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href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0_%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%A8" title="ভাৰতত মহিলাৰ ভোটাধিকাৰ আন্দোলন – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ভাৰতত মহিলাৰ ভোটাধিকাৰ আন্দোলন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%80_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A7%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ভারতে নারী ভোটাধিকার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারতে নারী ভোটাধিকার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> The Women's suffrage movement in India fought for Indian women's right to political enfranchisement in <a href="/wiki/Colonial_India" title="Colonial India">Colonial India</a> under British rule. Beyond <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffrage</a>, the movement was fighting for women's right to stand for and hold office during the colonial era. In 1918, when <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">Britain granted limited suffrage</a> to women property holders, the law did not apply to British citizens in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">Empire</a>. Despite petitions presented by women and men to the British commissions sent to evaluate Indian voting regulations, women's demands were ignored in the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a>. In 1919, impassioned pleas and reports indicating support for women to have the vote were presented by suffragists to the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a> and before the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Joint Select Committee of the House of Lords and Commons</a>, who were meeting to finalize the electoral regulation reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Southborough_Franchise_Committee" title="Southborough Franchise Committee">Southborough Franchise Committee</a>. Though they were not granted voting rights, nor the right to stand in elections, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act 1919</a> allowed Provincial Councils to determine if women could vote, provided they met stringent property, income, or educational levels. Between 1919 and 1929, all of the <a href="/wiki/Presidencies_and_provinces_of_British_India" title="Presidencies and provinces of British India">British Provinces</a>, as well as most of the <a href="/wiki/Princely_state" title="Princely state">Princely states</a> granted women the right to vote and in some cases, allowed them to stand in local elections. The first win was in the <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">City of Madras</a> in 1919, followed by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Travancore">Kingdom of Travancore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jhalawar_State" title="Jhalawar State">Jhalawar State</a> in 1920, and in the British Provinces, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Presidency</a> in 1921. The <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_State" title="Rajkot State">Rajkot State</a> granted full universal suffrage in 1923 and in that year elected the first two women to serve on a Legislative Council in India. In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Muddiman_Committee" title="Muddiman Committee">Muddiman Committee</a> conducted a further study and recommended that the British Parliament allow women to stand in elections, which generated a reform on voting rights in 1926. In 1927, the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a> was appointed to develop a new India Act. Because the commission contained no Indians, nationalists recommended boycotting their sessions. This created fractures among women's groups, who aligned on one side in favour of universal suffrage and on the other in favour of maintaining limited suffrage based on educational and economic criteria. The Commission recommended holding <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conferences</a> to discuss extending the franchise. With limited input from women, the report from the three Round Tables was sent to the Joint Committee of the British Parliament recommending lowering the voting age to 21, but retaining property and literacy restrictions, as well as basing women's eligibility on their marital status. It also provided special quotas for women and ethnic groups in provincial legislatures. These provisions were incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>. Though it extended electoral eligibility, the Act still allowed only 2.5% of the women in India to vote. All further action to expand suffrage was tied to the nationalist movement, which considered independence a higher priority than women's issues. In 1946, when the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> was elected, 15 seats went to women. They helped draft the new constitution and in April 1947 the Assembly agreed to the principal of universal suffrage. Provisions for elections were adopted in July, India gained its independence from Britain in August, and voting rolls began being prepared in early 1948. The final provisions for franchise and elections were incorporated into the draft constitution in June 1949 and became effective on 26 January 1950, the enforcement date of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A map of the Indian Empire in 1915 delineating areas which were in the British Raj and those which were princely kingdoms." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/220px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/330px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg/440px-IndianEmpireCeylon1915.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1098" /></a><figcaption>Indian Empire in 1915 (Pink areas indicate those under the control of the British Raj and grey areas indicate those princely kingdoms which managed their own internal affairs)</figcaption></figure> In the 1890s <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a> arose in India with the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200227-1">[1]</a> The advent of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and the use in propaganda rhetoric of terms like 'self-determination' gave rise for hope among middle-class Indians that change was imminent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200234-2">[2]</a> For English-educated elites, who had predominantly become urbanised and depended on professional income, British rule was beneficial,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993399–400-3">[3]</a> but they also recognised that restrictions on their wives impacted their own careers. The practice of <a href="/wiki/Purdah" title="Purdah">secluding women</a> meant that they were unable to educate children or serve as hostesses or helpmeets to further their husbands' advancement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993400-4">[4]</a> Indian women, who had begun participating in reform activities since the 19th century, also saw the potential for change. They escalated their efforts into demands for political rights and specifically for suffrage. Entwined with Indian nationalists, Indian feminists sought support from British suffragists as well as their own autonomy,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton2016-5">[5]</a> which prevented the development of a unified identity or set of demands from women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherLevineMayhall2012225-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Austen_Chamberlain" title="Austen Chamberlain">Austen Chamberlain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_State_for_India" title="Secretary of State for India">Secretary of State for India</a> was against loosening the power of Britain in India and accused those who backed even moderate proposals for consultation of Indian princes as "meddlers" in the affairs of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200235–36-7">[7]</a> When he was ousted in 1917, his replacement, <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Montagu" title="Edwin Montagu">Edwin Montagu</a>, gained approval to organise with <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Thesiger,_1st_Viscount_Chelmsford" title="Frederic Thesiger, 1st Viscount Chelmsford">Lord Chelmsford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Viceroy of India">Viceroy of India</a>, a consultation for a limited political devolution of British power.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200237-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200492-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beginning_of_the_movement_(1917–1919)">Beginning of the movement (1917–1919)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Beginning of the movement (1917–1919)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_E._Cousins,_1932.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photograph of the upper torso of a woman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Margaret_E._Cousins%2C_1932.png/220px-Margaret_E._Cousins%2C_1932.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/85/Margaret_E._Cousins%2C_1932.png 1.5x" data-file-width="270" data-file-height="384" /></a><figcaption>Margaret E. Cousins, 1932</figcaption></figure><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu#Women's_movement" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu § Women's_movement</a></div> In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Cousins" title="Margaret Cousins">Margaret Cousins</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Indian_Association" title="Women's Indian Association">Women's Indian Association</a> in <a href="/wiki/Adyar,_Chennai" title="Adyar, Chennai">Adyar, Madras</a>, to create a vehicle for women to influence government policy. The organisation focused on equal rights, educational opportunity, social reform, and women's suffrage. Founding members included <a href="/wiki/S._Ambujammal" class="mw-redirect" title="S. Ambujammal">S. Ambujammal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Besant" title="Annie Besant">Annie Besant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Poonen_Lukose" title="Mary Poonen Lukose">Mary Poonen Lukose</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Begam_Hasrat_Mohani&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Begam Hasrat Mohani (page does not exist)">Begam Hasrat Mohani</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saralabai_Naik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saralabai Naik (page does not exist)">Saralabai Naik</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhanvanthi_Rama_Rau" title="Dhanvanthi Rama Rau">Dhanvanthi Rama Rau</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muthulakshmi_Reddy" title="Muthulakshmi Reddy">Muthulakshmi Reddy</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mangalammal_Sadasivier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mangalammal Sadasivier (page does not exist)">Mangalammal Sadasivier</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Herabai_Tata" title="Herabai Tata">Herabai Tata</a>. Besant was named president[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] and Tata, general secretary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989179-10">[10]</a> Wanting to secure an audience with Montagu, Cousins sent an application requesting discussion of educational and social reforms for women. When it was rejected on the grounds that the commission's research was limited to political topics, she revised her application, focusing on the presentation of political demands of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989180-11">[11]</a> When it was approved, on 15 December 1917,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200492-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sarojini_Naidu" title="Sarojini Naidu">Sarojini Naidu</a> led a deputation of 14 leading women from throughout India to present the demand to include women's suffrage in the new Franchise Bill under development by the Government of India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989179-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2011112-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003113-13">[13]</a> Besides Naidu and Cousins, members of the delegation included Besant, Parvati Ammal, Mrs. Guruswamy Chetty, Nalinibai Dalvi, <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Jinarajadasa" title="Dorothy Jinarajadasa">Dorothy Jinarajadasa</a>, Dr. Nagutai Joshi (later known as <a href="/wiki/Rani_Lakshmibai_Rajwade" class="mw-redirect" title="Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade">Rani Lakshmibai Rajwade</a>, Srimati Kamalabai Kibe, Mrs. Z. Lazarus, Mohani, Srimati S. Naik, Srimati Srirangamma, and Tata. In addition to the women physically present, telegrams of support were sent to Montagu by <a href="/wiki/Francesca_Arundale" title="Francesca Arundale">Francesca Arundale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abala_Bose" title="Abala Bose">Abala Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sarala_Devi_Chaudhurani" title="Sarala Devi Chaudhurani">Sarala Devi Chaudhurani</a>, Mrs. Mazur-al-Haque, <a href="/wiki/Uma_Nehru" title="Uma Nehru">Uma Nehru</a>, Mrs. R. V. Nilakanta, Miss H. Petit, <a href="/wiki/Ramabai_Ranade" title="Ramabai Ranade">Ramabai Ranade</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Shrimati_Padmabai_Sanjiva_Rao&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Shrimati Padmabai Sanjiva Rao (page does not exist)">Shrimati Padmabai Sanjiva Rao</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003113-13">[13]</a> The British Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a>, enfranchising women over the age of 30, who were entitled to be, or who were married to someone entitled to be, a local government elector.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith201490-14">[14]</a> The law did not apply to British citizens in other parts of the <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherLevineMayhall2012xiii-15">[15]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Montagu%E2%80%93Chelmsford_Reforms" title="Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms">Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms</a> were introduced in 1918 no recommendation was made for Indian women's enfranchisement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989182-16">[16]</a> Suffragists were active in drawing up petitions<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200493-17">[17]</a> and published updates about the struggle in <a href="/wiki/Stri_Dharma" title="Stri Dharma">Stri Dharma</a>, urging support for women's political empowerment as a part of the <a href="/wiki/Anti-imperialism" title="Anti-imperialism">anti-colonial</a> movement against Britain.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETusan2003624-18">[18]</a> Stri Dharma was edited by Reddy and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Srimati_Malati_Patwardhan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Srimati Malati Patwardhan (page does not exist)">Srimati Malati Patwardhan</a> and aimed to develop both local and international support for women's equality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurton2016-5">[5]</a> Widely attended protest meetings were held throughout the country, organised by the Women's Indian Association.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003116-19">[19]</a> In 1918, the provincial legislatures in Bombay and Madras passed resolutions supporting the elimination the sex disqualification for voting,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200493-17">[17]</a> and women gained the endorsement for suffrage from the Indian Home Rule League and the <a href="/wiki/All-India_Muslim_League" title="All-India Muslim League">All-India Muslim League</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989183-20">[20]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> convened in December, Chaudhurani presented a resolution to the Congress to grant suffrage, which was taken under advisement pending the outcome of consultations with the remaining provincial legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200494-21">[21]</a> Though a resolution did not pass in 1918 in Bombay, support for suffrage was approved in <a href="/wiki/Calcutta" class="mw-redirect" title="Calcutta">Calcutta</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989183-20">[20]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Southborough_Franchise_Committee" title="Southborough Franchise Committee">Southborough Franchise Committee</a> was tasked with developing the electoral regulations under the Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989184-22">[22]</a> Though they accepted petitions from throughout India, they spoke only with women in <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200495-23">[23]</a> The Southborough Report published in April 1919 acknowledged that educated women might be qualified, but concluded that overall women were not ready for the vote, nor would conservative sectors of society support their enfranchisement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200495-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989185-24">[24]</a> In July women in Bombay organised a protest meeting and when <a href="/wiki/Francis_Hopwood,_1st_Baron_Southborough" title="Francis Hopwood, 1st Baron Southborough">Lord Southborough</a> sent his report to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_of_the_Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Joint Committee of the Parliament of the United Kingdom">Joint Select Committee of the House of Lords and Commons</a> the Bombay Committee on Women's Suffrage sent Tata and her daughter <a href="/wiki/Mithan_Jamshed_Lam" title="Mithan Jamshed Lam">Mithan</a> to give evidence along with Sir <a href="/wiki/C._Sankaran_Nair" title="C. Sankaran Nair">Sankaran Nair</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2011112-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200495-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989186-25">[25]</a> In August 1919, Besant and Naidu presented pleas for enfranchisement to the Joint Select Committee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200497-26">[26]</a> Besant even used the argument that if Indian women were not given the vote, they might support the anti-colonial movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003119-27">[27]</a> The following month, Tata presented the memorandum Why Should Women Have Votes to the <a href="/wiki/India_Office" title="India Office">India Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2018a81-28">[28]</a> While in England, the Tatas and other suffragists spoke at various public meetings and events of British suffragists,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989186-25">[25]</a> travelling to "Birkenhead, Bolton, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Harrowgate, Liverpool, Manchester and Newcastle" to gain the support of other women. They were very successful in their pleas, causing the India Office to be inundated with resolutions of support for women's suffrage in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2018a82–83-29">[29]</a> Tata and her daughter participated in a second presentation before the Joint Select Committee on 13 October<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2011112-12">[12]</a> and were present for the final reading of the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1919" title="Government of India Act 1919">Government of India Act</a> in December 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2018b-30">[30]</a> The Act did not grant women suffrage, but included a clause that Indian provinces could enfranchise women if they chose to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMukherjee2018b-30">[30]</a> It limited suffrage, barring most of India's middle class, as it restricted the vote to those who had an annual income of more than <a href="/wiki/Indian_rupee" title="Indian rupee">₹</a>10,000–20,000; land revenues in excess of ₹250–500 per annum; or those recognised for their high level of public work or scholarship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003121-31">[31]</a> Furthermore, it did not allow women to stand in elections. The law empowered the <a href="/wiki/Central_Legislative_Assembly" title="Central Legislative Assembly">Imperial Legislative Assembly</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_State_(India)" title="Council of State (India)">Council of State</a> to grant the right to vote in those provinces in which legislative franchise had been approved, but the British Parliament retained the right to determine who could stand as candidates for the Legislative Councils.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1922536-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Provincial_progress_(1919–1929)">Provincial progress (1919–1929)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Provincial progress (1919–1929)">edit</a>]</div> Suffragists recognised that their political aims were tied to those of the Nationalist Movement. By combining their goals, both nationalists and feminists benefited by articulating their common issues, resulting in more supporters to help with resolving their challenges.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003121–123-33">[33]</a> By linking gender equality with the removal of colonial restrictions, women were able to defuse opposition,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003124-34">[34]</a> but not eliminate it entirely. For example, <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> encouraged women's participation in socio-economic and political struggles,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003121-31">[31]</a> but he published an article in <a href="/wiki/Young_India" title="Young India">Young India</a> stating he did not support the campaign for women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004100-35">[35]</a> Members of the 45 branches of the Women's Indian Association began to agitate locally for voting rights, submitting demands to their various councils<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003125–126-36">[36]</a> and the focus shifted from India-wide agitation to the provincial level.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993404–405-37">[37]</a> The Madras City Council passed Municipal Act IV in 1919, which gave women the right to vote, but not the right to stand in elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003121-31">[31]</a> Women activists including Besant, Chetty, Cousins, Jinarajadasa, Lazaras, Reddi, Rama Rau, Mangalammal Sadasiva Iyer, <a href="/wiki/Rukmini_Lakshmipathi" title="Rukmini Lakshmipathi">Rukmini Lakshmipathi</a>, Mrs. Ramachandra Rao, Mrs. Mahadeva Shastri, Mrs. C. B. Rama Rao and Mrs. Lakshman Rao, continued pressing for the same rights as male electors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003128–129-38">[38]</a> In 1920, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Travancore" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Travancore">Kingdom of Travancore</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jhalawar_State" title="Jhalawar State">Jhalawar State</a> granted women's suffrage.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1922535-39">[39]</a> In 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras Presidency</a> voted to remove the restriction on standing for elections at the local level, striking the sex qualification for women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003128–129-38">[38]</a> The first woman to be elected to the Madras City Corporation was Mrs. M. C. Devadoss.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003129-40">[40]</a> Later that year, the <a href="/wiki/Bombay_Presidency" title="Bombay Presidency">Bombay Legislative Council</a> passed legislation removing sex as a disqualification for voting, though educational and property qualifications remained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989186–187-41">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a> in 1921, the women's organisation, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bangiya_Nari_Samaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bangiya Nari Samaj (page does not exist)">Bangiya Nari Samaj</a>, was formed to agitate for the vote. Founded by Abala Bose, who had supported the delegation to the Montagu Inquiry, members included <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kumudini_Bose&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kumudini Bose (page does not exist)">Kumudini Bose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Begum_Rokeya" title="Begum Rokeya">R. S. Hossain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamini_Roy" title="Kamini Roy">Kamini Roy</a>, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mrinalini_Luddhi_Sen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mrinalini Luddhi Sen (page does not exist)">Mrinalini Luddhi Sen</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993405–407-42">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nellie_Sengupta" title="Nellie Sengupta">Nellie Sengupta</a> was also active in Bengal in agitating for women's rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993415-43">[43]</a> Bangiya Nari Samaj organised large public meetings hoping to influence the educated public to support women's suffrage. They spoke in towns throughout the province and published in newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993407–408-44">[44]</a> Though a resolution for women's suffrage was presented in September, it was defeated by a vote of 56 to 37,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993409-45">[45]</a> largely on the basis of arguing that granting enfranchisement would allow prostitutes to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993414-46">[46]</a> In April 1922, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>'s Legislative Council granted women's suffrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1924410-47">[47]</a> followed by approval in the province of <a href="/wiki/British_rule_in_Burma" title="British rule in Burma">Burma</a> in June.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Woman's_Leader''1922153-48">[48]</a> In 1923, four women, Hari Hadgikson, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Avantikabai_Gokhale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Avantikabai Gokhale (page does not exist)">Avantikabai Gokhale</a> [<a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%88_%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%87" class="extiw" title="mr:अवंतिकाबाई गोखले">mr</a>], Bachubai Lotvala, and Naidu, were elected to the Bombay City Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989191-49">[49]</a> That year, the <a href="/wiki/United_Provinces_of_Agra_and_Oudh" title="United Provinces of Agra and Oudh">United Provinces</a> Legislative Council unanimously granted women's suffrage and<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003129-40">[40]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Rajkot_State" title="Rajkot State">Rajkot State</a> not only granted full universal suffrage but elected two women to serve on the Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''International_Woman_Suffrage_News''1923156-50">[50]</a> As the princely kingdoms were not bound by the restriction for women standing for election, Rajkot became the first place in India where a woman was elected to the council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1924411-51">[51]</a> In 1924, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cochin" title="Kingdom of Cochin">Kingdom of Cochin</a> followed suit eliminating the sex disqualification for voting and standing in an election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003129-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennett1924410–411-52">[52]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Muddiman_Committee" title="Muddiman Committee">Muddiman Committee</a> came to India to assess the implementation and progress made on the implementation of the Act of 1919, the wife of <a href="/wiki/Deep_Narayan_Singh" title="Deep Narayan Singh">Deep Narayan Singh</a> stressed to the Committee women's desire to participate in the legislature. The Committee made no change to implementation by provincial authorisation,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989192-53">[53]</a> but did recommend that the bill be reformed to allow women to be elected to legislative positions. Before the end of the year, <a href="/wiki/Assam_Province" title="Assam Province">Assam Province</a> passed a woman's suffrage resolution.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettLow1936621–622-54">[54]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Council_of_Women_in_India" title="National Council of Women in India">National Council of Women in India</a> was established in 1925. It was led by Lady <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meherbai_Tata&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meherbai Tata (page does not exist)">Meherbai Tata</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200475-55">[55]</a> and most of its members were among the elite classes. An affiliate of the <a href="/wiki/International_Council_of_Women" title="International Council of Women">International Council of Women</a>, the group, which included <a href="/wiki/Sita_Devi_(Maharani_of_Baroda)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sita Devi (Maharani of Baroda)">Marahani of Baroda</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarabai_Premchand&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarabai Premchand (page does not exist)">Tarabai Premchand</a>, Dowager Begum Saheb of Bhopal, and <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Sorabji" title="Cornelia Sorabji">Cornelia Sorabji</a>, strove to maintain connections with the British and focused on petition politics. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar20015-56">[56]</a> Mithan Lam (née Tata) joined the council and led the legislative committee, which worked to improve the status of women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200476-57">[57]</a> Women's suffrage was passed in the <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Presidency</a> in 1925,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003129-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993398-58">[58]</a> and was approved in 1926 in Punjab.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004101-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPearson2006430-60">[60]</a> That year, the British Parliament allowed the Government of India to amend the electoral rules granting women the right to become legislative members and Madras granted the right for women to stand in elections for the Provincial Legislative Council.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003131-61">[61]</a> Also in 1926, <a href="/wiki/Kamaladevi_Chattopadhyay" title="Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay">Kamaladevi Chattopadhyay</a>, an active worker in registering women to vote,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003131–132-62">[62]</a> became the first woman to stand for a legislative seat in the British provinces, but lost by a small margin.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2003108-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrijbhushan197630–31-64">[64]</a> In 1927, the Madras Legislative Council appointed Muthulakshmi Reddy, who became the first woman legislator in the British provinces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar20015-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBennettLow1936622-65">[65]</a> The <a href="/wiki/All_India_Women%27s_Conference" title="All India Women's Conference">All India Women's Conference</a> (AIWC) was organised in Poona that year by Cousins, initially to deal with girls' education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200478–79-66">[66]</a> Recognizing improvements in education depended on a revision of social customs, the organisation worked on social and legal issues that benefited women with the aim of improving the nation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes200480–81-67">[67]</a> Women gained enfranchisement in the <a href="/wiki/Central_Provinces" title="Central Provinces">Central Provinces</a>, in 1927, and in <a href="/wiki/Bihar_and_Orissa_Province" title="Bihar and Orissa Province">Bihar and Orissa Province</a>, in 1929.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003129-40">[40]</a> At the end of the 1920s, franchise had been extended to almost all provinces in India. However, because of the property qualification, less than 1% of the women in the country were able to vote.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherLevineMayhall2012194-68">[68]</a> Though they qualified for registration under the same terms as men, the income requirements meant that only about 1 million women were able to vote or stand in elections.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherLevineMayhall2012225-6">[6]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extending_the_franchise_(1930–1935)">Extending the franchise (1930–1935)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Extending the franchise (1930–1935)">edit</a>]</div> Throughout the 1920s and 1930s, tensions arose among various women's groups depending on whether or not they supported the British schemes for extending franchise. The major all-India organisations continued to demand universal suffrage, whereas British women's groups favoured proposals which maintained the social order.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFletcherLevineMayhall2012225-6">[6]</a> These tensions were brought about by the appointment in 1927, of the <a href="/wiki/Simon_Commission" title="Simon Commission">Simon Commission</a>, which was tasked with developing a new India Act.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004106-69">[69]</a> In response, the <a href="/wiki/Nehru_Report" title="Nehru Report">Nehru Report</a>, which came out of the All Parties Conference of 1928, was drafted to recommend that <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominion status</a> be given to India within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth</a>. The Nehru Report recommended adoption of a bill of rights giving men and women equality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989195-70">[70]</a> The Simon Commission arrived in India in 1929 and began soliciting input. Because the leaders of the nationalist movement were against the seven white men on the commission deciding the fate of Indians, the Women's Indian Association refused to meet with commissioners, as did the All India Women's Conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004106-69">[69]</a> When Gandhi began the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Disobedience_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Civil Disobedience Movement">Civil Disobedience Movement</a> in 1930, the British response was to ban the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> and arrest its leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003134-71">[71]</a> Initially he was reluctant to have women participate, but its non-violent aspect appealed to women and soon thousands of women from throughout India were participating in violating the salt laws.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003134-71">[71]</a> When the men were arrested, women stepped in to continue manufacturing and selling salt to defy the British monopoly and continue the movement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003137-72">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004132-73">[73]</a> Leaders included Anasuya Ben, <a href="/wiki/Perin_Captain" title="Perin Captain">Perin Naoroji Captain</a>, Chattopadhyay, Gokhale, Lakshmipathi, <a href="/wiki/Hansa_Mehta" class="mw-redirect" title="Hansa Mehta">Hansa Mehta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sharda_Mehta" title="Sharda Mehta">Sharda Mehta</a>, Naidu, and Saraladevi Sarabhai, among others.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003136-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004132-73">[73]</a> Proving their leadership abilities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003134-71">[71]</a> the women held daily councils to plan the day-to-day activities,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003137-72">[72]</a> including protesting at liquor and shops that dealt in imported cloth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003135-75">[75]</a> For example, they scheduled shifts of four women a day twice a day for two hours, to picket at each of the 500 liquor shops in Bombay.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989242-76">[76]</a> Many women were assaulted and arrested for their participation in civil disobedience protests.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989248-77">[77]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Round_Table_Conferences_(India)" title="Round Table Conferences (India)">Round Table Conference</a> was scheduled in London for 1930, initially the Women's Indian Association reversed their boycott,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004106-69">[69]</a> submitting a memorandum which stressed how women's co-operation had been shown to be valuable in resolving political problems.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeivanai2003141-78">[78]</a> They withdrew from participation again when the commission declaration stated the meeting was to "discuss" rather than "implement" further change. Those chosen to participate with the commission included <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Begum Jahan Ara Shah Nawaz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radhabai_Subbarayan" title="Radhabai Subbarayan">Radhabai Subbarayan</a>, though the British appointed them without consulting any women's organisations. They agreed to accept interim measures expanding suffrage to literate women and granting special reservations<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004106-69">[69]</a> of four legislative seats to encourage women's input on education and social issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989195-70">[70]</a> Cousins and Reddy of the Women's Indian Association, <a href="/wiki/Shareefa_Hamid_Ali" title="Shareefa Hamid Ali">Shareefa Hamid Ali</a> and Rajwade from the All India Women's Conference, and Premchand from the National Council of Women in India jointly prepared a memorandum supporting universal suffrage with no special reservations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004107-79">[79]</a> This was a compromise position, as initially the women saw the benefit of having seats reserved to ensure women's representation. Under pressure from nationalist leaders, these women's organisations acquiesced to the nationalists, thereafter supporting no preferential treatment for any group.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating201155-80">[80]</a> A delegation of women, led by Rani Lalit Kumari (Dowager Rani of Mandi), and including Mrs. Ahmad, a former council member from the United Provinces Legislature and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Satyavati_Singh_Chitambar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Satyavati Singh Chitambar (page does not exist)">Satyavati Singh Chitambar</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989196-81">[81]</a> president of the <a href="/wiki/Woman%27s_Christian_Temperance_Union" title="Woman's Christian Temperance Union">Woman's Christian Temperance Union</a> of India,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''The_Christian_Advocate''193685-82">[82]</a> recommended that women be enfranchised based upon marriage. They also proposed that the property requirement for women should be twice that for men.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989196-81">[81]</a> The recommendations originating from the committee included being a wife or widow, having attained the age of 25 and whose spouse met (or had met before death) the property requirements of 1919.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989197-83">[83]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Gandhi%E2%80%93Irwin_Pact" title="Gandhi–Irwin Pact">Gandhi-Irwin Pact of 1931</a> was signed, and the Indian National Congress agreed to participate in the round table process, women supporting the nationalist aims agreed to participate as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForbes2004107-79">[79]</a> At the Second Round Table Conference held that year, suffragists of the Women's Indian Association, National Council of Women of India, and the All-Indian Women's Conference submitted a joint memorandum demanding full adult franchise. They rejected sex disqualification for candidacy, employment, holding public office, or voting, as well as special provisions to make places for women in the legislature. The memorandum was presented by Naidu, but Subbarayan countered with a recommendation for 5% of the legislative seats over the next three election cycles to be reserved for women.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989198-84">[84]</a> As there was no agreement among the Indian delegates, the Second Round Table recommended that each provincial legislature have seats allocated for specific communities and 2.5% of the overall seats be reserved for women. The three major suffragist groups were disappointed and sent a telegram to the Viceroy expressing their frustration with communal organisation of seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989199-85">[85]</a> The Third Round Table meeting took place in 1932 and the only woman present was Nawaz. Though she supported limited suffrage,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989199-85">[85]</a> when a White Paper was developed for a Joint Select Committee of Parliament, she urged <a href="/wiki/Amrit_Kaur" title="Amrit Kaur">Amrit Kaur</a> and Reddy to prepare a case and select a delegate to testify before the committee. Ali, Kaur and Reddy were chosen as delegates to present a second memorandum. Throughout the summer of 1933, the women, including Nawaz, toured Britain and tried to gain support from British suffragists for Indian women's voting rights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989200-86">[86]</a> In October 1934, the Joint Committee published their report, which was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India_Act_1935" title="Government of India Act 1935">Government of India Act 1935</a>. Eligibility for women voters was revised under the act to include women aged 21 or over who met the same property qualifications as men, who were literate in any language in use in India, and who were wives or widows of a person who had paid income tax in the prior financial year or had served in the Royal Military. It also reserved seats for women in the lower house and excluded them from the second chamber entirely.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989201–202-87">[87]</a> Once again women from the Women's Indian Association, National Council of Women of India, and the All-Indian Women's Conference issued a joint statement of their dissatisfaction with voting being tied to marital status, income and property requirements that excluded the majority from voting, and special privileges that treated men and women differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989202-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Push_for_independence_(1935–1947)">Push for independence (1935–1947)</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Push for independence (1935–1947)">edit</a>]</div> The Government of India Act 1935 extended the vote to include around 6 million women, but even so covered only 2.5% of the women in India.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989202–203-89">[89]</a> "In the 1937 elections, 10 women were elected from general constituencies, 41 from reserved constituencies, and five were nominated to provincial legislative councils".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar20018-90">[90]</a> The struggle to further expand the franchise was tied to the drive to gain independence,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOdeyar1989203-91">[91]</a> though independence took priority over women's issues.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar20019-92">[92]</a> In 1938, the Indian National Congress set up a subcommittee, which included Ali, Chaudhurani, Kaur, Naidu, <a href="/wiki/Vijaya_Lakshmi_Pandit" title="Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit">Vijaya Lakshmi Pandit</a>, Rajwade, <a href="/wiki/Mridula_Sarabhai" title="Mridula Sarabhai">Mridula Sarabhai</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Jahanara_Shahnawaz" title="Jahanara Shahnawaz">Jahanara Shahnawaz</a>. They were tasked with defining the role of women in society.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar200110-93">[93]</a> Working with members of the Women's Indian Association and the All India Women's Conference, they focused on a society reordered so that men and women were equal partners, demanding equal status and opportunity with full political rights. They also recommended schemes to develop child care, health, and social insurance services; a uniform civil code which protected the economic rights of women and provided protection for children's rights, equal rights to marriage and divorce, guardianship, and nationality; and uniform educational standards regardless of gender.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar200110-93">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating201151-94">[94]</a> Similarly, that same year the All-India Muslim League established a sub-committee for women and encouraged their participation in fundraising, mass processions and public meetings. They also were actively involved in campaigning for women to participate as voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELambert-Hurley200561-95">[95]</a> The nationalist movement allowed women to enter the public sphere, but did not generally transform the inequality of their lives.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar200113-96">[96]</a> Though they were able to press for the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Child_Marriage_Restraint_Act" title="Child Marriage Restraint Act">Sarda Act of 1929</a>, which raised the age of marriage, members of the Women's Indian Association and the All India Women's Conference were often rebuffed by the nationalist leaders in their attempts to legalise equality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating201149-97">[97]</a> When the <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_India" title="Constituent Assembly of India">Constituent Assembly of India</a> was elected in 1946, 15 women gained seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESrivastava2018-98">[98]</a> They included <a href="/wiki/Purnima_Banerjee" title="Purnima Banerjee">Purnima Banerjee</a>, a member of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAnsariGould2019201-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamla_Chaudhry" title="Kamla Chaudhry">Kamla Chaudhry</a>, a feminist writer and independence activist;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETharuLalita199147-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Malati_Choudhury" title="Malati Choudhury">Malati Choudhury</a>, an activist in the nationalist movement;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJoshi199783-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Durgabai_Deshmukh" title="Durgabai Deshmukh">Durgabai Deshmukh</a>, an independence activist, lawyer, social worker, and women's rights activist;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDeshpande200842-102">[102]</a> Kaur, co-founder of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBhardwaj2019-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sucheta_Kriplani" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucheta Kriplani">Sucheta Kriplani</a>, a nationalist activist and member of the women's committee of the Indian National Congress;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJain2003203-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Annie_Mascarene" title="Annie Mascarene">Annie Mascarene</a>, a lawyer and activist from the independence movement;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERavichandran2018-105">[105]</a> Hansa Mehta, president of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESluga2013186-106">[106]</a> Naidu, a member of the Women's Indian Association;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPasricha200924-107">[107]</a> Pandit, a member of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHardgrove2008-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/Begum_Aizaz_Rasul" title="Begum Aizaz Rasul">Begum Aizaz Rasul</a>, a member of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHansa193790-109">[109]</a> <a href="/wiki/Renuka_Ray" title="Renuka Ray">Renuka Ray</a>, a member of the All India Women's Conference;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson2017182-110">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leela_Roy" title="Leela Roy">Leela Roy</a>, a founder of the militant women's political organisation Congress Mahila Sangha, in Bengal;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKumari2009259-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ammu_Swaminathan" title="Ammu Swaminathan">Ammu Swaminathan</a>, a member of the Women's Indian Association;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMathew2018-112">[112]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dakshayani_Velayudhan" title="Dakshayani Velayudhan">Dakshayani Velayudhan</a>, a teacher and delegate in the Cochin Legislative Assembly.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKshīrasāgara1994362-113">[113]</a> These women helped draft the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">Constitution of India</a> and worked to ensure that socio-economic and political inequalities were addressed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDesaiThakkar200114–15-114">[114]</a> One of the first actions of the Assembly was to establish universal adult suffrage, eliminating the gender, income, property, and educational restrictions on voting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating201165-115">[115]</a> In April 1947, the Advisory Committee on the Subject of Fundamental Rights reported that both the Fundamental Rights Sub-Committee and the Minorities Sub-Committee agreed to the principal. The Constituent Assembly adopted provisions for elections on this basis in July.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2018161-116">[116]</a> The Assembly also passed legally enforceable statutes to protect fundamental rights, such as guaranteeing equality and equal opportunity for men and women; eliminating discrimination on the basis of caste, race religion, or sex by either the government or an employer; and banning <a href="/wiki/Untouchability" title="Untouchability">untouchability</a>; among other provisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeating201165-115">[115]</a> With the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Independence_Act_1947" title="Indian Independence Act 1947">Indian Independence Act 1947</a> by the British parliament, the Constitutional Assembly became the parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">Dominion of India</a> on 15 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiruvengadam201740-117">[117]</a> In November, the Secretariat of the Constituent Assembly sent out a memorandum regarding general elections to be held under universal adult suffrage and in March 1948, general instructions for preparation of electoral roles were issued to all the Provincial and State governments. The instructions advised anyone who was a resident, of sound mind, and not a criminal of the age of at least 21 was entitled to be registered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani201891-118">[118]</a> The goal was to have complete rolls drafted so that immediately after the Constitution was adopted elections for the new government could be held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani201899-119">[119]</a> Despite agreeing upon the principal of universal adult suffrage upon starting the constitutional debates, "the key provisions for franchise and elections were only debated and passed in June 1949".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShani2018161-116">[116]</a> The provisions officially replaced those contained in the Government of India Act of 1935, thereafter being adopted by the Constituent Assembly in November 1949 for the formal enforcement date of 26 January 1950.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThiruvengadam201743-120">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Domestic_violence_in_India" title="Domestic violence in India">Domestic violence in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dowry_system_in_India" title="Dowry system in India">Dowry system in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_foeticide_in_India" title="Female foeticide in India">Female foeticide in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_inequality_in_India" title="Gender inequality in India">Gender inequality in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_pay_gap_in_India" title="Gender pay gap in India">Gender pay gap in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_rights_movement_in_India" title="Men's rights movement in India">Men's rights movement in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_Women" title="National Commission for Women">National Commission for Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_in_India" title="Rape in India">Rape in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welfare_schemes_for_women_in_India" title="Welfare schemes for women in India">Welfare schemes for women in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_India" title="Women in India">Women in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Indian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Indian Armed Forces">Women in Indian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Reservation_Bill" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's Reservation Bill">Women's Reservation Bill</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200227-1"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopland200227_1-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopland2002">Copland 2002</a>, p. 27. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECopland200234-2"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECopland200234_2-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCopland2002">Copland 2002</a>, p. 34. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESouthard1993399–400-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESouthard1993399–400_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSouthard1993">Southard 1993</a>, pp. 399–400. </li> <li 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screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAnsariGould2019" class="citation book cs1">Ansari, Sarah; Gould, William (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sJCuDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA201">Boundaries of Belonging: Localities, Citizenship and Rights in India and Pakistan</a>. 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Routledge Historical Resources. London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4324%2F9781138641839-HOF7-1">10.4324/9781138641839-HOF7-1</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). Retrieved 24 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Routledge+Historical+Resources&rft.atitle=Race%2C+Empire%2C+and+the+Making+of+Western+Feminism&rft.date=2016-08-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4324%2F9781138641839-HOF7-1&rft.aulast=Burton&rft.aufirst=Antoinette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.routledgehistoricalresources.com%2Ffeminism%2Fessays%2Frace-empire-and-the-making-of-western-feminism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopland2002" class="citation book cs1">Copland, Ian (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h0QKqCA-QHIC&pg=PA27">The Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89436-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-89436-4"><bdi>978-0-521-89436-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Princes+of+India+in+the+Endgame+of+Empire%2C+1917%E2%80%931947&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-521-89436-4&rft.aulast=Copland&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh0QKqCA-QHIC%26pg%3DPA27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeivanai2003" class="citation thesis cs1">Deivanai, P. (May 2003). Feminist Struggle for Universal Suffrage in India with Special Reference to Tamilnadu 1917 to 1952 (PhD). 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New Delhi, India: National Book Trust. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-237-3677-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-237-3677-0"><bdi>81-237-3677-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Indian+Society&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.edition=1st%3A+2004+reprint&rft.pub=National+Book+Trust&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=81-237-3677-0&rft.aulast=Desai&rft.aufirst=Neera&rft.au=Thakkar%2C+Usha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FWomenInIndianSociety%2Fpage%2Fn1%3Fq%3D%2522Herabai%2BTata%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeshpande2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Deshpande, Prachi (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EFI7tr9XK6EC&pg=RA1-PA42">"Deshmukh Durgabai (1909-1981)"</a>. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63999-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-135-63999-0"><bdi>978-1-135-63999-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Suffrage+in+the+British+Empire%3A+Citizenship%2C+Nation+and+Race&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-135-63999-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7U5hln57PtkC%26pg%3DPR13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFForbes2004" class="citation book cs1">Forbes, Geraldine Hancock (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hjilIrVt9hUC&pg=PA92">Women in Modern India</a>. 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India: All-India Women's Conference.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=All-India+Women%27s+Conference%3A+12th+Session%2C+Nagpur%2C+28+to+31+December+1937&rft.place=India&rft.pub=All-India+Women%27s+Conference&rft.date=1937&rft.aulast=Hansa&rft.aufirst=Mehta+Shrimati&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.116077%2Fpage%2Fn96%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardgrove2008" class="citation book cs1">Hardgrove, Anne (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195148909.001.0001/acref-9780195148909-e-807?rskey=f08C3V&result=1">"Pandit, Vijayalakshmi (1900–1990)"</a>. The Oxford Encyclopedia of Women in World History. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-195-33786-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-195-33786-0"><bdi>978-0-195-33786-0</bdi></a>. 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Vol. III: Period of Freedom Struggle. Delhi, India: Kalpaz Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-174-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7835-174-2"><bdi>978-81-7835-174-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+of+Indian+Women+Through+the+Ages&rft.place=Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Kalpaz+Publications&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-81-7835-174-2&rft.aulast=Jain&rft.aufirst=Simmi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-vDiqxmuQmIC%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshi1997" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Naveen (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3ghuAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA83">"Malati Choudhury: A Different Dusk"</a>. Freedom Fighters Remember. New Delhi, India: Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting of the Government of India. pp. 83–86. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0575-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-230-0575-1"><bdi>978-81-230-0575-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Malati+Choudhury%3A+A+Different+Dusk&rft.btitle=Freedom+Fighters+Remember&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pages=83-86&rft.pub=Publications+Division%2C+Ministry+of+Information+and+Broadcasting+of+the+Government+of+India&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-230-0575-1&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Naveen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3ghuAAAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeating2011" class="citation book cs1">Keating, Christine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/book/13126">Decolonizing Democracy: Transforming the Social Contract in India</a>. 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Leiden, The Netherlands: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. pp. 59–61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12818-2" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12818-2"><bdi>90-04-12818-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonialism+and+Imperialism%3A+British+Colonial+Domains+of+South+Asia&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Women+and+Islamic+Cultures%3A+Family%2C+Law+and+Politics&rft.place=Leiden%2C+The+Netherlands&rft.pages=59-61&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=90-04-12818-2&rft.aulast=Lambert-Hurley&rft.aufirst=Siobahn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4Uyypm6T7ZsC%26pg%3DPA59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathew2018" class="citation news cs1">Mathew, Soumya (3 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025011914/https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/ammu-swaminathan-the-strongest-advocate-against-caste-discrimination-she-lived-by-example-5035766/">"Ammu Swaminathan: The Strongest Advocate against Caste Discrimination, She Lived by Example"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Mumbai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/ammu-swaminathan-the-strongest-advocate-against-caste-discrimination-she-lived-by-example-5035766/">the original</a> on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Ammu+Swaminathan%3A+The+Strongest+Advocate+against+Caste+Discrimination%2C+She+Lived+by+Example&rft.date=2018-02-03&rft.aulast=Mathew&rft.aufirst=Soumya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fgender%2Fammu-swaminathan-the-strongest-advocate-against-caste-discrimination-she-lived-by-example-5035766%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2018a" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Sumita (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JfxdDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT181">Indian Suffragettes: Female Identities and Transnational Networks</a>. New Delhi, India: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press India</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909370-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-909370-0"><bdi>978-0-19-909370-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+Suffragettes%3A+Female+Identities+and+Transnational+Networks&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press+India&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-19-909370-0&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sumita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJfxdDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2011" class="citation book cs1">Mukherjee, Sumita (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LKhKb_6iqoUC&pg=PA111">"Herabai Tata and Sophia Duleep Singh: Suffragette Resistances for Indian and Britain, 1910-1920"</a>. In Mukherjee, Sumita; Ahmed, Rehana (eds.). South Asian Resistances in Britain, 1858 - 1947. London: Continuum International Publishing Group. pp. 106–121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5514-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-5514-6"><bdi>978-1-4411-5514-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Herabai+Tata+and+Sophia+Duleep+Singh%3A+Suffragette+Resistances+for+Indian+and+Britain%2C+1910-1920&rft.btitle=South+Asian+Resistances+in+Britain%2C+1858+-+1947&rft.place=London&rft.pages=106-121&rft.pub=Continuum+International+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-5514-6&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sumita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLKhKb_6iqoUC%26pg%3DPA111&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2018b" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Mukherjee, Sumita (15 February 2018b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-111939">"Tata [married name Lam], Mithan Ardeshir [Mithibai] (1898–1981)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_National_Biography#Oxford_Dictionary_of_National_Biography" title="Dictionary of National Biography">Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.111939">10.1093/odnb/9780198614128.013.111939</a>. Retrieved 22 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tata+%5Bmarried+name+Lam%5D%2C+Mithan+Ardeshir+%5BMithibai%5D+%281898%E2%80%931981%29&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2018-02-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.013.111939&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sumita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxforddnb.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fodnb%2F9780198614128.001.0001%2Fodnb-9780198614128-e-111939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdeyar1989" class="citation thesis cs1">Odeyar, S. B. (1989). The Role of Marathi Women in the Struggle for India's Freedom (PhD). Kolhapur, Maharashtra: <a href="/wiki/Shivaji_University" title="Shivaji University">Shivaji University</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10603%2F140691">10603/140691</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Role+of+Marathi+Women+in+the+Struggle+for+India%27s+Freedom&rft.inst=Shivaji+University&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10603%2F140691&rft.aulast=Odeyar&rft.aufirst=S.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPasricha2009" class="citation book cs1">Pasricha, Ashu (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=p-j4fWQxpGIC&pg=PA24">The Political Thought of Annie Besant</a>. Encyclopaedia of Eminent Thinkers. Vol. 25. New Delhi, India: Concept Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-585-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-8069-585-8"><bdi>978-81-8069-585-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Political+Thought+of+Annie+Besant&rft.place=New+Delhi%2C+India&rft.series=Encyclopaedia+of+Eminent+Thinkers&rft.pub=Concept+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-81-8069-585-8&rft.aulast=Pasricha&rft.aufirst=Ashu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dp-j4fWQxpGIC%26pg%3DPA24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPearson2006" class="citation book cs1">Pearson, Gail (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FMPGtxUZSjkC&pg=PT430">"9. Tradition, Law and the Female Suffrage Movement in India"</a>. In Edwards, Louise; Roces, Mina (eds.). Women's Suffrage in Asia: Gender, Nationalism and Democracy. London, England: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. pp. 408–456. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32035-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-32035-6"><bdi>978-1-134-32035-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=9.+Tradition%2C+Law+and+the+Female+Suffrage+Movement+in+India&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Suffrage+in+Asia%3A+Gender%2C+Nationalism+and+Democracy&rft.place=London%2C+England&rft.pages=408-456&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-134-32035-6&rft.aulast=Pearson&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFMPGtxUZSjkC%26pg%3DPT430&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavichandran2018" class="citation news cs1">Ravichandran, Priya (16 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190724031301/https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/annie-mascarene-freedom-fighter-nation-builder-guardian-of-democracy-and-keralas-first-mp-5066085/">"Annie Mascarene: Freedom Fighter, Nation Builder, Guardian of Democracy and Kerala's First MP"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Indian_Express" title="The Indian Express">The Indian Express</a>. Mumbai, India. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indianexpress.com/article/gender/annie-mascarene-freedom-fighter-nation-builder-guardian-of-democracy-and-keralas-first-mp-5066085/">the original</a> on 24 July 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Express&rft.atitle=Annie+Mascarene%3A+Freedom+Fighter%2C+Nation+Builder%2C+Guardian+of+Democracy+and+Kerala%27s+First+MP&rft.date=2018-02-16&rft.aulast=Ravichandran&rft.aufirst=Priya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Findianexpress.com%2Farticle%2Fgender%2Fannie-mascarene-freedom-fighter-nation-builder-guardian-of-democracy-and-keralas-first-mp-5066085%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2017" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Catherine A. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cXl0DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT182">Tradition and Liberation: The Hindu Tradition in the Indian Women's Movement</a>. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82200-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-82200-1"><bdi>978-1-136-82200-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tradition+and+Liberation%3A+The+Hindu+Tradition+in+the+Indian+Women%27s+Movement&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-136-82200-1&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Catherine+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcXl0DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShani2018" class="citation book cs1">Shani, Ornit (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4cg-DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA91">How India Became Democratic: Citizenship and the Making of the Universal Franchise</a>. Cambridge, UK: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06803-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-06803-2"><bdi>978-1-107-06803-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+India+Became+Democratic%3A+Citizenship+and+the+Making+of+the+Universal+Franchise&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-107-06803-2&rft.aulast=Shani&rft.aufirst=Ornit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4cg-DwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSluga2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Glenda_Sluga" title="Glenda Sluga">Sluga, Glenda</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=f2cUBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA186">Internationalism in the Age of Nationalism</a>. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Press" title="University of Pennsylvania Press">University of Pennsylvania Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0778-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8122-0778-1"><bdi>978-0-8122-0778-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Internationalism+in+the+Age+of+Nationalism&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8122-0778-1&rft.aulast=Sluga&rft.aufirst=Glenda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Df2cUBAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2014" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Harold L. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86225-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-86225-3"><bdi>978-1-317-86225-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+British+Women%27s+Suffrage+Campaign+1866-1928&rft.place=London&rft.edition=Revised+2nd&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-86225-3&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWraOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA90&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSouthard1993" class="citation journal cs1">Southard, Barbara (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126001049/https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A658DEB54715C02B3A28804663F74B20/S0026749X00011549a.pdf/div-class-title-colonial-politics-and-womenandapos-s-rights-woman-suffrage-campaigns-in-bengal-british-india-in-the-1920s-div.pdf">"Colonial Politics and Women's Rights: Woman Suffrage Campaigns in Bengal, British India in the 1920s"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Modern_Asian_Studies" title="Modern Asian Studies">Modern Asian Studies</a>. 27 (2). Cambridge, England: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 397–439. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026749X00011549">10.1017/S0026749X00011549</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0026-749X">0026-749X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145276788">145276788</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/A658DEB54715C02B3A28804663F74B20/S0026749X00011549a.pdf/div-class-title-colonial-politics-and-womenandapos-s-rights-woman-suffrage-campaigns-in-bengal-british-india-in-the-1920s-div.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 November 2019. Retrieved 26 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Modern+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Colonial+Politics+and+Women%27s+Rights%3A+Woman+Suffrage+Campaigns+in+Bengal%2C+British+India+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=397-439&rft.date=1993&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145276788%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0026-749X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026749X00011549&rft.aulast=Southard&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fservices%2Faop-cambridge-core%2Fcontent%2Fview%2FA658DEB54715C02B3A28804663F74B20%2FS0026749X00011549a.pdf%2Fdiv-class-title-colonial-politics-and-womenandapos-s-rights-woman-suffrage-campaigns-in-bengal-british-india-in-the-1920s-div.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSrivastava2018" class="citation web cs1">Srivastava, Yoshita (26 January 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190428172029/https://feminisminindia.com/2018/01/26/15-women-draft-indian-constitution/">"These Are the 15 Women Who Helped Draft the Indian Constitution"</a>. Feminism in India. New Delhi, India: FII Media. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feminisminindia.com/2018/01/26/15-women-draft-indian-constitution/">the original</a> on 28 April 2019. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Feminism+in+India&rft.atitle=These+Are+the+15+Women+Who+Helped+Draft+the+Indian+Constitution&rft.date=2018-01-26&rft.aulast=Srivastava&rft.aufirst=Yoshita&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeminisminindia.com%2F2018%2F01%2F26%2F15-women-draft-indian-constitution%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTharuLalita1991" class="citation book cs1">Tharu, Susie J.; Lalita, Ke (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&pg=PA472">Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the Early Twentieth Century</a>. 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Retrieved 26 November 2019 – via <a href="/wiki/London_School_of_Economics" title="London School of Economics">LSE Digital library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Woman+Suffrage+News&rft.atitle=Popular+Government+in+Rajkot%3A+Universal+Franchise&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=156&rft.date=1923-07&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F41224540&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.lse.ac.uk%2Fobjects%2Flse%3Adun209von%2Fread%2Fsingle%23page%2F7%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Christian_Advocate1936" class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191126191059/http://catalog.gcah.org/publicdata/files/4642/chitambar-bishop-jashwant-rao-and-mrs-chitambar.pdf">"The Methodist Woman"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Advocate" class="mw-redirect" title="The Christian Advocate">The Christian Advocate</a>. 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Clipping contained on page 2 of a PDF file of clippings on Satyavati Singh Chitambar and her husband Bishop Jashwant Chitambar.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Christian+Advocate&rft.atitle=The+Methodist+Woman&rft.pages=85&rft.date=1936-01-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.gcah.org%2Fpublicdata%2Ffiles%2F4642%2Fchitambar-bishop-jashwant-rao-and-mrs-chitambar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWomen%27s+suffrage+in+India" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_news" title="Template:Cite news">cite news</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: postscript (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Woman's_Leader1922" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.lse.ac.uk/objects/lse:xit984wob/read/single#page/1/mode/1up">"Women Suffrage in Burma"</a>. The Woman's Leader. XIV (20). London: Common Cause Publishing Co., Ltd.: 153 16 June 1922. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5796207">5796207</a>. 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title="Universal manhood suffrage">Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_suffrage" title="Youth suffrage">Youth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-citizen_suffrage" title="Non-citizen suffrage">Non-citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-resident_citizen_voting" title="Non-resident citizen voting">Non-resident citizen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_age" title="Voting age">Voting age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demeny_voting" title="Demeny voting">Demeny voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette" title="Suffragette">Suffragette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_voting" title="Compulsory voting">Compulsory voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disfranchisement" title="Disfranchisement">Disfranchisement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_in_Australia" title="Suffrage in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Franchise_Act_1902" title="Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902">1902 Commonwealth Franchise Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_of_Aboriginal_and_Torres_Strait_Islander_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting rights of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples">aboriginal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">women</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Chile" title="Women's suffrage in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Ecuador" title="Women's suffrage in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_development_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Democratic development in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Mexico" title="Women's suffrage in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Civil_War_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Civil War period">Spain (Civil War,</a> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Women's suffrage in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">women</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Scotland" title="Women's suffrage in Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li>laws <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_(Equal_Franchise)_Act_1928" title="Representation of the People (Equal Franchise) Act 1928">1928</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_rights_in_the_United_States" title="Voting rights in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Black suffrage in the United States">African Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_civil_rights#Voting" title="Native American civil rights">Native Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felony_disenfranchisement_in_the_United_States" title="Felony disenfranchisement in the United States">felons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_of_foreigners_to_vote_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Right of foreigners to vote in the United States">foreigners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_voting_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="District of Columbia voting rights">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_voting_rights_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Federal voting rights in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li> <li>Constitutional amendments: <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-third_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-third Amendment to the United States Constitution">23rd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-fourth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-fourth Amendment to the United States Constitution">24th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twenty-sixth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Twenty-sixth Amendment to the United States Constitution">26th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voting_Rights_Act_of_1965" title="Voting Rights Act of 1965">1965 Voting Rights Act</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Alliance_of_Women" title="International Alliance of Women">International Woman Suffrage Alliance</a> conferences <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="First Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Second Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Third Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fourth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Fifth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Sixth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Seventh Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="Eighth Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="9th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="10th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="11th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="12th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="13th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Conference_of_the_International_Woman_Suffrage_Alliance" title="14th Conference of the International Woman Suffrage Alliance">14th</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_1_July_marches" title="Hong Kong 1 July marches">Hong Kong 1 July marches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2014 Hong Kong protests">2014 Hong Kong protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Hong_Kong_protests" title="2019–2020 Hong Kong protests">2019–2020 Hong Kong protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">UK</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1906_WSPU_march" title="1906 WSPU march">WSPU march (1906)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mud_March_(suffragists)" title="Mud March (suffragists)">Mud March (1907)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Sunday" title="Women's Sunday">Women's Sunday (1908)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1910)" title="Black Friday (1910)">Black Friday (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Downing_Street" title="Battle of Downing Street">Battle of Downing Street (1910)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Coronation_Procession" title="Women's Coronation Procession">Women's Coronation Procession (1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Pilgrimage" title="Great Pilgrimage">Great Pilgrimage (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open_Christmas_Letter" title="Open Christmas Letter">Open Christmas Letter (1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_bombing_and_arson_campaign" title="Suffragette bombing and arson campaign">Suffragette bombing and arson campaign</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">US</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_Falls_Convention" title="Seneca Falls Convention">Seneca Falls Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Sentiments" title="Declaration of Sentiments">Declaration of Sentiments (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester_Women%27s_Rights_Convention_of_1848" title="Rochester Women's Rights Convention of 1848">Rochester Convention (1848)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Women%27s_Convention_at_Salem_in_1850" title="Ohio Women's Convention at Salem in 1850">Ohio Women's Convention (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Rights_Convention" title="National Women's Rights Convention">National Women's Rights Convention (1850–1869)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Susan_B._Anthony" title="Trial of Susan B. Anthony">Trial of Susan B. Anthony (1872–1873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Hikes" title="Suffrage Hikes">Suffrage Hikes (1912–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woman_Suffrage_Procession" title="Woman Suffrage Procession">Woman Suffrage Procession (1913)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Torch" title="Suffrage Torch">Suffrage Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_Special" title="Suffrage Special">Suffrage Special (1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels" title="Silent Sentinels">Silent Sentinels (1917–1919)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Sentinels#Occoquan_Workhouse_and_the_Night_of_Terror" title="Silent Sentinels">Night of Terror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Special" title="Prison Special">Prison Special</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_United_States_presidential_election" title="1920 United States presidential election">1920 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Give_Us_the_Ballot" title="Give Us the Ballot">"Give Us the Ballot" (1957)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Summer" title="Freedom Summer">Freedom Summer (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_to_Montgomery_marches" title="Selma to Montgomery marches">Selma to Montgomery marches (1965)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Women <a href="/wiki/List_of_monuments_and_memorials_to_women%27s_suffrage" title="List of monuments and memorials to women's suffrage">(memorials)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">List of suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Timeline of women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">in majority-Muslim countries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_the_Suffragettes" title="Historiography of the Suffragettes">Historiography of the Suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations_and_publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations and publications">Women's suffrage organizations and publications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leser_v._Garnett" title="Leser v. Garnett">Leser v. Garnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belmont%E2%80%93Paul_Women%27s_Equality_National_Monument" title="Belmont–Paul Women's Equality National Monument">Belmont–Paul Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_up,_Women_(Emmeline_Pankhurst_statue)" title="Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)">Rise up, Women (Emmeline Pankhurst statue)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_and_Christabel_Pankhurst_Memorial" title="Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial">Emmeline and Christabel Pankhurst Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Statue of Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_Memorial" title="Suffragette Memorial">Suffragette Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrait_Monument" title="Portrait Monument">Portrait Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_Pioneers_Monument" title="Women's Rights Pioneers Monument">Women's Rights Pioneers Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_(statue)" title="Forward (statue)">Forward statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Sheppard_National_Memorial" title="Kate Sheppard National Memorial">Kate Sheppard National Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Millicent_Fawcett" title="Statue of Millicent Fawcett">Millicent Fawcett statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Petition_(sculpture)" title="Great Petition (sculpture)">Great Petition (2008 sculpture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centenary_of_Women%27s_Suffrage_Commemorative_Fountain" title="Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain">Centenary of Women's Suffrage Commemorative Fountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resilience_(sculpture)" title="Resilience (sculpture)">Resilience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_Suffragist_Memorial" title="Turning Point Suffragist Memorial">Turning Point Suffragist Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_House_(suffragette%27s_rest)" title="Eagle House (suffragette's rest)">Eagle House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pankhurst_Centre" title="Pankhurst Centre">Pankhurst Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulsdale" title="Paulsdale">Paulsdale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffragette_Handkerchief" title="The Suffragette Handkerchief">Suffragette Handkerchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WSPU_Holloway_Prisoners_Banner" title="WSPU Holloway Prisoners Banner">Holloway banner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_brooch" title="Holloway brooch">Holloway brooch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holloway_Jingles" title="Holloway Jingles">Holloway Jingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Strike_Medal" title="Hunger Strike Medal">Hunger Strike Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Bell_(Valley_Forge)" title="Justice Bell (Valley Forge)">Justice Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_jewellery" title="Suffrage jewellery">Suffrage jewellery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_penny" title="Suffragette penny">Suffragette penny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Suffrage_Oak" title="The Suffrage Oak">Suffrage Oak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Rights_National_Historical_Park" title="Women's Rights National Historical Park">Women's Rights National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_National_Monument" title="Women's Suffrage National Monument">Women's Suffrage National Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">International Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Day" title="Susan B. Anthony Day">Susan B. Anthony Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Equality_Day" title="Women's Equality Day">Women's Equality Day</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Age_of_candidacy" title="Age of candidacy">Age of candidacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Voting_Rights_Museum" title="National Voting Rights Museum">National Voting Rights Museum (US)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbrella_Movement" title="Umbrella Movement">Umbrella Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Women%27s_Marseillaise" title="The Women's Marseillaise">The Women's Marseillaise</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_the_Women" title="The March of the Women">"The March of the Women" (1910 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mother_of_Us_All" title="The Mother of Us All">The Mother of Us All (1947 opera)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sister_Suffragette" title="Sister Suffragette">"Sister Suffragette" (1964 song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffrage_drama" title="Suffrage drama">Suffrage plays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_film" title="Women's suffrage in film">Women's suffrage in film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Votes_for_Women_(film)" title="Votes for Women (film)">Votes for Women (1912 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoulder_to_Shoulder" title="Shoulder to Shoulder">Shoulder to Shoulder (1974 series)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Not_for_Ourselves_Alone" title="Not for Ourselves Alone">Not for Ourselves Alone (1999 documentary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Jawed_Angels" title="Iron Jawed Angels">Iron Jawed Angels (2004 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up_the_Women" title="Up the Women">Up the Women (2013 sitcom)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selma_(film)" title="Selma (film)">Selma (2014 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffragette_(film)" title="Suffragette (film)">Suffragette (2015 film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_(musical)" title="Sylvia (musical)">Sylvia</a> (2018 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffs" title="Suffs">Suffs</a> (2022 musical)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lioness_(upcoming_film)" title="Lioness (upcoming film)">Lioness (upcoming film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_dollar" title="Susan B. Anthony dollar">Susan B. Anthony dollar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand_ten-dollar_note" title="New Zealand ten-dollar note">New Zealand ten-dollar note</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Suffrage_Centennial_silver_dollar" title="Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar">Women's Suffrage Centennial silver dollar</a> (2020 U.S. commemorative)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_ten-dollar_bill#Rejected_redesign_and_new_2020_bill" title="United States ten-dollar bill">2020 US ten-dollar bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_in_the_women%27s_suffrage_movement_in_the_United_States" title="Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States">Art in the women's suffrage movement in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Music and women's suffrage in the United States">Music and women's suffrage in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&oldid=1254990269">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Women%27s_suffrage_in_India&oldid=1254990269</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Category:Women's suffrage in India">Women's suffrage in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_women%27s_rights" title="Category:History of women's rights">History of women's rights</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_women_in_India" title="Category:History of women in India">History of women in India</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_women_in_politics" title="Category:Indian women in politics">Indian women in politics</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:EngvarB_from_December_2019" title="Category:EngvarB from December 2019">EngvarB from December 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_November_2019" title="Category:Use dmy dates from November 2019">Use dmy dates from November 2019</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Subscription_required_using_via" title="Category:Subscription required using via">Subscription required using via</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-only_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-only content">Pages containing links to subscription-only content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_a_citation_from_the_ODNB" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB">Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the ODNB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_postscript" title="Category:CS1 maint: postscript">CS1 maint: postscript</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 November 2024, at 16:38 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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