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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The history of women's suffrage in Wales subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_history_of_women's_suffrage_in_Wales-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_women's_suffrage_in_Wales,_1832–1884" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_women's_suffrage_in_Wales,_1832–1884"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Early women's suffrage in Wales, 1832–1884</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_women's_suffrage_in_Wales,_1832–1884-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffragist_societies_in_Wales,_1884–1906" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffragist_societies_in_Wales,_1884–1906"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Suffragist societies in Wales, 1884–1906</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffragist_societies_in_Wales,_1884–1906-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pressure_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pressure_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Pressure groups</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pressure_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-David_Lloyd_George_and_the_suffrage_movement,_1907–1912" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#David_Lloyd_George_and_the_suffrage_movement,_1907–1912"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>David Lloyd George and the suffrage movement, 1907–1912</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-David_Lloyd_George_and_the_suffrage_movement,_1907–1912-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-March_to_Victory,_1912–1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#March_to_Victory,_1912–1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>March to Victory, 1912–1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-March_to_Victory,_1912–1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.6</span> <span>After the Representation of the People Act 1918</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Suffragists_versus_militancy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Suffragists_versus_militancy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Suffragists versus militancy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Suffragists_versus_militancy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-How_Welsh_was_Welsh_suffrage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#How_Welsh_was_Welsh_suffrage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>How Welsh was Welsh suffrage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-How_Welsh_was_Welsh_suffrage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Welsh_suffragists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Welsh_suffragists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Welsh suffragists</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Welsh_suffragists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Timeline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Footnotes</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Footnotes subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 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class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ওয়েলসে নারীদের ভোটাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ওয়েলসে নারীদের ভোটাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhoi%27r_bleidlais_i_ferched_yng_Nghymru" title="Rhoi'r bleidlais i ferched yng Nghymru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhoi'r bleidlais i ferched yng Nghymru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li> 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism"><span class="wrap"><span class="nowrap">Gender-critical</span> or <span class="nowrap">trans-exclusionary</span></span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health"><span class="wrap">Women's health</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a 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States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a 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journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Women's suffrage in Wales</b> has historically been marginalised due to the prominence of societies and political groups in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> which led the reform for women <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">throughout the United Kingdom</a>. Due to differing social structures and a heavily industrialised working-class society, the growth of a national movement in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> grew but then stuttered in the late nineteenth century in comparison with that of England. Nevertheless, distinct Welsh groups and individuals rose to prominence and were vocal in the rise of suffrage in Wales and the rest of Great Britain. </p><p>In the early twentieth century, Welsh hopes of advancing the cause of female suffrage centred around the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal Party</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_the_Exchequer" title="Chancellor of the Exchequer">Chancellor of the Exchequer</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a>, one of the most important Welsh politicians of the day. After Liberal success in the <a href="/wiki/1906_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1906 United Kingdom general election">1906 Election</a> failed to materialise into political change, suffragettes and in particular members of the more militant <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU), took a hard-line stance towards their Members of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>, engaging in direct action against them. </p><p>Militant action was not a hallmark of the movements in Wales and Welsh members, who more often identified themselves as suffragists, sought Parliamentary and public support through political and peaceful means. In <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a>, across the United Kingdom, women over the age of 30 gained the right to vote, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928</a> which saw women gain the same rights to vote as men. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_history_of_women's_suffrage_in_Wales"><span id="The_history_of_women.27s_suffrage_in_Wales"></span>The history of women's suffrage in Wales</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The history of women's suffrage in Wales"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_women's_suffrage_in_Wales,_1832–1884"><span id="Early_women.27s_suffrage_in_Wales.2C_1832.E2.80.931884"></span>Early women's suffrage in Wales, 1832–1884</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early women's suffrage in Wales, 1832–1884"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Women were not explicitly banned from voting in Great Britain until the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a> (<a href="/wiki/2_%26_3_Will._4" class="mw-redirect" title="2 & 3 Will. 4">2 & 3 Will. 4</a>. c. 45) and the <a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">Municipal Corporations Act 1835</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In England the suffrage movement existed before and after the 1832 act, but did not form a national organisation until the creation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Society_for_Women%27s_Suffrage" title="National Society for Women's Suffrage">National Society for Women's Suffrage</a> in 1872. Although there were notable exceptions such as the <a href="/wiki/Working-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Working-class">working-class</a> areas of <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, the women's suffrage movement in England was predominantly a <a href="/wiki/Middle-class" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-class">middle-class</a> movement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991159_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991159-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In Wales there were only two narrow bands of wealthy society in the Anglicised north and south coastal areas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991159-160_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991159-160-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Much of the female population of an emerging 19th century Wales was based in the low-waged, densely-populated, industrialised <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">valleys of the south</a>. At first women found work in metalworking and coal extraction, but then faced mass unemployment after the <a href="/wiki/Mines_and_Collieries_Act_1842" title="Mines and Collieries Act 1842">Mines and Collieries Act 1842</a> had prohibited them from working underground.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008970_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008970-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The coal mining industry, with its absence of pithead baths, led to unpaid women's employment as the need to keep both their homes and the family's menfolk clean became a never ending task.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008970_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008970-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This led to the image of the stoic <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Mam" title="Welsh Mam">Welsh Mam</a>, a matriarch of the home, but little could be further from the truth in a society controlled by men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008941–942_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008941–942-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The increase of wealth created by the mining and metalworking industries saw the creation of new upper-class families who often built their wealthy homes in the centre of the community from which they prospered. Whereas the pit and foundry owners were initially men, many of whom had political ambitions, their wives sought more charitable activities often connected to improving the lives of the women and children of their husband's workers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199143–46_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199143–46-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Dowlais" title="Dowlais">Dowlais</a>, the heart of the ironworking industry of Wales, <a href="/wiki/Rose_Mary_Crawshay" title="Rose Mary Crawshay">Rose Mary Crawshay</a>, the well-to-do English-born wife of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Thompson_Crawshay" title="Robert Thompson Crawshay">Robert Thompson Crawshay</a>, passed her time in such charitable work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199156_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199156-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She set up <a href="/wiki/Soup_kitchen" title="Soup kitchen">soup kitchens</a>, gave to the poor and established no less than seven libraries in the area, but apart from this work, for which she would be expected to do, she was also a staunch feminist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199156–57_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199156–57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraisey2004136_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraisey2004136-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Living under the rule of a notoriously tyrannical husband, for whom she bore five children, she showed a strong-will and was known in feminist circles in London from the 1850s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199156–57_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199156–57-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDraisey2004136_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDraisey2004136-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1866 she and 25 other signatories, all based in Wales, signed the country's first women's Suffrage Petition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199156_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199156-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1870, Rose Crawshay held a public meeting at <a href="/wiki/Cyfarthfa_Castle" title="Cyfarthfa Castle">her home</a>, probably the first in Wales to discuss women's suffrage, but she was later taken to task by the local newspaper for disturbing the peace and leading Wales' women astray.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first suffrage tour of Welsh towns was conducted the following year by <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Craigen" title="Jessie Craigen">Jessie Craigen</a>, who travelled the south of the country visiting <a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pembroke_Dock" title="Pembroke Dock">Pembroke Dock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neyland" title="Neyland">Neyland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saundersfoot" title="Saundersfoot">Saundersfoot</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 4 March 1872, Mrs. Crawshay held a second meeting, in <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfill" class="mw-redirect" title="Merthyr Tydfill">Merthyr Tydfill</a>, which resulted in a new petition being delivered, the effect of which saw the signing of petitions from <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denbighshire" title="Denbighshire">Denbighshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cardiganshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cardiganshire">Cardiganshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year the Bristol & West of England Society for Women's Suffrage sent two of their members, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Caroline_Biggs_(suffragist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caroline Biggs (suffragist) (page does not exist)">Caroline Biggs</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lilias_Ashworth&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lilias Ashworth (page does not exist)">Lilias Ashworth</a>, on a sponsored speaking tour of south Wales which took in Pontypool, Newport, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haverfordwest" title="Haverfordwest">Haverfordwest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013211-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the actions of several prominent Welsh women, such as <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Russell,_Viscountess_Amberley" title="Katharine Russell, Viscountess Amberley">Lady Amberley</a> and Miss <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gertrude_Jenner&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gertrude Jenner (page does not exist)">Gertrude Jenner</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wenvoe" title="Wenvoe">Wenvoe</a>, no real suffrage movements took hold in the 1870s and the country was reliant on speaking tours from members of English societies, predominantly from Bristol, London and Manchester.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013212_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013212-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 25 February 1881, Gertrude Jenner addressed a meeting held in Cardiff Town Hall to "consider means of promoting interest in Cardiff" towards female voting rights.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a preliminary to a larger meeting that was held on 9 March which was attended by local dignitaries, Miss Jenner, <a href="/wiki/Helen_Blackburn" title="Helen Blackburn">Helen Blackburn</a> and was chaired by the Mayor of Cardiff.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013213_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013213-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite there being a great deal of suffrage activity in the lead up to the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">Representation of the People Act 1884</a> (the 'Third Reform Act'), there was little campaigning in Wales during the early 1880s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013214_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013214-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One act of significant importance that did occur during this period was the decision in late 1884 by the delegates of the Aberdare, Merthyr and Dowlais District Mine Association to support a series of talks by Jeanette Wilkinson on the right of women's votes. This is the first recorded instance of interest by Welsh working men supporting female suffrage.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013214_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013214-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Suffragist_societies_in_Wales,_1884–1906"><span id="Suffragist_societies_in_Wales.2C_1884.E2.80.931906"></span>Suffragist societies in Wales, 1884–1906</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Suffragist societies in Wales, 1884–1906"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:302px"><div style="position:relative;width:300px;border:1px solid lightgray"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Women's suffrage in Wales is located in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales is located in Wales" 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title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:94.091%;left:77.667%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Penarth" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, 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href="/wiki/Criccieth" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.409%;left:53.833%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dolgellau" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" 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class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Lampeter" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:82.545%;left:44.567%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Llanelli" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:79.682%;left:70.7%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:86.273%;left:71.933%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:27.864%;left:36.067%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Pwllheli" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.591%;left:68.4%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ferndale,_Rhondda_Cynon_Taf" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div><div class="od notheme" style="top:85.409%;left:51.767%;font-size:86%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Women's suffrage in Wales"><img alt="Women's suffrage in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_location_map.svg" title="File:Wales location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Map of Wales showing the locations of <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">NUWSS</a> branches as listed in the <i>Suffrage Annual of Women's Who's Who</i> (1913).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe2004_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div></div> <p>The publication of the Reform Acts of <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">1867</a> and <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884</a>, both of which extended suffrage for men in the United Kingdom, led to large-scale political organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These combined with the outcome of the <a href="/wiki/Corrupt_and_Illegal_Practices_Prevention_Act_1883" title="Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883">Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883</a>, which prevented the payment of canvassers, led to both <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(UK)" title="Conservative Party (UK)">Conservative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(UK)" title="Liberal Party (UK)">Liberal</a> Parties approaching female supporters to aid them in political campaigning.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200040_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200040-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Conservatives were first to offer a political role for women in Wales with the opening of branches of the <a href="/wiki/Primrose_League" title="Primrose League">Primrose League</a>, but campaigning for women's rights was not its priority and merely aimed to 'interest women in politics'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200041_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200041-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In response the Liberal Party launched Women's Liberal Associations which allowed women more freedom to allocate a role and voice for themselves and were not a mere subsidiary of the national party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The organisation of women in the Liberal Party in Wales began around 1890 supported by prominent members <a href="/wiki/Gwyneth_Vaughan" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwyneth Vaughan">Gwyneth Vaughan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nora_Phillips" class="mw-redirect" title="Nora Phillips">Nora Phillips</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sybil_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Sybil Thomas">Sybil Thomas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1891 an <a href="/wiki/Aberdare" title="Aberdare">Aberdare</a> branch of the Women's Liberal Foundation was founded and it quickly began advocating votes for women and began leafleting in both English and Welsh.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1893 there were said to be 7,000 members of the Welsh Union of Women's Liberal Associations which had raised to 9,000 by 1895.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991163-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At a meeting of the North Wales Liberal Foundation in 1895 it was decided that Women's Liberal Federation would merge with <a href="/wiki/Cymru_Fydd" title="Cymru Fydd">Cymru Fydd</a>, a political pressure group for home rule, to form a new Welsh Liberal Federation and equal rights for women were written into the objects of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991164_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991164-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite some early successes Liberal organisation floundered as they headed into the new century and apart from the Cardiff branch which achieved some successes, many of the branches had closed by 1907.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991165_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991165-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pressure_groups">Pressure groups</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pressure groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1897 saw the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> (NUWSS) under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Fawcett" title="Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198810_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAtkinson198810-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a non-political organisation which was formed out of the seventeen strongest societies throughout England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991166_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991166-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took until 1907 before the first branch of the NUWSS was formed in Wales. This occurred during a meeting at the <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a> Cocoa House which saw Mrs. Walton-Evans become the president of the local cell.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201510–14_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201510–14-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other branches soon began forming across Wales, with the creation of the Cardiff and District branch in 1908 followed by <a href="/wiki/Rhyl" title="Rhyl">Rhyl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201524_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201524-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Conwy" title="Conwy">Conwy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201530_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay201530-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a> in 1909.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay2015248_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELawson-Reay2015248-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The more militant arm of the suffrage movement, the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">Women's Social and Political Union</a> (WSPU), was not strong in Wales. <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200043_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200043-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 it had five branches in Wales compared to 26 for the NUWSS. That said the WSPU had been active in promoting itself in Wales long before this with <a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gawthorpe" title="Mary Gawthorpe">Mary Gawthorpe</a> holding meetings throughout Wales in 1906.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1908 both the WSPU and the NUWSS were active in <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a> to campaign at a <a href="/wiki/1908_Pembrokeshire_by-election" title="1908 Pembrokeshire by-election">by-election</a>. Their slogan of 'Keep the Liberals Out', would not have resonated with the Welsh voters, as in the election of 1906 not a single Tory had won a seat in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, their main political target was Liberal prime minister <a href="/wiki/H._H._Asquith" title="H. H. Asquith">H. H. Asquith</a> who was vehemently opposed to the enfranchisement of women.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="David_Lloyd_George_and_the_suffrage_movement,_1907–1912"><span id="David_Lloyd_George_and_the_suffrage_movement.2C_1907.E2.80.931912"></span>David Lloyd George and the suffrage movement, 1907–1912</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: David Lloyd George and the suffrage movement, 1907–1912"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg/170px-Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg/255px-Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg/340px-Lloyd-George_Explaining_his_Policies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="958" /></a><figcaption>David Lloyd George in 1912, during the height of the WSPU militancy action.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg/220px-Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg/330px-Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg/440px-Cardiff_%26_District_Womens_Suffrage_Society.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3802" data-file-height="2281" /></a><figcaption>1908 banner of the Cardiff & District Women's Suffrage Society</figcaption></figure> <p>Attitudes towards the suffragette movement as a whole were badly affected by militant actions led mostly by members of the WSPU. In July 1908 the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_National_Anti-Suffrage_League" title="Women's National Anti-Suffrage League">Women's National Anti-Suffrage League</a> (WNASL) was inaugurated, with Welsh MP <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Guest,_1st_Viscount_Wimborne" title="Ivor Guest, 1st Viscount Wimborne">Ivor Guest</a> serving as treasurer.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009199_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009199-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The initial involvement of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ermine_Taylor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ermine Taylor (page does not exist)">Ermine Taylor</a> led to a branch of the WNASL being formed in Denbigshire the following year.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009200_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Undeterred the pro-suffrage groups continued to take direct action. In Bristol in 1908, <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> had been threatened by WSPU members, and the widespread anger after the event led to a Cardiff meeting led by <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Despard" title="Charlotte Despard">Charlotte Despard</a> being abandoned. In Merthyr the speakers were drowned out and herrings and tomatoes thrown at them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169_31-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite being a 'favoured son of Wales' and outwardly pro-women's suffrage, Liberal MP, and from 1908, the Chancellor of the Exchequer, <a href="/wiki/David_Lloyd_George" title="David Lloyd George">David Lloyd George</a> was often a target of suffragette activity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991170_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991170-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Lloyd George always stated his support to the suffrage movement in public speeches, the failure of the Liberal Government to make any progress on implementing change led <a href="/wiki/Christabel_Pankhurst" title="Christabel Pankhurst">Christabel Pankhurst</a> to believe him to be a secret anti-suffragist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200315_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200315-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pankhurst was quoted in the Times in November 1911 declaring "'Lloyd Georgitis' seemed to be a disease which afflicted men to-day with very few exceptions. But women saw through him. They had always known him as an anti-suffragist, and they must fight him here and now."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200316_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200316-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pankhurst's assumptions had a basis of truth, as a month before Lloyd George had written to the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Murray,_1st_Baron_Murray_of_Elibank" title="Alexander Murray, 1st Baron Murray of Elibank">Liberal Party chief whip</a> bemoaning the fact that the forthcoming <a href="/wiki/Conciliation_Bills" title="Conciliation Bills">Conciliation Bill</a> would hand hundreds of thousands of votes to the Tory party.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200313_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200313-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The year 1912 saw a marked increase in militant action in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anger at the defeat of the Conciliation Bills saw the WPSU disrupt a speech by Lloyd George at the Pavilion in Caernarfon. The protesters, male and female, were treated harshly with clothes torn and hair ripped out and were beaten by sticks and umbrellas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174_39-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later that year Lloyd George was again heckled by suffragettes whilst delivering a speech at the <a href="/wiki/National_Eisteddfod" class="mw-redirect" title="National Eisteddfod">National Eisteddfod</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Just two weeks later one of the most notorious events in the history of suffrage in Wales took place, when Lloyd George returned to his home town of <a href="/wiki/Llanystumdwy" title="Llanystumdwy">Llanystumdwy</a> to open the village hall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174_39-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No sooner had he started speaking than he was interrupted by the cries of 'Votes for Women!' The hecklers were violently assaulted by the crowd.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174_39-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One was stripped to the waist before being rescued and another was almost thrown off a bridge to be dashed on the rocks of the <a href="/wiki/Afon_Dwyfor" title="Afon Dwyfor">River Dwyfor</a> below.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174_39-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991174-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As trouble was anticipated the national press was present and the <i><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Illustrated_London_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Illustrated London News">Illustrated London News</a></i> devoted a full page of photographs to the incident.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The local press not only attacked the suffragettes, but poured scorn on the crowd for tarnishing the image of a peaceful, Nonconformist, chapel-going Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The event is seen as the most dramatic event in the history of Women's suffrage in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJones200321_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJones200321-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="March_to_Victory,_1912–1918"><span id="March_to_Victory.2C_1912.E2.80.931918"></span>March to Victory, 1912–1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: March to Victory, 1912–1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the 1910s unfolded, attitudes hardened on both sides of the emancipation issue. In 1912 the anti-suffrage WNASL was amalgamated into the newly formed <a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Opposing_Woman_Suffrage" title="National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage">National League for Opposing Woman Suffrage</a> (NLOWS), and that year a branch of the NLOWS was established in Bangor.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175_42-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the 286 branches of the organisation, 19 were eventually formed in Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009200_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009200-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the most prolific supporters of the NLOWS in Wales were both Members of Parliament; Ivor Guest (Cardiff) and <a href="/wiki/John_David_Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="John David Rees">J. D. Rees</a> (Montgomery).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace20092_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace20092-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the years leading up to the outbreak of the First World War the NUWSS spent its time in north Wales organising educational and propaganda campaigns.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175_42-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In south Wales friction was caused by a shift in political views pushed onto the country from the central office. 1912 saw the NUWSS switch its policy as a non-party organisation to set up the <a href="/wiki/Election_Fighting_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="Election Fighting Fund">Election Fighting Fund</a> (EFF) to support the newly burgeoning <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000369_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000369-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales had traditionally been a Liberal heartland and the South Wales Federation of Women's Suffrage Societies was opposed to this new policy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000369_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000369-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a sense that there was a disjoint between the central 'English feminist agenda' pushed by the militant headquarters and the needs of Welsh social, cultural and political views.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000371–72_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000371–72-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The strains existed between the two organisation until the EFF was abandoned in 1914.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000384_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000384-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lady_Margaret_Mackworth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Lady_Margaret_Mackworth.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="233" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="161" data-file-height="233" /></a><figcaption>Margaret Haig Mackworth, later Viscountess Rhondda, Welsh militant suffragette.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913 a Suffrage Pilgrimage was organised, to end with a rally in <a href="/wiki/Hyde_Park,_London" title="Hyde Park, London">Hyde Park</a>, London on 26 July. It was an attempt to remind the public of the larger constitutional and non-militant wing of the movement, and routes were planned from 17 British towns and cities, including Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twenty-eight members from Welsh NUWSS branches left from Bangor on 2 July travelling through Wales where they were met with both support and hostility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-176_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991175-176-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further branch left Cardiff on 7 July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1913 also saw a continuation of more hard-line methods, with the WPSU firebombing a house which was being built for Lloyd George.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between April and September 1913, hoax bombs were set at both Cardiff and <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Llantarnam" title="Llantarnam">Llantarnam</a>, telegraph wires were cut.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This period also saw the actions of one of Wales' most notable suffragettes, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mackworth,_2nd_Viscountess_Rhondda" class="mw-redirect" title="Margaret Mackworth, 2nd Viscountess Rhondda">Margaret Haig Mackworth</a>, daughter of MP <a href="/wiki/David_Alfred_Thomas,_1st_Viscount_Rhondda" class="mw-redirect" title="David Alfred Thomas, 1st Viscount Rhondda">D. A. Thomas</a> and his activist wife Sybil Thomas. Mackworth had been recruited into the WPSU in 1908 and had been a vocal and active member from that date, later founding the Newport branch of the organisation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169_31-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991169-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008865_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008865-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1913 she was convicted of setting fire to a post box and after refusing to pay the fine was sent to prison at <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Usk" title="HM Prison Usk">Usk</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008865_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008865-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While imprisoned Mackworth went on hunger strike, but was released under the '<a href="/wiki/Prisoners_(Temporary_Discharge_for_Ill_Health)_Act_1913" class="mw-redirect" title="Prisoners (Temporary Discharge for Ill Health) Act 1913">Cat and Mouse Act</a>'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176–177_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991176–177-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 1914 the non-militant elements of the suffrage movement had built up a steady presence and, although damaged by the bad press violent action brought, they also gained from the publicity.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A summer school had been set up by the NUWSS in the <a href="/wiki/Conwy_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Conwy Valley">Conwy Valley</a> the previous year and now their members were benefitting from the training in public speaking that was given.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In south Wales signs of working-class involvement in the suffrage cause took shape through the <a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Women's Co-operative Guild</a>, with a branch opening in <a href="/wiki/Ton_Pentre" title="Ton Pentre">Ton Pentre</a> in the Rhondda in 1914 run by <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Andrews" title="Elizabeth Andrews">Elizabeth Andrews</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991177-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the outbreak of the First World War, all WSPU activity came to a halt and the NUWSS turned much of their focus to relief work.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200046_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200046-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991178_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991178-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The WPSU, reformed as the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Party_(UK)" title="Women's Party (UK)">Women's Party</a> from 1917, sent members across Wales, no longer to rally for suffrage but to encourage male volunteers to join the British Army.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009222_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009222-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1915 <a href="/wiki/Flora_Drummond" title="Flora Drummond">Flora Drummond</a> attended a rally in Merthyr to demand that men leave occupations that women could undertake, and to stop 'hiding behind the petticoats'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009223_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009223-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Women in Wales took up employment en masse, especially in newly opened munitions factories, and in 1918 the Newport Shell Factory had a female workforce of 83 per cent while the <a href="/wiki/Queensferry,_Flintshire" title="Queensferry, Flintshire">Queensferry</a> factory was 70 per cent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009224_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009224-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The militant suffragettes, who were at one point public enemies, were now seen as fierce nationalist and patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009220_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009220-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Old foes became allies and vice versa. Lloyd George was now referred to as 'that great Welshman' while Labours' <a href="/wiki/Keir_Hardie" title="Keir Hardie">Keir Hardie</a>, the WSPU's staunchest defender before the war, was lambasted for his pacifist stance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009224–225_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009224–225-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were still those in the suffragette movement who wished to keep pushing the agenda of emancipation. Some members of the WSPU broke away to form the Suffragettes of the WSPU (SWSPU), amongst their members were Conwy-born <a href="/wiki/Helena_Jones" title="Helena Jones">Helena Jones</a>, who continued to campaign for women's votes, challenging Pankhurst's stance publicly in the letter pages of the <i>Suffragists News Sheet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009240–241_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009240–241-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> was passed which gave women over the age of 30, who met a property qualification, the right to vote.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several factors led to the passing of the act, including the efforts of working women, the dilution of anti-suffrage rhetoric and political change in London, where Asquith had been replaced as prime minister by Lloyd George.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009248–249_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009248–249-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The government believed that six million voters would be added by the 1918 act, in Wales the electorate rose from 430,000 to 1,172,000.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009250_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009250-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918">After the Representation of the People Act 1918</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: After the Representation of the People Act 1918"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the First World War, relief work helped keep the women's societies in Wales active, though membership numbers began to fall.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn1991178_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn1991178-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, many of the regional branches began to wither. The <a href="/wiki/Llangollen" title="Llangollen">Llangollen</a> WSS resolved to disband in December 1918, handing their marching banner to the National Council, believing their work was done. While others, such as the Newport branch, revised their aims to form a Women's Citizen Association taking an active interest in welfare and social issues.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other branches continued the political vision of equal suffrage, notably Bangor, while the Cardiff WSS busied itself by attempting to secure the election of women to local government posts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn1991179_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn1991179-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009257_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009257-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fact that the terms of enfranchisement were not equal to men ensured that the surviving suffragist societies still had a focus, and the first point of order was the bill to admit women as MPs.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009252_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009252-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was passed in October 1918 and seventeen women stood at the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 General Election</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009252_73-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009252-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was one female candidacy in Wales, <a href="/wiki/Millicent_Mackenzie" title="Millicent Mackenzie">Millicent Mackenzie</a>, a former professor of education from the <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_University" title="Cardiff University">University College of South Wales and Monmouthshire</a>, who unsuccessfully contested the newly formed <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="University of Wales (UK Parliament constituency)">University of Wales seat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009253_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009253-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It took until <a href="/wiki/1929_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1929 United Kingdom general election">1929</a> for Wales to return its first female MP, <a href="/wiki/Megan_Lloyd_George" title="Megan Lloyd George">Megan Lloyd George</a>, the youngest daughter of the former prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009254_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009254-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921 Margaret Mackworth, now the second <a href="/wiki/Viscount_Rhondda" title="Viscount Rhondda">Viscountess Rhondda</a>, launched the <a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Group" title="Six Point Group">Six Point Group</a>, an action group that focused heavily on the equality between men and women and the rights of the child.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mackworth continued to strive towards equality for women and emerged as one of the leading feminist campaigners in Britain during the inter-war period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She established a number of women's organisations, pressure groups and launched the influential feminist journal <i><a href="/wiki/Time_and_Tide_(magazine)" title="Time and Tide (magazine)">Time and Tide</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255–256_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255–256-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also made an unsuccessful bid to gain entry into the House of Lords, fighting against a 1922 ruling that barred the admission of women.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Equal franchise was eventually won with the passing of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a>. This was not achieved through a matter of course, but through a constant campaign of organised pressure.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255_76-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NUWSS reorganised into the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Societies_for_Equal_Citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship">National Union of Societies for Equal Citizenship</a> (NUSEC), taking on a broader range of issues to secure more widespread support.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255_76-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009255-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Freedom_League" title="Women's Freedom League">Women's Freedom League</a> (WFL), which was formed in 1907 out of schism caused by Emmeline Pankhurst's desire for a more authoritarian style of leadership within the WSPU, was a vocal advocate of equal rights throughout the 1920s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256_70-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009256-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009101_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009101-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1919 there were four WFL branches in Wales, and, although the <a href="/wiki/Aberdyfi" title="Aberdyfi">Aberdyfi</a> and Cardiff branches had disbanded by 1921, both Montgomery Boroughs and Swansea remained staunchly active throughout the decade.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009258_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009258-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Suffragists_versus_militancy">Suffragists versus militancy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Suffragists versus militancy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The women's suffrage movement in Wales has historically been held in poor regard with little research undertaken before the end of the twentieth century. Initial impressions of women's voting rights in the country can appear to suggest apathy or even hostility towards suffrage, but historians such as Kay Cook and Neil Evans writing in 1991, and built upon by Dr. Kirsti Bohata, argue specific cultural environments led to a more cautious and considered political ideology. The type of militancy advocated by Emmeline Pankhurst's Women's Social and Political Union appears to have been rejected by the majority of Welsh suffrage campaigners, especially in the north of Wales, but Cook claims that the origin of this lies in the 1847 governmental "<a href="/wiki/Reports_of_the_Commissioners_of_Inquiry_into_the_State_of_Education_in_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the State of Education in Wales">Reports of the Commissioners of Inquiry into the state of education in Wales</a>", commonly known in Wales as the <i>Treason of the Blue Books</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646–647_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646–647-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:35%; ; color: #202122;background-color: #B0E0E6;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>...ein cylch ni yw derchafiad y Rhyw fenywaidd ymhob ystyr, - yn gymdeithasolm moesol a chrefyddol. Ein hamcan yw cydweithredu a sefydliadau addysgiadol ein hoes er cynhyrchu morwynion ffyddlon, marched rhinweddol, gwragedd darbodus a mamau deallgar... </p><p>...our interest is the elevation of the female sex in every respect - social, moral and religious. Our intention is to co-operate with the educational establishments of our time to produce faithful maids, virtuous women, thrifty wives and intelligent mothers... </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">excerpt from the introductory address by Evan Jones ("Ieuan Gwynedd") the editor of <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gymraes" title="Y Gymraes">Y Gymraes</a>" (the Welshwoman)</i></cite></p> </div> <p>In 1846, after a parliamentary speech by radical MP <a href="/wiki/William_Williams_(Radical_politician)" title="William Williams (Radical politician)">William Williams</a>, concerns were raised regarding the level of education in Wales. This resulted in an inquiry carried out by three English commissioners appointed by the Privy Council, none of whom had any knowledge of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformity</a> or elementary education.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008881_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008881-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The findings of the report were immensely detailed and were damning towards not only the state of education in Wales but drew a very critical picture of the Welsh as a people, labelling them as immoral and backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008881_81-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008881-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within its pages Welsh women were labelled as licentious and "cut off from civilising influences by the impenetrable Welsh language".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The report drew questions over the chastity of the poor and was just as damning to the wealthier women of the country; claiming that English farmers’ daughters were respectable; while their Welsh counterparts Wales were in the "constant habit of being courted in bed".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646_82-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result of the report led to a concerted effort to ensure that Welsh women would in future be above rebuke, and several Welsh periodicals were launched in the decades following aimed at improving housekeeping and to improve the morality of the Welsh readership.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646_82-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002646-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One of the first periodicals to launch after the publication, and in direct response to, the 'Blue Books' was <i><a href="/wiki/Y_Gymraes" title="Y Gymraes">Y Gymraes</a></i> (<i>The Welshwoman</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its editor <a href="/wiki/Evan_Jones_(Ieuan_Gwynedd)" title="Evan Jones (Ieuan Gwynedd)">Evan Jones</a> (1820-1852) known by his bardic name of "Ieaun Gwynedd" was seen as a champion of Welsh women following his detailed defence of their morality following the controversy surrounding the Report.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Y Gymraes</i>, launched in January 1850, set out to create the 'perfect' Welshwoman, a virtue of morality, sobriety and thrift, a beacon that would see the Welsh nation above all future criticism.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170_83-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199170-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As early as the autumn of 1851, with the health of its editor failing, <i>Y Gymraes</i> was merged with the monthly penny periodical <i>Y Tywysydd</i> (<i>The Guide</i>), and became <i>Y Tywysydd a'r Gymraes</i> in early 1852. Despite its title the majority of the contributors were men, and the publication continued to emphasise the importance of high moral standards rather than give practical advice.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199179_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199179-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the publication continued into the 1880s, it eventually made way for <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Y_Frythones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Y Frythones (page does not exist)">Y Frythones</a></i> (<i>The Female Briton</i>) under the editorship of <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Jane_Rees" title="Sarah Jane Rees">Sarah Jane Rees</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilliams199180_85-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilliams199180-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although these periodicals had their roots in the temperance movement, and many of the articles within their pages were frivolous, by the 1880s they began broaching the topic of female emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991160_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991160-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jane Aaron in 1994 described how the desire for Welsh womanhood to be seen as respectable in the eyes of its "colonial" neighbour endured even when their English counterparts had decided to take up an aggressive or 'unwomanly' mantle to achieve their goals of female emancipation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAaron1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_88-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAaron1994[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_January_2021]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(January_2021)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bohata builds on this hypothesis stating that the "idealised Welsh woman, inspired by England’s middle-class angel of the house, would represent Welsh respectability long after English women had abandoned their haloes in favour of bicycles."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002647_89-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002647-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="How_Welsh_was_Welsh_suffrage">How Welsh was Welsh suffrage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: How Welsh was Welsh suffrage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911,_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg/250px-Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg/375px-Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg/500px-Women%27s_Coronation_Procession_1911%2C_Welsh_Suffragists.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Welsh suffragists in traditional dress at the Women's Coronation Procession in London, 1911</figcaption></figure> <p>An argument exists that the women's suffrage movement in Wales was not truly 'Welsh', based on the fact that it was organised and orchestrated by an Anglicised, English-speaking, middle-class movement that had little bearing on the true voice of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As it has been shown, the first people to embrace the suffrage movement were English-born and wealthy. Rose Mary Crawshay, was born in Berkshire before moving to Wales after her marriage; Millicent Mackenzie was born in Bristol and University educated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199155_90-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199155-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the societies that sprang up in the wealthier coastal towns of the north and south were run by middle-class women, normally of English background with little or no understanding of the Welsh language. Ceridwen Lloyd-Morgan, writing in 2000, linked support for women's suffrage from an earlier campaigning group, the temperance movement, and although the temperance movement reached out through Welsh-language periodicals such as <i>Y Frythones</i> and <i>Y Gymraes</i>, she too concluded that the cross-over was "dominated by immigrant middle-class women".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372_87-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMasson2000372-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cook and Evans argue that, despite suffrage in Wales being introduced by a new generation of immigrant middle-class women, there was still a definite 'Welshness' to the ideology fostered by the nation, which was at loggerheads with their English counterparts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991181_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991181-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Wales had shown an independent resistance to the EFF and David Lloyd George was still a national institution, despite his prominent role in the government making him an obvious target for disruption.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180_92-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1911, after the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edith_Mansell_Moullin" class="mw-redirect" title="Edith Mansell Moullin">Edith Mansell Moullin</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Cymric_Suffrage_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Cymric Suffrage Union">Cymric Suffrage Union</a>, a Welsh society based in London.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It attempted to link women's suffrage with Wales and Welshness, and sought to unite both Welsh men and women living in the capital to their cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They distributed hand-bills written in Welsh to the Welsh chapels in London and translated pamphlets of the Conciliation Bill.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Union also expressed their nationality through dressing in <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Welsh_costume" title="Traditional Welsh costume">traditional Welsh costume</a> during parades and unlike many unions in Wales actually addressed their membership in Welsh as well as the English language at meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912 after Lloyd George scuppered the third Conciliation Bill, Mansell Moullin quit the organisation and formed the Forward Cymric Suffrage Union, which had a more militant policy. Members wore <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">red dragon</a> badges with the motto 'O Iesu, n'ad Gamwaith' ('Oh Jesus do not allow unfairness').<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013221_96-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013221-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the suffrage movement in Wales attempted to show a level of independence, it was always following rather than leading a national agenda.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180_92-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It depended deeply in its embryonic years on celebrated suffragists from outside its borders to bring crowds to town meetings, but still relied on a network of now forgotten non-militant supporters who organised and campaigned on the ground level. And, although failing to significantly draw a rural Welsh-speaking heartland to its cause, it still embraced a national sense of pride and values that contrasted to their neighbours in England.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180–184_97-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180–184-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Welsh_suffragists">Welsh suffragists</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Welsh suffragists"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg/170px-Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg/255px-Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg/340px-Pictures-of-suffragist-Alice-Abadam-who-lived-at-Middleton-Hall-Carmarthen%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>Alice Abadam, Welsh suffragette and activist</figcaption></figure> <p>Due to her family connections and high-profile militant action, Margaret Mackworth, the 2nd Viscountess Rhondda, is probably the most well-known Welsh suffragette. Her mother Sybil Thomas and Merthyr Ironmaster's wife, Rose Mary Crawshay, were both well connected suffragists whose work is well documented. Millicent Mackenzie and to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Amy_Dillwyn" title="Amy Dillwyn">Amy Dillwyn</a> are remembered more for connections outside the sphere of women's suffrage, but were both important Welsh activists for the cause.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe2004_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe2004-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The majority of suffragists either working in Wales or Welsh suffragists who were active outside the country are many but poorly documented. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Abadam" title="Alice Abadam">Alice Abadam</a>, a renowned speaker and activist, was the daughter of the High Sheriff of Carmarthenshire. She later became the chairperson of the Federated Council of Suffrage Movements.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford20031_98-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford20031-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rachel_Barrett" title="Rachel Barrett">Rachel Barrett</a>, a science teacher from south Wales, rose to prominence within the WSPU and was chosen by <a href="/wiki/Annie_Kenney" title="Annie Kenney">Annie Kenney</a> to assist in running the WSPU national campaign from 1912.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200970_99-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200970-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford200335–36_100-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford200335–36-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was also assistant editor of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette" class="mw-redirect" title="The Suffragette">The Suffragette</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200970_99-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200970-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Trade unionists <a href="/wiki/Vernon_Hartshorn" title="Vernon Hartshorn">Vernon Hartshorn</a> and <a href="/wiki/George_Barker_(Welsh_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Barker (Welsh politician)">George Barker</a> were vocal supporters of the suffrage movement, while James Grant a socialist propagandist and keen seller of <i>The Suffragette</i> was imprisoned for five days after being arrested for obstruction while lecturing in <a href="/wiki/Treorchy" title="Treorchy">Treorchy</a> Square.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200975_101-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200975-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mary Keating Hill, a forty-year old wife of a Cardiff insurance manager, spent three weeks in jail for resisting the police and disorderly conduct. She had been given a similar conviction days prior but her brother paid the fine; but she was determined to be imprisoned.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200976_102-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200976-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 21 November 1911, after the failure of the Conciliation Bill, anger spilled over into direct action and 223 suffragettes were arrested during a campaign of window smashing. Among the arrests were seven women with Welsh connections, including Edith Mansell Moullin, Mildred Mansell, the sister of Ivor Guest, MP, and <a href="/wiki/Janet_Boyd" title="Janet Boyd">Janet Boyd</a>, sister of Sybil Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200981_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200981-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the period between 1918 and 1928, the WFL in Swansea produced two prominent activists in <a href="/wiki/Emily_Frost_Phipps" class="mw-redirect" title="Emily Frost Phipps">Emily Frost Phipps</a> and her close friend Clara Neal, who were founder members of their branch. Phipps and Neal were teachers and activists, both serving as president of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women_Teachers" title="National Union of Women Teachers">National Union of Women Teachers</a> and used that platform to press for equal franchise.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009260–261_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009260–261-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Phipps also used her position as editor of the <i>Woman Teacher</i> to urge her colleagues to support public meetings and demonstrations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009261_106-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009261-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg/250px-The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg/375px-The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/The_Sane_and_Insane_Sisters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="473" data-file-height="379" /></a><figcaption>1913 Western Mail cartoon by <a href="/wiki/J._M._Staniforth" class="mw-redirect" title="J. M. Staniforth">J. M. Staniforth</a> reflecting views towards the more militant arm of women's suffrage groups</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1832: <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Great Reform Act</a> – confirmed the exclusion of women from the electorate.</li> <li>1866: Wales first women's Suffrage Petition is signed, among its signatories is Mary Rose Crawshay.</li> <li>1884: The Aberdare, Merthyr and Dowlais District Mine Association pass a resolution to support a series of talks by Jeanette Wilkinson on women's suffrage.</li> <li>1895: The Women's Liberal Federation merges with Cymru Fydd.</li> <li>1907: The first branch of the <a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Societies" title="National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies">National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies</a> in Wales opens in <a href="/wiki/Llandudno" title="Llandudno">Llandudno</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200040_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBeddoe200040-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1908: The Cardiff and District Women's Suffrage Society is established, the first in south Wales.</li> <li>1911: At Llanystumdwy, during the opening of the new town hall, David Lloyd George is heckled by suffragettes who are turned upon by an angry crowd. It is seen as one of the most dramatic suffrage events in Wales.</li> <li>1911: The Cymric Suffrage Union is formed in London.</li> <li>1913, February: A house being built for David Lloyd George is blown up by members of the <a href="/wiki/WSPU" class="mw-redirect" title="WSPU">WSPU</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1913, July: Women from NWUSS branches across Wales take part in the Suffragist Pilgrimage, ending in London.</li> <li>1914, August: World War declared in Britain. WSPU activity immediately ceased. NUWSS activity continued peacefully.</li> <li>1916, December: David Lloyd George replaces Asquith as prime minister.</li> <li>1918: The <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act of 1918</a> enfranchised women over the age of 30 who were either a member or married to a member of the Local Government Register. About 8.4 million women gained the vote.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_108-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler19547–12_109-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler19547–12-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1918, November: the Eligibility of Women Act was passed, allowing women to be elected into <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Fawcett_108-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fawcett-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1921: Margaret Mackworth, the 2nd Viscountess Rhondda, forms the <a href="/wiki/Six_Point_Group" title="Six Point Group">Six Point Group</a>.</li> <li>1928: Women received the vote on the same terms as men (over the age of 21) as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1928" class="mw-redirect" title="Representation of the People Act 1928">Representation of the People Act 1928</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler195415–38_110-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler195415–38-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_movements_in_Wales" title="List of movements in Wales">List of movements in Wales</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Suffrage in the United Kingdom">Suffrage in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">Feminism in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Library_(London)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Women's Library (London)">The Women's Library (London)</a>—holds an extensive collection of material relating to the women's suffrage movement</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">List of women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amongst the signatories were three from Merthyr, eight from Denbigh and ten from the Swansea area.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In her article Beddoe argues that the list shown in the <i>Suffrage Annual of Women's Who's Who</i> of 1913 may be incomplete, as it was known that during this period there were active branches of the NUWSS in both Aberdare and Neath, though neither are listed. Also the branch 'Farmer's District' is not marked as no corresponding location has been given</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Writing in the letter pages of the <i>Suffragist News Sheet</i> in September 1916, Jones proclaimed "NOW is the psychological moment for demanding the admission of women to the franchise [because] the political machine during the war may be likened to sealing wax to which heat has been applied: it is in a condition to receive new impressions […] After the war it will harden again, and the old difficulties with party shibboleths will be revived.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In <i>Our Mother's Land</i> (1991), Cook and Evans state that the Cymric Suffrage Union was created after the failure of the first Conciliation Bill. The first Bill was in 1910, which does not link with the formation date of the CSU in 1911.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Although there are recorded incidents of window smashing in Wales, Ryland Wallace (2009) has found evidence of just two incidents within Wales itself, Cardiff 1912 and Cricieth in 1914, both conducted by English protestors.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFNeil_Johnston2013" class="citation web cs1">Neil Johnston, ed. (1 March 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/RP13-14/RP13-14.pdf">"The History of the Parliamentary Franchise"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. House of Commons Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBohata2002647-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBohata2002647_89-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBohata2002">Bohata 2002</a>, p. 647.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohn199155-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohn199155_90-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohn1991">John 1991</a>, p. 55.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991181-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991181_91-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCookEvans1991">Cook & Evans 1991</a>, p. 181.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180-92"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180_92-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180_92-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCookEvans1991">Cook & Evans 1991</a>, p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155-93"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2003155_93-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>, p. 155.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newspapers.library.wales/view/3977598/3977606/108/suffrage">"Welsh Suffrage Demonstration"</a>. <i>Llasi Llafur</i>. 4 July 1914<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Llasi+Llafur&rft.atitle=Welsh+Suffrage+Demonstration&rft.date=1914-07-04&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.library.wales%2Fview%2F3977598%2F3977606%2F108%2Fsuffrage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford2013221-96"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford2013221_96-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2013">Crawford 2013</a>, p. 221.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180–184-97"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECookEvans1991180–184_97-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCookEvans1991">Cook & Evans 1991</a>, pp. 180–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford20031-98"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford20031_98-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>, p. 1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200970-99"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200970_99-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200970_99-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECrawford200335–36-100"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECrawford200335–36_100-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCrawford2003">Crawford 2003</a>, pp. 35–36.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200975-101"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200975_101-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200976-102"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200976_102-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 76.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace200981-103"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace200981_103-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 81.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009260–261-105"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009260–261_105-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, pp. 260–261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWallace2009261-106"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWallace2009261_106-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWallace2009">Wallace 2009</a>, p. 261.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRowland1975" class="citation book cs1">Rowland, Peter (1975). "Conciliator-in-Chief, 1910-1914". <i>Lloyd George</i>. London: Barrie & Jenkins Ltd. p. 228. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0214200493" title="Special:BookSources/0214200493"><bdi>0214200493</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conciliator-in-Chief%2C+1910-1914&rft.btitle=Lloyd+George&rft.place=London&rft.pages=228&rft.pub=Barrie+%26+Jenkins+Ltd&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0214200493&rft.aulast=Rowland&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fawcett-108"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_108-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fawcett_108-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Fawcett, Millicent Garrett. <i>The Women's Victory – and After</i>. p.170. Cambridge University Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler19547–12-109"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler19547–12_109-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1954">Butler 1954</a>, pp. 7–12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEButler195415–38-110"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEButler195415–38_110-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFButler1954">Butler 1954</a>, pp. 15–38.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAaron1994" class="citation book cs1">Aaron, Jane (1994). "Finding a Voice in Two Tongues: Gender and Colinization". In Aaron, Jane; Rees, Teresa; Betts, Sandra (eds.). <i>Our Sisters' Land:The Changing Identities of Women in Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1247-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1247-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1247-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Finding+a+Voice+in+Two+Tongues%3A+Gender+and+Colinization&rft.btitle=Our+Sisters%27+Land%3AThe+Changing+Identities+of+Women+in+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1247-6&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.aufirst=Jane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (January 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAtkinson1988" class="citation book cs1">Atkinson, Diane (1988). <i>Votes for Women</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31044-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-31044-4"><bdi>978-0-521-31044-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+Women&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-521-31044-4&rft.aulast=Atkinson&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddoe2000" class="citation book cs1">Beddoe, Deirdre (2000). <i>Out of the Shadows: A History of Women in Twentieth-Century Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1591-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1591-0"><bdi>978-0-7083-1591-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Out+of+the+Shadows%3A+A+History+of+Women+in+Twentieth-Century+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1591-0&rft.aulast=Beddoe&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeddoe2004" class="citation journal cs1">Beddoe, Deirdre (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.llgc.org.uk/fileadmin/fileadmin/docs_gwefan/casgliadau/archifau/archif_wleidyddol/darlith_awg/dar_awg_deirdre_beddoe_2004.pdf">"Women and politics in twentieth century Wales"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>National Library of Wales Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (3): 333–347<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Wales+Journal&rft.atitle=Women+and+politics+in+twentieth+century+Wales&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=333-347&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Beddoe&rft.aufirst=Deirdre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.llgc.org.uk%2Ffileadmin%2Ffileadmin%2Fdocs_gwefan%2Fcasgliadau%2Farchifau%2Farchif_wleidyddol%2Fdarlith_awg%2Fdar_awg_deirdre_beddoe_2004.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBohata2002" class="citation journal cs1">Bohata, Kirsti (4 November 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020200200342">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'for Wales, see England?' suffrage and the new woman in Wales"</a>. <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>11</b> (4): 643–656. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020200200342">10.1080/09612020200200342</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4421">0011-4421</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=%27for+Wales%2C+see+England%3F%27+suffrage+and+the+new+woman+in+Wales&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=643-656&rft.date=2002-11-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020200200342&rft.issn=0011-4421&rft.aulast=Bohata&rft.aufirst=Kirsti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09612020200200342&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1954" class="citation book cs1">Butler, D. E. (1954). <i>The Electoral System in Britain 1918-1951</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Electoral+System+in+Britain+1918-1951&rft.date=1954&rft.aulast=Butler&rft.aufirst=D.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCookEvans1991" class="citation book cs1">Cook, Kay; Evans, Neil (1991). "<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'The Petty Antics of the Bell-Ringing Boisterous Band'? The Women's Suffrage Movement in Wales, 1890–1918". In John, Angela V. (ed.). <i>Our Mothers' Land, Chapters in Welsh Women's History 1830–1939</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5"><bdi>978-0-7083-1129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%27The+Petty+Antics+of+the+Bell-Ringing+Boisterous+Band%27%3F+The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Wales%2C+1890%E2%80%931918&rft.btitle=Our+Mothers%27+Land%2C+Chapters+in+Welsh+Women%27s+History+1830%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1129-5&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=Kay&rft.au=Evans%2C+Neil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2003" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2003). <i>The Women's Suffrage Movement: A Reference Guide 1866-1928</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781135434021" title="Special:BookSources/9781135434021"><bdi>9781135434021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement%3A+A+Reference+Guide+1866-1928&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9781135434021&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrawford2013" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth (2013). <i>The Women's Suffrage Movement in Britain and Ireland: A Regional Survey</i>. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136010545" title="Special:BookSources/9781136010545"><bdi>9781136010545</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Britain+and+Ireland%3A+A+Regional+Survey&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781136010545&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesJenkinsMennaLynch2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Davies_(historian)" title="John Davies (historian)">Davies, John</a>; <a href="/wiki/Nigel_Jenkins" title="Nigel Jenkins">Jenkins, Nigel</a>; Menna, Baines; Lynch, Peredur I., eds. (2008). <i>The Welsh Academy Encyclopaedia of Wales</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1953-6"><bdi>978-0-7083-1953-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Welsh+Academy+Encyclopaedia+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1953-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraisey2004" class="citation book cs1">Draisey, Derek (2004). <i>Women in Welsh History</i>. Swansea: Draisey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9546544-1-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9546544-1-2"><bdi>978-0-9546544-1-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Welsh+History&rft.place=Swansea&rft.pub=Draisey+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9546544-1-2&rft.aulast=Draisey&rft.aufirst=Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn1991" class="citation book cs1">John, Angela V. (1991). "Beyond Paternalism: The Ironmaster's Wife in the Industrial Community". In John, Angela V. (ed.). <i>Our Mothers' Land, Chapters in Welsh Women's History 1830–1939</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5"><bdi>978-0-7083-1129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Beyond+Paternalism%3A+The+Ironmaster%27s+Wife+in+the+Industrial+Community&rft.btitle=Our+Mothers%27+Land%2C+Chapters+in+Welsh+Women%27s+History+1830%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1129-5&rft.aulast=John&rft.aufirst=Angela+V.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2003" class="citation journal cs1">Jones, J. Graham (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://welshjournals.llgc.org.uk/browse/viewobject/llgc-id:1291844/article/000037662">"Lloyd George and the Suffragettes"</a>. <i>National Library of Wales Journal</i>. <b>33</b> (1): 1–33. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0011-4421">0011-4421</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 February</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Wales+Journal&rft.atitle=Lloyd+George+and+the+Suffragettes&rft.volume=33&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-33&rft.date=2003&rft.issn=0011-4421&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=J.+Graham&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwelshjournals.llgc.org.uk%2Fbrowse%2Fviewobject%2Fllgc-id%3A1291844%2Farticle%2F000037662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawson-Reay2015" class="citation book cs1">Lawson-Reay, Barbara (2015). <i>Votes for Welsh Women: The North Wales Suffragists' Campaign 1907–1914</i>. Conwy: Gwasg Carreg Gwalch. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84527-550-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84527-550-1"><bdi>978-1-84527-550-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Votes+for+Welsh+Women%3A+The+North+Wales+Suffragists%27+Campaign+1907%E2%80%931914&rft.place=Conwy&rft.pub=Gwasg+Carreg+Gwalch&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-84527-550-1&rft.aulast=Lawson-Reay&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMasson2000" class="citation journal cs1">Masson, Ursula (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200248">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Political conditions in wales are quite different…' party politics and votes for women in Wales 1912–15"</a>. <i>Women's History Review</i>. <b>9</b> (2): 369–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09612020000200248">10.1080/09612020000200248</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145410868">145410868</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+History+Review&rft.atitle=%27Political+conditions+in+wales+are+quite+different%E2%80%A6%27+party+politics+and+votes+for+women+in+Wales+1912%E2%80%9315&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=369-388&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09612020000200248&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145410868%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Masson&rft.aufirst=Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F09612020000200248&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWallace2009" class="citation book cs1">Wallace, Ryland (2009). <i>The Women's Suffrage Movement in Wales, 1866–1928</i>. Cardiff: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wales_Press" title="University of Wales Press">University of Wales Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-708-32173-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-708-32173-7"><bdi>978-0-708-32173-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Women%27s+Suffrage+Movement+in+Wales%2C+1866%E2%80%931928&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-708-32173-7&rft.aulast=Wallace&rft.aufirst=Ryland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1991" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Rhiannon (1991). "The True 'Cymraes': Images of Women in Women's Nineteenth-Century Welsh Periodicals". In John, Angela V. (ed.). <i>Our Mothers' Land, Chapters in Welsh Women's History 1830–1939</i>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-1129-5"><bdi>978-0-7083-1129-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+True+%27Cymraes%27%3A+Images+of+Women+in+Women%27s+Nineteenth-Century+Welsh+Periodicals&rft.btitle=Our+Mothers%27+Land%2C+Chapters+in+Welsh+Women%27s+History+1830%E2%80%931939&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-1129-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Rhiannon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/struggle.html">The struggle for democracy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025093551/http://www.bl.uk/learning/histcitizen/21cc/struggle/struggle.html">Archived</a> 25 October 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – information on the suffragettes at the British Library learning website</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wales_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wales_topics" title="Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wales_topics" title="Template talk:Wales topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wales_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wales topics"><abbr title="Edit this 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href="/wiki/List_of_Anglo-Welsh_wars" title="List of Anglo-Welsh wars">Anglo-Welsh Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_early_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the early Middle Ages">Early Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gwynedd" title="Kingdom of Gwynedd">Kingdom of Gwynedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Powys" title="Kingdom of Powys">Kingdom of Powys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyfraith_Hywel" title="Cyfraith Hywel">Medieval Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_invasion_of_Wales" title="Norman invasion of Wales">Norman invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Wales_by_Edward_I" title="Conquest of Wales by Edward I">Edwardian conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_late_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glynd%C5%B5r_rebellion" title="Glyndŵr rebellion">Glyndŵr rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_settlement_in_the_Americas" title="Welsh settlement in the Americas">Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Wales" title="Biodiversity of Wales">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Wales" title="Fauna of Wales">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Wales" title="Flora of Wales">Flora</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Wales" title="Climate of Wales">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Wales" title="Geology of Wales">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Wales" title="List of islands of Wales">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Wales" title="List of lakes of Wales">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_mountains_and_hills_in_the_British_Isles" title="Lists of mountains and hills in the British Isles">Mountains and hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protected_areas_of_Wales" title="Protected areas of Wales">Protected areas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Wales" title="National parks of Wales">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty_in_Wales" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty in Wales">AONBs</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Wales" title="List of rivers of Wales">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/England%E2%80%93Wales_border" title="England–Wales border">Wales–England border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_waterfalls_in_Wales" title="List of waterfalls in Wales">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Wales" title="Politics of Wales">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks 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cities in Wales">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayors_in_Wales" title="Mayors in Wales">Mayors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_in_Wales" title="List of rulers in Wales">Local rulers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_nationalism" title="Welsh nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Wales" title="List of political parties in Wales">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_republicanism" title="Welsh republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_Wales" title="Secretary of State for Wales">Secretary of State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd" title="Senedd">Senedd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Wales" title="Unionism in Wales">Unionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_Office" title="Wales Office">Wales Office</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Law</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Counsel_General_for_Wales" title="Counsel General for Wales">Counsel General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courts_of_England_and_Wales" title="Courts of England and Wales">Courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_law" title="Welsh law">Modern Welsh law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Police_forces_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Police forces of Wales">Police forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_forces_in_Wales" title="Armed forces in Wales">British Armed Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Wales" title="Economy of Wales">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Wales" title="Agriculture in Wales">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_finance_in_Wales" title="Banking and finance in Wales">Banking and finance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal_industry_in_Wales" title="Coal industry in Wales">Coal mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Wales" title="List of companies of Wales">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Wales" title="Forestry in Wales">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Housing_and_construction_in_Wales" title="Housing and construction in Wales">Housing and construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Wales" title="List of power stations in Wales">Power stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slate_industry_in_Wales" title="Slate industry in Wales">Slate quarrying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Wales" title="Tourism in Wales">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Wales" title="Transport in Wales">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Wales" title="Category:Society of Wales">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Wales" title="Culture of Wales">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_art" title="Welsh art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Wales" title="List of castles in Wales">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Wales" title="Education in Wales">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">Eisteddfod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorsedd_Cymru" title="Gorsedd Cymru">Gorsedd Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_literature" title="Welsh-language literature">Literature in Welsh</a> / <a href="/wiki/Welsh_literature_in_English" title="Welsh literature in English">in English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales" title="Music of Wales">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Wales" title="List of museums in Wales">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_scheduled_monuments_in_Wales" title="Lists of scheduled monuments in Wales">Scheduled monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Wales" title="Sport in Wales">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Wales" title="Theatre of Wales">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Wales" title="Demographics of Wales">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Wales" title="Languages of Wales">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_English" title="Welsh English">Welsh English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Sign_Language" title="British Sign Language">British Sign Language</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">People</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people" title="List of Welsh people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Actors" title="List of Welsh people">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Americans" title="List of Welsh Americans">Welsh Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_architects" title="List of Welsh architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_artists" title="List of Welsh artists">Artists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women_artists_associated_with_Wales" title="List of women artists associated with Wales">Women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_inventors" title="List of Welsh inventors">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_musicians" title="List of Welsh musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_poets_(6th_century_to_c._1600)" title="List of Welsh-language poets (6th century to c. 1600)">Poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_people#Monarchs_and_princes" title="List of Welsh people">Royalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_scientists" title="List of Welsh scientists">Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women" title="List of Welsh women">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_writers" title="List of Welsh writers">Writers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh-language_authors" title="List of Welsh-language authors">in Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_women_writers" title="List of Welsh women writers">Women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Wales" title="Health in Wales">Health</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Wales" title="Healthcare in Wales">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHS_Wales" title="NHS Wales">Healthcare service</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_health_board" title="Local health board">Boards</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Wales" title="Religion in Wales">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Wales" title="Christianity in Wales">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Anglicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_England_and_Wales" title="Catholic Church in England and Wales">Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_in_Wales" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints in Wales">Mormonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterianism</a></li></ul></li> <li>Non-Christian belief systems <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Wales" title="Baháʼí Faith in Wales">Bahá'ís</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Wales" title="Buddhism in Wales">Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Wales" title="Hinduism in Wales">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Wales" title="Islam in Wales">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Wales" title="History of the Jews in Wales">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druidry_(modern)" title="Druidry (modern)">Druidry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_Wales" title="Sikhism in Wales">Sikhism</a></li></ul></li> <li>History <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_David" title="Saint David">Saint David</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Methodist_revival" title="Welsh Methodist revival">Welsh Methodist revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904%E2%80%931905_Welsh_revival" title="1904–1905 Welsh revival">1904–1905 Welsh revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Wales" title="National symbols of Wales">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hen_Wlad_Fy_Nhadau" title="Hen Wlad Fy Nhadau">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_flags" title="List of Welsh flags">Flags</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Wales" title="Flag of Wales">national flag</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_feathers" title="Prince of Wales's feathers">Prince of Wales's feathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Badge_of_Wales" title="Royal Badge of Wales">Royal Badge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Dragon" title="Welsh Dragon">Welsh Dragon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><i><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/48px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/64px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales portal</a></i></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Suffrage" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Suffrage" title="Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Suffrage" title="Template talk:Suffrage"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Suffrage"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Suffrage" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Suffrage" title="Suffrage">Suffrage</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Basic topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">Universal suffrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomination_rules" title="Nomination rules">Right to run for office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_manhood_suffrage" title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women<br /><a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)"><i>Rise up, Women</i> (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton"><i>Elizabeth Cady Stanton</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)"><i>Forward</i> statue</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett"><i>Millicent Fawcett</i> statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)"><i>Great Petition</i> (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular<br />culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All"><i>The Mother of Us All</i> (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)"><i>Votes for Women</i> (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder"><i>Shoulder to Shoulder</i> (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone"><i>Not for Ourselves Alone</i> (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels"><i>Iron Jawed Angels</i> (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women"><i>Up the Women</i> (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)"><i>Selma</i> (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)"><i>Suffragette</i> (2015 film)</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a></i> (2018 musical)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a></i> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)"><i>Lioness</i> (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Electoral reform in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Electoral_reform_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Electoral reform in the United Kingdom</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act" title="Representation of the People Act">Representation of<br />the People Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Reform_Acts" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Reform_Acts" title="Reform Acts">Reform Acts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">England and Wales, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Reform_Act_1832" title="Scottish Reform Act 1832">Scotland, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Ireland)_Act_1832" title="Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1832">Ireland, 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1867" title="Reform Act 1867">England and Wales, 1867</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Scotland)_Act_1868" title="Representation of the People (Scotland) Act 1868">Scotland, 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Ireland)_Act_1868" title="Representation of the People (Ireland) Act 1868">Ireland, 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1884" title="Representation of the People Act 1884">1884</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1948" title="Representation of the People Act 1948">1948</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1949" title="Representation of the People Act 1949">1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1969" title="Representation of the People Act 1969">1969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1981" title="Representation of the People Act 1981">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1983" title="Representation of the People Act 1983">1983</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1985" title="Representation of the People Act 1985">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1989" title="Representation of the People Act 1989">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1990" title="Representation of the People Act 1990">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_People_Act_1991&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representation of the People Act 1991 (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Representation_of_the_People_Act_1993&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Representation of the People Act 1993 (page does not exist)">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_2000" title="Representation of the People Act 2000">2000</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Municipal Reform</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Police_burgh" title="Police burgh">Scotland, 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_Act_1835" title="Municipal Corporations Act 1835">England and Wales, 1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_Corporations_(Ireland)_Act_1840" title="Municipal Corporations (Ireland) Act 1840">Ireland, 1840</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Parliament_constituencies" class="mw-redirect" title="United Kingdom Parliament constituencies">Constituency reform</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_Act_1832" title="Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832">Parliamentary Boundaries Act 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Boundaries_(Ireland)_Act_1832" title="Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832">Parliamentary Boundaries (Ireland) Act 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_(Ireland)_Act_1918" title="Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918">Redistribution of Seats (Ireland) Act 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Ireland_Act_1920_(constituencies)" title="Government of Ireland Act 1920 (constituencies)">Government of Ireland Act 1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_1944" title="House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944">House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_(Redistribution_of_Seats)_Act_1949" title="House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949">House of Commons (Redistribution of Seats) Act 1949</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_1986" title="Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986">Parliamentary Constituencies Act 1986</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Voting_System_and_Constituencies_Act_2011" title="Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011">Parliamentary Voting System and Constituencies Act 2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Constituencies_Act_2020" title="Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020">Parliamentary Constituencies Act 2020</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Other related Acts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Elections_Act_1868" title="Parliamentary Elections Act 1868">Parliamentary Elections Act 1868</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballot_Act_1872" title="Ballot Act 1872">Ballot Act 1872</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_and_Illegal_Practices_Prevention_Act_1883" title="Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883">Corrupt and Illegal Practices Prevention Act 1883</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Assembly_Elections_Act_1978" title="European Assembly Elections Act 1978">European Assembly Elections Act 1978 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Registration_of_Political_Parties_Act_1998" title="Registration of Political Parties Act 1998">Registration of Political Parties Act 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Parliamentary_Elections_Act_1999" title="European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999">European Parliamentary Elections Act 1999 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_Parties,_Elections_and_Referendums_Act_2000" title="Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000">Political Parties, Elections and Referendums Act 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Administration_Act_2006" title="Electoral Administration Act 2006">Electoral Administration Act 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fixed-term_Parliaments_Act_2011" title="Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011">Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 (repealed)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Registration_and_Administration_Act_2013" title="Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013">Electoral Registration and Administration Act 2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_and_Calling_of_Parliament_Act_2022" title="Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022">Dissolution and Calling of Parliament Act 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_Act_2022" title="Elections Act 2022">Elections Act 2022</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em; line-height:1.1em;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chartism" title="Chartism">Chartism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unreformed_House_of_Commons" title="Unreformed House of Commons">Unreformed House of Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotten_and_pocket_boroughs" title="Rotten and pocket boroughs">Rotten and pocket boroughs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_constituency" title="University constituency">University constituency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_United_Kingdom_Alternative_Vote_referendum" title="2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum">2011 United Kingdom Alternative Vote referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">Elections in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_practices" title="Corrupt practices">Corrupt practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_commissions_(United_Kingdom)" title="Boundary commissions (United Kingdom)">Boundary commissions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_in_the_Making" title="Parliament in the Making">Parliament in the Making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_franchise_in_the_United_Kingdom_1885%E2%80%931918" title="Parliamentary franchise in the United Kingdom 1885–1918">Parliamentary franchise (1885–1918)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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