw-redirect" title="Nomgon">Nomgon</a>, Mongolia with "decapitation" of ripple crests due to change in current</figcaption></figure> <p>Ripple marks usually form in conditions with flowing water, in the lower part of the Lower Flow Regime. There are two types of <a href="/wiki/Ripple_mark" class="mw-redirect" title="Ripple mark">ripple marks</a>: </p> <dl><dt>Symmetrical ripple marks</dt> <dd>Often found on beaches, they are created by a two way current, for example the waves on a beach (swash and backwash). This creates ripple marks with pointed crests and rounded troughs, which aren't inclined more to a certain direction. Three common sedimentary structures that are created by these processes are <a href="/wiki/Herringbone_cross-stratification" title="Herringbone cross-stratification">herringbone cross-stratification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flaser_bedding" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaser bedding">flaser bedding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Interference_ripples" title="Interference ripples">interference ripples</a>.</dd> <dt>Asymmetrical ripple marks</dt> <dd>These are created by a one way current, for example in a river, or the wind in a desert. This creates ripple marks with still pointed crests and rounded troughs, but which are inclined more strongly in the direction of the current. For this reason, they can be used as <a href="/wiki/Palaeocurrent" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaeocurrent">palaeocurrent</a> indicators.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Antidunes">Antidunes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Antidunes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antidunes are the sediment<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bedforms created by fast, shallow flows of water with a <a href="/wiki/Froude_number" title="Froude number">Froude number</a> greater than 1. Antidunes form beneath <a href="/wiki/Stationary_wave" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationary wave">standing waves</a> of water that periodically steepen, migrate, and then break upstream. The antidune bedform is characterized by shallow <a href="/wiki/Foreset_bed" title="Foreset bed">foresets</a>, which dip upstream at an angle of about ten degrees that can be up to five meters in length.<sup id="cite_ref-Boggs_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Boggs-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be identified by their low angle foresets. For the most part, antidunes <a href="/wiki/Bedforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedforms">bedforms</a> are destroyed during decreased flow, and therefore cross bedding formed by antidunes will not be preserved.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_structures">Biological structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Biological structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skolithos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Skolithos.jpg/220px-Skolithos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Skolithos.jpg/330px-Skolithos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Skolithos.jpg/440px-Skolithos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1472" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Skolithos" title="Skolithos">Skolithos</a></i> trace fossil (scale bar is 10 mm)</figcaption></figure> <p>A number of biologically-created sedimentary structures exist, called <a href="/wiki/Trace_fossil" title="Trace fossil">trace fossils</a>. Examples include <a href="/wiki/Burrow" title="Burrow">burrows</a> and various expressions of <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ichnofacies" title="Ichnofacies">Ichnofacies</a> are groups of trace fossils that together help give information on the depositional environment. In general, as deeper (into the sediment) burrows become more common, the shallower the water. As (intricate) surface traces become more common, the water becomes deeper. </p><p>Microbes may also interact with sediment to form <a href="/wiki/Microbially_induced_sedimentary_structure" title="Microbially induced sedimentary structure">microbially induced sedimentary structures</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soft_sediment_deformation_structures">Soft sediment deformation structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Soft sediment deformation structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG/220px-Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG/330px-Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG/440px-Soft_Sediment_Deformation_Dead_Sea.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3179" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption>Soft sediment deformation (possibly a <a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">seismite</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> sediments, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Soft-sediment_deformation_structures" title="Soft-sediment deformation structures">Soft-sediment deformation structures</a> or SSD, is a consequence of the loading of wet sediment as burial continues after deposition. The heavier sediment "squeezes" the water out of the underlying sediment due to its own weight. There are three common variants of SSD: </p> <ul><li>load structures or <a href="/wiki/Load_casts" class="mw-redirect" title="Load casts">load casts</a> (also a type of <a href="/wiki/Sole_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole marking">sole marking</a>) are blobs that form when a denser, wet sediment slumps down on and into a less dense sediment below.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pseudonodules&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pseudonodules (page does not exist)">pseudonodules</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ball-and-pillow_structures" title="Ball-and-pillow structures">ball-and-pillow structures</a>, are pinched-off load structures; these may also be formed by earthquake energy and referred to as <a href="/wiki/Seismite" title="Seismite">seismites</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flame_structure" title="Flame structure">flame structures</a>, "fingers" of mud that protrude into overlying sediments.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clastic_dike" title="Clastic dike">clastic dikes</a> are seams of sedimentary material that cut across sedimentary strata.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bedding_plane_structures">Bedding plane structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bedding plane structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FluteCast.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FluteCast.JPG/220px-FluteCast.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FluteCast.JPG/330px-FluteCast.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/FluteCast.JPG/440px-FluteCast.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Flute cast from <a href="/wiki/Book_Cliffs" title="Book Cliffs">Book Cliffs</a> area, <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg/220px-Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg/330px-Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg/440px-Mudcracks_roundtop_hill_MD.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1996" data-file-height="1356" /></a><figcaption>Mudcracks in rock at <a href="/wiki/Roundtop_Hill_(Maryland)" title="Roundtop Hill (Maryland)">Roundtop Hill</a>, Maryland</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Bedding_Plane" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedding Plane">Bedding Plane</a> Structures are commonly used as <a href="/wiki/Paleocurrent" title="Paleocurrent">paleocurrent</a> indicators. They are formed when sediment has been deposited and then reworked and reshaped. They include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sole_marking" class="mw-redirect" title="Sole marking">Sole markings</a> form when an object gouges the surface of a sedimentary layer; this groove is later preserved as a cast when filled in by the layer above. They include: <ul><li>Flute casts are scours dug into soft, fine sediment which typically get filled by an overlying bed. Measuring the long axis of the flute cast gives the direction of flow, with the scoop-shaped end pointing in the upcurrent direction and the tapered end pointing downcurrent (paleoflow direction). The convexity of the flute cast also points stratigraphically down.</li> <li>Tool marks are a type of sole marking formed by grooves left in a bed by objects dragged along by a current. The average direction of these can be assumed to be the axis of flow direction.</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudcrack" title="Mudcrack">Mudcracks</a> form when mud is dewatered, shrinks, and leaves a crack. This tells you that the mud was saturated with water and then exposed to air. Mudcracks curl upwards, so they can be used as <a href="/wiki/Geopetal" class="mw-redirect" title="Geopetal">geopetal</a> structures. <a href="/wiki/Syneresis_cracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Syneresis cracks">Syneresis cracks</a> form in a similar way, with the exception that they are never exposed to air, instead being caused by changes in the salinity of the surrounding water.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raindrop_impressions" title="Raindrop impressions">Raindrop impressions</a> form on exposed sediment by raindrop impacts.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parting_lineation" title="Parting lineation">Parting lineations</a> are subtly aligned minerals that form in the lower part of the Upper Flow Regime within plane beds.</li></ul> <p><span class="anchor" id="Bedding-plane_sag"></span> </p> <ul><li><b>Bomb sag</b> or <b>bedding-plane sag</b> is downwards deformation of tuff beds or other deposits where a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bomb</a> or <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_block" title="Volcanic block">volcanic block</a> has fallen.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Within_bedding_structures">Within bedding structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Within bedding structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/220px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/330px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg/440px-Logan_Formation_Cross_Bedding_Scour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2716" data-file-height="2140" /></a><figcaption>Cross-bedding and scour in a fine sandstone (<a href="/wiki/Logan_Formation" title="Logan Formation">Logan Formation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Mississippian age">Mississippian</a>, Jackson County, <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG/220px-Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG/330px-Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG/440px-Halite_Teepee_structure_Dead_Sea_031712.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3581" data-file-height="2556" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Teepee_structure" title="Teepee structure">teepee structure</a> in modern halite deposits along the western shore of the Dead Sea, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>These structures are within sedimentary bedding and can help with the interpretation of depositional environment and <a href="/wiki/Paleocurrent" title="Paleocurrent">paleocurrent</a> directions. They are formed when the sediment is deposited. </p> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Cross-bedding" title="Cross-bedding">Cross-bedding</a></dt> <dd>Cross-bedding is the layering of beds deposited by wind or water inclined at an angle as much as 35° from the horizontal.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-beds form when sediment particles are deposited on steeper slopes of sand dunes on land or of sandbars in rivers and on the seafloor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cross-bedding in wind-deposited dunes can be complex as a result of fast changing wind directions.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Hummocky_cross-stratification" title="Hummocky cross-stratification">Hummocky cross-stratification</a></dt> <dd>This stratification is made up of undulating sets of cross-laminae that are concave-up (swales) and convex-up (hummocks). These cross-beds gently cut into each other with curved <a href="/wiki/Erosion_surface" title="Erosion surface">erosional surfaces</a>. They form in shallow-water, storm-dominated environments. Strong storm-wave action erodes the seabed into low hummocks and swales that lack a specific orientation.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Imbrication_(sedimentology)" title="Imbrication (sedimentology)">Imbrication</a></dt> <dd>This structure is formed by the stacking of larger clasts in the direction of flow.</dd> <dt>Normal <a href="/wiki/Graded_bedding" title="Graded bedding">graded bedding</a></dt> <dd>This structure occurs when current velocity changes and grains are progressively dropped out of the current. The most common place to find this is in a <a href="/wiki/Turbidite" title="Turbidite">turbidite</a> deposit. This can also be inverted, called reversed graded bedding, and is common in <a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">debris flows</a>.</dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">Bioturbation</a></dt> <dd>In many sedimentary rocks, the bedding is broken by cylindrical tubes a few centimeters in diameter that extend vertically through multiple beds.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sedimentary structures are remnants of burrows and tunnels excavated by marine organisms that live on the ocean floor.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These organisms churn and burrow through mud and sand a process called bioturbation.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They ingest the sediment, digest the organic matter, and leave behind the remnants which fills the burrow.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt><a href="/wiki/Tidal_bundle" title="Tidal bundle">Tidal bundle</a></dt> <dd>Variation in bedding thickness in a tidal environment caused by alternation of spring and neap tides.</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Secondary_sedimentary_structures">Secondary sedimentary structures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Secondary sedimentary structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Secondary sedimentary structures form after primary deposition occurs or, in some cases, during the diagenesis of a <a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_rock" title="Sedimentary rock">sedimentary rock</a>. Common secondary structures include any form of <a href="/wiki/Bioturbation" title="Bioturbation">bioturbation</a>, soft-sediment deformation, <a href="/wiki/Teepee_structure" title="Teepee structure">teepee structures</a>, root-traces, and soil mottling. <a href="/wiki/Liesegang_rings_(geology)" title="Liesegang rings (geology)">Liesegang rings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cone-in-cone_structures" title="Cone-in-cone structures">cone-in-cone structures</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raindrop_impressions" title="Raindrop impressions">raindrop impressions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vegetation-induced_sedimentary_structures" title="Vegetation-induced sedimentary structures">vegetation-induced sedimentary structures</a> would also be considered secondary structures. </p><p><span class="anchor" id="Fluid_escape_structures"></span> Secondary structures include <b>fluid escape structures</b>, formed when fluids escape from a sedimentary bed after deposition. Examples of fluid escape structures include <a href="/wiki/Dish_structure" title="Dish structure">dish structures</a>, pillar structures,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and vertical sheet structures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997fluid_escape_structure_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997fluid_escape_structure-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reynolds_number" title="Reynolds number">Reynolds number</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJordanGrotzinger2012" class="citation book cs1">Jordan, Thomas H.; Grotzinger, John P. (2012). <i>The Essential Earth</i> (2nd ed.). New York: W.H. Freeman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781429255240" title="Special:BookSources/9781429255240"><bdi>9781429255240</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798410008">798410008</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essential+Earth&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798410008&rft.isbn=9781429255240&rft.aulast=Jordan&rft.aufirst=Thomas+H.&rft.au=Grotzinger%2C+John+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentary+structures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "sediment." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Nov. 2010 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com">http://www.encyclopedia.com</a>>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boggs-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Boggs_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boggs, Sam jr, 2006 Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Patrick Lynch, Principles of Sedimentology and Stratigraphy, Pearson Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Ed 4, p. 83-84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">AILSA ALLABY and MICHAEL ALLABY. "antidune." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com. 8 Nov. 2010 <<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com">http://www.encyclopedia.com</a>>. B</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/4/922">http://jsedres.geoscienceworld.org/cgi/content/abstract/35/4/922</a> C</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJackson1997" class="citation book cs1">Jackson, Julia A., ed. (1997). "bedding-plane sag". <i>Glossary of geology</i> (Fourth ed.). Alexandria, Virginia: American Geological Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0922152349" title="Special:BookSources/0922152349"><bdi>0922152349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=bedding-plane+sag&rft.btitle=Glossary+of+geology.&rft.place=Alexandria%2C+Virginia&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=American+Geological+Institute&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0922152349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentary+structures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTucker2011" class="citation book cs1">Tucker, Maurice E. (2011). <i>Sedimentary rocks in the field : a practical guide</i> (4th ed.). Chichester, West Sussex: Wiley-Blackwell. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780470689165" title="Special:BookSources/9780470689165"><bdi>9780470689165</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sedimentary+rocks+in+the+field+%3A+a+practical+guide&rft.place=Chichester%2C+West+Sussex&rft.pages=160&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Wiley-Blackwell&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780470689165&rft.aulast=Tucker&rft.aufirst=Maurice+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASedimentary+structures" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJackson1997fluid_escape_structure-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJackson1997fluid_escape_structure_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJackson1997">Jackson 1997</a>, fluid escape structure.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sedimentary_structures&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Prothero, D. R. and Schwab, F., 1996, <i>Sedimentary Geology</i>, pg. 43-64, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7167-2726-9">0-7167-2726-9</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Rivers,_streams_and_springs876" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Template talk:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers,_streams_and_springs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Rivers, streams and springs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Rivers,_streams_and_springs876" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">streams</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">springs</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River" title="River">Rivers</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/Lists_of_rivers" title="Lists of rivers">lists</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_river" title="Alluvial river">Alluvial river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braided_river" title="Braided river">Braided river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_pattern" title="Channel pattern">Channel pattern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_types" title="Channel types">Channel types</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confluence" title="Confluence">Confluence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributary" title="Distributary">Distributary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subterranean_river" title="Subterranean river">Subterranean river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_bifurcation" title="River bifurcation">River bifurcation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_ecosystem" title="River ecosystem">River ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_source" title="River source">River source</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tributary" title="Tributary">Tributary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Stream" title="Stream">Streams</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arroyo_(watercourse)" title="Arroyo (watercourse)">Arroyo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bourne_(stream)" title="Bourne (stream)">Bourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burn_(landform)" title="Burn (landform)">Burn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk_stream" title="Chalk stream">Chalk stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coulee" title="Coulee">Coulee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_bed" title="Stream bed">Stream bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Stream channel">Stream channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streamflow" title="Streamflow">Streamflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gradient" title="Stream gradient">Stream gradient</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_pool" title="Stream pool">Stream pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_stream" class="mw-redirect" title="Perennial stream">Perennial stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winterbourne_(stream)" title="Winterbourne (stream)">Winterbourne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spring_(hydrology)" title="Spring (hydrology)">Springs</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_springs" title="List of springs">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estavelle" title="Estavelle">Estavelle/Inversac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">Geyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_well" title="Holy well">Holy well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">Hot spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs" title="List of hot springs">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_hot_springs_in_the_United_States" title="List of hot springs in the United States">list in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karst_spring" title="Karst spring">Karst spring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_karst_springs" title="List of karst springs">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mineral_spring" title="Mineral spring">Mineral spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ponor" title="Ponor">Ponor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhythmic_spring" title="Rhythmic spring">Rhythmic spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_horizon" title="Spring horizon">Spring horizon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">Sedimentary processes</a><br />and <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abrasion_(geology)" title="Abrasion (geology)">Abrasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anabranch" title="Anabranch">Anabranch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aggradation" title="Aggradation">Aggradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armor_(hydrology)" title="Armor (hydrology)">Armor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_load" title="Bed load">Bed load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed_material_load" title="Bed material load">Bed material load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granular_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Granular flow">Granular flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debris_flow" title="Debris flow">Debris flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolved_load" title="Dissolved load">Dissolved load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Downcutting" title="Downcutting">Downcutting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headward_erosion" title="Headward erosion">Headward erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knickpoint" title="Knickpoint">Knickpoint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaeochannel" title="Palaeochannel">Palaeochannel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progradation" title="Progradation">Progradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retrogradation" title="Retrogradation">Retrogradation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_flow#River_bends" title="Secondary flow">Secondary flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">Sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspended_load" title="Suspended load">Suspended load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_load" title="Wash load">Wash load</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_gap" title="Water gap">Water gap</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ait" title="Ait">Ait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alluvial_fan" title="Alluvial fan">Alluvial fan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antecedent_drainage_stream" title="Antecedent drainage stream">Antecedent drainage stream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_(geography)" title="Bank (geography)">Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_(river_morphology)" title="Bar (river morphology)">Bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billabong" title="Billabong">Billabong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canyon" title="Canyon">Canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cut_bank" title="Cut bank">Cut bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floating_island" title="Floating island">Floating island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluvial_terrace" title="Fluvial terrace">Fluvial terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gill_(ravine)" title="Gill (ravine)">Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulch" title="Gulch">Gulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gully" title="Gully">Gully</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen" title="Glen">Glen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander_scar" title="Meander scar">Meander scar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxbow_lake" title="Oxbow lake">Oxbow lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle-pool_sequence" title="Riffle-pool sequence">Riffle-pool sequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Point_bar" title="Point bar">Point bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravine" title="Ravine">Ravine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rill" title="Rill">Rill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_island" title="River island">River island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock-cut_basin" title="Rock-cut basin">Rock-cut basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentary_basin" title="Sedimentary basin">Sedimentary basin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sedimentary structures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strath" title="Strath">Strath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalweg" title="Thalweg">Thalweg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley" title="Valley">River valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi" title="Wadi">Wadi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fluvial#Fluvial_processes" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">Fluvial flow</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Helicoidal_flow" title="Helicoidal flow">Helicoidal flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scale_of_river_difficulty" title="International scale of river difficulty">International scale of river difficulty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_jam" title="Log jam">Log jam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meander" title="Meander">Meander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plunge_pool" title="Plunge pool">Plunge pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapids" title="Rapids">Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riffle" title="Riffle">Riffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_capture" title="Stream capture">Stream capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">Waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater" title="Whitewater">Whitewater</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">Surface runoff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural wastewater">Agricultural wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_flush" title="First flush">First flush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Floods</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/100-year_flood" title="100-year flood">100-year flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crevasse_splay" title="Crevasse splay">Crevasse splay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flash_flood" title="Flash flood">Flash flood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flood</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urban_flooding" title="Urban flooding">Urban flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_non-water_floods" title="List of non-water floods">Non-water flood</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_barrier" title="Flood barrier">Flood barrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood control">Flood control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_forecasting" title="Flood forecasting">Flood forecasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain" title="Floodplain">Floodplain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_pulse_concept" title="Flood pulse concept">Flood pulse concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooding_of_the_Nile" title="Flooding of the Nile">Inundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_Water_Management_Model" title="Storm Water Management Model">Storm Water Management Model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_period" title="Return period">Return period</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_pollution#Pollution_from_point_sources" title="Water pollution">Point source pollution</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Effluent" title="Effluent">Effluent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial wastewater">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">River measurement<br />and modelling</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baer%27s_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Baer's law">Baer's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baseflow" title="Baseflow">Baseflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradshaw_model" title="Bradshaw model">Bradshaw model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discharge_(hydrology)" title="Discharge (hydrology)">Discharge (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_density" title="Drainage density">Drainage density</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exner_equation" title="Exner equation">Exner equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_model" title="Groundwater model">Groundwater model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hack%27s_law" title="Hack's law">Hack's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hjulstr%C3%B6m_curve" title="Hjulström curve">Hjulström curve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrograph" title="Hydrograph">Hydrograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_model" title="Hydrological model">Hydrological model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrological_transport_model" title="Hydrological transport model">Hydrological transport model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_(hydrology)" title="Infiltration (hydrology)">Infiltration (hydrology)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_stem" title="Main stem">Main stem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Playfair%27s_law" title="Playfair's law">Playfair's law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_ratio" class="mw-redirect" title="Relief ratio">Relief ratio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_Continuum_Concept" title="River Continuum Concept">River Continuum Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rouse_number" title="Rouse number">Rouse number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_curve_number" title="Runoff curve number">Runoff curve number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runoff_model_(reservoir)" title="Runoff model (reservoir)">Runoff model (reservoir)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stream_gauge" title="Stream gauge">Stream gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Soil_Loss_Equation" title="Universal Soil Loss Equation">Universal Soil Loss Equation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WAFLEX" title="WAFLEX">WAFLEX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetted_perimeter" title="Wetted perimeter">Wetted perimeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volumetric_flow_rate" title="Volumetric flow rate">Volumetric flow rate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_engineering" title="River engineering">River engineering</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(bridge)" title="Aqueduct (bridge)">Aqueduct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balancing_lake" title="Balancing lake">Balancing lake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">Canal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dam" title="Dam">Dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drop_structure" title="Drop structure">Drop structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daylighting_(streams)" title="Daylighting (streams)">Daylighting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion_control" title="Erosion control">Erosion control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_ladder" title="Fish ladder">Fish ladder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flume" title="Flume">Flume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leat" title="Leat">Leat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levee" title="Levee">Levee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_morphology" title="River morphology">River morphology</a></li> <li><a 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