CINXE.COM

PLOS Global Public Health

<!DOCTYPE html> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" lang="en" xml:lang="en" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/Article" class="no-js"> <head prefix="og: http://ogp.me/ns#"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/resource/css/site-content.css?79f248ebefa43b7800a14562e5049ab4"/> <!-- allows for extra head tags --> <!-- hello --> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css?family=Open+Sans:400,400i,600"> <link media="print" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/resource/css/print.css"/> <script type="text/javascript"> var siteUrlPrefix = "/globalpublichealth/"; </script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/modernizr-v2.7.1.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/detectizr.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <link rel="shortcut icon" href="/resource/img/favicon.ico" type="image/x-icon"/> <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <!-- DoubleClick overall ad setup script --> <script type='text/javascript'> var googletag = googletag || {}; googletag.cmd = googletag.cmd || []; (function() { var gads = document.createElement('script'); gads.async = true; gads.type = 'text/javascript'; var useSSL = 'https:' == document.location.protocol; gads.src = (useSSL ? 'https:' : 'http:') + '//www.googletagservices.com/tag/js/gpt.js'; var node = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; node.parentNode.insertBefore(gads, node); })(); </script> <!-- DoubleClick ad slot setup script --> <script id="doubleClickSetupScript" type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/75507958/PGPH_728x90_ATF', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0').addService(googletag.pubads()); var personalizedAds = window.plosCookieConsent && window.plosCookieConsent.hasConsented('advertising'); googletag.pubads().setRequestNonPersonalizedAds(personalizedAds ? 0 : 1); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.journalKey = "PLOSGlobalPublicHealth"; WombatConfig.journalName = "PLOS Global Public Health"; WombatConfig.figurePath = "/globalpublichealth/article/figure/image"; WombatConfig.figShareInstitutionString = "plos"; WombatConfig.doiResolverPrefix = "https://dx.plos.org/"; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var WombatConfig = WombatConfig || {}; WombatConfig.metrics = WombatConfig.metrics || {}; WombatConfig.metrics.referenceUrl = "http://lagotto.io/plos"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl = "https://scholar.google.com/scholar"; WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarCitationUrl = WombatConfig.metrics.googleScholarUrl + "?hl=en&lr=&q="; WombatConfig.metrics.crossrefUrl = "https://www.crossref.org"; </script> <script defer="defer" src="/resource/js/defer.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script><script src="/resource/js/sync.js?13928eb59791c3cc61cf"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/fastclick/lib/fastclick.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore-min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/underscore.string.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/moment.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery-ui-effects.min.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tooltip.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.dropdown.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.tab.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.reveal.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/foundation/foundation.slider.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/util/utils.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/toggle.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/truncate_elem.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/tooltip_hover.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.dotdotdot.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <!--For Google Tag manager to be able to track site information --> <script> dataLayer = [{ 'mobileSite': 'false', 'desktopSite': 'true' }]; </script> <title>PLOS Global Public Health</title> <!-- for lemur --> <script> $(document).ready(()=> { let lemurTitle = $('article > h1').text(); if (lemurTitle && lemurTitle != '') { $('title').text(lemurTitle + ' | ' + 'PLOS Global Public Health'); } }); </script> </head> <body class="static plosglobalpublichealth"> <!-- Google Tag Manager --> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-TP26BH" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script> (function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-TP26BH'); </script> <noscript><iframe src="//www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-MQQMGF" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script>(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-MQQMGF');</script> <!-- End Google Tag Manager --> <!-- New Relic --> <script type="text/javascript"> ;window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.init={distributed_tracing:{enabled:true},privacy:{cookies_enabled:true},ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}}; window.NREUM||(NREUM={}),__nr_require=function(t,e,n){function r(n){if(!e[n]){var o=e[n]={exports:{}};t[n][0].call(o.exports,function(e){var o=t[n][1][e];return r(o||e)},o,o.exports)}return e[n].exports}if("function"==typeof __nr_require)return __nr_require;for(var o=0;o<n.length;o++)r(n[o]);return r}({1:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){try{s.console&&console.log(t)}catch(e){}}var o,i=t("ee"),a=t(32),s={};try{o=localStorage.getItem("__nr_flags").split(","),console&&"function"==typeof console.log&&(s.console=!0,o.indexOf("dev")!==-1&&(s.dev=!0),o.indexOf("nr_dev")!==-1&&(s.nrDev=!0))}catch(c){}s.nrDev&&i.on("internal-error",function(t){r(t.stack)}),s.dev&&i.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){r(n.stack)}),s.dev&&(r("NR AGENT IN DEVELOPMENT MODE"),r("flags: "+a(s,function(t,e){return t}).join(", ")))},{}],2:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r,s){try{l?l-=1:o(s||new UncaughtException(t,e,n),!0)}catch(f){try{i("ierr",[f,c.now(),!0])}catch(d){}}return"function"==typeof u&&u.apply(this,a(arguments))}function UncaughtException(t,e,n){this.message=t||"Uncaught error with no additional information",this.sourceURL=e,this.line=n}function o(t,e){var n=e?null:c.now();i("err",[t,n])}var i=t("handle"),a=t(33),s=t("ee"),c=t("loader"),f=t("gos"),u=window.onerror,d=!1,p="nr@seenError";if(!c.disabled){var l=0;c.features.err=!0,t(1),window.onerror=r;try{throw new Error}catch(h){"stack"in h&&(t(14),t(13),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7),c.xhrWrappable&&t(15),d=!0)}s.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){d&&(l+=1)}),s.on("fn-err",function(t,e,n){d&&!n[p]&&(f(n,p,function(){return!0}),this.thrown=!0,o(n))}),s.on("fn-end",function(){d&&!this.thrown&&l>0&&(l-=1)}),s.on("internal-error",function(t){i("ierr",[t,c.now(),!0])})}},{}],3:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("loader");r.disabled||(r.features.ins=!0)},{}],4:[function(t,e,n){function r(){U++,L=g.hash,this[u]=y.now()}function o(){U--,g.hash!==L&&i(0,!0);var t=y.now();this[h]=~~this[h]+t-this[u],this[d]=t}function i(t,e){E.emit("newURL",[""+g,e])}function a(t,e){t.on(e,function(){this[e]=y.now()})}var s="-start",c="-end",f="-body",u="fn"+s,d="fn"+c,p="cb"+s,l="cb"+c,h="jsTime",m="fetch",v="addEventListener",w=window,g=w.location,y=t("loader");if(w[v]&&y.xhrWrappable&&!y.disabled){var x=t(11),b=t(12),E=t(9),R=t(7),O=t(14),T=t(8),P=t(15),S=t(10),M=t("ee"),N=M.get("tracer"),C=t(23);t(17),y.features.spa=!0;var L,U=0;M.on(u,r),b.on(p,r),S.on(p,r),M.on(d,o),b.on(l,o),S.on(l,o),M.buffer([u,d,"xhr-resolved"]),R.buffer([u]),O.buffer(["setTimeout"+c,"clearTimeout"+s,u]),P.buffer([u,"new-xhr","send-xhr"+s]),T.buffer([m+s,m+"-done",m+f+s,m+f+c]),E.buffer(["newURL"]),x.buffer([u]),b.buffer(["propagate",p,l,"executor-err","resolve"+s]),N.buffer([u,"no-"+u]),S.buffer(["new-jsonp","cb-start","jsonp-error","jsonp-end"]),a(T,m+s),a(T,m+"-done"),a(S,"new-jsonp"),a(S,"jsonp-end"),a(S,"cb-start"),E.on("pushState-end",i),E.on("replaceState-end",i),w[v]("hashchange",i,C(!0)),w[v]("load",i,C(!0)),w[v]("popstate",function(){i(0,U>1)},C(!0))}},{}],5:[function(t,e,n){function r(){var t=new PerformanceObserver(function(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();s(v,[n])});try{t.observe({entryTypes:["resource"]})}catch(e){}}function o(t){if(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType(w)]),window.performance["c"+p])try{window.performance[h](m,o,!1)}catch(t){}else try{window.performance[h]("webkit"+m,o,!1)}catch(t){}}function i(t){}if(window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&window.performance.getEntriesByType){var a=t("ee"),s=t("handle"),c=t(14),f=t(13),u=t(6),d=t(23),p="learResourceTimings",l="addEventListener",h="removeEventListener",m="resourcetimingbufferfull",v="bstResource",w="resource",g="-start",y="-end",x="fn"+g,b="fn"+y,E="bstTimer",R="pushState",O=t("loader");if(!O.disabled){O.features.stn=!0,t(9),"addEventListener"in window&&t(7);var T=NREUM.o.EV;a.on(x,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&(this.bstStart=O.now())}),a.on(b,function(t,e){var n=t[0];n instanceof T&&s("bst",[n,e,this.bstStart,O.now()])}),c.on(x,function(t,e,n){this.bstStart=O.now(),this.bstType=n}),c.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),this.bstType])}),f.on(x,function(){this.bstStart=O.now()}),f.on(b,function(t,e){s(E,[e,this.bstStart,O.now(),"requestAnimationFrame"])}),a.on(R+g,function(t){this.time=O.now(),this.startPath=location.pathname+location.hash}),a.on(R+y,function(t){s("bstHist",[location.pathname+location.hash,this.startPath,this.time])}),u()?(s(v,[window.performance.getEntriesByType("resource")]),r()):l in window.performance&&(window.performance["c"+p]?window.performance[l](m,o,d(!1)):window.performance[l]("webkit"+m,o,d(!1))),document[l]("scroll",i,d(!1)),document[l]("keypress",i,d(!1)),document[l]("click",i,d(!1))}}},{}],6:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(){return"PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver}},{}],7:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){for(var e=t;e&&!e.hasOwnProperty(u);)e=Object.getPrototypeOf(e);e&&o(e)}function o(t){s.inPlace(t,[u,d],"-",i)}function i(t,e){return t[1]}var a=t("ee").get("events"),s=t("wrap-function")(a,!0),c=t("gos"),f=XMLHttpRequest,u="addEventListener",d="removeEventListener";e.exports=a,"getPrototypeOf"in Object?(r(document),r(window),r(f.prototype)):f.prototype.hasOwnProperty(u)&&(o(window),o(f.prototype)),a.on(u+"-start",function(t,e){var n=t[1];if(null!==n&&("function"==typeof n||"object"==typeof n)){var r=c(n,"nr@wrapped",function(){function t(){if("function"==typeof n.handleEvent)return n.handleEvent.apply(n,arguments)}var e={object:t,"function":n}[typeof n];return e?s(e,"fn-",null,e.name||"anonymous"):n});this.wrapped=t[1]=r}}),a.on(d+"-start",function(t){t[1]=this.wrapped||t[1]})},{}],8:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){var r=t[e];"function"==typeof r&&(t[e]=function(){var t=i(arguments),e={};o.emit(n+"before-start",[t],e);var a;e[m]&&e[m].dt&&(a=e[m].dt);var s=r.apply(this,t);return o.emit(n+"start",[t,a],s),s.then(function(t){return o.emit(n+"end",[null,t],s),t},function(t){throw o.emit(n+"end",[t],s),t})})}var o=t("ee").get("fetch"),i=t(33),a=t(32);e.exports=o;var s=window,c="fetch-",f=c+"body-",u=["arrayBuffer","blob","json","text","formData"],d=s.Request,p=s.Response,l=s.fetch,h="prototype",m="nr@context";d&&p&&l&&(a(u,function(t,e){r(d[h],e,f),r(p[h],e,f)}),r(s,"fetch",c),o.on(c+"end",function(t,e){var n=this;if(e){var r=e.headers.get("content-length");null!==r&&(n.rxSize=r),o.emit(c+"done",[null,e],n)}else o.emit(c+"done",[t],n)}))},{}],9:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("history"),o=t("wrap-function")(r);e.exports=r;var i=window.history&&window.history.constructor&&window.history.constructor.prototype,a=window.history;i&&i.pushState&&i.replaceState&&(a=i),o.inPlace(a,["pushState","replaceState"],"-")},{}],10:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}function n(){f.emit("jsonp-error",[],l),f.emit("jsonp-end",[],l),t.removeEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.removeEventListener("error",n,c(!1))}var r=t&&"string"==typeof t.nodeName&&"script"===t.nodeName.toLowerCase();if(r){var o="function"==typeof t.addEventListener;if(o){var a=i(t.src);if(a){var d=s(a),p="function"==typeof d.parent[d.key];if(p){var l={};u.inPlace(d.parent,[d.key],"cb-",l),t.addEventListener("load",e,c(!1)),t.addEventListener("error",n,c(!1)),f.emit("new-jsonp",[t.src],l)}}}}}function o(){return"addEventListener"in window}function i(t){var e=t.match(d);return e?e[1]:null}function a(t,e){var n=t.match(l),r=n[1],o=n[3];return o?a(o,e[r]):e[r]}function s(t){var e=t.match(p);return e&&e.length>=3?{key:e[2],parent:a(e[1],window)}:{key:t,parent:window}}var c=t(23),f=t("ee").get("jsonp"),u=t("wrap-function")(f);if(e.exports=f,o()){var d=/[?&](?:callback|cb)=([^&#]+)/,p=/(.*)\.([^.]+)/,l=/^(\w+)(\.|$)(.*)$/,h=["appendChild","insertBefore","replaceChild"];Node&&Node.prototype&&Node.prototype.appendChild?u.inPlace(Node.prototype,h,"dom-"):(u.inPlace(HTMLElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLHeadElement.prototype,h,"dom-"),u.inPlace(HTMLBodyElement.prototype,h,"dom-")),f.on("dom-start",function(t){r(t[0])})}},{}],11:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("mutation"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i=NREUM.o.MO;e.exports=r,i&&(window.MutationObserver=function(t){return this instanceof i?new i(o(t,"fn-")):i.apply(this,arguments)},MutationObserver.prototype=i.prototype)},{}],12:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=i.context(),n=s(t,"executor-",e,null,!1),r=new f(n);return i.context(r).getCtx=function(){return e},r}var o=t("wrap-function"),i=t("ee").get("promise"),a=t("ee").getOrSetContext,s=o(i),c=t(32),f=NREUM.o.PR;e.exports=i,f&&(window.Promise=r,["all","race"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(n){function r(t){return function(){i.emit("propagate",[null,!o],a,!1,!1),o=o||!t}}var o=!1;c(n,function(e,n){Promise.resolve(n).then(r("all"===t),r(!1))});var a=e.apply(f,arguments),s=f.resolve(a);return s}}),["resolve","reject"].forEach(function(t){var e=f[t];f[t]=function(t){var n=e.apply(f,arguments);return t!==n&&i.emit("propagate",[t,!0],n,!1,!1),n}}),f.prototype["catch"]=function(t){return this.then(null,t)},f.prototype=Object.create(f.prototype,{constructor:{value:r}}),c(Object.getOwnPropertyNames(f),function(t,e){try{r[e]=f[e]}catch(n){}}),o.wrapInPlace(f.prototype,"then",function(t){return function(){var e=this,n=o.argsToArray.apply(this,arguments),r=a(e);r.promise=e,n[0]=s(n[0],"cb-",r,null,!1),n[1]=s(n[1],"cb-",r,null,!1);var c=t.apply(this,n);return r.nextPromise=c,i.emit("propagate",[e,!0],c,!1,!1),c}}),i.on("executor-start",function(t){t[0]=s(t[0],"resolve-",this,null,!1),t[1]=s(t[1],"resolve-",this,null,!1)}),i.on("executor-err",function(t,e,n){t[1](n)}),i.on("cb-end",function(t,e,n){i.emit("propagate",[n,!0],this.nextPromise,!1,!1)}),i.on("propagate",function(t,e,n){this.getCtx&&!e||(this.getCtx=function(){if(t instanceof Promise)var e=i.context(t);return e&&e.getCtx?e.getCtx():this})}),r.toString=function(){return""+f})},{}],13:[function(t,e,n){var r=t("ee").get("raf"),o=t("wrap-function")(r),i="equestAnimationFrame";e.exports=r,o.inPlace(window,["r"+i,"mozR"+i,"webkitR"+i,"msR"+i],"raf-"),r.on("raf-start",function(t){t[0]=o(t[0],"fn-")})},{}],14:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",null,n)}function o(t,e,n){this.method=n,this.timerDuration=isNaN(t[1])?0:+t[1],t[0]=a(t[0],"fn-",this,n)}var i=t("ee").get("timer"),a=t("wrap-function")(i),s="setTimeout",c="setInterval",f="clearTimeout",u="-start",d="-";e.exports=i,a.inPlace(window,[s,"setImmediate"],s+d),a.inPlace(window,[c],c+d),a.inPlace(window,[f,"clearImmediate"],f+d),i.on(c+u,r),i.on(s+u,o)},{}],15:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){d.inPlace(e,["onreadystatechange"],"fn-",s)}function o(){var t=this,e=u.context(t);t.readyState>3&&!e.resolved&&(e.resolved=!0,u.emit("xhr-resolved",[],t)),d.inPlace(t,y,"fn-",s)}function i(t){x.push(t),m&&(E?E.then(a):w?w(a):(R=-R,O.data=R))}function a(){for(var t=0;t<x.length;t++)r([],x[t]);x.length&&(x=[])}function s(t,e){return e}function c(t,e){for(var n in t)e[n]=t[n];return e}t(7);var f=t("ee"),u=f.get("xhr"),d=t("wrap-function")(u),p=t(23),l=NREUM.o,h=l.XHR,m=l.MO,v=l.PR,w=l.SI,g="readystatechange",y=["onload","onerror","onabort","onloadstart","onloadend","onprogress","ontimeout"],x=[];e.exports=u;var b=window.XMLHttpRequest=function(t){var e=new h(t);try{u.emit("new-xhr",[e],e),e.addEventListener(g,o,p(!1))}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}return e};if(c(h,b),b.prototype=h.prototype,d.inPlace(b.prototype,["open","send"],"-xhr-",s),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){r(t,e),i(e)}),u.on("open-xhr-start",r),m){var E=v&&v.resolve();if(!w&&!v){var R=1,O=document.createTextNode(R);new m(a).observe(O,{characterData:!0})}}else f.on("fn-end",function(t){t[0]&&t[0].type===g||a()})},{}],16:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(!s(t))return null;var e=window.NREUM;if(!e.loader_config)return null;var n=(e.loader_config.accountID||"").toString()||null,r=(e.loader_config.agentID||"").toString()||null,f=(e.loader_config.trustKey||"").toString()||null;if(!n||!r)return null;var h=l.generateSpanId(),m=l.generateTraceId(),v=Date.now(),w={spanId:h,traceId:m,timestamp:v};return(t.sameOrigin||c(t)&&p())&&(w.traceContextParentHeader=o(h,m),w.traceContextStateHeader=i(h,v,n,r,f)),(t.sameOrigin&&!u()||!t.sameOrigin&&c(t)&&d())&&(w.newrelicHeader=a(h,m,v,n,r,f)),w}function o(t,e){return"00-"+e+"-"+t+"-01"}function i(t,e,n,r,o){var i=0,a="",s=1,c="",f="";return o+"@nr="+i+"-"+s+"-"+n+"-"+r+"-"+t+"-"+a+"-"+c+"-"+f+"-"+e}function a(t,e,n,r,o,i){var a="btoa"in window&&"function"==typeof window.btoa;if(!a)return null;var s={v:[0,1],d:{ty:"Browser",ac:r,ap:o,id:t,tr:e,ti:n}};return i&&r!==i&&(s.d.tk=i),btoa(JSON.stringify(s))}function s(t){return f()&&c(t)}function c(t){var e=!1,n={};if("init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&(n=NREUM.init.distributed_tracing),t.sameOrigin)e=!0;else if(n.allowed_origins instanceof Array)for(var r=0;r<n.allowed_origins.length;r++){var o=h(n.allowed_origins[r]);if(t.hostname===o.hostname&&t.protocol===o.protocol&&t.port===o.port){e=!0;break}}return e}function f(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.enabled}function u(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.exclude_newrelic_header}function d(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_newrelic_header!==!1}function p(){return"init"in NREUM&&"distributed_tracing"in NREUM.init&&!!NREUM.init.distributed_tracing.cors_use_tracecontext_headers}var l=t(29),h=t(18);e.exports={generateTracePayload:r,shouldGenerateTrace:s}},{}],17:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=this.params,n=this.metrics;if(!this.ended){this.ended=!0;for(var r=0;r<p;r++)t.removeEventListener(d[r],this.listener,!1);e.aborted||(n.duration=a.now()-this.startTime,this.loadCaptureCalled||4!==t.readyState?null==e.status&&(e.status=0):i(this,t),n.cbTime=this.cbTime,s("xhr",[e,n,this.startTime,this.endTime,"xhr"],this))}}function o(t,e){var n=c(e),r=t.params;r.hostname=n.hostname,r.port=n.port,r.protocol=n.protocol,r.host=n.hostname+":"+n.port,r.pathname=n.pathname,t.parsedOrigin=n,t.sameOrigin=n.sameOrigin}function i(t,e){t.params.status=e.status;var n=v(e,t.lastSize);if(n&&(t.metrics.rxSize=n),t.sameOrigin){var r=e.getResponseHeader("X-NewRelic-App-Data");r&&(t.params.cat=r.split(", ").pop())}t.loadCaptureCalled=!0}var a=t("loader");if(a.xhrWrappable&&!a.disabled){var s=t("handle"),c=t(18),f=t(16).generateTracePayload,u=t("ee"),d=["load","error","abort","timeout"],p=d.length,l=t("id"),h=t(24),m=t(22),v=t(19),w=t(23),g=NREUM.o.REQ,y=window.XMLHttpRequest;a.features.xhr=!0,t(15),t(8),u.on("new-xhr",function(t){var e=this;e.totalCbs=0,e.called=0,e.cbTime=0,e.end=r,e.ended=!1,e.xhrGuids={},e.lastSize=null,e.loadCaptureCalled=!1,e.params=this.params||{},e.metrics=this.metrics||{},t.addEventListener("load",function(n){i(e,t)},w(!1)),h&&(h>34||h<10)||t.addEventListener("progress",function(t){e.lastSize=t.loaded},w(!1))}),u.on("open-xhr-start",function(t){this.params={method:t[0]},o(this,t[1]),this.metrics={}}),u.on("open-xhr-end",function(t,e){"loader_config"in NREUM&&"xpid"in NREUM.loader_config&&this.sameOrigin&&e.setRequestHeader("X-NewRelic-ID",NREUM.loader_config.xpid);var n=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(n){var r=!1;n.newrelicHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("newrelic",n.newrelicHeader),r=!0),n.traceContextParentHeader&&(e.setRequestHeader("traceparent",n.traceContextParentHeader),n.traceContextStateHeader&&e.setRequestHeader("tracestate",n.traceContextStateHeader),r=!0),r&&(this.dt=n)}}),u.on("send-xhr-start",function(t,e){var n=this.metrics,r=t[0],o=this;if(n&&r){var i=m(r);i&&(n.txSize=i)}this.startTime=a.now(),this.listener=function(t){try{"abort"!==t.type||o.loadCaptureCalled||(o.params.aborted=!0),("load"!==t.type||o.called===o.totalCbs&&(o.onloadCalled||"function"!=typeof e.onload))&&o.end(e)}catch(n){try{u.emit("internal-error",[n])}catch(r){}}};for(var s=0;s<p;s++)e.addEventListener(d[s],this.listener,w(!1))}),u.on("xhr-cb-time",function(t,e,n){this.cbTime+=t,e?this.onloadCalled=!0:this.called+=1,this.called!==this.totalCbs||!this.onloadCalled&&"function"==typeof n.onload||this.end(n)}),u.on("xhr-load-added",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&!this.xhrGuids[n]&&(this.xhrGuids[n]=!0,this.totalCbs+=1)}),u.on("xhr-load-removed",function(t,e){var n=""+l(t)+!!e;this.xhrGuids&&this.xhrGuids[n]&&(delete this.xhrGuids[n],this.totalCbs-=1)}),u.on("xhr-resolved",function(){this.endTime=a.now()}),u.on("addEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-added",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("removeEventListener-end",function(t,e){e instanceof y&&"load"===t[0]&&u.emit("xhr-load-removed",[t[1],t[2]],e)}),u.on("fn-start",function(t,e,n){e instanceof y&&("onload"===n&&(this.onload=!0),("load"===(t[0]&&t[0].type)||this.onload)&&(this.xhrCbStart=a.now()))}),u.on("fn-end",function(t,e){this.xhrCbStart&&u.emit("xhr-cb-time",[a.now()-this.xhrCbStart,this.onload,e],e)}),u.on("fetch-before-start",function(t){function e(t,e){var n=!1;return e.newrelicHeader&&(t.set("newrelic",e.newrelicHeader),n=!0),e.traceContextParentHeader&&(t.set("traceparent",e.traceContextParentHeader),e.traceContextStateHeader&&t.set("tracestate",e.traceContextStateHeader),n=!0),n}var n,r=t[1]||{};"string"==typeof t[0]?n=t[0]:t[0]&&t[0].url?n=t[0].url:window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL&&(n=t[0].href),n&&(this.parsedOrigin=c(n),this.sameOrigin=this.parsedOrigin.sameOrigin);var o=f(this.parsedOrigin);if(o&&(o.newrelicHeader||o.traceContextParentHeader))if("string"==typeof t[0]||window.URL&&t[0]&&t[0]instanceof URL){var i={};for(var a in r)i[a]=r[a];i.headers=new Headers(r.headers||{}),e(i.headers,o)&&(this.dt=o),t.length>1?t[1]=i:t.push(i)}else t[0]&&t[0].headers&&e(t[0].headers,o)&&(this.dt=o)}),u.on("fetch-start",function(t,e){this.params={},this.metrics={},this.startTime=a.now(),this.dt=e,t.length>=1&&(this.target=t[0]),t.length>=2&&(this.opts=t[1]);var n,r=this.opts||{},i=this.target;"string"==typeof i?n=i:"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof g?n=i.url:window.URL&&"object"==typeof i&&i instanceof URL&&(n=i.href),o(this,n);var s=(""+(i&&i instanceof g&&i.method||r.method||"GET")).toUpperCase();this.params.method=s,this.txSize=m(r.body)||0}),u.on("fetch-done",function(t,e){this.endTime=a.now(),this.params||(this.params={}),this.params.status=e?e.status:0;var n;"string"==typeof this.rxSize&&this.rxSize.length>0&&(n=+this.rxSize);var r={txSize:this.txSize,rxSize:n,duration:a.now()-this.startTime};s("xhr",[this.params,r,this.startTime,this.endTime,"fetch"],this)})}},{}],18:[function(t,e,n){var r={};e.exports=function(t){if(t in r)return r[t];var e=document.createElement("a"),n=window.location,o={};e.href=t,o.port=e.port;var i=e.href.split("://");!o.port&&i[1]&&(o.port=i[1].split("/")[0].split("@").pop().split(":")[1]),o.port&&"0"!==o.port||(o.port="https"===i[0]?"443":"80"),o.hostname=e.hostname||n.hostname,o.pathname=e.pathname,o.protocol=i[0],"/"!==o.pathname.charAt(0)&&(o.pathname="/"+o.pathname);var a=!e.protocol||":"===e.protocol||e.protocol===n.protocol,s=e.hostname===document.domain&&e.port===n.port;return o.sameOrigin=a&&(!e.hostname||s),"/"===o.pathname&&(r[t]=o),o}},{}],19:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.responseType;return"json"===n&&null!==e?e:"arraybuffer"===n||"blob"===n||"json"===n?o(t.response):"text"===n||""===n||void 0===n?o(t.responseText):void 0}var o=t(22);e.exports=r},{}],20:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t,e,n,r){return function(){return u.recordSupportability("API/"+e+"/called"),i(t+e,[f.now()].concat(s(arguments)),n?null:this,r),n?void 0:this}}var i=t("handle"),a=t(32),s=t(33),c=t("ee").get("tracer"),f=t("loader"),u=t(25),d=NREUM;"undefined"==typeof window.newrelic&&(newrelic=d);var p=["setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"],l="api-",h=l+"ixn-";a(p,function(t,e){d[e]=o(l,e,!0,"api")}),d.addPageAction=o(l,"addPageAction",!0),d.setCurrentRouteName=o(l,"routeName",!0),e.exports=newrelic,d.interaction=function(){return(new r).get()};var m=r.prototype={createTracer:function(t,e){var n={},r=this,o="function"==typeof e;return i(h+"tracer",[f.now(),t,n],r),function(){if(c.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[f.now(),r,o],n),o)try{return e.apply(this,arguments)}catch(t){throw c.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,t],n),t}finally{c.emit("fn-end",[f.now()],n)}}}};a("actionText,setName,setAttribute,save,ignore,onEnd,getContext,end,get".split(","),function(t,e){m[e]=o(h,e)}),newrelic.noticeError=function(t,e){"string"==typeof t&&(t=new Error(t)),u.recordSupportability("API/noticeError/called"),i("err",[t,f.now(),!1,e])}},{}],21:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){if(NREUM.init){for(var e=NREUM.init,n=t.split("."),r=0;r<n.length-1;r++)if(e=e[n[r]],"object"!=typeof e)return;return e=e[n[n.length-1]]}}e.exports={getConfiguration:r}},{}],22:[function(t,e,n){e.exports=function(t){if("string"==typeof t&&t.length)return t.length;if("object"==typeof t){if("undefined"!=typeof ArrayBuffer&&t instanceof ArrayBuffer&&t.byteLength)return t.byteLength;if("undefined"!=typeof Blob&&t instanceof Blob&&t.size)return t.size;if(!("undefined"!=typeof FormData&&t instanceof FormData))try{return JSON.stringify(t).length}catch(e){return}}}},{}],23:[function(t,e,n){var r=!1;try{var o=Object.defineProperty({},"passive",{get:function(){r=!0}});window.addEventListener("testPassive",null,o),window.removeEventListener("testPassive",null,o)}catch(i){}e.exports=function(t){return r?{passive:!0,capture:!!t}:!!t}},{}],24:[function(t,e,n){var r=0,o=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[\/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);o&&(r=+o[1]),e.exports=r},{}],25:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[a,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeMetric",n,null,"api"),n}function o(t,e){var n=[s,t,{name:t},e];return i("storeEventMetrics",n,null,"api"),n}var i=t("handle"),a="sm",s="cm";e.exports={constants:{SUPPORTABILITY_METRIC:a,CUSTOM_METRIC:s},recordSupportability:r,recordCustom:o}},{}],26:[function(t,e,n){function r(){return s.exists&&performance.now?Math.round(performance.now()):(i=Math.max((new Date).getTime(),i))-a}function o(){return i}var i=(new Date).getTime(),a=i,s=t(34);e.exports=r,e.exports.offset=a,e.exports.getLastTimestamp=o},{}],27:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){return!(!t||!t.protocol||"file:"===t.protocol)}e.exports=r},{}],28:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();n.forEach(function(t){"first-paint"===t.name?p("timing",["fp",Math.floor(t.startTime)]):"first-contentful-paint"===t.name&&p("timing",["fcp",Math.floor(t.startTime)])})}function o(t,e){var n=t.getEntries();if(n.length>0){var r=n[n.length-1];if(c&&c<r.startTime)return;p("lcp",[r])}}function i(t){t.getEntries().forEach(function(t){t.hadRecentInput||p("cls",[t])})}function a(t){if(t instanceof v&&!g){var e=Math.round(t.timeStamp),n={type:t.type};e<=l.now()?n.fid=l.now()-e:e>l.offset&&e<=Date.now()?(e-=l.offset,n.fid=l.now()-e):e=l.now(),g=!0,p("timing",["fi",e,n])}}function s(t){"hidden"===t&&(c=l.now(),p("pageHide",[c]))}if(!("init"in NREUM&&"page_view_timing"in NREUM.init&&"enabled"in NREUM.init.page_view_timing&&NREUM.init.page_view_timing.enabled===!1)){var c,f,u,d,p=t("handle"),l=t("loader"),h=t(31),m=t(23),v=NREUM.o.EV;if("PerformanceObserver"in window&&"function"==typeof window.PerformanceObserver){f=new PerformanceObserver(r);try{f.observe({entryTypes:["paint"]})}catch(w){}u=new PerformanceObserver(o);try{u.observe({entryTypes:["largest-contentful-paint"]})}catch(w){}d=new PerformanceObserver(i);try{d.observe({type:"layout-shift",buffered:!0})}catch(w){}}if("addEventListener"in document){var g=!1,y=["click","keydown","mousedown","pointerdown","touchstart"];y.forEach(function(t){document.addEventListener(t,a,m(!1))})}h(s)}},{}],29:[function(t,e,n){function r(){function t(){return e?15&e[n++]:16*Math.random()|0}var e=null,n=0,r=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;r&&r.getRandomValues&&(e=r.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var o,i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx",a="",s=0;s<i.length;s++)o=i[s],"x"===o?a+=t().toString(16):"y"===o?(o=3&t()|8,a+=o.toString(16)):a+=o;return a}function o(){return a(16)}function i(){return a(32)}function a(t){function e(){return n?15&n[r++]:16*Math.random()|0}var n=null,r=0,o=window.crypto||window.msCrypto;o&&o.getRandomValues&&Uint8Array&&(n=o.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));for(var i=[],a=0;a<t;a++)i.push(e().toString(16));return i.join("")}e.exports={generateUuid:r,generateSpanId:o,generateTraceId:i}},{}],30:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){if(!o)return!1;if(t!==o)return!1;if(!e)return!0;if(!i)return!1;for(var n=i.split("."),r=e.split("."),a=0;a<r.length;a++)if(r[a]!==n[a])return!1;return!0}var o=null,i=null,a=/Version\/(\S+)\s+Safari/;if(navigator.userAgent){var s=navigator.userAgent,c=s.match(a);c&&s.indexOf("Chrome")===-1&&s.indexOf("Chromium")===-1&&(o="Safari",i=c[1])}e.exports={agent:o,version:i,match:r}},{}],31:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){function e(){t(s&&document[s]?document[s]:document[i]?"hidden":"visible")}"addEventListener"in document&&a&&document.addEventListener(a,e,o(!1))}var o=t(23);e.exports=r;var i,a,s;"undefined"!=typeof document.hidden?(i="hidden",a="visibilitychange",s="visibilityState"):"undefined"!=typeof document.msHidden?(i="msHidden",a="msvisibilitychange"):"undefined"!=typeof document.webkitHidden&&(i="webkitHidden",a="webkitvisibilitychange",s="webkitVisibilityState")},{}],32:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){var n=[],r="",i=0;for(r in t)o.call(t,r)&&(n[i]=e(r,t[r]),i+=1);return n}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],33:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){e||(e=0),"undefined"==typeof n&&(n=t?t.length:0);for(var r=-1,o=n-e||0,i=Array(o<0?0:o);++r<o;)i[r]=t[e+r];return i}e.exports=r},{}],34:[function(t,e,n){e.exports={exists:"undefined"!=typeof window.performance&&window.performance.timing&&"undefined"!=typeof window.performance.timing.navigationStart}},{}],ee:[function(t,e,n){function r(){}function o(t){function e(t){return t&&t instanceof r?t:t?f(t,c,a):a()}function n(n,r,o,i,a){if(a!==!1&&(a=!0),!l.aborted||i){t&&a&&t(n,r,o);for(var s=e(o),c=m(n),f=c.length,u=0;u<f;u++)c[u].apply(s,r);var p=d[y[n]];return p&&p.push([x,n,r,s]),s}}function i(t,e){g[t]=m(t).concat(e)}function h(t,e){var n=g[t];if(n)for(var r=0;r<n.length;r++)n[r]===e&&n.splice(r,1)}function m(t){return g[t]||[]}function v(t){return p[t]=p[t]||o(n)}function w(t,e){l.aborted||u(t,function(t,n){e=e||"feature",y[n]=e,e in d||(d[e]=[])})}var g={},y={},x={on:i,addEventListener:i,removeEventListener:h,emit:n,get:v,listeners:m,context:e,buffer:w,abort:s,aborted:!1};return x}function i(t){return f(t,c,a)}function a(){return new r}function s(){(d.api||d.feature)&&(l.aborted=!0,d=l.backlog={})}var c="nr@context",f=t("gos"),u=t(32),d={},p={},l=e.exports=o();e.exports.getOrSetContext=i,l.backlog=d},{}],gos:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n){if(o.call(t,e))return t[e];var r=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(t,e,{value:r,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),r}catch(i){}return t[e]=r,r}var o=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;e.exports=r},{}],handle:[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e,n,r){o.buffer([t],r),o.emit(t,e,n)}var o=t("ee").get("handle");e.exports=r,r.ee=o},{}],id:[function(t,e,n){function r(t){var e=typeof t;return!t||"object"!==e&&"function"!==e?-1:t===window?0:a(t,i,function(){return o++})}var o=1,i="nr@id",a=t("gos");e.exports=r},{}],loader:[function(t,e,n){function r(){if(!P++){var t=T.info=NREUM.info,e=v.getElementsByTagName("script")[0];if(setTimeout(f.abort,3e4),!(t&&t.licenseKey&&t.applicationID&&e))return f.abort();c(R,function(e,n){t[e]||(t[e]=n)});var n=a();s("mark",["onload",n+T.offset],null,"api"),s("timing",["load",n]);var r=v.createElement("script");0===t.agent.indexOf("http://")||0===t.agent.indexOf("https://")?r.src=t.agent:r.src=h+"://"+t.agent,e.parentNode.insertBefore(r,e)}}function o(){"complete"===v.readyState&&i()}function i(){s("mark",["domContent",a()+T.offset],null,"api")}var a=t(26),s=t("handle"),c=t(32),f=t("ee"),u=t(30),d=t(27),p=t(21),l=t(23),h=p.getConfiguration("ssl")===!1?"http":"https",m=window,v=m.document,w="addEventListener",g="attachEvent",y=m.XMLHttpRequest,x=y&&y.prototype,b=!d(m.location);NREUM.o={ST:setTimeout,SI:m.setImmediate,CT:clearTimeout,XHR:y,REQ:m.Request,EV:m.Event,PR:m.Promise,MO:m.MutationObserver};var E=""+location,R={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",agent:"js-agent.newrelic.com/nr-spa-1212.min.js"},O=y&&x&&x[w]&&!/CriOS/.test(navigator.userAgent),T=e.exports={offset:a.getLastTimestamp(),now:a,origin:E,features:{},xhrWrappable:O,userAgent:u,disabled:b};if(!b){t(20),t(28),v[w]?(v[w]("DOMContentLoaded",i,l(!1)),m[w]("load",r,l(!1))):(v[g]("onreadystatechange",o),m[g]("onload",r)),s("mark",["firstbyte",a.getLastTimestamp()],null,"api");var P=0}},{}],"wrap-function":[function(t,e,n){function r(t,e){function n(e,n,r,c,f){function nrWrapper(){var i,a,u,p;try{a=this,i=d(arguments),u="function"==typeof r?r(i,a):r||{}}catch(l){o([l,"",[i,a,c],u],t)}s(n+"start",[i,a,c],u,f);try{return p=e.apply(a,i)}catch(h){throw s(n+"err",[i,a,h],u,f),h}finally{s(n+"end",[i,a,p],u,f)}}return a(e)?e:(n||(n=""),nrWrapper[p]=e,i(e,nrWrapper,t),nrWrapper)}function r(t,e,r,o,i){r||(r="");var s,c,f,u="-"===r.charAt(0);for(f=0;f<e.length;f++)c=e[f],s=t[c],a(s)||(t[c]=n(s,u?c+r:r,o,c,i))}function s(n,r,i,a){if(!h||e){var s=h;h=!0;try{t.emit(n,r,i,e,a)}catch(c){o([c,n,r,i],t)}h=s}}return t||(t=u),n.inPlace=r,n.flag=p,n}function o(t,e){e||(e=u);try{e.emit("internal-error",t)}catch(n){}}function i(t,e,n){if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{var r=Object.keys(t);return r.forEach(function(n){Object.defineProperty(e,n,{get:function(){return t[n]},set:function(e){return t[n]=e,e}})}),e}catch(i){o([i],n)}for(var a in t)l.call(t,a)&&(e[a]=t[a]);return e}function a(t){return!(t&&t instanceof Function&&t.apply&&!t[p])}function s(t,e){var n=e(t);return n[p]=t,i(t,n,u),n}function c(t,e,n){var r=t[e];t[e]=s(r,n)}function f(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;++n)e[n]=arguments[n];return e}var u=t("ee"),d=t(33),p="nr@original",l=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty,h=!1;e.exports=r,e.exports.wrapFunction=s,e.exports.wrapInPlace=c,e.exports.argsToArray=f},{}]},{},["loader",2,17,5,3,4]); ;NREUM.loader_config={accountID:"804283",trustKey:"804283",agentID:"402703674",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3",applicationID:"402703674"} ;NREUM.info={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net",licenseKey:"cf99e8d2a3", // Modified this value from the generated script, to pass prod vs dev applicationID: window.location.hostname.includes('journals.plos.org') ? "402703674" : "402694889", sa:1} </script> <!-- End New Relic --> <header> <div id="topslot" class="head-top"> <a id="skip-to-content" tabindex="0" class="button" href="#main-content"> Skip to main content </a> <div class="center"> <div class="title">Advertisement</div> <!-- DoubleClick Ad Zone --> <div class='advertisement' id='div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0' style='width:728px; height:90px;'> <script type='text/javascript'> googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-1458247671871-0'); }); </script> </div> </div> </div> <div id="user" class="nav" data-user-management-url="https://community.plos.org"> </div> <div id="pagehdr"> <nav class="nav-main"> <h1 class="logo"> <a href="/globalpublichealth/.">PLOS Global Public Health</a> </h1> <section class="top-bar-section"> <ul class="nav-elements"> <li class="multi-col-parent menu-section-header has-dropdown" id="publish"> Publish <div class="dropdown mega "> <ul class="multi-col" id="publish-dropdown-list"> <li class="menu-section-header " id="submissions"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Submissions </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="submissions-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/submission-guidelines" >Submission Guidelines</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/figures" >Figures</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/tables" >Tables</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/supporting-information" >Supporting Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/latex" >LaTeX</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/what-we-publish" >What We Publish</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/preprints" >Preprints</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/revising-your-manuscript" >Revising Your Manuscript</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/submit-now" >Submit Now</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/s/calls-for-papers" >Calls for Papers</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="policies"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Policies </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="policies-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/best-practices-in-research-reporting" >Best Practices in Research Reporting</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/human-subjects-research" >Human Subjects Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/animal-research" >Animal Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/competing-interests" >Competing Interests</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/disclosure-of-funding-sources" >Disclosure of Funding Sources</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/licenses-and-copyright" >Licenses and Copyright</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/data-availability" >Data Availability</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/complementary-research" >Complementary Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/materials-software-and-code-sharing" >Materials, Software and Code Sharing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/ethical-publishing-practice" >Ethical Publishing Practice</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/authorship" >Authorship</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/corrections-expressions-of-concern-and-retractions" >Corrections, Expressions of Concern, and Retractions</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header " id="manuscript-review-and-publication"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> Manuscript Review and Publication </span> <ul class="menu-section " id="manuscript-review-and-publication-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/criteria-for-publication" >Criteria for Publication</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/editorial-and-peer-review-process" >Editorial and Peer Review Process</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/resources/editor-center" >Editor Center</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/resources-for-editors" >Resources for Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/reviewer-guidelines" >Guidelines for Reviewers</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/accepted-manuscripts" >Accepted Manuscripts</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/comments" >Comments</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> <div class="calloutcontainer"> <h3 class="callout-headline">Submit Your Manuscript</h3> <div class="action-contain"> <p class="callout-content"> <em>PLOS Global Public Health</em> is a global forum for public health research that reaches across disciplines and regional boundaries to address some of the biggest health challenges and inequities facing our society today. </p> <p class="button-contain"> <a class="button button-default" href="/globalpublichealth/s/submit-now"> Get Started </a> </p> </div> <!-- opens in siteMenuCalloutDescription --> </div> </div> </li> <li class="menu-section-header has-dropdown " id="about"> <span class="menu-section-header-title"> About </span> <ul class="menu-section dropdown " id="about-dropdown-list"> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/journal-information" >Journal Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/editors-in-chief" >Editors-in-Chief</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/section-editors" >Section Editors</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/static/editorial-board" >Editorial Board</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/publishing-information" >Publishing Information</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/publication-fees" >Publication Fees</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://plos.org/press-and-media" >Press and Media</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/contact" >Contact</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="menu-section-header ignore-top-bar-li-style"> <a href="/globalpublichealth/search?sortOrder=DATE_NEWEST_FIRST&filterStartDate=2021-10-01&filterJournals=PLOSGlobalPublicHealth&q=&resultsPerPage=60">Browse</a> </li> <script src="/resource/js/vendor/jquery.hoverIntent.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/menu_drop.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script src="/resource/js/components/hover_delay.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <li id="navsearch" class="head-search"> <form name="searchForm" action="/globalpublichealth/search" method="get"> <fieldset> <legend>Search</legend> <label for="search">Search</label> <div class="search-contain"> <input id="search" type="text" name="q" placeholder="SEARCH" required/> <button id="headerSearchButton" type="submit" aria-label="Submit search"> <i title="Submit search" class="search-icon"></i> </button> </div> </fieldset> <input type="hidden" name="filterJournals" value="PLOSGlobalPublicHealth"/> </form> <a id="advSearch" href="/globalpublichealth/search"> advanced search </a> <script src="/resource/js/components/placeholder_style.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </li> </ul> </section> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="main-content"> <div class="lemur-content two-column"> <nav class="site-content-nav"> <ul class="nav-page"> <li data-anchor="loc-a-b" name="loc-a-b"><a href="#loc-a-b"> A-B </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-c-f" name="loc-c-f"><a href="#loc-c-f"> C-F </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-g-k" name="loc-g-k"><a href="#loc-g-k"> G-K </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-l-m" name="loc-l-m"><a href="#loc-l-m"> L-M </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-n-s" name="loc-n-s"><a href="#loc-n-s"> N-S </a></li> <li data-anchor="loc-t-z" name="loc-t-z"><a href="#loc-t-z"> T-Z </a></li> </ul> </nav> <article> <h1>Section Editors</h1> <div data-section-id="2799"> <p><em><i>PLOS Global Public Health</i></em>&nbsp;Section Editors&nbsp;are experts in the fields of research they serve, experienced in the peer review process, ambassadors for Open Science, and active participants in their communities. They serve as advisors to the journal staff in their corresponding <a href="/globalpublichealth/s/editorial-board-sections">section</a>, working on special issues&nbsp;including policy development and reporting guidelines.&nbsp;</p> </div> <div data-section-id="2798"> <table class="table-basic"> <tbody> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8945" id="loc-a-b" name="loc-a-b"></a>A-B</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_75ce9d096b67adec88eb504fabfe5505672f1cc8661a46271f2e225cfa4a31e4"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Seye Abimbola</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1294-3850"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-1294-3850</a><br> University of Sydney<br> Australia<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Governance</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_46432809c3bfaf8752466be0966f1cd9be400bc16d435ed2f23f237dbe9acc22"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Tammam Aloudat</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9645-5883"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-9645-5883</a><br> Graduate Institute of International and Development Studies<br> Switzerland<br> Section:&nbsp;Emergencies and Humanitarianism</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_c9d012b6d7b9a07f254c7e3e5274bff00edd31f574101852697ca34677dbf9ab"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Aduragbemi Banke-Thomas</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-535X"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77"></a>&nbsp;<a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4449-0131">0000-0002-4449-0131</a><br> London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine<br> United Kingdom<br> Section:&nbsp;Maternal, Newborn, and Child Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_e6e138eb3eff1681b59425386f8f34f84169fb4ee639dc6d29cb3df81c9e63a5"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Lorena Barberia</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6319-543X"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-6319-543X</a><br> University of Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo<br> Brazil<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Governance</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_b011b58171efd998ab71fc7c8c3748a0d6b2bef351857bd3de3ebbf06ffb3ce4"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Anant Bhan</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7456-535X"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-7456-535X</a><br> Yenepoya University<br> India<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Ethics</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8946" id="loc-c-f" name="loc-c-f"></a>C-F</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_abb89c06e4a4b70c767b066b4924f3b25bf3e0d592a9b99d9c50cbe9e6fd75cc"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Dixon Chibanda</h4> <p>Harare Central Hospital<br> Zimbabwe<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Mental Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_6b8c4a07ba29777962d8cdce2112c9db711444da3aae27fc8119b79c454c6fe0"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Amrita Daftary</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-2275-3540"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-2275-3540</a><br> York University<br> Canada<br> Section:&nbsp;Social, Behavioral, and Qualitative Research</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_bf8d4967b3520789b640e8955f8328cd642b04145bac7bdfff0473233095feb1"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Roopa Dhatt</h4> <p>Georgetown University, School of Medicine<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Gender and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_cba685e02367ba1f9f818d772f20206a472daceaf84dcae3caebabe9e54e599d"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Ngozi Erondu</h4> <p>Georgetown University<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Security</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8947" id="loc-g-k" name="loc-g-k"></a>G-K</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_01885fa0078735f588160e342507181252b03be4c060986d4b69e5f4c8a8b843"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Patricia Garcia</h4> <p>Universidad Peruana Cayetano Heredia<br> Peru<br> Section:&nbsp;Sexual and Reproductive Rights and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_5e160dab9443b7e8b0fee0a6a61b381b48dcacf1b02740ef9d6381ee1b6fa037"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Renzo Guinto</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3181-0423"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-3181-0423</a><br> St Luke's Medical Center College of Medicine<br> Philippines<br> Section:&nbsp;Planetary and Environmental Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_d80763e4c4b4689ec920f8970a606bbdfdb7994c28215bb697c0509d2defbc6d"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Rachel Hall-Clifford</h4> <p>Center for the Study of Human Health, Emory University<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Social, Behavioral, and Qualitative Research</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_80285c3ff5ff38b21c18f52a3781c07028c898307cb3a94f932b3e41ec4958b1"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Chimaraoke Izugbara</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4908-1131"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-4908-1131</a><br> International Center for Research on Women<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Sexual and Reproductive Rights and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_45c8ea30feeec76bd9987f82f4fe4295a7c01402e53513463d4c48992969ddea"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Choolwe Jacobs</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7741-1962"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-7741-1962</a><br> University of Zambia School of Public Health<br> Zambia<br> Section:&nbsp;Gender and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_11099a9933a6c9feae7f14fb134a68088396a43617f6e7311e0855405364869a"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Sudha Jayaraman</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1094-5836"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-1094-5836</a><br> The University of Utah School of Medicine<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Injuries, Trauma, and Global Surgery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_b64dcb552270758d39727fd1f4cd19d7b4412ce10e062db4da8eb003cf48f1bc"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Fyezah Jehan</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5874-4358"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-5874-4358</a><br> Aga Khan University<br> Pakistan<br> Section:&nbsp;Maternal, Newborn &amp; Child Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_8b8bf084d9bd530ed69618a10195ddbe5331f852e2617bb0bab29e979a75de3b"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Ayesha Kadir</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8596-0729"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-8596-0729</a><br> Save the Children<br> United Kingdom<br> Section:&nbsp;Emergencies and Humanitarianism</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_493af2915709847418c54f9c273df9a0fccc8d881609e4af0b46795472bf474a"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Judy Ngele Khanyola</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9347-7745"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-9347-7745</a><br> University of Global Health Equity<br> Rwanda<br> Section:&nbsp;Nursing and Midwifery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_3328c86f02b96e5128a15f78517b7d5a514ddcb6dfe6981d62c296cf99d324b7"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Elizabeth Wambui Kimani-Murage</h4> <p>African Population and Health Research Center (APHRC)<br> Kenya<br> Section:&nbsp;Nutrition</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_2a23ca44b020cec579e8ab5db3116593a0128e255e14cde4f64b6c7616a69100"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Krutika Kuppalli</h4> <p>World Health Organization<br> Switzerland<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Security</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8948" id="loc-l-m" name="loc-l-m"></a>L-M</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_4a634d34bd2d18de94c583bb50c58551bba0859a4f0b2c56825841db4c66cf5b"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Laila Ladak</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7015-0413"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-7015-0413</a><br> The Aga Khan University<br> Pakistan<br> Section:&nbsp;Nursing and Midwifery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_4ab41d337fa9cb598c317b8af23d1883a76c7e8eb3e894968bf3dbbac8622e50"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Monica Malta</h4> <p>University of Toronto<br> Canada<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Mental Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_90432c93845aa895884095117e59947d290b3f1ddf6b2efca30b75260b304967"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Salome Maswime</h4> <p>University of Cape Town<br> South Africa<br> Section:&nbsp;Injuries, Trauma, and Global Surgery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_269b3947185300d6c7ddf3529b0ac75ce199722479f5c328c165bbdbf85c113f"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Faye McMillan</h4> <p>University of New South Wales<br> Australia<br> Section:&nbsp;Indigenous Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_a6578605363c376a8e47cbb16b65009c354ef9e2f3c81efc654a90a4a3096ee8"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Purnima Menon</h4> <p>International Food Policy Research Institute<br> India<br> Section:&nbsp;Nutrition</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_05ecacfd9c91d5eeda02c4842245e8f6d5971e8a417ff2d677ea14a1a24e1f2e"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Rhona Mijumbi-Deve</h4> <p>Makerere University<br> Uganda<br> Section:&nbsp;Evidence-based Public Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8949" id="loc-n-s" name="loc-n-s"></a>N-S</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_b4fe7f025e86c8d28862dbdce414659420cd7743b462c1dd239e808658594aa1"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Christine Ngaruiya</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4583-0986"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-4583-0986</a><br> Yale University School of Medicine<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Non-communicable Diseases</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_abdac7ea386059a78892d48e1a8464968ce7b5114802b2280d3e3d47d5f88062"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Justice Nonvignon</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7484-9491"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-7484-9491</a><br> University of Ghana<br> Ghana<br> Section:&nbsp;Policy and Finance</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_df3e5cf9602e463232bdcc7e74013cb2b85b3a0959362e477612208b97e1f33c"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Abdisalan Mohamed Noor</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2242-4499"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-2242-4499</a><br> Global Malaria Programme, World Health Organization<br> Switzerland<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Delivery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_cf9875a6d1ecb5f08f75d04b2bb75a5323e2ff2f136489c5888aec5704da3ce2"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Moffat Nyirenda</h4> <p>London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine<br> United Kingdom<br> Section:&nbsp;Non-communicable Diseases</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_ae7d75a200b6b2922f7a1ebb421da211573235bb38d551fd69d605b7e6747b63"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Eleanor Ochodo</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-7951-3030"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-7951-3030</a><br> Stellenbosch University, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences<br> Kenya<br> Section:&nbsp;Infectious Diseases</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_4e495b0066e8fa40013a38472ed16d21363f599994ed30479e2a8a8479cd37c1"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Fredros Oketch Okumu</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2731-5654"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-2731-5654</a><br> Ifakara Health Institute<br> Tanzania<br> Section:&nbsp;Infectious Diseases</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_e4816ec3073c1e3cd24a0c15fbc844046bef1c5b18959c45aa2afe467ff16052"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Tolu Oni</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4499-1910"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-4499-1910</a><br> University of Cambridge<br> United Kingdom<br> Section:&nbsp;Planetary and Environmental Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_44e6b1ed4c925dc24652648228d9670314fcf3ffb4a28546a0c4b1fb1f7cee0c"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Ijeoma Opara</h4> <p>Wayne State University School of Medicine<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Racism and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_e6e138eb3eff1681b59425386f8f34f84169fb4ee639dc6d29cb3df81c9e63a5"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Nicole Redvers</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8521-2130"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-8521-2130</a><br> Western University Schulich School of Medicine &amp; Dentistry<br> Canada<br> Section:&nbsp;Indigenous Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_d7e72c49e79addab08f1f49c94f009e4cb2413807d8ee7544038765daaddc1fe"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Pamela Roach</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7694-9309"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-7694-9309</a><br> University of Calgary<br> Canada<br> Section:&nbsp;Indigenous Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_e6e138eb3eff1681b59425386f8f34f84169fb4ee639dc6d29cb3df81c9e63a5"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Senjuti Saha</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6087-6766"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-6087-6766</a><br> Child Health Research Foundation<br> Bangladesh<br> Section:&nbsp;Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_5eb049ed3be8b5766ecaa970353a8bbee82ec83128ef893004b5379997421711"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Thurka Sangaramoorthy</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8467-5907"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0002-8467-5907</a><br> University of Maryland<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Social, Behavioral, and Qualitative Research</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_3ff6ec0a7099c925820b842b806d166910a42dbbca83fac7dbf6eed190b67d31"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Aqsa Shaikh</h4> <p>Hamdard Institute of Medical Science and Research<br> India<br> Section:&nbsp;Gender and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"> <h2><a data-anchor-id="8950" id="loc-t-z" name="loc-t-z"></a>T-Z</h2></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;">&nbsp;</td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_4049eb447a0fd8cfa0f83cb626dbf5131b1aeaabf7edfae84770280cd459c3e9"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Amy Tan</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2063-4919"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-2063-4919</a><br> University of British Columbia<br> Canada<br> Section:&nbsp;Racism and Health</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_e6e138eb3eff1681b59425386f8f34f84169fb4ee639dc6d29cb3df81c9e63a5"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Boghuma K. Titanji</h4> <p>Emory University<br> United States<br> Section:&nbsp;Diagnostics and Laboratory Medicine</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_d229246dea077eb1d24ee836e66fbe515ef91991fde61e7ef71976f43093bf0b"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Benjamin Tsofa</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1000-1771"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0003-1000-1771</a><br> KEMRI-Wellcome Trust Research Programme: Centre for Geographic Medicine Research Coast<br> Kenya<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Delivery</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_0fc8f1fcbda61d5e85d8ebca76ab4645e5139def9eab4992d8432325eeaa10e9"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Deisy Ventura</h4> <p><a href="https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8237-2470"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-8237-2470</a><br> University of Sao Paulo: Universidade de Sao Paulo<br> Brazil<br> Section:&nbsp;Global Health Ethics</p></td> </tr> <tr> <td style="width: 140.391px; vertical-align: top;"><img alt="" class="img-default" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/headshot_3e169ef6152ed7025b703123a7a8d9499de95c8fe1dcec972fff1aeb0f53e45a"></td> <td style="vertical-align: top;"> <h4>Clare Wenham</h4> <p><a href="http://orcid.org/0000-0001-5378-3203"><img alt="" class="img-left" style="margin-bottom:0px" src="/globalpublichealth/indirect/7ef81a3a7d58d65486c87240e539ba702e228e53a8a11b41f0332e0a0202fd77">&nbsp;0000-0001-5378-3203</a><br> London School of Economics (LSE)<br> United Kingdom<br> Section:&nbsp;Policy and Finance</p></td> </tr> </tbody> </table> </div> </article> </div><script defer src="/resource/js/components/scroll.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/components/floating_nav.js" type="text/javascript"></script> <script defer src="/resource/js/pages/site_content.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </main> <footer id="pageftr"> <div class="row"> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header"><a href="https://plos.org/publications/journals/">Publications</a></li> <li><a href="/plosbiology/" id="ftr-bio">PLOS Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/climate/" id="ftr-climate">PLOS Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/complexsystems/" id="ftr-complex-systems">PLOS Complex Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/ploscompbiol/" id="ftr-compbio">PLOS Computational Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/digitalhealth/" id="ftr-digitalhealth">PLOS Digital Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosgenetics/" id="ftr-gen">PLOS Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/globalpublichealth/" id="ftr-globalpublichealth">PLOS Global Public Health</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block x-small"> <ul class="nav nav-secondary"> <li class="ftr-header">&nbsp;</li> <li><a href="/plosmedicine/" id="ftr-med">PLOS Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/mentalhealth/" id="ftr-mental-health">PLOS Mental Health</a></li> <li><a href="/plosntds/" id="ftr-ntds">PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/plosone/" id="ftr-one">PLOS ONE</a></li> <li><a href="/plospathogens/" id="ftr-path">PLOS Pathogens</a></li> <li><a href="/sustainabilitytransformation/" id="ftr-sustainabilitytransformation">PLOS Sustainability and Transformation</a></li> <li><a href="/water/" id="ftr-water">PLOS Water</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-tertiary"> <li> <a href="https://plos.org" id="ftr-home">Home</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://blogs.plos.org" id="ftr-blog">Blogs</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://collections.plos.org/" id="ftr-collections">Collections</a> </li> <li> <a href="mailto:webmaster@plos.org" id="ftr-feedback">Give feedback</a> </li> <li> <a href="/globalpublichealth/lockss-manifest" id="ftr-lockss">LOCKSS</a> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="block xx-small"> <ul class="nav nav-primary"> <li><a href="https://plos.org/privacy-policy" id="ftr-privacy">Privacy Policy</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/terms-of-use" id="ftr-terms">Terms of Use</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/advertise/" id="ftr-advertise">Advertise</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/media-inquiries" id="ftr-media">Media Inquiries</a></li> <li><a href="https://plos.org/contact" id="ftr-contact">Contact</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <p> <img src="/resource/img/logo-plos-footer.png" alt="PLOS" class="logo-footer"/> <span class="footer-non-profit-statement">PLOS is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation, #C2354500, based in San Francisco, California, US</span> </p> <div class="block"> </div> </div> <script src="/resource/js/global.js" type="text/javascript"></script> </footer> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10