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States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued October 5, 2015<br />Decided December 1, 2015</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>OBB PERSONENVERKEHR AG, Petitioner v. CAROL P. SACHS</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Docket no.</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.supremecourt.gov/docket/docketfiles/html/public/13–1067.html">13–1067</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">577 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_577" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 577">more</a></i>)<div>136 S. Ct. 390; 193 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 269; 2015 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 7670; 84 U.S.L.W. 4011</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">On writ of certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, <i>Sachs v. Republic of Austria</i>, 737 <a href="/wiki/F.3d" class="mw-redirect" title="F.3d">F.3d</a> 584 (9th Cir. 2013)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Although the plaintiff purchased a rail ticket in the United States, an injury that occurred on a rail platform in Austria was "based upon" conduct that occurred solely in Austria; the plaintiff's suit therefore fell outside the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act's commercial activity exception</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Antonin Scalia</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Anthony Kennedy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Clarence Thomas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Breyer" title="Stephen Breyer">Stephen Breyer</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Samuel Alito</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Elena_Kagan" title="Elena Kagan">Elena Kagan</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinion</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Roberts, joined by <i>unanimous</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Laws applied</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Title_28_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 28 of the United States Code">28 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1605(a)(2)">§ 1605(a)(2)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act" title="Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act">Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</b></i>, 577 U.S. ___ (2015), is a decision by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, holding that the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act" title="Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act">Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act</a> barred a California resident from bringing suit against an <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austrian</a> railroad in <a href="/wiki/United_States_district_court" title="United States district court">federal district court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case arose after a <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> resident suffered traumatic personal injuries while attempting to board a train in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She then filed a lawsuit against the railroad in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a> in which she alleged the railroad was responsible for causing her injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the railroad was owned by the Austrian government, the railroad claimed that the lawsuit should be barred by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, which provides immunity to foreign sovereigns in tort suits filed in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, the plaintiff argued that her suit should be permitted under the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act's commercial activity exception because she purchased her rail ticket in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Writing for a unanimous Court, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> held that the plaintiff's injury was "based upon" conduct that occurred solely in Austria, and the suit therefore fell outside the <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Sovereign_Immunities_Act" title="Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act">Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act</a>'s commercial activity exception.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice Roberts emphasized that "the conduct constituting the <a href="/wiki/Gravamen" title="Gravamen">gravamen</a> of Sachs's suit plainly occurred abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-OBB8_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Commentators have identified this case as part of "a series of rulings" in which the Supreme Court of the United States "has limited the use of U.S. courts as a forum for adjudicating wrongs that took place primarily outside the country".<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although some analysts suggest the case has a "larger meaning", other analysts have described the Court's ruling as "less momentous than we might have expected".<sup id="cite_ref-Compare_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compare-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tort_immunity_for_foreign_sovereigns">Tort immunity for foreign sovereigns</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tort immunity for foreign sovereigns"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act of 1976 codified the longstanding <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> principle that foreign sovereigns could not be held liable for torts in United States courts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After its enactment, the Act became "the sole basis for obtaining jurisdiction over a foreign state in [United States] courts".<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Act states that United States courts may only exercise <a href="/wiki/Subject_matter_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject matter jurisdiction">subject matter jurisdiction</a> in cases brought by a private citizen against a foreign sovereign when the suit falls within one of the Act's enumerated exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Absent subject matter jurisdiction, United States Courts may not exercise <a href="/wiki/Personal_jurisdiction" title="Personal jurisdiction">personal jurisdiction</a> over a foreign sovereign.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, one of the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act's enumerated exceptions is the commercial activity exception, which specifies that foreign sovereigns may be held liable in United States courts when "the action is based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by [a] foreign state".<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Act, the definition of a "foreign state" also includes an "agency or instrumentality" of the foreign state.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_lawsuit">Initial lawsuit</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Initial lawsuit"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Carol Sachs, a resident of <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a>, purchased a <a href="/wiki/Eurail" title="Eurail">Eurail</a> pass from a <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Travel_agent" class="mw-redirect" title="Travel agent">travel agent</a> in March 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-OBB2_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She arrived in <a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Austria, one month after purchasing her Eurail pass, where she intended to board a train operated by <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Federal_Railways" title="Austrian Federal Railways">ÖBB Personenverkehr AG</a> (ÖBB) bound for <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-OBB2_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB2-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Sachs attempted to board the train, she fell from the platform onto the tracks and suffered traumatic personal injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sachs filed a lawsuit in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">United States District Court for the Northern District of California</a> in which she alleged ÖBB was responsible for causing her injuries.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although ÖBB was operated by the Austrian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Transport_(Austria)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Transport (Austria)">Ministry of Transport</a>, Sachs argued her suit was not barred by the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act because her suit was based upon the railway's act of selling her a Eurail pass in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, ÖBB <a href="/wiki/Motion_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Motion (law)">moved</a> to dismiss the suit for lack of <a href="/wiki/Subject_matter_jurisdiction" class="mw-redirect" title="Subject matter jurisdiction">subject matter jurisdiction</a> on the grounds that Sachs' suit was barred by sovereign immunity.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district court granted ÖBB's motion, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit</a> affirmed the district court's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Ninth Circuit ordered the case to be reheard <a href="/wiki/En_banc" title="En banc">en banc</a>, and a majority of judges reversed the panel's decision.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The en banc majority concluded that Sachs' suit was permitted under the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act's commercial activity exception because her claims were "based upon a commercial activity carried on in the United States by OBB".<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ÖBB then appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a>, which granted certiorari on January 23, 2015.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:308px;max-width:308px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Chief Justice John Roberts" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/150px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/225px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Official_roberts_CJ.jpg/300px-Official_roberts_CJ.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Oliver_Wendell_Holmes,_1902.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg/150px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg/225px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg/300px-Oliver_Wendell_Holmes%2C_1902.jpg 2x" data-file-width="773" data-file-height="978" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Writing for a unanimous court, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> (pictured left) cited a letter written by former Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> (pictured right) to then-professor <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, which explained that the "essentials of a personal injury narrative will be found at the point of contact – the place where the boy got his fingers pinched".<sup id="cite_ref-OBB9Holmes_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB9Holmes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div></div> <p>Writing for a unanimous Court, <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">John Roberts</a> held that Sachs' injury was "based upon" conduct that occurred solely in Austria, and the suit therefore fell outside the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act's commercial activity exception.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act does not define the phrase "based upon" with specificity, Chief Justice Roberts explained that the Court's 1993 ruling in <i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should guide the Court's analysis in this case.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i>Nelson</i>, the Court held that the <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabian</a> government was protected by sovereign immunity in a <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a> suit brought by an American who alleged he was tortured by Saudi police after reporting safety violations in a Saudi hospital.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the plaintiff alleged the suit was based upon commercial activity that occurred when the Saudi hospital recruited the plaintiff in America, the Court ruled that the plaintiffs claims involved "sovereign acts" rather than commercial activity.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court ultimately held that the Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act's "based upon" provision requires courts to identify the "particular conduct" upon which a plaintiff's claim is based.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Applying the <i>Nelson</i> analysis to the facts of this case, Chief Justice Roberts held that "the conduct constituting the <a href="/wiki/Gravamen" title="Gravamen">gravamen</a> of Sachs’s suit plainly occurred abroad".<sup id="cite_ref-OBB8_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Justice Roberts also concluded that "[u]nder any theory of the case", there was "nothing wrongful about the sale of the Eurail pass standing alone".<sup id="cite_ref-OBB8_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB8-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To support his arguments, Chief Justice Roberts cited a letter written by former Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/Oliver_Wendell_Holmes_Jr." title="Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.">Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.</a> to then-professor <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, which explained that the "essentials of a personal injury narrative will be found at the point of contact – the place where the boy got his fingers pinched".<sup id="cite_ref-OBB9Holmes_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OBB9Holmes-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chief Justice Roberts wrote that "[a]t least in this case, that insight holds true".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Therefore, Chief Justice Roberts concluded that Sach's suit did not fall within the commercial activity exception of the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act, and that the Ninth Circuit's opinion should be reversed for lack of jurisdiction.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Analysis_and_commentary">Analysis and commentary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Analysis and commentary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although some commentators suggested the Court's opinion may have a significant impact in tort cases involving foreign sovereigns, other commentators suggested the case's impact would be limited.<sup id="cite_ref-Compare_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Compare-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lyle_Denniston" title="Lyle Denniston">Lyle Denniston</a>, for example, noted that although "the case focused on one American and one incident, it may well have larger meaning" and that following the Court's opinion, foreign railroads "could rarely, if ever, be held accountable for causing injuries, or worse".<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Amy Howe wrote that the Court's decision "at first blush appears less momentous than we might have expected when the Court agreed to take the case on earlier this year".<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/The_National_Law_Journal" title="The National Law Journal">The National Law Journal</a></i>, Tony Mauro commented that the court's opinion was "the latest in a series of rulings in which the high court has limited the use of U.S. courts as a forum for adjudicating wrongs that took place primarily outside the country".<sup id="cite_ref-Mauro_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mauro-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although she characterized the case as "a good decision by the Court", Ingrid Wuerth noted that the Court "left for another day" other cases "with less tangible injuries such as the misappropriation of trade secrets and other data or intellectual property-related actions, some of which may prove difficult to analyze under the Court's gravamen test".<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the publication of the Court's opinion, <a href="/wiki/Dorsey_%26_Whitney" title="Dorsey & Whitney">Dorsey & Whitney LLP</a> partner Juan C. Basombrio, who argued the case before the Supreme Court on behalf of ÖBB Personenverkehr, issued a press release that praised the Court's decision to respect "the importance of international comity".<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The press release also noted that "[i]n a world that has become increasingly connected by international commercial transactions, and where there is also increasing friction in the relations between the United States and other nations, this is a seminal and important decision that will foster harmony between the United States and other nations at least in the commercial context".<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Stanford_Law_School" title="Stanford Law School">Stanford Law School</a> professor Jeffrey Fisher, who argued on behalf of Carol Sachs at the Supreme Court, stated that he was "deeply disappointed in the court's ruling".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fisher wrote that he "hoped the court would consider – as it often does – the totality of respondent's arguments in support of the holding below", but that "[t]he court's failure to do so means that the Ninth Circuit and other courts still have not been given guidance concerning how to resolve cases like this".<sup id="cite_ref-Hoover_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hoover-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases">List of United States Supreme Court cases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_volume" title="Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume">Lists of United States Supreme Court cases by volume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_by_the_Roberts_Court" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court">List of United States Supreme Court cases by the Roberts Court</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</i>, No. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/577/13–1067/">13–1067</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_577" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 577">577</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___, slip op. at 1–2 (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 1, 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 1, 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 1, 3–4 (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 1–2, 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBB8-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBB8_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBB8_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBB8_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mauro-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mauro_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tony Mauro, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationallawjournal.com/id=1202743673807?keywords=%22tony+mauro%22&publication=National+Law+Journal&slreturn=20151113175729"><i>Justices' Austrian Train Ruling Further Restricts Foreign Claims in U.S. Courts</i></a>, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">The National Law Journal</span>, December 1, 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Compare-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Compare_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Compare_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Compare Lyle Denniston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2015/12/constitution-check-do-u-s-laws-protect-americans-traveling-overseas/"><i>Constitution Check: Do U.S. laws protect Americans traveling overseas?</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Constitution Daily</span>, December 3, 2015 (noting the case has a "larger meaning") with Amy Howe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/12/first-decision-of-the-term-is-a-unanimous-one-in-foreign-sovereign-immunities-act-case/"><i>First decision of the Term is a unanimous one in Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act case</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">SCOTUSblog</span> (December 1, 2015, 2:50 PM) (noting that the case was "less momentous than we might have expected").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 U.S.C. §§ 1602–1611.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Argentine Republic v. Amerada Hess Shipping Corp.</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_488" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 488">488</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/488/428/#443">428, 443</a> (1989).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee M. Caplan, <i>The Constitution and Jurisdiction over Foreign States: The 1996 Amendment to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in Perspective</i>, 41 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Va. J. Int'l L.</span> 369, 405 (2001) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1330(a)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee M. Caplan, <i>The Constitution and Jurisdiction over Foreign States: The 1996 Amendment to the Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act in Perspective</i>, 41 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Va. J. Int'l L.</span> 369, 405 (2001) (citing 28 U.S.C. § 1330(b)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 U.S.C. § 1605(a)(2).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">28 U.S.C. § 1603(a).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBB2-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBB2_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBB2_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 2–3 (internal citations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 4 (citing <i>Sachs v. Republic of Austria</i>, 2011 WL 816854, *1, *4 (ND Cal., January 28, 2011); <i>Sachs v. Republic of Aus.</i>, 695 F.3d 1021 (9th Cir. 2012)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 4 (citing <i>Sachs v. Republic of Austria</i>, 737 F.3d 584 (9th Cir. 2013)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 4 (citing 737 F.3d at 602) (internal quotations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</i>, 135 S. Ct. 1172 (2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OBB9Holmes-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OBB9Holmes_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OBB9Holmes_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 9 (citing Letter (December 19, 1915), in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Holmes and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence</span>, 1912–1934, p. 40 (R. Mennel & C. Compston eds. 1996) (internal quotations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_507" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 507">507</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/507/349/">349</a> (1993).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 5–6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 5–6; see also <i>Nelson</i>, 507 U.S. at 353–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 6 (citing <i>Nelson</i>, 507 U.S. at 358).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 6 (citing <i>Nelson</i>, 507 U.S. at 357) (internal quotations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>OBB Personenverkehr</i>, slip op. at 10–11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lyle Denniston, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.constitutioncenter.org/2015/12/constitution-check-do-u-s-laws-protect-americans-traveling-overseas/"><i>Constitution Check: Do U.S. laws protect Americans traveling overseas?</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Constitution Daily</span> (December 3, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amy Howe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotusblog.com/2015/12/first-decision-of-the-term-is-a-unanimous-one-in-foreign-sovereign-immunities-act-case/"><i>First decision of the Term is a unanimous one in Foreign Sovereign Immunities Act case</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">SCOTUSblog</span> (December 1, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ingrid Wuerth, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lawfaremedia.org/article/supreme-courts-anodyne-opinion-sachs-v-obb-personenverkehr"><i>The Supreme Court’s Anodyne Opinion in Sachs v. OBB Personenverkehr</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Lawfare</span> (December 4, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorsey & Whitney LLP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dorsey.com/newsresources/news/press-releases/2015/12/juan-basombrio-prevails-before-us-supreme-court"><i>Dorsey Partner Juan Basombrio Prevails Before United States Supreme Court Representing Austria’s National Railway</i></a> (December 1, 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorsey & Whitney LLP, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dorsey.com/newsresources/news/press-releases/2015/12/juan-basombrio-prevails-before-us-supreme-court"><i>Dorsey Partner Juan Basombrio Prevails Before United States Supreme Court Representing Austria’s National Railway</i></a> (December 1, 2015) (internal quotations omitted).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hoover-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hoover_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jimmy Hoover, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.law360.com/articles/732664/austrian-railway-immune-to-us-suits-high-court-says"><i>Austrian Railway Immune To US Suits, High Court Says</i></a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r920966791"><span class="smallcaps">Law360</span> (December 1, 2015) (internal quotations omitted).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_577" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 577">577</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> ___ (2015) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=4988101027205914106">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/577/13-1067/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/0/https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/15pdf/13-1067_onkq.pdf">Supreme Court (slip opinion) (archived)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:USArticleIII" title="Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:USArticleIII" title="Template talk:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII" title="Special:EditPage/Template:USArticleIII"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and<br />independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harrison_v._NAACP" title="Harrison v. NAACP">Harrison v. NAACP</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a></i> (1804)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treason_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Treason laws in the United States">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&oldid=1196044471">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs&oldid=1196044471</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Constitution_Article_Three_case_law" title="Category:United States Constitution Article Three case law">United States Constitution Article Three case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Roberts_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Roberts Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:2015_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:2015 in United States case law">2015 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Foreign_Sovereign_Immunity_Act_case_law" title="Category:Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act case law">Foreign Sovereign Immunity Act case law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 16 January 2024, at 04:21<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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