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</ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Army_mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Army_mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>New Army mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Army_mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_Hubei_military_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_Hubei_military_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Establishment of Hubei military government</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_Hubei_military_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Battle_of_Yangxia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Battle_of_Yangxia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Battle of Yangxia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Battle_of_Yangxia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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</label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Wuchang Uprising</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B6%D8%A9_%D9%88%D9%88%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86" title="انتفاضة ووهان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="انتفاضة ووهان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pag%27alsa_sa_Wuchang_kan_1911" title="Pag'alsa sa Wuchang kan 1911 – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Pag'alsa sa Wuchang kan 1911" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%C4%8Dchangsk%C3%A9_povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD" title="Wučchangské povstání – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Wučchangské povstání" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang-Aufstand" title="Wuchang-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Wuchang-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levantamiento_de_Wuchang" title="Levantamiento de Wuchang – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Levantamiento de Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%82%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%88%D9%88%DA%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DA%AF" title="قیام ووچانگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="قیام ووچانگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soul%C3%A8vement_de_Wuchang" title="Soulèvement de Wuchang – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Soulèvement de Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="武昌起義 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="武昌起義" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%B0%EC%B0%BD_%EB%B4%89%EA%B8%B0" title="우창 봉기 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="우창 봉기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemberontakan_Wuchang" title="Pemberontakan Wuchang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pemberontakan Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rivolta_di_Wuchang" title="Rivolta di Wuchang – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Rivolta di Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A6%27%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%92" title="התקוממות ווצ'אנג – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התקוממות ווצ'אנג" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A9%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%90%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="უჩანის აჯანყება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უჩანის აჯანყება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D3%A9%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%81%D1%96" title="Учан көтерілісі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Учан көтерілісі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vucsangi_felkel%C3%A9s" title="Vucsangi felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Vucsangi felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%87%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B9_%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%B2%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Цагаагчин гахай жилийн хувьсгал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Цагаагчин гахай жилийн хувьсгал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="武昌起義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="武昌起義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchangoppr%C3%B8ret" title="Wuchangopprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Wuchangopprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_w_Wuchangu" title="Powstanie w Wuchangu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie w Wuchangu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Wuchang" title="Revolta de Wuchang – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Revolta de Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_Wuchang" title="Revolta Wuchang – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta Wuchang" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Учанское восстание – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Учанское восстание" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wu%C4%8Dchangsk%C3%A9_povstanie" title="Wučchangské povstanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Wučchangské povstanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchangin_kansannousu" title="Wuchangin kansannousu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Wuchangin kansannousu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87" title="การก่อการกำเริบอู่ชาง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การก่อการกำเริบอู่ชาง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wuchang_Ayaklanmas%C4%B1" title="Wuchang Ayaklanması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Wuchang Ayaklanması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Учанське повстання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Учанське повстання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_ngh%C4%A9a_V%C5%A9_X%C6%B0%C6%A1ng" title="Khởi nghĩa Vũ Xương – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khởi nghĩa Vũ Xương" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="武昌起义" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="武昌起義 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="武昌起義" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AD%A6%E6%98%8C%E8%B5%B7%E4%B9%89" title="武昌起义 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="武昌起义" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q339291#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1911 revolt against Qing rule in China</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuchang" title="Battle of Wuchang">Battle of Wuchang</a> or <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wuhan" title="Battle of Wuhan">Battle of Wuhan</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Wuchang Uprising</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubei_Military_Government.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubei_Military_Government.jpg/300px-Hubei_Military_Government.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubei_Military_Government.jpg/450px-Hubei_Military_Government.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Hubei_Military_Government.jpg/600px-Hubei_Military_Government.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1405" data-file-height="834" /></a></span><br />Establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>10 October – 1 December 1911</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Wuchang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang">Wuchang</a>, Hubei, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/23px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/35px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/46px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></span></span></span> Hubei Military Government</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruicheng_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruicheng (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Ruicheng</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty"><img alt="Qing dynasty" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span></span> Zhang Hu</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a></li><li><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> Xiong Bingkun</li><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 10,000 troops</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 2,000 troops</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> ~4,000 killed</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> ~1,000 killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> <style 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characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;">武昌起义</span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Wǔchāng qǐyì</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Wǔchāng qǐyì</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">IPA</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="IPA" lang="cmn-Latn-fonipa" style="white-space:nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">[ù.ʈʂʰáŋ tɕʰì.î]</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Cantonese" title="Cantonese">Yue: Cantonese</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Yale_romanization_of_Cantonese" title="Yale romanization of Cantonese">Yale Romanization</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Móuh chēung héi yih</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Jyutping" title="Jyutping">Jyutping</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Yue Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="yue-Latn">Mou5 coeng1 hei2 ji6</span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Wuchang Uprising</b> was an armed rebellion against the ruling <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> that took place in Wuchang (now <a href="/wiki/Wuchang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuchang District">Wuchang District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a>) in the Chinese province of <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> on 10 October 1911, beginning the <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a> that successfully overthrew China's last imperial dynasty. It was led by elements of the <a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a>, influenced by revolutionary ideas from <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013122_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013122-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uprising and the eventual revolution directly led to the downfall of the Qing dynasty with almost three centuries of imperial rule, and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China</a> (ROC), which commemorates the anniversary of the uprising's outbreak on 10 October as the <a href="/wiki/National_Day_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="National Day of the Republic of China">National Day of the Republic of China</a>. </p><p>The uprising originated from <a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">popular unrest about a railway crisis</a>, and the planning process took advantage of the situation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 1911, the New Army stationed in Wuchang launched an assault on the residence of the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Viceroy of Huguang</a>. The viceroy <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ruicheng_(Qing_dynasty)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ruicheng (Qing dynasty) (page does not exist)">Ruicheng</a> quickly fled from the residence, and the revolutionaries soon took control of the entire city.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140–141_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140–141-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Tongmenghui"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1895, China was decisively defeated by Japan in the <a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Intellectuals in China were divided into several factions. Constitutional monarchist reformers led by <a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang Youwei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a> took control initially, and orchestrated the <a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a> in the Qing government. The reforms failed due to the <a href="/wiki/Wuxu_Coup" class="mw-redirect" title="Wuxu Coup">Wuxu Coup</a> by <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Cixi" title="Empress Dowager Cixi">Empress Dowager Cixi</a>. Disillusioned with the <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">monarchy</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qing_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing government">Qing government</a>, many revolutionary groups began emerging across the country. In 1905, revolutionary leaders such as <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Song_Jiaoren" title="Song Jiaoren">Song Jiaoren</a> met in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo" title="Tokyo">Tokyo</a> to discuss a merger between different revolutionary groups. A new group known as <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> was formed after this meeting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd199899_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd199899-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railway_Protection_Movement">Railway Protection Movement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Railway Protection Movement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></div> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a>, many Western powers saw railway investments as part of the consolidation in their spheres of influence over China. Railway constructions took place across <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze Valley">Yangtze Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kunming" title="Kunming">Kunming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201390_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201390-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provincial governments, with permission from the Qing court, also began to construct their own railways. The <a href="/wiki/Canton-Hankou_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton-Hankou Railway">Canton-Hankou Railway</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sichuan-Hankou_Railway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sichuan-Hankou Railway (page does not exist)">Sichuan-Hankou Railway</a> were under the oversight of <a href="/wiki/Guangdong" title="Guangdong">Guangdong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sichuan" title="Sichuan">Sichuan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201396_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201396-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with ongoing financial struggles, partly due to ongoing indemnity payments from the <a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a>, the Qing court turned to <a href="/wiki/Sheng_Xuanhuai" title="Sheng Xuanhuai">Sheng Xuanhuai</a> in 1910, a "classic bureaucratic capitalist", and adhered to his policy of securing foreign loans through the nationalization of all railway lines.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201399_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201399-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This policy was met with stiff resistance, particularly in Sichuan, and the resistance quickly turned into a movement known as the <i>Sichuan Railway Protection Movement</i>. In response, the Qing court suppressed the unrest by force, contributing to the declining popularity of its government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By August 11 there were massive strikes and rallies in <a href="/wiki/Chengdu" title="Chengdu">Chengdu</a>. On 7 September the <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Viceroy of Sichuan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zhao_Erfeng" title="Zhao Erfeng">Zhao Erfeng</a>, was asked to "intervene vigorously", and he ordered the arrest of key leaders in the Railway Protection League, then ordered troops to open fire on the protesters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201398_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201398-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequent fighting around Chengdu prompted the diversion of troops to Sichuan from <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">central China</a>, which later became an important factor in the Wuchang Uprising's success.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 287">: 287 </span></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, inaction toward nationalization of railway lines in both Hunan and Hubei were criticized by the local press. Confidence in the Qing government among the populace continued to deteriorate in response to the escalation of the railway crisis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201313_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201313-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg/220px-Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg/330px-Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg/440px-Wuchangmilitary9star.jpg 2x" data-file-width="483" data-file-height="487" /></a><figcaption>Wuchang military nine-star flag, with the <a href="/wiki/Taijitu" title="Taijitu">Taijitu</a> symbol in the middle</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/220px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/330px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg/440px-%E9%90%B5%E8%A1%80%E5%8D%81%E5%85%AB%E6%98%9F%E6%97%97.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Banner of the Wuchang Uprising, later used as the flag of the Republic of China army from 1913 to 1928</figcaption></figure> <p>There were two revolutionary groups in the Wuhan area, the Literary Society (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">文學社</span></span>) and the Progressive Association (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">共進會</span></span>). These groups, led by Jiang Yiwu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">蔣翊武</span></span>) and Sun Wu (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">孫武</span></span>) respectively, worked closely together as commander and chief of staff of the revolutionary efforts in Wuhan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in September, 1911, these two groups began negotiating with the <a href="/wiki/Tongmenghui" title="Tongmenghui">Tongmenghui</a> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">同盟會</span></span>) for possible collaboration in the next uprising. The date was originally set for 6 October, on the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Autumn_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Autumn festival">Mid-Autumn festival</a>. The date was later postponed, due to inadequate preparations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013165_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013165-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 October, while Sun Wu was supervising the making of explosive devices in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_foreign_enclaves_in_China#Russian" class="mw-redirect" title="List of foreign enclaves in China">Russian concession</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a>, one of the devices exploded unexpectedly, inflicting serious injuries on Sun. When he was hospitalized, the hospital staff discovered his identity and alerted the Qing authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_Army_mutiny">New Army mutiny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New Army mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>With their identities revealed, the revolutionaries in the New Army stationed in Wuchang were facing imminent arrest by the Qing authorities. The decision was made by Jiang Yiwu of the Literary Society to immediately launch the uprising, but the plot was leaked to the Viceroy of Huguang, and he ordered a crackdown of the revolutionaries, arresting and executing several prominent members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg/220px-Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg/330px-Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg/440px-Beheaded_revolutionists_in_Wuchang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1197" data-file-height="881" /></a><figcaption>The revolutionists arrested by Qing troops were being beheaded on early morning, October 10, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>On the evening of 10 October, Wu Zhaolin (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">吴兆麟</span></span>) as provisional commander led the revolutionary elements of the New Army staged a mutiny against the Qing garrison in Huguang, capturing the residence of the Viceroy in the process along with securing strategic points in the city after intense fighting.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Viceroy escaped, the Qing garrison fell into disarray. Between the night of 10 October and noon of 11th, "more than 500 Manchu soldiers were killed" with "over 300 captured".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment_of_Hubei_military_government">Establishment of Hubei military government</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Establishment of Hubei military government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On 11 October, the mutineers established a military government representing the Hubei province, and persuaded one of the high-ranking officers in the New Army, <a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li Yuanhong</a>, to be the temporary leader.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Li was initially resistant to the idea, but he was eventually convinced by the mutineers after they approached him.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newly established military government were able to confirm that foreign powers would not intervene in the uprising, and they went on to raise the "iron blood 18-star flag" while signaling for the other provinces to follow their suit.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 12 October, the revolutionaries marched toward the rest of the province, capturing <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hanyang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyang District">Hanyang</a> in the process.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle_of_Yangxia">Battle of Yangxia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Battle of Yangxia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Yangxia" title="Battle of Yangxia">Battle of Yangxia</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg/220px-Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg/330px-Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg/440px-Hankou_Chinese_Revolution_1911.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="623" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> on the way to <a href="/wiki/Hankou" title="Hankou">Hankou</a>, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>In response to the uprising, the Qing government called for the help of <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a> to march toward Wuchang. For the revolutionaries, <a href="/wiki/Huang_Xing" title="Huang Xing">Huang Xing</a> would arrive at Wuhan in early November to take over the command. Positions of revolutionary forces in Wuhan were subsequently attacked by the Beiyang Army, and the imperial troops were soon able to recapture Hankou on 1 November and Hanyang on 27 November. The offensive was halted after the capture of these two positions, as Yuan Shikai began to secretly negotiate with the revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998218_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998218-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Xinhai Revolution">Xinhai Revolution</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:WuchangUprising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WuchangUprising.jpg/220px-WuchangUprising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WuchangUprising.jpg/330px-WuchangUprising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/WuchangUprising.jpg/440px-WuchangUprising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>'s statue at the First Uprising Plaza of <a href="/wiki/Wuhan" title="Wuhan">Wuhan</a> in front of the former Hubei military government building</figcaption></figure> <p>The Wuchang Uprising took many revolutionary leaders by surprise; Huang Xing and Song Jiaoren were unable to reach Wuchang in time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sun Yat-sen was traveling in the United States speaking to <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese" title="Overseas Chinese">overseas Chinese</a> to appeal for financial support when the uprising took place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Sun received a telegram from Huang Xing, he was unable to decipher it, and found out about the uprising the next morning in the newspaper.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the successful uprising in Wuchang, the revolutionaries sent telegraphs to other provinces and asked them to follow in their suit, upon which eighteen provinces in <a href="/wiki/Southern_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern China">Southern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_China" title="Central China">Central China</a> agreed to secede from the Qing government by the end of December, 1911.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013184_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013184-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As part of the resolution of the uprising, the Qing government agreed to a general amnesty for political prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei" title="Wang Jingwei">Wang Jingwei</a> was among those released.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 44">: 44 </span></sup> </p><p>In the same month, Sun returned to China to participate in the <a href="/wiki/1911_Republic_of_China_provisional_presidential_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1911 Republic of China provisional presidential elections">provisional presidential election</a> and was elected.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998208_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998208-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Representatives from the seceding provinces met on 1 January 1912, and declared the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Chinese Republic</a> as Sun was sworn in as the first president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998209_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998209-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The new republic then negotiated with <a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan Shikai</a> to pressure the Qing government to surrender, offering the presidency in the process. On 12 February 1912, <a href="/wiki/Empress_Dowager_Longyu" title="Empress Dowager Longyu">Empress Dowager Longyu</a>, on behalf of <a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro_Puyi" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro Puyi">Aisin Gioro Puyi</a>, the Xuantong emperor, announced the abdication of the Qing throne, marking the end of the dynasty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998219_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998219-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 23em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013122-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013122_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201389_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140–141-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140–141_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, pp. 140–141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFKim2006" class="citation book cs1">Kim, Samuel S. (2006). <i>The Two Koreas and the Great Powers</i>. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fcbo9780511510496">10.1017/cbo9780511510496</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66899-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66899-6"><bdi>978-0-521-66899-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Two+Koreas+and+the+Great+Powers&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fcbo9780511510496&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66899-6&rft.aulast=Kim&rft.aufirst=Samuel+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd199899-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd199899_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201390-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201390_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 90.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201396-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201396_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 96.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201399-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201399_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201398-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201398_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:6_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDriscoll2020" class="citation book cs1">Driscoll, Mark W. (2020). <i>The Whites are Enemies of Heaven: Climate Caucasianism and Asian Ecological Protection</i>. Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4780-1121-7"><bdi>978-1-4780-1121-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Whites+are+Enemies+of+Heaven%3A+Climate+Caucasianism+and+Asian+Ecological+Protection&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-4780-1121-7&rft.aulast=Driscoll&rft.aufirst=Mark+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201313-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei201313_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013140_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013165-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013165_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013107_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013141_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 141.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998204_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 204.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998205_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998218-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998218_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 218.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998207_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013184-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEsherickWei2013184_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEsherickWei2013">Esherick & Wei 2013</a>, p. 184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2023" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Zhiyi (2023). <i>Poetry, History, Memory: Wang Jingwei and China in Dark Times</i>. Ann Arbor: <a href="/wiki/The_University_of_Michigan_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="The University of Michigan Press">The University of Michigan Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-472-05650-7"><bdi>978-0-472-05650-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry%2C+History%2C+Memory%3A+Wang+Jingwei+and+China+in+Dark+Times&rft.place=Ann+Arbor&rft.pub=The+University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-472-05650-7&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Zhiyi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998208-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998208_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 208.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998209-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998209_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 209.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998219-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBergèreLloyd1998219_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998">Bergère & Lloyd 1998</a>, p. 219.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergèreLloyd1998" class="citation book cs1">Bergère, Marie-Claire; Lloyd, Janet (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vh7M1u4IGFkC"><i>Sun Yat-senb</i></a>. Stanford: Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0804740111" title="Special:BookSources/978-0804740111"><bdi>978-0804740111</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sun+Yat-senb&rft.place=Stanford&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0804740111&rft.aulast=Berg%C3%A8re&rft.aufirst=Marie-Claire&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+Janet&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dvh7M1u4IGFkC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEsherickWei2013" class="citation book cs1">Esherick, Joseph W.; Wei, C.X. George (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7SJiAgAAQBAJ"><i>China: How the Empire Fell</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1134612222" title="Special:BookSources/978-1134612222"><bdi>978-1134612222</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=China%3A+How+the+Empire+Fell&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1134612222&rft.aulast=Esherick&rft.aufirst=Joseph+W.&rft.au=Wei%2C+C.X.+George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7SJiAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCao1930" class="citation book cs1">Cao, Yabo (1930). <i>The Real History of Wuchang Uprising</i>. Shanghai: Shanghai Bookstore Publishing House.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Real+History+of+Wuchang+Uprising&rft.place=Shanghai&rft.pub=Shanghai+Bookstore+Publishing+House&rft.date=1930&rft.aulast=Cao&rft.aufirst=Yabo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCPPCC_Hubei_Committee2011" class="citation book cs1">CPPCC Hubei Committee (2011). <i>Memoirs of the 1911 Revolution: Series 1</i>. Wuhan: Hubei people's Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787503431050" title="Special:BookSources/9787503431050"><bdi>9787503431050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoirs+of+the+1911+Revolution%3A+Series+1&rft.place=Wuhan&rft.pub=Hubei+people%27s+Publishing+House&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9787503431050&rft.au=CPPCC+Hubei+Committee&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLi1914" class="citation book cs1">Li, Yuanhong (1914). <i>Vice President Li's Political Books</i>. Vol. iii. Wuhan: Hubei Official Book Printing Bureau. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787503431050" title="Special:BookSources/9787503431050"><bdi>9787503431050</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vice+President+Li%27s+Political+Books&rft.place=Wuhan&rft.pub=Hubei+Official+Book+Printing+Bureau&rft.date=1914&rft.isbn=9787503431050&rft.aulast=Li&rft.aufirst=Yuanhong&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLu2017" class="citation book cs1">Lu, Hanchao (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KKRuPgAACAAJ"><i>Birth of a Republic</i></a>. Seattle: University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295806907" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295806907"><bdi>978-0295806907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+a+Republic&rft.place=Seattle&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0295806907&rft.aulast=Lu&rft.aufirst=Hanchao&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKRuPgAACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">"October 22nd". <i>Republic of China Gazette</i>. 22 October 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Republic+of+China+Gazette&rft.atitle=October+22nd&rft.date=1911-10-22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYang2013" class="citation book cs1">Yang, Yuru (2013). <i>The First Book of the 1911 Revolution</i>. Beijing: Intellectual Property Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787513016780" title="Special:BookSources/9787513016780"><bdi>9787513016780</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Book+of+the+1911+Revolution&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Intellectual+Property+Publishing+House&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9787513016780&rft.aulast=Yang&rft.aufirst=Yuru&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhang1980" class="citation book cs1">Zhang, Kaiyuan (1980). <i>History of the 1911 Revolution (3)</i>. Beijing: Oriental Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9787547301234" title="Special:BookSources/9787547301234"><bdi>9787547301234</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+1911+Revolution+%283%29&rft.place=Beijing&rft.pub=Oriental+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=9787547301234&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Kaiyuan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWuchang+Uprising" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wuchang_Uprising&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a 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href="/wiki/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Template talk:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Qing_dynasty_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Qing dynasty topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Qing_dynasty_topics313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="History of the Qing dynasty">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Early <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1616–1683)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jurchen_unification" title="Jurchen unification">Jurchen unification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(1616%E2%80%931636)" title="Later Jin (1616–1636)">Later Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Grievances" title="Seven Grievances">Seven Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Later Jin invasion of Joseon">Later Jin invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_invasion_of_Joseon" title="Qing invasion of Joseon">Qing invasion of Joseon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transition_from_Ming_to_Qing" title="Transition from Ming to Qing">Transition from Ming to Qing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanhai_Pass" title="Battle of Shanhai Pass">Battle of Shanhai Pass</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Clearance" title="Great Clearance">Great Clearance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Penghu" title="Battle of Penghu">Battle of Penghu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Three_Feudatories" title="Revolt of the Three Feudatories">Revolt of the Three Feudatories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/High_Qing_era" title="High Qing era">High Qing</a> <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1683–1799)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Russian_border_conflicts" title="Sino-Russian border conflicts">Sino-Russian border conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzungar%E2%80%93Qing_Wars" title="Dzungar–Qing Wars">Dzungar–Qing Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1720)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1720)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Rites_controversy" title="Chinese Rites controversy">Chinese Rites controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Great_Campaigns" title="Ten Great Campaigns">Ten Great Campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1735%E2%80%931736)" title="Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)">Miao Rebellion (1735–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_riot_of_1750" title="Lhasa riot of 1750">Lhasa riot of 1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Altishahr_Khojas" title="Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas">Revolt of the Altishahr Khojas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afaqi_Khoja_revolts" title="Afaqi Khoja revolts">Afaqi Khoja revolts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Burmese_War" title="Sino-Burmese War">Sino-Burmese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Shuangwen_rebellion" title="Lin Shuangwen rebellion">Lin Shuangwen rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ng%E1%BB%8Dc_H%E1%BB%93i-%C4%90%E1%BB%91ng_%C4%90a" title="Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa">Battle of Ngọc Hồi-Đống Đa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Nepalese_War" title="Sino-Nepalese War">Sino-Nepalese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1795%E2%80%931806)" title="Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)">Miao Rebellion (1795–1806)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Lotus_Rebellion" title="White Lotus Rebellion">White Lotus Rebellion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">19th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1801–1900)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Trigrams_uprising_of_1813" title="Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813">Eight Trigrams uprising of 1813</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Opium_War" title="First Opium War">First Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogra%E2%80%93Tibetan_war" title="Dogra–Tibetan war">Dogra–Tibetan war (Sino-Sikh war)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nian_Rebellion" title="Nian Rebellion">Nian Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Turban_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931856)" title="Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)">Red Turban Rebellion (1854–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_Swords_Society" title="Small Swords Society">Small Swords Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miao_Rebellion_(1854%E2%80%931873)" title="Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)">Miao Rebellion (1854–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93Tibet_War_(1855%E2%80%931856)" title="Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)">Nepal–Tibet War (1855–1856)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panthay_Rebellion" title="Panthay Rebellion">Panthay Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Opium_War" title="Second Opium War">Second Opium War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punti%E2%80%93Hakka_Clan_Wars" title="Punti–Hakka Clan Wars">Punti–Hakka Clan Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amur_Annexation" title="Amur Annexation">Amur Annexation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1862%E2%80%931877)" title="Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)">Dungan Revolt (1862–1877)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudan_incident" title="Mudan incident">Mudan incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianjin_Massacre" title="Tianjin Massacre">Tianjin Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margary_Affair" title="Margary Affair">Margary Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Taiwan_(1874)" title="Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)">Japanese invasion of Taiwan (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Chinese_Famine_of_1876%E2%80%931879" title="Northern Chinese Famine of 1876–1879">Northern Chinese Famine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_reconquest_of_Xinjiang" title="Qing reconquest of Xinjiang">Qing reconquest of Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikkim_expedition" title="Sikkim expedition">Sikkim expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jindandao_incident" title="Jindandao incident">Jindandao incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Sino-Japanese_War" title="First Sino-Japanese War">First Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongche_Shangshu_movement" title="Gongche Shangshu movement">Gongche Shangshu movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungan_Revolt_(1895%E2%80%931896)" title="Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)">Dungan Revolt (1895–1896)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Days%27_Reform" title="Hundred Days' Reform">Hundred Days' Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_plague_pandemic" title="Third plague pandemic">Third plague pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Lanterns_(Boxer_Uprising)" title="Red Lanterns (Boxer Uprising)">Red Lanterns</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight-Nation_Alliance" title="Eight-Nation Alliance">Eight-Nation Alliance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_decree_of_declaration_of_war_against_foreign_powers" title="Imperial decree of declaration of war against foreign powers">Declaration of war</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">20th century <div style="float: right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">(1901–1912)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Late_Qing_reforms" title="Late Qing reforms">Late Qing reforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_expedition_to_Tibet" title="British expedition to Tibet">British expedition to Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batang_uprising" title="Batang uprising">1905 Batang uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preparative_Constitutionalism" title="Preparative Constitutionalism">Preparative Constitutionalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_parliamentary_election" title="1909 Chinese parliamentary election">1909 Parliamentary election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1909_Chinese_provincial_elections" title="1909 Chinese provincial elections">1909 Provincial Assembly elections</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_expedition_to_Tibet_(1910)" title="Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)">Chinese expedition to Tibet (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchurian_plague" title="Manchurian plague">Manchurian plague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Railway_Protection_Movement" title="Railway Protection Movement">Railway Protection Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution" title="1911 Revolution">1911 Revolution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wuchang Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinhai_Lhasa_turmoil" title="Xinhai Lhasa turmoil">Xinhai Lhasa turmoil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1911" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1911">Mongolian Revolution of 1911</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1911_Revolution_in_Xinjiang" title="1911 Revolution in Xinjiang">1911 Revolution in Xinjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Edict_of_the_Abdication_of_the_Qing_Emperor" title="Imperial Edict of the Abdication of the Qing Emperor">Imperial Edict of the Abdication of Puyi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Favourable_Treatment_of_the_Great_Qing_Emperor_after_His_Abdication" title="Articles of Favourable Treatment of the Great Qing Emperor after His Abdication">Articles of Favourable Treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Government of the Qing dynasty">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">Emperor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_emperors_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of emperors of the Qing dynasty">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_emperors_family_tree_(late)#Qing_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chinese emperors family tree (late)">Family tree</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Advisory Council (Qing dynasty)">Advisory Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amban" title="Amban">Amban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consultative_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Consultative Bureau">Consultative Bureau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_of_Solid_Gold" title="Cup of Solid Gold">Cup of Solid Gold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dates_of_establishment_of_diplomatic_relations_with_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations with the Qing dynasty">Dates of establishment of diplomatic relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Da-Qing_Bank" title="Da-Qing Bank">Da-Qing Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deliberative_Council_of_Princes_and_Ministers" title="Deliberative Council of Princes and Ministers">Deliberative Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="List of diplomatic missions of the Qing dynasty">Diplomatic missions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Flag of the Qing dynasty">Flag of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Council_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Grand Council (Qing dynasty)">Grand Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Legal_Code" title="Great Qing Legal Code">Great Qing Legal Code</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Clan_Court" title="Imperial Clan Court">Imperial Clan Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Commissioner_(China)" title="Imperial Commissioner (China)">Imperial Commissioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Household_Department" title="Imperial Household Department">Imperial Household Department</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifan_Yuan" title="Lifan Yuan">Lifan Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Posts_and_Communications" title="Ministry of Posts and Communications">Ministry of Posts and Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Gates_Infantry_Commander" title="Nine Gates Infantry Commander">Nine Gates Infantry Commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_coordinator_and_provincial_governor" title="Grand coordinator and provincial governor">Provincial governor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_military_commander" title="Provincial military commander">Provincial military commander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principles_of_the_Constitution_(1908)" class="mw-redirect" title="Principles of the Constitution (1908)">Principles of the Constitution (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_noble_ranks_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty">Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ejen" title="Ejen">Ejen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Administrative divisions of the Qing dynasty">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroys_in_China" title="Viceroys in China">Viceroys</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Zhili" title="Viceroy of Zhili">Zhili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Shaan-Gan" title="Viceroy of Shaan-Gan">Shaan-Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangjiang" title="Viceroy of Liangjiang">Liangjiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Huguang" title="Viceroy of Huguang">Huguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Sichuan" title="Viceroy of Sichuan">Sichuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Min-Zhe" title="Viceroy of Min-Zhe">Min-Zhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Liangguang" title="Viceroy of Liangguang">Liangguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_Yun-Gui" title="Viceroy of Yun-Gui">Yun-Gui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_the_Three_Eastern_Provinces" title="Viceroy of the Three Eastern Provinces">Three Eastern Provinces</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zongli_Yamen" title="Zongli Yamen">Zongli Yamen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Military of the Qing dynasty">Military</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beiyang_Army" title="Beiyang Army">Beiyang Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Banners" title="Eight Banners">Eight Banners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ever_Victorious_Army" title="Ever Victorious Army">Ever Victorious Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Standard_Army" title="Green Standard Army">Green Standard Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Guards_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Imperial Guards (Qing dynasty)">Imperial Guards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearm_Battalion" title="Firearm Battalion">Firearm Battalion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peking_Field_Force" title="Peking Field Force">Peking Field Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Army" title="New Army">New Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hushenying" title="Hushenying">Hushenying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuishiying" title="Shuishiying">Shuishiying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuwei_Corps" title="Wuwei Corps">Wuwei Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yong_Ying" title="Yong Ying">Yong Ying</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chu_Army" title="Chu Army">Chu Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huai_Army" title="Huai Army">Huai Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang_Army" title="Xiang Army">Xiang Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Chinese_Navy" title="Imperial Chinese Navy">Navy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Special regions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_in_Inner_Asia" title="Qing dynasty in Inner Asia">Inner Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchuria_under_Qing_rule" title="Manchuria under Qing rule">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_under_Qing_rule" title="Mongolia under Qing rule">Mongolia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Mongolia_during_Qing" title="Administrative divisions of Mongolia during Qing">Administrative divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_under_Qing_rule" title="Tibet under Qing rule">Tibet</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Urn" title="Golden Urn">Golden Urn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Qing_ambans_in_Tibet" title="List of Qing ambans in Tibet">List of ambans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Xinjiang under Qing rule">Xinjiang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Xinjiang_under_Qing_rule" title="Timeline of Xinjiang under Qing rule">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_of_Ili" title="General of Ili">General of Ili</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Qing_rule" title="Taiwan under Qing rule">Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guest_House_of_Imperial_Envoys" title="Guest House of Imperial Envoys">Guest House of Imperial Envoys</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Palaces &<br />mausoleums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chengde_Mountain_Resort" title="Chengde Mountain Resort">Chengde Mountain Resort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_City" title="Forbidden City">Forbidden City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hetu_Ala" title="Hetu Ala">Hetu Ala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukden_Palace" title="Mukden Palace">Mukden Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Summer_Palace" title="Old Summer Palace">Old Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_Palace" title="Summer Palace">Summer Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Qing_tombs" title="Eastern Qing tombs">Eastern Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Qing_tombs" title="Western Qing tombs">Western Qing tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuling_Mausoleum" title="Fuling Mausoleum">Fuling Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Mausoleum_(Qing_dynasty)" title="Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)">Zhao Mausoleum (Qing dynasty)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Tombs_of_the_Ming_and_Qing_Dynasties" title="Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties">Imperial Tombs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Society &<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Booi_Aha" title="Booi Aha">Booi Aha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Changzhou_School_of_Thought" title="Changzhou School of Thought">Changzhou School of Thought</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Classics_Collection_of_Ancient_China" title="Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China">Complete Classics Collection of Ancient China</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dibao" title="Dibao">Dibao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Economy of the Qing dynasty">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Qing_dynasty%27s_economic_performance" title="Criticism of Qing dynasty's economic performance">performance criticism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Wangs" title="Four Wangs">Four Wangs</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ming" title="History of Ming">History of Ming</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Dictionary" title="Kangxi Dictionary">Kangxi Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaozheng" title="Kaozheng">Kaozheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literary_inquisition" title="Literary inquisition">Literary inquisition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Han_Imperial_Feast" class="mw-redirect" title="Manchu Han Imperial Feast">Manchu Han Imperial Feast</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Peiwen_Yunfu" title="Peiwen Yunfu">Peiwen Yunfu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pentaglot_Dictionary" title="Pentaglot Dictionary">Pentaglot Dictionary</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_official_headwear" title="Qing official headwear">Qing official headwear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qing_poetry" title="Qing poetry">Qing poetry</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Complete_Tang_Poems" title="Complete Tang Poems">Complete Tang Poems</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queue_(hairstyle)" title="Queue (hairstyle)">Queue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Researches_on_Manchu_Origins" title="Researches on Manchu Origins">Researches on Manchu Origins</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor" title="Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor">Sacred Edict of the Kangxi Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Shamanism during the Qing dynasty">Shamanism during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_during_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Islam during the Qing dynasty">Islam during the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu" title="Siku Quanshu">Complete Library of the Four Treasuries</a></i> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Siku_Quanshu_Zongmu_Tiyao" title="Siku Quanshu Zongmu Tiyao">Annotated Bibliography</a></i></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_treaties_of_China_before_the_People%27s_Republic#Qing_dynasty" title="List of treaties of China before the People's Republic">Treaties</a><br /></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kyakhta_(1727)" title="Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)">Treaty of Kyakhta (1727)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nerchinsk" title="Treaty of Nerchinsk">Treaty of Nerchinsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unequal_treaties" title="Unequal treaties">Unequal treaties</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Protocol" title="Boxer Protocol">Boxer Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burlingame_Treaty" title="Burlingame Treaty">Burlingame Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chefoo_Convention" title="Chefoo Convention">Chefoo Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_Between_Great_Britain_and_China_Respecting_Tibet" title="Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet">Convention Between Great Britain and China Respecting Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_for_the_Extension_of_Hong_Kong_Territory" title="Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory">Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Peking" title="Convention of Peking">Convention of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_of_Tientsin" title="Convention of Tientsin">Convention of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li%E2%80%93Lobanov_Treaty" title="Li–Lobanov Treaty">Li–Lobanov Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Portuguese_Treaty_of_Peking" title="Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking">Sino-Portuguese Treaty of Peking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Aigun" title="Treaty of Aigun">Treaty of Aigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_the_Bogue" title="Treaty of the Bogue">Treaty of the Bogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Canton" title="Treaty of Canton">Treaty of Canton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Kulja" title="Treaty of Kulja">Treaty of Kulja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Nanking" title="Treaty of Nanking">Treaty of Nanking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1881)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Shimonoseki" title="Treaty of Shimonoseki">Treaty of Shimonoseki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tarbagatai" title="Treaty of Tarbagatai">Treaty of Tarbagatai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Tientsin" title="Treaty of Tientsin">Treaty of Tientsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Wanghia" title="Treaty of Wanghia">Treaty of Wanghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Whampoa" title="Treaty of Whampoa">Treaty of Whampoa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Currency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty_coinage" title="Qing dynasty coinage">Coinage</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhiqian" title="Zhiqian">Zhiqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangxi_Tongbao" title="Kangxi Tongbao">Kangxi Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Tongbao" title="Qianlong Tongbao">Qianlong Tongbao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hongqian" title="Hongqian">Hongqian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Copper_Coin" title="Great Qing Copper Coin">Great Qing Copper Coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Gold_Coin" title="Great Qing Gold Coin">Great Qing Gold Coin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Paper_money_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Paper money of the Qing dynasty">Paper money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Qing_Treasure_Note" title="Great Qing Treasure Note">Great Qing Treasure Note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubu_Guanpiao" title="Hubu Guanpiao">Hubu Guanpiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banknotes_of_the_Da_Qing_Bank" title="Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank">Banknotes of the Da Qing Bank</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: center;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aisin_Gioro" class="mw-redirect" title="Aisin Gioro">Aisin Gioro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Qing_sentiment" title="Anti-Qing sentiment">Anti-Qing sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_System" title="Canton System">Canton System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuang_Guandong" title="Chuang Guandong">Chuang Guandong</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Draft_History_of_Qing" title="Draft History of Qing">Draft History of Qing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/History_of_Qing_(People%27s_Republic)" title="History of Qing (People's Republic)">History of Qing (People's Republic)</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_hunt_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty">Imperial hunt of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legacy_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Legacy of the Qing dynasty">Legacy of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_people" title="Manchu people">Manchu people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_the_Qing_dynasty" title="Names of the Qing dynasty">Names of the Qing dynasty</a></li> <li><a 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