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nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1959 United States Supreme Court case</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox scotus" style="line-height: 1.4em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #99c0ff; padding: 0.2em; line-height: 1.4em; font-size:125%; font-style: italic">Harrison v. NAACP</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Seal of the United States Supreme Court"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></span></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="padding-top: 0.5em; font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Argued March 23–24, 1959<br />Decided June 8, 1959</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Harrison, Attorney General of Virginia, et al. v. National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, et al.</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data">360 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/us/360/167/case.html">167</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_360" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 360">more</a></i>)<div>79 S. Ct. 1025; 3 <a href="/wiki/L._Ed._2d" class="mw-redirect" title="L. Ed. 2d">L. Ed. 2d</a> 1152; 1959 <a href="/wiki/U.S._LEXIS" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. LEXIS">U.S. LEXIS</a> 1760</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior</th><td class="infobox-data">159 <a href="/wiki/F._Supp." class="mw-redirect" title="F. Supp.">F. Supp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/159/503/2343958/">503</a> (<a href="/wiki/E.D._Va." class="mw-redirect" title="E.D. Va.">E.D. Va.</a> 1958); probable jurisdiction noted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_358" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 358">358</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 807 (1958).</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subsequent</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>NAACP v. Harrison</i>, 202 Va. 142; 116 <a href="/wiki/S.E.2d" class="mw-redirect" title="S.E.2d">S.E.2d</a> 55 (1960); <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">cert</a>. granted, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_365" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 365">365</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 842 (1961); reversed, <i><a href="/wiki/NAACP_v._Button" title="NAACP v. Button">NAACP v. Button</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_371" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 371">371</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/371/415/">415</a> (1963).</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Holding</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">District court erred in deciding the constitutionality of state law before state courts had a reasonable opportunity to construe them.</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Court membership</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><dl style="margin:0; padding:0.1em 0.5em; text-align:center; line-height:1.3em;"> <dt style="margin:0;">Chief Justice</dt> <dd style="margin:0 0 0.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> </dd> <dt style="margin:0;">Associate Justices</dt> <dd style="margin:0;"><a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a><br /><a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_(born_1899)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Marshall Harlan (born 1899)">John M. Harlan II</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">William J. Brennan Jr.</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Charles E. Whittaker</a> <b>·</b>  <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a> </dd></dl></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #99c0ff; white-space:nowrap">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Majority</th><td class="infobox-data">Harlan, joined by Black, Frankfurter, Clark, Whittaker, Stewart</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Dissent</th><td class="infobox-data">Douglas, joined by Warren, Brennan</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Harrison v. NAACP</b></i>, 360 U.S. 167 (1959), is a 6-to-3 ruling by the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">Supreme Court of the United States</a> which held that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Eastern_District_of_Virginia" title="United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia">United States District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia</a> should have abstained from deciding the constitutionality of three <a href="/wiki/Barratry_(common_law)" title="Barratry (common law)">barratry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Champerty_and_maintenance" title="Champerty and maintenance">champerty</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Champerty_and_maintenance" title="Champerty and maintenance">maintenance</a> laws in the state of <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> until state courts had had a reasonable chance to construe them.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On September 10, 1956, as part of the <a href="/wiki/Massive_Resistance" class="mw-redirect" title="Massive Resistance">Massive Resistance</a> movement, 16 bills were introduced in a special session of the <a href="/wiki/Virginia_General_Assembly" title="Virginia General Assembly">Virginia General Assembly</a> aimed at curbing the <a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Colored_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Association for the Advancement of Colored People">National Association for the Advancement of Colored People</a> (NAACP) in Virginia.<sup id="cite_ref-BillsAimed_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillsAimed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Five of the bills expanded the state's definitions of barratry, champerty, and maintenance. Barratry is the "stirring up" of litigation by inducing individuals or organizations to sue when they otherwise would not.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Champerty occurs when a third party (not the plaintiff nor their legal counsel) assumes the risks and financial costs of a lawsuit in return for a portion of the monetary award.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Maintenance occurs when a third party supports or promotes a litigant's suit in such a way as to prolong litigation when the parties would otherwise have brought an end to litigation or settled the suit.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The eleven other bills collectively required the following groups to file a financial report and membership list annually with state: any group which promotes or opposes state legislation aimed at any race; any organization attempting to influence public opinion on behalf of any race; or any group raising funds to employ legal counsel in connection with racial litigation.<sup id="cite_ref-BillsAimed_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BillsAimed-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the special session, these had been collapsed into six "legal business" bills.<sup id="cite_ref-Signed_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Signed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BakerBillsGo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakerBillsGo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were significantly amended in committee to meet the constitutional concerns of a number of legislators.<sup id="cite_ref-BakerBillsGo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BakerBillsGo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The bills were merged so that only five were reported from the committee and passed by the Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Virginia" title="Governor of Virginia">Governor</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bahnson_Stanley" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Bahnson Stanley">Thomas B. Stanley</a> signed these legal business bills into law on September 29, 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-Signed_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Signed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They went into effect immediately.<sup id="cite_ref-Signed_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Signed-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Virginia NAACP filed suit in federal court in 1956 against the <a href="/wiki/Attorney_General_of_Virginia" title="Attorney General of Virginia">Attorney General of Virginia</a> to have the five barratry, champerty, and maintenance laws thrown out as an unconstitutional infringement of the <a href="/wiki/First_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="First Amendment to the United States Constitution">1st Amendment</a> rights of freedom of speech and freedom of assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson315_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson315-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1957, Virginians elected <a href="/wiki/Albertis_S._Harrison,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Albertis S. Harrison, Jr.">Albertis S. Harrison, Jr.</a> Attorney General, so he was the named defendant when the three judge panel of the U.S. District Court of the Eastern District of Virginia issued its decision in <i>NAACP v. Harrison</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the panel agreed that three of the laws were unconstitutional, but reserved judgment on the other two laws pending interpretation by state courts (which had not yet ruled on the laws' legality).<sup id="cite_ref-Dickson315_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dickson315-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state appealed, and the U.S. Supreme Court granted <a href="/wiki/Certiorari" title="Certiorari">certiorari</a>. <a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Thurgood Marshall</a> argued for the NAACP; <a href="/wiki/David_J._Mays" title="David J. Mays">David J. Mays</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=J._Segar_Gravatt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J. Segar Gravatt (page does not exist)">J. Segar Gravatt</a> argued for the state (attorney general Harrison having delegated the responsibility of defending the statute to private attorney Mays). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Opinion_of_the_Court">Opinion of the Court</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Opinion of the Court"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Majority">Majority</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Majority"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Associate_Justice_of_the_United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="Associate Justice of the United States Supreme Court">Associate Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">John Marshall Harlan II</a> wrote the majority opinion, joined by Associate Justices <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Black" title="Hugo Black">Hugo Black</a>, <a href="/wiki/Felix_Frankfurter" title="Felix Frankfurter">Felix Frankfurter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tom_C._Clark" title="Tom C. Clark">Tom C. Clark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Charles Evans Whittaker</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Potter_Stewart" title="Potter Stewart">Potter Stewart</a>. </p><p>The Supreme Court had, 18 years earlier, confronted the issue of how to avoid constitutional rulings where a resolution in state court might make such decisions unnecessary. This rule had been laid down in <i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Comm%27n_of_Tex._v._Pullman_Co." class="mw-redirect" title="Railroad Comm'n of Tex. v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Comm'n of Tex. v. Pullman Co.</a></i>, 312 U. S. 496 (1941). </p><p>Under this rule, Harlan concluded that the issue was not yet ripe for federal action. Federal courts, he wrote, should not address the constitutionality of state laws, especially those laws which were new or open to reasonable interpretation, until state courts had a reasonable period of time to interpret them.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> To meet this test, the Supreme Court had to determine whether the laws in question could be reasonably interpreted in more than one way. Harlan said that there was reasonable room for alternative legal construction by state courts.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> State courts, he said, needed to generate a complete record (which included the possibility of limiting interpretation) so that federal courts could more accurately rule on the issues raised.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The judgment was vacated and the case remanded back of the district court, with instructions that the federal court should retain jurisdiction over the cases until such time as Virginia courts had construed them.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissent">Dissent</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dissent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_O._Douglas" title="William O. Douglas">William O. Douglas</a> dissented, joined by <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a> and Associate Justice <a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="William J. Brennan, Jr.">William J. Brennan, Jr.</a> </p><p>Douglas did not dispute that <i>Railroad Comm'n</i> was an appropriate precedent. However, he argued that in certain cases, the precedent could be used as a tactic to delay justice.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The case at hand presented unique, pressing issues regarding fundamental civil rights, he said,<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It seems plain to me that it was the District Court's duty to provide this remedy," he concluded.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Where state laws made such an assault as these do on our decisions and a State has spoken defiantly against the constitutional rights of the citizens, reasons for showing deference to local institutions vanish."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Douglas would have upheld the lower court's ruling against the three laws, and also thought that the majority erred by remanding the other two laws back to state courts for interpretation (rather than holding them unconstitutional).<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison v. NAACP</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_360" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 360">360</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/360/167/">167</a> (1959).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BillsAimed-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BillsAimed_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BillsAimed_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Bills Aimed at NAACP Stir Va. Assembly Fight." <i>Washington Post.</i> September 11, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson, p. 314.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Signed-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Signed_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signed_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Signed_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">"School, NAACP Bills Signed by Gov. Stanley." <i>Washington Post.</i> September 30, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BakerBillsGo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BakerBillsGo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BakerBillsGo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Baker, Robert E. "School Bills Go to Stanley." <i>Washington Post.</i> September 23, 1956.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickson315-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson315_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dickson315_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dickson, p. 315.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>NAACP v. Harrison</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://law.justia.com/cases/federal/district-courts/FSupp/159/503/2343958/">159 F. Supp. 503</a> (E.D. Va. 1958).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 176–177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 177–178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 179.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 179–180 (Douglas, J., dissenting).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 182.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Harrison</i>, 360 U.S. at 184.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Dickson, Del. <i>The Supreme Court in Conference, 1940–1985: The Private Discussions Behind Nearly 300 Supreme Court Decisions.</i> New York: Oxford University Press, 2001.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Text of <i>Harrison v. NAACP</i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_360" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 360">360</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> 167 (1959) is available from: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/360/167/">Cornell</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.courtlistener.com/opinion/105903/harrison-v-naacp/">CourtListener</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/360/167.html">Findlaw</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=13451547261386077541">Google Scholar</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/360/167/">Justia</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdn.loc.gov/service/ll/usrep/usrep360/usrep360167/usrep360167.pdf">Library of Congress</a>  <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oyez.org/cases/1958/127">Oyez (oral argument audio)</a> </li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="U.S._Supreme_Court_Article_III_case_law" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_the_United_States" title="Supreme Court of the United States">U.S. Supreme Court</a> <a href="/wiki/Article_Three_of_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Article Three of the United States Constitution">Article III</a> case law</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Federalism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abstention_doctrine" title="Abstention doctrine">Abstention</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Railroad_Commission_v._Pullman_Co." title="Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.">Railroad Commission v. Pullman Co.</a></i> (1941)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burford_v._Sun_Oil_Co." title="Burford v. Sun Oil Co.">Burford v. Sun Oil Co.</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Power_%26_Light_Co._v._City_of_Thibodaux" title="Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux">Louisiana Power & Light Co. v. City of Thibodaux</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Gas_Pipe_Line_Co._v._Ideal_Cement_Co." title="United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.">United Gas Pipe Line Co. v. Ideal Cement Co.</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/England_v._Louisiana_State_Board_of_Medical_Examiners" title="England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners">England v. Louisiana State Board of Medical Examiners</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Younger_v._Harris" title="Younger v. Harris">Younger v. Harris</a></i> (1971)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colorado_River_Water_Conservation_District_v._United_States" title="Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States">Colorado River Water Conservation District v. United States</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moses_H._Cone_Memorial_Hospital_v._Mercury_Construction_Corp." title="Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.">Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury Construction Corp.</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and<br />independent state ground</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Murdock_v._City_of_Memphis" title="Murdock v. City of Memphis">Murdock v. City of Memphis</a></i> (1875)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Nation_of_Indians_v._Christy" title="Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy">Seneca Nation of Indians v. Christy</a></i> (1896)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fox_Film_Corp._v._Muller" title="Fox Film Corp. v. Muller">Fox Film Corp. v. Muller</a></i> (1935)</li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Harrison v. NAACP</a></i> (1959)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Michigan_v._Long" title="Michigan v. Long">Michigan v. Long</a></i> (1983)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_common_law" title="Federal common law">Federal common law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hudson" title="United States v. Hudson">United States v. Hudson</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Swift_v._Tyson" title="Swift v. Tyson">Swift v. Tyson</a></i> (1842)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Black_%26_White_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co._v._Brown_%26_Yellow_Taxicab_%26_Transfer_Co." title="Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.">Black & White Taxicab & Transfer Co. v. Brown & Yellow Taxicab & Transfer Co.</a></i> (1928)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erie_Railroad_Co._v._Tompkins" title="Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins">Erie Railroad Co. v. Tompkins</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hinderlider_v._La_Plata_River_%26_Cherry_Creek_Ditch_Co." title="Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.">Hinderlider v. La Plata River & Cherry Creek Ditch Co.</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clearfield_Trust_Co._v._United_States" title="Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States">Clearfield Trust Co. v. United States</a></i> (1943)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rooker%E2%80%93Feldman_doctrine" title="Rooker–Feldman doctrine">Rooker–Feldman doctrine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Rooker_v._Fidelity_Trust_Co." title="Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.">Rooker v. Fidelity Trust Co.</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Court_of_Appeals_v._Feldman" title="District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman">District of Columbia Court of Appeals v. Feldman</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Exxon_Mobil_Corp._v._Saudi_Basic_Industries_Corp." title="Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.">Exxon Mobil Corp. v. Saudi Basic Industries Corp.</a></i> (2005)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Sovereign immunity in the United States">Sovereign immunity</a> and<br /><a href="/wiki/Presidential_immunity_in_the_United_States" title="Presidential immunity in the United States">presidential immunity</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Little_v._Barreme" title="Little v. Barreme">Little v. Barreme</a></i> (1804)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Schooner_Exchange_v._M%27Faddon" title="The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon">The Schooner Exchange v. M'Faddon</a></i> (1812)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_v._Johnson" title="Mississippi v. Johnson">Mississippi v. Johnson</a></i> (1867)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Lee_(1882)" title="United States v. Lee (1882)">United States v. Lee</a></i> (1882)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schillinger_v._United_States" title="Schillinger v. United States">Schillinger v. United States</a></i> (1894)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Feres_v._United_States" title="Feres v. United States">Feres v. United States</a></i> (1950)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Wunderlich" title="United States v. Wunderlich">United States v. Wunderlich</a></i> (1951)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Banco_Nacional_de_Cuba_v._Sabbatino" title="Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino">Banco Nacional de Cuba v. Sabbatino</a></i> (1964)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_Pueblo_v._Martinez" title="Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez">Santa Clara Pueblo v. Martinez</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._Fitzgerald" title="Nixon v. Fitzgerald">Nixon v. Fitzgerald</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Stanley" title="United States v. Stanley">United States v. Stanley</a></i> (1987)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Tax_Commission_v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">Oklahoma Tax Commission v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia_v._Nelson" title="Saudi Arabia v. Nelson">Saudi Arabia v. Nelson</a></i> (1993)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clinton_v._Jones" title="Clinton v. Jones">Clinton v. Jones</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_Tribe_of_Oklahoma_v._Manufacturing_Technologies,_Inc." title="Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.">Kiowa Tribe of Oklahoma v. Manufacturing Technologies, Inc.</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/College_Savings_Bank_v._Florida_Prepaid_Postsecondary_Education_Expense_Board" title="College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board">College Savings Bank v. Florida Prepaid Postsecondary Education Expense Board</a></i> (1999)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/C_%26_L_Enterprises,_Inc._v._Citizen_Band,_Potawatomi_Indian_Tribe_of_Oklahoma" title="C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma">C & L Enterprises, Inc. v. Citizen Band, Potawatomi Indian Tribe of Oklahoma</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inyo_County_v._Paiute-Shoshone_Indians_of_the_Bishop_Community" title="Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community">Inyo County v. Paiute-Shoshone Indians of the Bishop Community</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._White_Mountain_Apache_Tribe" title="United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe">United States v. White Mountain Apache Tribe</a></i> (2003)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Austria_v._Altmann" title="Republic of Austria v. Altmann">Republic of Austria v. Altmann</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sherrill_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York" title="City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York">City of Sherrill v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolan_v._United_States_Postal_Service" title="Dolan v. United States Postal Service">Dolan v. United States Postal Service</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ali_v._Federal_Bureau_of_Prisons" title="Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons">Ali v. Federal Bureau of Prisons</a></i> (2008)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Samantar_v._Yousuf" title="Samantar v. Yousuf">Samantar v. Yousuf</a></i> (2010)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bormes" title="United States v. Bormes">United States v. Bormes</a></i> (2012)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Argentina_v._NML_Capital,_Ltd." title="Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.">Republic of Argentina v. NML Capital, Ltd.</a></i> (2014)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OBB_Personenverkehr_AG_v._Sachs" title="OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs">OBB Personenverkehr AG v. Sachs</a></i> (2015)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Sudan_v._Harrison" title="Republic of Sudan v. Harrison">Republic of Sudan v. Harrison</a></i> (2019)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Opati_v._Republic_of_Sudan" title="Opati v. Republic of Sudan">Opati v. Republic of Sudan</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._United_States_(2024)" title="Trump v. United States (2024)">Trump v. United States</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Jurisdiction" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Federal_jurisdiction_(United_States)" title="Federal jurisdiction (United States)">Jurisdiction</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chisholm_v._Georgia" title="Chisholm v. Georgia">Chisholm v. Georgia</a></i> (1793)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marbury_v._Madison" title="Marbury v. Madison">Marbury v. Madison</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._More" title="United States v. More">United States v. More</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Martin_v._Hunter%27s_Lessee" title="Martin v. Hunter's Lessee">Martin v. Hunter's Lessee</a></i> (1816)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Insurance_Co._v._356_Bales_of_Cotton" title="American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton">American Insurance Co. v. 356 Bales of Cotton</a></i> (1828)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_v._Sill" title="Sheldon v. Sill">Sheldon v. Sill</a></i> (1850)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Jackalow" title="United States v. Jackalow">United States v. Jackalow</a></i> (1862)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Vallandigham" title="Ex parte Vallandigham">Ex parte Vallandigham</a></i> (1864)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_McCardle" title="Ex parte McCardle">Ex parte McCardle</a></i> (1869)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Klein" title="United States v. Klein">United States v. Klein</a></i> (1871)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_St._Louis_v._Myers" title="City of St. Louis v. Myers">City of St. Louis v. Myers</a></i> (1885)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Barrett_v._United_States" title="Barrett v. United States">Barrett v. United States</a></i> (1898)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_I_(1905)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States I</a></i> (1905)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burton_v._United_States#Burton_II_(1906)" title="Burton v. United States">Burton v. United States II</a></i> (1906)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Louisville_%26_Nashville_Railroad_Co._v._Mottley" title="Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley">Louisville & Nashville Railroad Co. v. Mottley</a></i> (1908)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Muskrat_v._United_States" title="Muskrat v. United States">Muskrat v. United States</a></i> (1911)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Well_Works_Co._v._Layne_%26_Bowler_Co." title="American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.">American Well Works Co. v. Layne & Bowler Co.</a></i> (1916)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Smith_v._Kansas_City_Title_%26_Trust_Co." title="Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.">Smith v. Kansas City Title & Trust Co.</a></i> (1921)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hartsville_Oil_Mill_v._United_States" title="Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States">Hartsville Oil Mill v. United States</a></i> (1926)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wisconsin_v._Illinois" title="Wisconsin v. Illinois">Wisconsin v. Illinois</a></i> (1929)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Crowell_v._Benson" title="Crowell v. Benson">Crowell v. Benson</a></i> (1932)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Colegrove_v._Green" title="Colegrove v. Green">Colegrove v. Green</a></i> (1946)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Glidden_Co._v._Zdanok" title="Glidden Co. v. Zdanok">Glidden Co. v. Zdanok</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_v._County_of_Oneida" title="Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida">Oneida Indian Nation of New York v. County of Oneida</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_v._New_Mexico" title="Arizona v. New Mexico">Arizona v. New Mexico</a></i> (1976)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mt._Healthy_City_School_District_Board_of_Education_v._Doyle" title="Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle">Mt. Healthy City School District Board of Education v. Doyle</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Northern_Pipeline_Construction_Co._v._Marathon_Pipe_Line_Co." title="Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.">Northern Pipeline Construction Co. v. Marathon Pipe Line Co.</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Thomas_v._Union_Carbide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Thomas v. Union Carbide (page does not exist)">Thomas v. Union Carbide</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commodity_Futures_Trading_Commission_v._Schor" title="Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor">Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Merrell_Dow_Pharmaceuticals_Inc._v._Thompson" title="Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson">Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. Thompson</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Plaut_v._Spendthrift_Farm,_Inc." title="Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.">Plaut v. Spendthrift Farm, Inc.</a></i> (1995)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/JPMorgan_Chase_Bank_v._Traffic_Stream_(BVI)_Infrastructure_Ltd." title="JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.">JPMorgan Chase Bank v. Traffic Stream (BVI) Infrastructure Ltd.</a></i> (2002)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Grable_%26_Sons_Metal_Products,_Inc._v._Darue_Engineering_%26_Mfg." title="Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.">Grable & Sons Metal Products, Inc. v. Darue Engineering & Mfg.</a></i> (2005)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bowles_v._Russell" title="Bowles v. Russell">Bowles v. Russell</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Patchak_v._Zinke" title="Patchak v. Zinke">Patchak v. Zinke</a></i> (2018)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Justiciability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Justiciability" title="Justiciability">Justiciability</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mootness" title="Mootness">Mootness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/DeFunis_v._Odegaard" title="DeFunis v. Odegaard">DeFunis v. Odegaard</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell-Ewald_Co._v._Gomez" title="Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez">Campbell-Ewald Co. v. Gomez</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Acheson_Hotels,_LLC_v._Laufer" title="Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer">Acheson Hotels, LLC v. Laufer</a></i> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_question" title="Political question">Political question</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baker_v._Carr" title="Baker v. Carr">Baker v. Carr</a></i> (1962)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Goldwater_v._Carter" title="Goldwater v. Carter">Goldwater v. Carter</a></i> (1979)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nixon_v._United_States" title="Nixon v. United States">Nixon v. United States</a></i> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ripeness" title="Ripeness">Ripeness</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Ullman" title="Poe v. Ullman">Poe v. Ullman</a></i> (1961)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toilet_Goods_Ass%27n,_Inc._v._Gardner" title="Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner">Toilet Goods Ass'n, Inc. v. Gardner</a></i> (1967)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laird_v._Tatum" title="Laird v. Tatum">Laird v. Tatum</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Williamson_County_Regional_Planning_Commission_v._Hamilton_Bank_of_Johnson_City" title="Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City">Williamson County Regional Planning Commission v. Hamilton Bank of Johnson City</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Standing_(law)#United_States" title="Standing (law)">Standing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bailiff_v._Tipping" title="Bailiff v. Tipping">Bailiff v. Tipping</a></i> (1805)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_v._Hughes" title="Fairchild v. Hughes">Fairchild v. Hughes</a></i> (1922)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Mellon" title="Massachusetts v. Mellon">Massachusetts v. Mellon</a></i> (1923)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Levitt" title="Ex parte Levitt">Ex parte Levitt</a></i> (1937)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altvater_v._Freeman" title="Altvater v. Freeman">Altvater v. Freeman</a></i> (1943)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Flast_v._Cohen" title="Flast v. Cohen">Flast v. Cohen</a></i> (1968)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Club_v._Morton" title="Sierra Club v. Morton">Sierra Club v. Morton</a></i> (1972)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Students_Challenging_Regulatory_Agency_Procedures" title="United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures">United States v. Students Challenging Regulatory Agency Procedures</a></i> (1973)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Schlesinger_v._Reservists_Committee_to_Stop_the_War" title="Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War">Schlesinger v. Reservists Committee to Stop the War</a></i> (1974)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Warth_v._Seldin" title="Warth v. Seldin">Warth v. Seldin</a></i> (1975)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Brick_Co._v._Illinois" title="Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois">Illinois Brick Co. v. Illinois</a></i> (1977)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pfizer_Inc._v._Government_of_India" title="Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India">Pfizer Inc. v. Government of India</a></i> (1978)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge_Christian_College_v._Americans_United_for_Separation_of_Church_%26_State" title="Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State">Valley Forge Christian College v. Americans United for Separation of Church & State</a></i> (1982)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/City_of_Los_Angeles_v._Lyons" title="City of Los Angeles v. Lyons">City of Los Angeles v. Lyons</a></i> (1983)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Allen_v._Wright" title="Allen v. Wright">Allen v. Wright</a></i> (1984)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diamond_v._Charles" title="Diamond v. Charles">Diamond v. Charles</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lujan_v._Defenders_of_Wildlife" title="Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife">Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife</a></i> (1992)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Raines_v._Byrd" title="Raines v. Byrd">Raines v. Byrd</a></i> (1997)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FEC_v._Akins" title="FEC v. Akins">FEC v. Akins</a></i> (1998)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_the_Earth,_Inc._v._Laidlaw_Environmental_Services,_Inc." title="Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.">Friends of the Earth, Inc. v. Laidlaw Environmental Services, Inc.</a></i> (2000)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/DaimlerChrysler_Corp._v._Cuno" title="DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno">DaimlerChrysler Corp. v. Cuno</a></i> (2006)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hein_v._Freedom_From_Religion_Foundation" title="Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation">Hein v. Freedom From Religion Foundation</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_v._Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency">Massachusetts v. Environmental Protection Agency</a></i> (2007)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Christian_School_Tuition_Organization_v._Winn" title="Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn">Arizona Christian School Tuition Organization v. Winn</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bond_v._United_States_(2011)" title="Bond v. United States (2011)">Bond v. United States</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Clapper_v._Amnesty_International_USA" title="Clapper v. Amnesty International USA">Clapper v. Amnesty International USA</a></i> (2013)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spokeo,_Inc._v._Robins" title="Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins">Spokeo, Inc. v. Robins</a></i> (2016)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Texas_v._Pennsylvania" title="Texas v. Pennsylvania">Texas v. Pennsylvania</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trump_v._New_York" title="Trump v. New York">Trump v. New York</a></i> (2020)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Uzuegbunam_v._Preczewski" title="Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski">Uzuegbunam v. Preczewski</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TransUnion_LLC_v._Ramirez" title="TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez">TransUnion LLC v. Ramirez</a></i> (2021)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Biden_v._Nebraska" title="Biden v. Nebraska">Biden v. Nebraska</a></i> (2023)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/FDA_v._Alliance_for_Hippocratic_Medicine" title="FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine">FDA v. Alliance for Hippocratic Medicine</a></i> (2024)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murthy_v._Missouri" title="Murthy v. Missouri">Murthy v. Missouri</a></i> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hayburn%27s_Case" title="Hayburn's Case">Hayburn's Case</a></i> (1792)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/County_of_Oneida_v._Oneida_Indian_Nation_of_New_York_State" title="County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State">County of Oneida v. Oneida Indian Nation of New York State</a></i> (1985)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Davis_v._Bandemer" title="Davis v. Bandemer">Davis v. Bandemer</a></i> (1986)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vieth_v._Jubelirer" title="Vieth v. Jubelirer">Vieth v. Jubelirer</a></i> (2004)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rucho_v._Common_Cause" title="Rucho v. Common Cause">Rucho v. Common Cause</a></i> / <i><a href="/wiki/Benisek_v._Lamone" title="Benisek v. Lamone">Benisek v. Lamone</a></i> (2019)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Treason" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Treason_laws_in_the_United_States" title="Treason laws in the United States">Treason</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Bollman" title="Ex parte Bollman">Ex parte Bollman</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Burr_conspiracy" title="Burr conspiracy">United States v. Burr</a></i> (1807)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cramer_v._United_States" title="Cramer v. United States">Cramer v. United States</a></i> (1945)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Others" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Others</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Stuart_v._Laird" title="Stuart v. Laird">Stuart v. Laird</a></i> (1803)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Osborn_v._Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Osborn v. Bank of the United States">Osborn v. Bank of the United States</a></i> (1824)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Forrester_v._White" title="Forrester v. White">Forrester v. White</a></i> (1988)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mistretta_v._United_States" title="Mistretta v. United States">Mistretta v. United States</a></i> (1989)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peretz_v._United_States" title="Peretz v. United States">Peretz v. United States</a></i> (1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Hatter" title="United States v. Hatter">United States v. Hatter</a></i> (2001)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stern_v._Marshall" title="Stern v. Marshall">Stern v. Marshall</a></i> (2011)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bank_Markazi_v._Peterson" title="Bank Markazi v. Peterson">Bank Markazi v. Peterson</a></i> (2016)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&oldid=1175143357">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Harrison_v._NAACP&oldid=1175143357</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Constitution_Article_Three_case_law" title="Category:United States Constitution Article Three case law">United States Constitution Article Three case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases">United States Supreme Court cases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_Supreme_Court_cases_of_the_Warren_Court" title="Category:United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court">United States Supreme Court cases of the Warren Court</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_equal_protection_case_law" title="Category:United States equal protection case law">United States equal protection case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_States_statutory_interpretation_case_law" title="Category:United States statutory interpretation case law">United States statutory interpretation case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Virginia_law" title="Category:Virginia law">Virginia law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_in_United_States_case_law" title="Category:1959 in United States case law">1959 in United States case law</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1959_in_Virginia" title="Category:1959 in Virginia">1959 in Virginia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Adequate_and_independent_state_ground" title="Category:Adequate and independent state ground">Adequate and independent state ground</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:NAACP" title="Category:NAACP">NAACP</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Civil_rights_movement_case_law" title="Category:Civil rights movement case law">Civil rights movement case law</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_September_2023" title="Category:Use mdy dates from September 2023">Use mdy dates from September 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 September 2023, at 02:20<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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