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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Demetrius’ general</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demetrius’_general-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_wilderness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_wilderness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>In the wilderness</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_wilderness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquering_the_Macedonian_throne" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquering_the_Macedonian_throne"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Conquering the Macedonian throne</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquering_the_Macedonian_throne-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-King_of_Macedonia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#King_of_Macedonia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>King of Macedonia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-King_of_Macedonia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle King of Macedonia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-King_of_Macedonia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antigonus_against_Pyrrhus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonus_against_Pyrrhus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Antigonus against Pyrrhus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonus_against_Pyrrhus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chremonidean_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chremonidean_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Chremonidean War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chremonidean_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Antigonus_against_Aratus" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antigonus_against_Aratus"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Antigonus against Aratus</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antigonus_against_Aratus-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relationship_with_philosophers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relationship_with_philosophers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Relationship with philosophers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relationship_with_philosophers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Relations_with_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relations_with_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Relations with India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relations_with_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death_and_appraisal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death_and_appraisal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Death and appraisal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death_and_appraisal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Reception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet 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Available in 36 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-36" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">36 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A_%D8%BA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="أنتيغونوس الثاني غوناتاس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أنتيغونوس الثاني غوناتاس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Антигон II Гонат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антигон II Гонат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigon_II_Gonata" title="Antigon II Gonata – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Antigon II Gonata" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgon_II_G%C3%B2natas" title="Antígon II Gònatas – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Antígon II Gònatas" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II._Gonat%C3%A1s" title="Antigonos II. Gonatás – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antigonos II. Gonatás" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II._Gonatas" title="Antigonos II. Gonatas – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antigonos II. Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AF%CE%B3%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%92%CE%84_%CE%93%CE%BF%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AC%CF%82" title="Αντίγονος Β΄ Γονατάς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντίγονος Β΄ Γονατάς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgono_II_G%C3%B3natas" title="Antígono II Gónatas – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Antígono II Gónatas" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigono_II.a_Gonatas" title="Antigono II.a Gonatas – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antigono II.a Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AA%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85_%DA%AF%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B3" title="آنتیگونوس دوم گوناتاس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آنتیگونوس دوم گوناتاس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigone_II_Gonatas" title="Antigone II Gonatas – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Antigone II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%ED%8B%B0%EA%B3%A0%EB%85%B8%EC%8A%A4_2%EC%84%B8_%EA%B3%A0%EB%82%98%ED%83%80%EC%8A%A4" title="안티고노스 2세 고나타스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안티고노스 2세 고나타스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B6%D5%BF%D5%AB%D5%A3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BD_II_%D4%B3%D5%B8%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%BD" title="Անտիգոնոս II Գոնատաս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Անտիգոնոս II Գոնատաս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigon_II._Gonata" title="Antigon II. Gonata – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Antigon II. Gonata" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonos II Gonatas – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antigonos II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigono_II_Gonata" title="Antigono II Gonata – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Antigono II Gonata" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99_%D7%92%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%98%D7%A1,_%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A_%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9F" title="אנטיגונוס השני גונאטס, מלך מוקדון – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטיגונוס השני גונאטס, מלך מוקדון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonus II Gonatas – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Antigonus II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/II._Antigonosz_maked%C3%B3n_kir%C3%A1ly" title="II. Antigonosz makedón király – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="II. Antigonosz makedón király" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Антигон II Гонат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антигон II Гонат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Антигон II Гонат – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Антигон II Гонат" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonos II Gonatas – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Antigonos II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%82%B4%E3%83%8E%E3%82%B92%E4%B8%96" title="アンティゴノス2世 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンティゴノス2世" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonos II Gonatas – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antigonos II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antygon_II_Gonatas" title="Antygon II Gonatas – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antygon II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%ADgono_II_G%C3%B3natas" title="Antígono II Gónatas – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Antígono II Gónatas" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Антигон II Гонат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антигон II Гонат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_Gonatas" title="Antigonos Gonatas – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antigonos Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigon_II._Gonat" title="Antigon II. Gonat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Antigon II. Gonat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Антигон II Гоната – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антигон II Гоната" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigon_II_Gonata" title="Antigon II Gonata – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antigon II Gonata" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II" title="Antigonos II – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antigonos II" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antigonos_II_Gonatas" title="Antigonos II Gonatas – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antigonos II Gonatas" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BD_II_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Антигон II Гонат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антигон II Гонат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">King of Macedonia from 277 BC to 239 BC</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Antigonus II" redirects here. 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color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Antigonus II Gonatas</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image photo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg/220px-Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg/330px-Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg/440px-Antigonus_Gonatas_British_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1683" data-file-height="1663" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-bottom:0.2em;padding-top:0.2em;">Coin of Antigonus Gonatas</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Macedon">King of Macedonia</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">277–274 BC <i>(first time)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Reign</th><td class="infobox-data">272–239 BC <i>(second time)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus of Epirus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius Aetolicus</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 320 BC</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">239 BC (aged approximately 80)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phila_(daughter_of_Seleucus)" title="Phila (daughter of Seleucus)">Phila (daughter of Seleucus)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Halcyoneus <br /> <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius Aetolicus</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius Poliorcetes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Phila_(daughter_of_Antipater)" title="Phila (daughter of Antipater)">Phila (daughter of Antipater)</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Antigonus II Gonatas</b> (<a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Greek language">Ancient Greek</a>: <span lang="grc">Ἀντίγονος Γονατᾶς</span>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language romanization"><i lang="grc-Latn">Antígonos</i></span>; <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 320</span><sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 239 BC) was a <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonian Greek</a> ruler who solidified the position of the <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a> in <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">Macedon</a> after a long period defined by anarchy and chaos and acquired fame for his victory over the <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gauls</a> who had invaded the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Birth_and_family">Birth and family</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Birth and family"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigonus Gonatas was born around <a href="/wiki/320_BC" title="320 BC">320 BC</a>. The origin of the Hellenistic nickname Gonatas is unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was descended from the <a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">Diadochi</a> (the successors of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a>) on both his father's and mother's side. His father was <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius Poliorcetes</a>, himself the son of <a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a>, who then controlled much of Asia. His mother was <a href="/wiki/Phila_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phila of Macedonia">Phila</a>, the daughter of <a href="/wiki/Antipater" title="Antipater">Antipater</a>, who had controlled Macedonia and the rest of Greece since 334 BC and was recognized as regent of the empire, which in theory remained united. <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, Antipater's oldest son who would become <a href="/wiki/Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedon">King of Macedon</a> in 305 BC, was his uncle. The year of Antigonus Gonatas' birth, however, Antipater died, leading to further struggles for territory and dominance. </p><p>The careers of Antigonus's grandfather Antigonus Monophthalmus and father showed great swings in fortune. After coming closer than anyone to reuniting the empire of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander</a>, Antigonus Monophthalmus was defeated and killed in the great <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ipsus" title="Battle of Ipsus">Battle of Ipsus</a> in 301 BC and the territory he formerly controlled was divided among his enemies, <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demetrius’_general"><span id="Demetrius.E2.80.99_general"></span>Demetrius’ general</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Demetrius’ general"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fate of Antigonus Gonatas, now 18, was closely tied with that of his father Demetrius, who escaped from the battle with 9,000 troops. Jealousy among the victors eventually allowed Demetrius to regain part of the power his father had lost. He conquered <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a> and in 294 BC he seized the throne of Macedonia from <a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander</a>, the son of Cassander. </p><p>Because Antigonus Gonatas was the grandson of Antipater and the nephew of Cassander through his mother, his presence helped to reconcile the supporters of these former kings to the rule of his father. </p><p>In 292 BC, while Demetrius was campaigning in <a href="/wiki/Boeotia" title="Boeotia">Boeotia</a>, he received news that Lysimachus, the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Thrace" title="Thrace">Thrace</a> and the enemy of his father, had been taken prisoner by <a href="/wiki/Dromichaetes" title="Dromichaetes">Dromichaetes</a>, a ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>. Hoping to seize Lysimachus' territories in Thrace and Asia, Demetrius delegated command of his forces in Boeotia to Antigonus and immediately marched north. While he was away, the Boeotians rose in rebellion, but were defeated by Antigonus, who bottled them up in <a href="/wiki/Thebes,_Greece" title="Thebes, Greece">Thebes</a>. </p><p>After the failure of his expedition to Thrace, Demetrius joined his son at the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Thebes_(292%E2%80%93291_BC)" title="Siege of Thebes (292–291 BC)">Siege of Thebes</a>. As the Thebans defended their city stubbornly, Demetrius often forced his men to attack the city at great cost, even though there was little hope of capturing it. It is said that, distressed by the heavy losses, Antigonus asked his father: "Why, father, do we allow these lives to be thrown away so unnecessarily?" Demetrius appears to have shown his contempt for the lives of his soldiers by replying: "We don't have to find rations for the dead." But he also showed a similar disregard for his own life and was badly wounded at the siege by a bolt through the neck. </p><p>In 291 BC, Demetrius finally took the city after using siege engines to demolish its walls. But control of Macedonia and most of Greece was merely a stepping stone to his plans for further conquest. He aimed at nothing less than the revival of Alexander's empire and started making preparations on a grand scale, ordering the construction of a fleet of 500 ships, many of them of unprecedented size. </p><p>Such preparations and the obvious intent behind them, naturally alarmed the other kings, Seleucus, Ptolemy, Lysimachus, and <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, who immediately formed an alliance. In the spring of 288 BC Ptolemy's fleet appeared off Greece, inciting the cities to revolt. At the same time, Lysimachus attacked Macedonia from the east while Pyrrhus did so from the west. Demetrius left Antigonus in control of the rest of Greece, while he hurried to Macedonia. </p><p>By now the Macedonians had come to resent the extravagance and arrogance of Demetrius, and were not prepared to fight a difficult campaign for him. In 287 BC, Pyrrhus took the Macedonian city of <a href="/wiki/Veria" title="Veria">Beroea</a> and Demetrius's army promptly deserted and went over to the enemy who was much admired by the Macedonians for his bravery. At this change of fortune, Phila, the mother of Antigonus, killed herself with poison. Meanwhile, Athens revolted. Demetrius therefore returned and <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Athens_(287_BC)" title="Siege of Athens (287 BC)">besieged the city</a>, but he soon grew impatient and decided on a more dramatic course. Leaving Antigonus in charge of the war in Greece, he assembled all his ships and embarked with 11,000 infantry and all his cavalry to attack <a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, provinces of Lysimachus. </p><p>As Demetrius was chased across <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Taurus_Mountains" title="Taurus Mountains">Taurus Mountains</a> by the armies of Lysimachus and Seleucus, Antigonus attained success in Greece. Ptolemy's fleet was driven off and Athens surrendered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_wilderness">In the wilderness</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: In the wilderness"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg/275px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg/413px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg/550px-Pompejanischer_Maler_um_40_v._Chr._001.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="2361" /></a><figcaption>Antigonus II Gonatas and his mother <a href="/wiki/Phila_(daughter_of_Antipater)" title="Phila (daughter of Antipater)">Phila</a>, detail of a fresco of the <a href="/wiki/Villa_Boscoreale" title="Villa Boscoreale">Villa Fannius</a>, c. 40 BC, Archaeological Museum of Naples.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 285 BC, Demetrius, worn down by his fruitless campaign, surrendered to Seleucus. At this point, he wrote to his son and to his commanders in Athens and <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> telling them to henceforth consider him a dead man and to ignore any letters they might receive written under his seal. Macedonia, meanwhile, had been divided between Pyrrhus and Lysimachus, but, "like two wolves sharing a piece of meat", they soon fought over it with the result that Lysimachus drove Pyrrhus out and took over the whole kingdom. </p><p>Following the capture of his father, Antigonus proved himself a dutiful son. He wrote to all the kings, especially Seleucus, offering to surrender all the territory he controlled and proposing himself as a hostage for his father's release, but to no avail. In 283 BC, at the age of 55, Demetrius died in captivity in Syria. When Antigonus heard that his father's remains were being brought to him, he put to sea with his entire fleet, met Seleucus's ships near the <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, and took the relics to Corinth with great ceremony. After this, the remains were interred at the town of <a href="/wiki/Demetrias" title="Demetrias">Demetrias</a> that his father had founded in <a href="/wiki/Thessaly" title="Thessaly">Thessaly</a>. </p><p>In 282 BC, Seleucus declared war on Lysimachus and the next year defeated and killed him at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Corupedium" title="Battle of Corupedium">Battle of Corupedium</a> in Lydia. He then crossed to Europe to claim Thrace and Macedonia, but <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a>, the son of Ptolemy, murdered Seleucus and seized the Macedonian throne. Antigonus decided the time was ripe to take back his father's kingdom, but when he marched north, Ptolemy Keraunos defeated his army. </p><p>Ptolemy's success, however, was short-lived. In the winter of 279 BC, a great horde of <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> under their leader <a href="/wiki/Brennus_(3rd_century_BC)" title="Brennus (3rd century BC)">Brennus</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallic_invasion_of_the_Balkans" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallic invasion of the Balkans">descended on Macedonia</a> from the north, crushed Ptolemy's army and killed him in battle, starting two years of complete anarchy in the kingdom. After plundering Macedonia, the Gauls invaded further regions of Greece, moving southwards. Antigonus cooperated in the defence of Greece against the barbarians, but the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolians</a> took the lead in defeating the Gauls. In 278 BC a Greek army with a large Aetolian contingent checked the Gauls at <a href="/wiki/Thermopylae" title="Thermopylae">Thermopylae</a> and <a href="/wiki/Delphi" title="Delphi">Delphi</a>, inflicting heavy casualties and forcing them to retreat. </p><p>The next year (277 BC), Antigonus sailed to the <a href="/wiki/Hellespont" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespont">Hellespont</a>, landing near <a href="/wiki/Lysimachia_(Thrace)" title="Lysimachia (Thrace)">Lysimachia</a> at the neck of the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Chersonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian Chersonese">Thracian Chersonese</a>. When an army of Gauls under the command of <a href="/wiki/Cerethrius" title="Cerethrius">Cerethrius</a> appeared, Antigonus laid an ambush. He abandoned his camp and beached his ships, then concealed his men. The Gauls looted the camp, but when they started to attack the ships, Antigonus's army appeared, trapping them with the sea to their rear. In this way Antigonus resoundingly won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysimachia" title="Battle of Lysimachia">Battle of Lysimachia</a> strengthening his claim to the Macedonian throne. Around this time, under these favourable omens, Antigonus's niece-wife <a href="/wiki/Phila_(daughter_of_Seleucus)" title="Phila (daughter of Seleucus)">Phila</a> gave birth to his son and successor, <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conquering_the_Macedonian_throne">Conquering the Macedonian throne</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Conquering the Macedonian throne"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a>, a Macedonian nobleman, had managed to check the Celts to a certain extent, but it was Antigonus who finally defeated them at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lysimachia" title="Battle of Lysimachia">Lysimachia</a> and freed the Macedonians from years of terror, hardship and anarchy. As a son of <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius</a>, who had ruled Macedon for several years, Antigonus had a legitimate claim to the Macedonian throne and now he was also seen as its savior.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After his victory over the Celts, Antigonus marched towards Macedon and had to fight his way into the country for others were still contending for the throne. First Antigonus defeated <a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a>, a nephew of <a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a>, he then drove <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a>, a son of <a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Arsinoe_II" title="Arsinoe II">Arsinoe</a>, from the country. There were other pretenders, an Alexander and an Arrhidaeus, who might have been the same person. After defeating these, the final problem facing Antigonus was Apollodorus the tyrant of <a href="/wiki/Cassandreia" title="Cassandreia">Cassandreia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Antigonus besieged Cassandreia for ten months, but was unable to dislodge Appolodorus and his men. Antigonus then resorted to trickery, he retreated his army and sent one of his mercenary commanders, Ameinias the Phocian, to negotiate with Apollodorus. During the negotiations Ameinias had 2,000 of his men launch a surprise attack on the city with specially prepared ladders of the right height, they gained possession of the walls and summoned Antigonus. By the end of 276 BC Antigonus had gained control of most of Macedon.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="King_of_Macedonia">King of Macedonia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: King of Macedonia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Antigonus_II_Gonatas" title="Special:EditPage/Antigonus II Gonatas">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antigonus_against_Pyrrhus">Antigonus against Pyrrhus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Antigonus against Pyrrhus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tetradrachm_of_Antigonus_Doson.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Tetradrachm_of_Antigonus_Doson.jpg/350px-Tetradrachm_of_Antigonus_Doson.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Tetradrachm_of_Antigonus_Doson.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="180" /></a><figcaption>Coin of Antigonus II Gonatas. Obverse with head of <a href="/wiki/Poseidon" title="Poseidon">Poseidon</a>, with flowing locks bound with marine plant. Reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Apollo" title="Apollo">Apollo</a> seated naked, holding bow. The <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> inscription reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ, <i>Basileōs Antigonou</i>, meaning "of king Antigonus."</figcaption></figure><p><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Epirus" title="Epirus">Epirus</a>, Macedonia's western neighbour, was a general of mercurial ability, widely renowned for his bravery, but he did not apply his talents sensibly and often snatched after vain hopes, so that Antigonus used to compare him to a dice player, who had excellent throws, but did not know how to use them. When the Gauls defeated Ptolemy Ceraunus and the Macedonian throne became vacant, Pyrrhus was occupied in his campaigns overseas. Hoping to conquer first <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and then Africa, he got involved in wars against <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>, the two most powerful states in the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>. He then lost the support of the Greek cities in Italy and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> by his haughty behaviour. Needing reinforcements, he wrote to Antigonus as a fellow Greek king, asking him for troops and money, but Antigonus politely refused. In 275 BC, the Romans fought Pyrrhus at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beneventum_(275_BC)" title="Battle of Beneventum (275 BC)">Battle of Beneventum</a> which ended inconclusively, although many modern sources wrongly state that Pyrrhus lost the battle. Pyrrhus had been drained by his recent wars in Sicily, and by the earlier "<a href="/wiki/Pyrrhic_victory" title="Pyrrhic victory">Pyrrhic victories</a>" over the Romans, and thus decided to end his campaign in Italy and return to Epirus. </p><p>Pyrrhus's retreat from Italy, however, proved very unlucky for Antigonus. Returning to Epirus with an army of eight thousand foot and five hundred horse, he was in need of money to pay them. This encouraged him to look for another war, so the next year, after adding a force of Gallic mercenaries to his army, he invaded Macedonia with the intention of filling his coffers with plunder. The campaign, however, went better than expected. Making himself master of several towns and being joined by two thousand deserters, his hopes started to grow and he went in search of Antigonus, attacking his army in a narrow pass and throwing it into disorder at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Aous_(274_BC)" title="Battle of the Aous (274 BC)">Battle of the Aous River</a>. Antigonus's Macedonian troops retreated, but his own body of Gallic mercenaries, who had charge of his elephants, stood firm until Pyrrhus's troops surrounded them, whereupon they surrendered both themselves and the elephants. Pyrrhus now chased after the rest of Antigonus's army which, demoralised by its earlier defeat, declined to fight. As the two armies faced each other, Pyrrhus called out to the various officers by name and persuaded the whole body of infantry to desert. Antigonus escaped by concealing his identity. Pyrrhus now took control of upper Macedonia and Thessaly, while Antigonus held on to the coastal towns. </p><p>But Pyrrhus now wasted his victory. Taking possession of <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Aegae</a>, the ancient capital of Macedonia, he installed a garrison of Gauls, who greatly offended the Macedonians by digging up the tombs of their kings and leaving the bones scattered about as they searched for gold. He also neglected to finish off his enemy. Leaving him in control of the coastal cities, he contented himself with insults. He called Antigonus a shameless man for still wearing the purple, but he did little to destroy the remnants of his power. </p><p>Before this campaign was finished, Pyrrhus had embarked upon a new one. In 272 BC, <a href="/wiki/Cleonymus_of_Sparta" title="Cleonymus of Sparta">Cleonymus</a>, an important <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Spartan</a>, invited him to invade <a href="/wiki/Laconia" title="Laconia">Laconia</a>. Gathering an army of twenty-five thousand foot, two thousand horse, and twenty-four elephants, he crossed over to the <a href="/wiki/Peloponnese" title="Peloponnese">Peloponnese</a> and occupied <a href="/wiki/Megalopolis,_Greece" title="Megalopolis, Greece">Megalopolis</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arcadia_(ancient_region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcadia (ancient region)">Arcadia</a>. Antigonus, after reoccupying part of Macedonia, gathered what forces he could and sailed to Greece to oppose him. As a large part of the Spartan army led by king <a href="/wiki/Areus_I" title="Areus I">Areus</a> was in <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a> at the time, Pyrrhus <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sparta" title="Siege of Sparta">besieged Sparta</a> with great hopes of taking the city easily, but the citizens organized stout resistance, allowing one of Antigonus's commanders, <a href="/wiki/Ameinias_the_Phocian" title="Ameinias the Phocian">Aminias the Phocian</a>, to reach the city with a force of mercenaries from Corinth. Soon after this, the Spartan king, Areus, returned from Crete with 2,000 men. These reinforcements stiffened resistance, and Pyrrhus, finding that he was losing men to desertion every day, broke off the attack and started to plunder the country. </p><p>The most important Peloponnesian city after Sparta was <a href="/wiki/Argos,_Peloponnese" title="Argos, Peloponnese">Argos</a>. The two chief men, <a href="/wiki/Aristippus_of_Argos" title="Aristippus of Argos">Aristippus</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aristeas_of_Argos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aristeas of Argos (page does not exist)">Aristeas</a>, were keen rivals. As Aristippus was an ally of Antigonus, Aristeas invited Pyrrhus to come to Argos to help him take over the city. Antigonus, aware that Pyrrhus was advancing on Argos, marched his army there as well, taking up a strong position on some high ground near the city. When Pyrrhus learned this, he encamped about <a href="/wiki/Nafplion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nafplion">Nauplia</a> and the next day dispatched a herald to Antigonus, calling him a coward and challenging him to come down and fight on the plain. Antigonus replied that he would choose his own moment to fight and that if Pyrrhus was weary of life, he could find many ways to die. </p><p>The Argives, fearing that their territory would become a war zone, sent deputations to the two kings begging them to go elsewhere and allow their city to remain neutral. Both kings agreed, but Antigonus won over the trust of the Argives by surrendering his son as a hostage for his pledge. Pyrrhus, who had recently lost a son in the retreat from Sparta, did not. Indeed, with the help of Aristeas, he was plotting to seize the city. In the middle of the night, he marched his army up to the city walls and entered through a gate that Aristeas had opened. His Gallic troops seized the market place, but he had difficulty getting his elephants into the city through the small gates. This gave the Argives time to rally. They occupied strong points and sent messengers asking Antigonus for help. </p><p>When Antigonus heard that Pyrrhus had treacherously attacked the city, he advanced to the walls and sent a strong force inside to help the Argives. At the same time Areus arrived with a force of 1,000 Cretans and light-armed Spartans. These forces attacked the Gauls in the market place. Pyrrhus, realising that his Gallic troops were hard pressed, now advanced into the city with more troops, but in the narrow streets this soon led to confusion as men got lost and wandered around. The two forces now paused and waited for daylight. When the sun rose, Pyrrhus saw how strong the opposition was and decided the best thing was to retreat. Fearing that the gates would be too narrow for his troops to easily exit the city, he sent a message to his son, Helenus, who was outside with the main body of the army, asking him to break down a section of the walls. The messenger, however, failed to convey his instructions clearly. Misunderstanding what was required, Helenus took the rest of the elephants and some picked troops and advanced into the city to help his father. </p><p>With some of his troops trying to get out of the city and others trying to get in, Pyrrhus's army was now thrown into confusion. This was made worse by the elephants. The largest one had fallen across the gateway and was blocking the way, while another elephant, called Nicon, was trying to find its rider. This beast surged against the tide of fugitives, crushing friend and foe alike, until it found its dead master, whereupon it picked him up, placed him on its tusks, and went on the rampage. In this chaos Pyrrhus was struck down by a tile thrown by an old woman and killed by Zopyrus, a soldier of Antigonus. </p><p>Halcyoneus, one of Antigonus's sons, heard that Pyrrhus had been killed. Taking the head, which had been cut off by Zopyrus, he rode to where his father was and threw it at his feet. Far from being delighted, Antigonus was angry with his son and struck him, calling him a barbarian and drove him away. He then covered his face with his cloak and burst into tears. The fate of Pyrrhus reminded him all too clearly of the tragic fates of his own grandfather and his father who had suffered similar swings of fortune. He then had Pyrrhus's body cremated with great ceremony. </p><p>After the death of Pyrrhus, his whole army and camp surrendered to Antigonus, greatly increasing his power. Later, Halcyoneus discovered Helenus, Pyrrhus's son, disguised in threadbare clothes. He treated him kindly and brought him to his father who was more pleased with his behaviour. "This is better than what you did before, my son," he said, "but why leave him in these clothes which are a disgrace to us now that we know ourselves the victors?" Greeting him courteously, Antigonus treated Helenus as an honoured guest and sent him back to Epirus. </p><p>This was not the end of Antigonus' problems with Epirus: shortly after <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a>, the son of Pyrrhus and his successor as king of Epirus, repeated his father's adventure by conquering Macedonia. However, only a few years later, Alexander was not only expelled from Macedonia by Antigonus' son Demetrius, but he also lost Epirus and had to go into exile in <a href="/wiki/Acarnania" title="Acarnania">Acarnania</a>. His exile didn't last long, as the Macedonians had to abandon Epirus eventually under pressure from Alexander's allies, the Acarnanians and the <a href="/wiki/Aetolian_League" title="Aetolian League">Aetolians</a>. Alexander seems to have died about 242 BC, leaving his country under the regency of his wife <a href="/wiki/Olympias_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="Olympias of Epirus">Olympias</a> who proved anxious to have good relations with Epirus' powerful neighbour, as was sanctioned by the marriage between the regent's daughter <a href="/wiki/Phthia_of_Macedonia" class="mw-redirect" title="Phthia of Macedonia">Phthia</a> and Antigonus' son and heir Demetrius. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chremonidean_War">Chremonidean War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Chremonidean War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg/275px-240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg" decoding="async" width="275" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg/413px-240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg/550px-240bcAntigonusIIGonatas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="708" /></a><figcaption>Northern border at around 240 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>With the restoration of the territories captured by Pyrrhus, and with grateful allies in Sparta and Argos, and garrisons in Corinth and other cities, Antigonus securely controlled Macedonia and Greece. The careful way he guarded his power shows that he wished to avoid the vicissitudes of fortune that had characterized the careers of his father and grandfather. Aware that the Greeks loved freedom and autonomy, he was careful to grant a semblance of this in as much as it did not clash with his own power. Also, he tried to avoid the odium that direct rule brings by controlling the Greeks through intermediaries. It is for this reason that <a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a> says, "No man ever set up more absolute rulers in Greece than Antigonus." The <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Greek_tyrants" title="List of ancient Greek tyrants">tyrants</a> installed or maintained by Gonatas include: <a href="/wiki/Cleon_of_Sicyon" title="Cleon of Sicyon">Cleon</a> (Sicyon, c. 300–280 BC), <a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_(tyrant)" title="Euthydemus (tyrant)">Euthydemus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Timocleidas" title="Timocleidas">Timocleidas</a> (Sicyon c. 280–270 BC), <a href="/wiki/Margos" title="Margos">Iseas</a> (Keryneia, resigned 275 BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristotimus" title="Aristotimus">Aristotimus</a> (Elis, assassinated 272 BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristippus_of_Argos" title="Aristippus of Argos">Aristippus the Elder</a> (Argos, from 272 BC), <a href="/wiki/Abantidas" title="Abantidas">Abantidas</a> (Sicyon, 264–252 BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristodemus_the_Good" title="Aristodemus the Good">Aristodemus the Good</a> (Megalopolis, assassinated 252 BC), <a href="/wiki/Paseas" title="Paseas">Paseas</a> (Sicyon, 252–251 BC), <a href="/wiki/Nicocles_(Sicyon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicocles (Sicyon)">Nicocles</a> (Sicyon, 251 BC), <a href="/wiki/Aristomachos_the_Elder" class="mw-redirect" title="Aristomachos the Elder">Aristomachus</a> (Argos, assassinated 240 BC), <a href="/wiki/Lydiadas_of_Megalopolis" title="Lydiadas of Megalopolis">Lydiadas</a>, (Megalopolis, c. 245–235 BC), and <a href="/wiki/Aristippus_of_Argos" title="Aristippus of Argos">Aristippus</a> (Argos, 240–235 BC). </p><p>The next stage of Antigonus's career is not documented and what we know has been patched together from a few historical fragments: Antigonus seems to have been on very good terms with <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a> ruler of Asia, whose love for <a href="/wiki/Stratonice_of_Syria" title="Stratonice of Syria">Stratonice</a>, the sister of Antigonus, is very famous. Such an alliance naturally threatened the third <a href="/wiki/Successor_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Successor state">successor state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic Egypt">Ptolemaic Egypt</a>. In Greece, Athens and Sparta, once the dominant states, naturally resented the domination of Antigonus. The pride, which in the past had made these cities mortal enemies, now served to unite them. In 267 BC, probably with encouragement from Egypt, an Athenian by the name of <a href="/wiki/Chremonides" title="Chremonides">Chremonides</a> persuaded the Athenians to join the Spartans in declaring war on Antigonus (see <a href="/wiki/Chremonidean_War" title="Chremonidean War">Chremonidean War</a>). </p><p>The Macedonian king responded by ravaging the territory of Athens with an army while blockading them by sea. In this campaign he also destroyed the grove and temple of Poseidon that stood at the entrance to <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> near the border with <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megara</a>. To support the Athenians and prevent the power of Antigonus from growing too much, <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, the king of Egypt, sent a fleet to break the blockade. The Egyptian admiral, <a href="/wiki/Patroclus_(admiral)" title="Patroclus (admiral)">Patroclus</a>, landed on <a href="/wiki/Patroklos_(Attica)" title="Patroklos (Attica)">a small uninhabited island</a> near <a href="/wiki/Laurium" class="mw-redirect" title="Laurium">Laurium</a> and fortified it as a base for naval operations. </p><p>The Seleucid Empire had signed a peace treaty with Egypt, but Antiochus's son-in-law, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a>, king of <a href="/wiki/Cyrene,_Libya" title="Cyrene, Libya">Cyrene</a>, persuaded Antiochus to take advantage of the war in Greece to attack Egypt. To counter this, Ptolemy dispatched a force of pirates and freebooters to raid and attack the lands and provinces of Antiochus, while his army fought a defensive campaign, holding back the stronger Seleucid army. Although successfully defending Egypt, Ptolemy II was unable to save Athens from Antigonus. In 263/2 or 262/1 BC, the Athenians and Spartans, worn down by several years of war and the devastation of their lands, made peace with Antigonus, who thus retained his hold on Greece. </p><p>Ptolemy II continued to interfere in the affairs of Greece and this led to war in 261. After two years in which little changed, <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a>, the new Seleucid king, made a military agreement with Antigonus, and the <a href="/wiki/Syrian_Wars#Second_Syrian_War_.28260-253_BC.29" title="Syrian Wars">Second Syrian War</a> began. Under the combined attack, Egypt lost ground in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicia</a>, and the city of <a href="/wiki/Miletus" title="Miletus">Miletus</a>, held by its ally, <a href="/wiki/Timarchus_of_Miletus" title="Timarchus of Miletus">Timarchus</a>, was seized by Antiochus II. In 255 BC, Ptolemy made peace, ceding lands to the Seleucids and confirming Antigonus in his mastery of Greece. </p><p>Two years later, however, the Egyptian interfered again, inducing with his subsidies the Macedonian governor of Corinth and Euboea, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_of_Corinth" title="Alexander of Corinth">Alexander, son of Craterus</a>, to challenge his king, seeking independence as a tyrant. Alexander's revolt was the most serious threat to the Macedonian hegemony in Greece, and since Antigonus' military efforts were unsuccessful, he probably resolved to poison the traitor in 247 BC. By offering a marriage with his heir <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a> Antigonus took in his widow <a href="/wiki/Nicaea_of_Corinth" title="Nicaea of Corinth">Nicaea</a> and regained control of Corinth in the winter of 245/44 BC. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antigonus_against_Aratus">Antigonus against Aratus</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Antigonus against Aratus"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antigonos_II_Gonatas,_Tetradrachm,_277-239_BC,_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg/330px-Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg/495px-Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg/660px-Antigonos_II_Gonatas%2C_Tetradrachm%2C_277-239_BC%2C_HGC_3-I-1042.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>Silver coin of Antigonus II. <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a> mint. Obverse with horned head of <a href="/wiki/Pan_(god)" title="Pan (god)">Pan</a>, on boss of Macedonian shield. Reverse shows <a href="/wiki/Athena_Alkidemos" title="Athena Alkidemos">Athena Alkidemos</a> advancing left, holding shield decorated with aegis, preparing to cast thunderbolt. Greek legend reads: ΒΑΣΙΛΕΩΣ ΑΝΤΙΓΟΝΟΥ, <i>Basileōs Antigonou</i>, "of King Antigonus."</figcaption></figure> <p>Having successfully repelled the external threat to his control of Greece, the main danger to the power of Antigonus lay in the Greek love of liberty. In 251 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus</a>, a young nobleman in the city of <a href="/wiki/Sicyon" title="Sicyon">Sicyon</a>, expelled the <a href="/wiki/Tyrant" title="Tyrant">tyrant</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicocles_(Sicyon)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicocles (Sicyon)">Nicocles</a>, who had ruled with the acquiescence of Antigonus, freed the people, and recalled the exiles. This led to confusion and division within the city. Fearing that Antigonus would exploit these divisions to attack the city, Aratus applied for the city to join the <a href="/wiki/Achaean_League" title="Achaean League">Achaean League</a>, a league of a few small <a href="/wiki/Achaea" title="Achaea">Achaean</a> towns in the Peloponnese. </p><p>Preferring to use guile rather than military power, Antigonus sought to regain control over Sicyon through winning the young man over to his side. Accordingly, he sent him a gift of 25 <a href="/wiki/Talent_(weight)" class="mw-redirect" title="Talent (weight)">talents</a>, but, Aratus, instead of being corrupted by this wealth, immediately gave it away to his fellow citizens. With this money and another sum he received from <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a>, he was able to reconcile the different parties in Sicyon and unite the city. </p><p>Antigonus was troubled by the rising power and popularity of Aratus. If he were to receive extensive military and financial support from Ptolemy, Aratus would be able to threaten his position. He decided therefore to either win him over to his side or at least discredit him with Ptolemy. In order to do this, he showed him great marks of favour. When he was sacrificing to the gods in Corinth, he sent portions of the meat to Aratus at Sicyon, and complimented Aratus in front of his guests: "I thought this Sicyonian youth was only a lover of liberty and of his fellow-citizens, but now I look upon him as a good judge of the manners and actions of kings. For formerly he despised us, and, placing his hopes further off, admired the Egyptians, hearing much of their elephants, fleets, and palaces. But after seeing all these at a nearer distance, and perceiving them to be but mere stage props and pageantry, he has now come over to us. And for my part I willingly receive him, and, resolving to make great use of him myself, command you to look upon him as a friend." These words were readily believed by many, and when they were reported to Ptolemy, he half believed them. </p><p>But Aratus was far from becoming a friend of Antigonus, whom he regarded as the oppressor of his city's freedom. In 243 BC, in an attack by night, he seized the <a href="/wiki/Acrocorinth" title="Acrocorinth">Acrocorinth</a>, the strategically important fort by which Antigonus controlled the <a href="/wiki/Isthmus_of_Corinth" title="Isthmus of Corinth">Isthmus of Corinth</a> and thus the Peloponnese. When news of this success reached Corinth, the Corinthians rose in rebellion, overthrew Antigonus' party, and joined the Achaean League. Next Aratus took the port of <a href="/wiki/Lechaio" title="Lechaio">Lechaeum</a> and captured 25 of Antigonus's ships. </p><p>This setback for Antigonus sparked a general uprising against Macedonian power. The <a href="/wiki/Megara" title="Megara">Megarians</a> revolted and together with the <a href="/wiki/Troezen" title="Troezen">Troezenians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Epidaurus" title="Epidaurus">Epidaurians</a> enrolled in the Achaean League. With this increased strength, Aratus invaded the territory of Athens and plundered <a href="/wiki/Salamis_Island" title="Salamis Island">Salamis</a>. Every Athenian freeman he captured was sent back to the Athenians without ransom to encourage them to join the rebellion. The Macedonians, however, retained their hold on Athens and the rest of Greece. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relationship_with_philosophers">Relationship with philosophers</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Relationship with philosophers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigonus surrounded himself at court with a circle of notable intellectuals and philosophers. He was mentioned several times by Diogenes Laertius in <i>The Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers</i>, in relation to various philosophers, particularly those linked with the <a href="/wiki/Megarian_school" title="Megarian school">Megarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyrrhonism" title="Pyrrhonism">Pyrrhonist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cynicism_(philosophy)" title="Cynicism (philosophy)">Cynic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Stoicism" title="Stoicism">Stoic</a> schools. We're told that "many persons courted Antigonus and went to meet him whenever he came to Athens" and that after an unnamed sea battle, many Athenians went to see Antigonus or wrote him flattering letters.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Megarian philosopher <a href="/wiki/Euphantus" title="Euphantus">Euphantus</a> taught Antigonus "and dedicated to him a work <i>On Kingship</i> which was very popular".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> We're also told that Antigonus consulted <a href="/wiki/Menedemus_of_Eretria" class="mw-redirect" title="Menedemus of Eretria">Menedemus of Eretria</a>, a distinguished member of Phaedo's school of philosophy, about whether to attend a drinking party.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigonus also knew the Pyrrhonist philosopher <a href="/wiki/Timon_of_Phlius" title="Timon of Phlius">Timon of Phlius</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menedemus and Timon had both previously studied with the Megarian school. When the eclectic philosopher <a href="/wiki/Bion_of_Borysthenes" title="Bion of Borysthenes">Bion of Borysthenes</a>, who was best known as resembling the Cynics, fell ill, Antigonus sent two servants to act as nurses to him, and Antigonus himself reputedly later visited him.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ultimately, though, Antigonus became most associated with the Stoics. <a href="/wiki/Zeno_of_Citium" title="Zeno of Citium">Zeno of Citium</a> studied under both the Megarians and Cynics before founding the Stoic school and he became particularly associated with Antigonus. We're told "Antigonus (Gonatas) also favoured him [Zeno], and whenever he came to Athens would hear him lecture and often invited him to come to his court.".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Diogenes Laertius reproduces a brief series of letters between Zeno and Antigonus, in which he asked the Stoic to attend his court and help guide him in virtue, for the benefit of the Macedonian people. Zeno at this time was too sickly and frail to travel so instead he sent two of his best students <a href="/wiki/Persaeus" title="Persaeus">Persaeus</a> and Philonides the Theban, who subsequently lived with Antigonus. </p><p>While Persaeus was at Antigonus' court, Antigonus once, wishing to make trial of him, caused some false news to be brought to him that his estate had been ravaged by the enemy, and as his countenance fell, "Do you see," said he, "that wealth is not a matter of indifference?"<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Persaeus subsequently became an important figure at the Macedonian court. After Antigonus captured <a href="/wiki/Corinth" title="Corinth">Corinth</a> around 244 BC, he put Persaeus in control of the city as <a href="/wiki/Archon" title="Archon">Archon</a>. Persaeus died in 243 BC defending the city against the attack led by <a href="/wiki/Aratus_of_Sicyon" title="Aratus of Sicyon">Aratus of Sicyon</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Zeno's death, Antigonus reputedly exclaimed "What an audience I have lost!".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Antigonus subsequently made a gift of three thousand drachmas to <a href="/wiki/Cleanthes" title="Cleanthes">Cleanthes</a>, Zeno's successor as head of the Stoa, whose lectures he also attended.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The poet <a href="/wiki/Aratus" title="Aratus">Aratus</a>, who had also studied Stoicism under Zeno, lived at the court of Antigonus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Relations_with_India">Relations with India</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Relations with India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Antigonus is mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a> as one of the recipients of the Indian Emperor <a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhist</a> proselytism.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death_and_appraisal">Death and appraisal</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Death and appraisal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 239 BC, Antigonus died at the age of 80 and left his kingdom to his son <a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius II of Macedon">Demetrius II</a>, who was to reign for the next 10 years. Except for a short period when he defeated the Gauls, Antigonus was not a heroic or successful military leader. His skills were mainly political. He preferred to rely on cunning, patience, and persistence to achieve his goals. While more brilliant leaders, like his father Demetrius and his neighbour Pyrrhus, aimed higher and fell lower, Antigonus achieved a measure of security. It is also said of him that he gained the affection of his subjects by his honesty and his cultivation of the arts,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he accomplished by gathering round him distinguished literary men, in particular philosophers, poets, and historians. A tomb in <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a> is suggested to be his own. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The life of Antigonus is the basis of the story line of the <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> <i>Antigono</i> by <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Metastasio" title="Pietro Metastasio">Pietro Metastasio</a>, first set to music by <a href="/wiki/Johann_Adolph_Hasse" title="Johann Adolph Hasse">Johann Adolph Hasse</a> in 1744. As with most of Metastasio's librettos, <i>Antigono</i> was set by a number of other 18th-century composers, among them the Bohemians <a href="/wiki/Antigono_(Gluck)" title="Antigono (Gluck)">Christoph Willibald Gluck</a> in 1756 and <a href="/wiki/Antigono_(Myslive%C4%8Dek)" title="Antigono (Mysliveček)">Josef Mysliveček</a> in 1780. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803095416919">"Antigonus Gonatas"</a>. <i>Oxford Reference</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Reference&rft.atitle=Antigonus+Gonatas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordreference.com%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Foi%2Fauthority.20110803095416919&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Waterfield, <i>Antigonus</i>, pp 118–119.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Waterfield, <i>Antigonus</i>, pp 119–120.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robin Waterfield, <i>Antigonus</i>, pp 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Diogenes_Laertius" title="Diogenes Laertius">Diogenes Laertius</a>, Lives and Opinions, 'Arcesilaus'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, Euclides</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Menedemus'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0258%3Abook%3D9%3Achapter%3D12">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Timon'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Bion'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Zeno'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, <i>Lives of the Eminent Philosophers</i> 7.1.36</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pausanias, <i>Description of Greece, Book II: Corinth</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.2.8">ii. 8. 4</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Zeno'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diogenes Laertius, Lives and Opinions, 'Cleanthes'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The conquest by <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a> has been won here, on the borders, and even six hundred <a href="/wiki/Yojana" title="Yojana">yojanas</a> (5,400–9,600 km) away, where the Greek king <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochos</a> rules, beyond there where the four kings named <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy</a>, Antigonos, <a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander</a> rule, likewise in the south among the <a href="/wiki/Chola_dynasty" title="Chola dynasty">Cholas</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Pandya" class="mw-redirect" title="Pandya">Pandyas</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Tamraparni" title="Tamraparni">Tamraparni</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a>)." (<a href="/wiki/Edicts_of_Ashoka" title="Edicts of Ashoka">Edicts of Ashoka</a>, 13th Rock Edict, S. Dhammika).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Antigonus Gonatas"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Antigonus_Gonatas">"Antigonus Gonatas" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 2 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 125.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Antigonus+Gonatas&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=125&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Parallel Lives</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/demetrius1.html">"Demetrius"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Lives/Pyrrhus*.html">"Pyrrhus"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/old/aratus1.html">"Aratus"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junianus_Justinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Junianus Justinus">Justin</a>, <i>Epitome of Pompeius Trogus</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/justin3.html#24.1">24.1</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/justin4.html#25.1">xxv. 1–3</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.attalus.org/translate/justin4.html#26.2">26.2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polybius" title="Polybius">Polybius</a>, <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?lookup=Plb.+1.1">Histories</a></i>, 2.43–45, 9.29, 34</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams" class="citation book cs1">Adams, W. L. "Alexander's Successors to 221 BC". In Roisman, J.; Worthington, I. (eds.). <i>A Companion to Macedonia</i>. Oxford and Malden: 2010. pp. <span class="nowrap">208–</span>224.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alexander%E2%80%99s+Successors+to+221+BC&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Macedonia&rft.place=Oxford+and+Malden&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E208-%3C%2Fspan%3E224&rft.pub=2010&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoskun2021" class="citation journal cs1">Coskun, Altay (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://revistes.uab.cat/karanos/article/view/v4-coskun">"The Regnal Years of Antigonos Gonatas"</a>. <i>Karanos. Bulletin of Ancient Macedonian Studies</i>. <b>4</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5565%2Frev%2Fkaranos.73">10.5565/rev/karanos.73</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2604-3521">2604-3521</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Karanos.+Bulletin+of+Ancient+Macedonian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Regnal+Years+of+Antigonos+Gonatas&rft.volume=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E58&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5565%2Frev%2Fkaranos.73&rft.issn=2604-3521&rft.aulast=Coskun&rft.aufirst=Altay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frevistes.uab.cat%2Fkaranos%2Farticle%2Fview%2Fv4-coskun&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Gabbert, Janice; <i>Antigonus II Gonatas: A Political Biography</i> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Smith_(lexicographer)" title="William Smith (lexicographer)">Smith, William</a> (editor); <i><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_of_Greek_and_Roman_Biography_and_Mythology" title="Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology">Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0198.html">"Antigonus Gonatas"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071030063155/http://www.ancientlibrary.com/smith-bio/0198.html">Archived</a> 2007-10-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, (1867)</li> <li>F. W. Walbank, "Antigonus Gonatus in Thrace (281–277 B.C.)," in <i>Studia in Honorem Georgi Mihailov</i> (Sofia, 1995),</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaterfield2021" class="citation book cs1">Waterfield, Robin (2021). <i>The making of a king : Antigonus Gonatas of Macedon and the Greeks</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198853015" title="Special:BookSources/9780198853015"><bdi>9780198853015</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+making+of+a+king+%3A+Antigonus+Gonatas+of+Macedon+and+the+Greeks&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780198853015&rft.aulast=Waterfield&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeberHerrscher1995" class="citation journal cs1">Weber, G.; Herrscher (1995). "Hof und Dichter. Aspekte der Legitimierung und Repräsentation hellenistischer Könige am Beispiel der ersten drei Antigoniden". <i>Historia</i>. <b>44</b>: <span class="nowrap">285–</span>316.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historia&rft.atitle=Hof+und+Dichter.+Aspekte+der+Legitimierung+und+Repr%C3%A4sentation+hellenistischer+K%C3%B6nige+am+Beispiel+der+ersten+drei+Antigoniden&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E285-%3C%2Fspan%3E316&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Weber&rft.aufirst=G.&rft.au=Herrscher&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWheatleyDunn2020" class="citation book cs1">Wheatley, Pat; Dunn, Charlotte (2020). <i>Demetrius the Besieger</i>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0198836049" title="Special:BookSources/978-0198836049"><bdi>978-0198836049</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Demetrius+the+Besieger&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0198836049&rft.aulast=Wheatley&rft.aufirst=Pat&rft.au=Dunn%2C+Charlotte&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAntigonus+II+Gonatas" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antigonus_II_Gonatas&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://virtualreligion.net/iho/antigonus_2.html">Antigonus II Gonatas</a> entry in historical sourcebook by Mahlon H. Smith</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;">Regnal titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Poliorcetes" title="Demetrius I Poliorcetes">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid King</a> </b><br />283–239 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius II of Macedon">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Macedon">King of Macedon</a> </b><br />277–274 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/King_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Macedon">King of Macedon</a> </b><br />272–239 BC </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius II of Macedon">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argeads</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III Arrhidaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_II_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Antipater II of Macedon">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater Etesias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_I_Monophthalmus" title="Antigonus I Monophthalmus">Antigonus I Monophthalmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I Poliorcetes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigonus II Gonatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II Aetolicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III Doson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus">Philip VI</a> (pretender)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Kingdom" title="Ptolemaic Kingdom">Ptolemies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_I_Soter" title="Ptolemy I Soter">Ptolemy I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Keraunos" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy Keraunos">Ptolemy Keraunos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_II_Philadelphus" title="Ptolemy II Philadelphus">Ptolemy II Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_III_Euergetes" title="Ptolemy III Euergetes">Ptolemy III Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IV_Philopator" title="Ptolemy IV Philopator">Ptolemy IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_V_Epiphanes" title="Ptolemy V Epiphanes">Ptolemy V Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_I_Syra" title="Cleopatra I Syra">Cleopatra I Syra</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VI_Philometor" title="Ptolemy VI Philometor">Ptolemy VI Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VII_Neos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator">Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra II of Egypt">Cleopatra II Philometor Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleopatra III of Egypt">Cleopatra III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_IX_Lathyros" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy IX Lathyros">Ptolemy IX Lathyros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_X_Alexander_I" title="Ptolemy X Alexander I">Ptolemy X Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_III_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice III of Egypt">Berenice III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XI_Alexander_II" title="Ptolemy XI Alexander II">Ptolemy XI Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XII_Auletes" title="Ptolemy XII Auletes">Ptolemy XII Auletes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_VI" title="Cleopatra VI">Cleopatra VI Tryphaena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_IV" title="Berenice IV">Berenice IV Epiphanea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIII_Theos_Philopator" title="Ptolemy XIII Theos Philopator">Ptolemy XIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_XIV_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemy XIV of Egypt">Ptolemy XIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra" title="Cleopatra">Cleopatra VII Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesarion" title="Caesarion">Ptolemy XV Caesarion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Cyrene" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Cyrene">Monarchs of Cyrene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magas_of_Cyrene" title="Magas of Cyrene">Magas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berenice_II_of_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Berenice II of Egypt">Berenice II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_the_Fair" title="Demetrius the Fair">Demetrius the Fair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_VIII_Physcon" title="Ptolemy VIII Physcon">Ptolemy VIII Physcon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Apion" title="Ptolemy Apion">Ptolemy Apion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_II" title="Cleopatra Selene II">Cleopatra Selene II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" title="Seleucus I Nicator">Seleucus I Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" title="Antiochus I Soter">Antiochus I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_Theos" title="Antiochus II Theos">Antiochus II Theos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_II_Callinicus" title="Seleucus II Callinicus">Seleucus II Callinicus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_III_Ceraunus" title="Seleucus III Ceraunus">Seleucus III Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_the_Great" title="Antiochus III the Great">Antiochus III the Great</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_IV_Philopator" title="Seleucus IV Philopator">Seleucus IV Philopator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus IV Epiphanes">Antiochus IV Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_V_Eupator" title="Antiochus V Eupator">Antiochus V Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_Soter" title="Demetrius I Soter">Demetrius I Soter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Balas" title="Alexander Balas">Alexander I Balas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Nicator" title="Demetrius II Nicator">Demetrius II Nicator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VI_Dionysus" title="Antiochus VI Dionysus">Antiochus VI Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_Tryphon" title="Diodotus Tryphon">Diodotus Tryphon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VII_Sidetes" title="Antiochus VII Sidetes">Antiochus VII Sidetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_Zabinas" title="Alexander II Zabinas">Alexander II Zabinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Thea" title="Cleopatra Thea">Cleopatra Thea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_V_Philometor" title="Seleucus V Philometor">Seleucus V Philometor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_VIII_Grypus" title="Antiochus VIII Grypus">Antiochus VIII Grypus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IX_Cyzicenus" title="Antiochus IX Cyzicenus">Antiochus IX Cyzicenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucus_VI_Epiphanes" title="Seleucus VI Epiphanes">Seleucus VI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_X_Eusebes" title="Antiochus X Eusebes">Antiochus X Eusebes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XI_Epiphanes" title="Antiochus XI Epiphanes">Antiochus XI Epiphanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Eucaerus" title="Demetrius III Eucaerus">Demetrius III Eucaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_Philadelphus" title="Philip I Philadelphus">Philip I Philadelphus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XII_Dionysus" title="Antiochus XII Dionysus">Antiochus XII Dionysus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleopatra_Selene_of_Syria" title="Cleopatra Selene of Syria">Cleopatra Selene I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_XIII_Asiaticus" title="Antiochus XIII Asiaticus">Antiochus XIII Asiaticus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_Philoromaeus" title="Philip II Philoromaeus">Philip II Philoromaeus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Epigonos" title="Ptolemy Epigonos">Ptolemy Epigonos</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Attalid_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Attalid dynasty">Attalids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philetaerus" title="Philetaerus">Philetaerus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_I" title="Eumenes I">Eumenes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_I" title="Attalus I">Attalus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_II" title="Eumenes II">Eumenes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_II_Philadelphus" title="Attalus II Philadelphus">Attalus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attalus_III" title="Attalus III">Attalus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumenes_III" title="Eumenes III">Eumenes III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Bactrian_Kingdom" title="Greco-Bactrian Kingdom">Greco-Bactrians</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_I" title="Diodotus I">Diodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diodotus_II" title="Diodotus II">Diodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_I" title="Euthydemus I">Euthydemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthydemus_II" title="Euthydemus II">Euthydemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_I" title="Eucratides I">Eucratides I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plato_of_Bactria" title="Plato of Bactria">Plato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eucratides_II" title="Eucratides II">Eucratides II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliocles_I" title="Heliocles I">Heliocles I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Indo-Greek_Kingdom" title="Indo-Greek Kingdom">Indo-Greeks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Bactria" title="Demetrius I of Bactria">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_I" title="Antimachus I">Antimachus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantaleon" title="Pantaleon">Pantaleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathocles_of_Bactria" title="Agathocles of Bactria">Agathocles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_I" title="Apollodotus I">Apollodotus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_of_India" title="Demetrius II of India">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimachus_II" title="Antimachus II">Antimachus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos I">Zoilos I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agathokleia" class="mw-redirect" title="Agathokleia">Agathokleia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysias_Anicetus" title="Lysias Anicetus">Lysias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_I" title="Strato I">Strato I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antialcidas" title="Antialcidas">Antialcidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heliokles_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Heliokles II">Heliokles II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polyxenos_Epiphanes_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Polyxenos Epiphanes Soter">Polyxenos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_III_Aniketos" title="Demetrius III Aniketos">Demetrius III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philoxenus_Anicetus" title="Philoxenus Anicetus">Philoxenus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diomedes_Soter" title="Diomedes Soter">Diomedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_Nikator" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas Nikator">Amyntas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epander" title="Epander">Epander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophilos_(king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theophilos (king)">Theophilos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peukolaos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peukolaos">Peukolaos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thraso" title="Thraso">Thraso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicias_(Indo-Greek_king)" title="Nicias (Indo-Greek king)">Nicias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menander_II" title="Menander II">Menander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemidoros" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemidoros">Artemidoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermaeus" title="Hermaeus">Hermaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archebius" title="Archebius">Archebius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telephos_Euergetes" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephos Euergetes">Telephos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollodotus_II" title="Apollodotus II">Apollodotus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hippostratos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hippostratos">Hippostratos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dionysios_Soter" class="mw-redirect" title="Dionysios Soter">Dionysios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoilos_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoilos II">Zoilos II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apollophanes" title="Apollophanes">Apollophanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_II" title="Strato II">Strato II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strato_III" title="Strato III">Strato III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bithynia" title="List of rulers of Bithynia">Monarchs of Bithynia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boteiras_of_Bithynia" title="Boteiras of Bithynia">Boteiras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bas_of_Bithynia" title="Bas of Bithynia">Bas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes I of Bithynia">Zipoetes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_I_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes I of Bithynia">Nicomedes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zipoetes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Zipoetes II of Bithynia">Zipoetes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etazeta_of_Bithynia" title="Etazeta of Bithynia">Etazeta</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziaelas_of_Bithynia" title="Ziaelas of Bithynia">Ziaelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_I_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias I of Bithynia">Prusias I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prusias_II_of_Bithynia" title="Prusias II of Bithynia">Prusias II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_II_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes II of Bithynia">Nicomedes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_III_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes III of Bithynia">Nicomedes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicomedes_IV_of_Bithynia" title="Nicomedes IV of Bithynia">Nicomedes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socrates_Chrestus" title="Socrates Chrestus">Socrates Chrestus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of Pontus">Monarchs of Pontus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates I of Pontus">Mithridates I Ctistes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_of_Pontus" title="Ariobarzanes of Pontus">Ariobarzanes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates II of Pontus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates III of Pontus">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_I_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces I of Pontus">Pharnaces I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus" title="Mithridates IV of Pontus">Mithridates IV Philopator Philadephos</a> with <a href="/wiki/Laodice_(sister-wife_of_Mithridates_IV_of_Pontus)" title="Laodice (sister-wife of Mithridates IV of Pontus)">Laodice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_V_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates V of Pontus">Mithridates V Euergetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_Eupator" title="Mithridates VI Eupator">Mithridates VI Eupator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darius_of_Pontus" title="Darius of Pontus">Darius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arsaces_of_Pontus" title="Arsaces of Pontus">Arsaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pythodorida_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pythodorida of Pontus">Pythodorida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_II_of_Pontus" title="Polemon II of Pontus">Polemon II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Commagene">Monarchs of Commagene</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaeus_of_Commagene" title="Ptolemaeus of Commagene">Ptolemaeus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sames_II_Theosebes_Dikaios" title="Sames II Theosebes Dikaios">Sames II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_Callinicus" title="Mithridates I Callinicus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_II_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates II of Commagene">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_II_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus II of Commagene">Antiochus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_III_of_Commagene" title="Mithridates III of Commagene">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_III_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus III of Commagene">Antiochus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antiochus_IV_of_Commagene" title="Antiochus IV of Commagene">Antiochus IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Cappadocia">Monarchs of Cappadocia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes I of Cappadocia">Ariarathes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes II of Cappadocia">Ariarathes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariamnes_of_Cappadocia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ariamnes of Cappadocia">Ariamnes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes III of Cappadocia">Ariarathes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IV_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IV of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_V_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes V of Cappadocia">Ariarathes V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orophernes_of_Cappadocia" title="Orophernes of Cappadocia">Orophernes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VI_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VI of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_VIII_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes VIII of Cappadocia">Ariarathes VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_IX_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes IX of Cappadocia">Ariarathes IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_I_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes I of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_II_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes II of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariobarzanes_III_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariobarzanes III of Cappadocia">Ariobarzanes III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ariarathes_X_of_Cappadocia" title="Ariarathes X of Cappadocia">Ariarathes X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_of_Cappadocia" title="Archelaus of Cappadocia">Archelaus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Bosporan_Kingdom" title="Bosporan Kingdom">Monarchs of the<br />Cimmerian Bosporus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_I" title="Paerisades I">Paerisades I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyros_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyros II">Satyros II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prytanis_of_Bosporus" title="Prytanis of Bosporus">Prytanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eumelos_of_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Eumelos of Bosporus">Eumelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos III">Spartokos III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hygiainon" class="mw-redirect" title="Hygiainon">Hygiainon</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_II" title="Paerisades II">Paerisades II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spartokos_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Spartokos IV">Spartokos IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leukon_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Leukon II">Leukon II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spartokos_V&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spartokos V (page does not exist)">Spartokos V</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA_V" class="extiw" title="ru:Спарток V">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasarye_Philoteknos" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasarye Philoteknos">Kamasarye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_III" title="Paerisades III">Paerisades III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_IV_Philometor" title="Paerisades IV Philometor">Paerisades IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paerisades_V" title="Paerisades V">Paerisades V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_VI_of_Pontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates VI of Pontus">Mithridates I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharnaces_II_of_Pontus" title="Pharnaces II of Pontus">Pharnaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithridates_I_of_the_Bosporus" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithridates I of the Bosporus">Mithridates II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asander_(Bosporan_king)" class="mw-redirect" title="Asander (Bosporan king)">Asander</a> with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scribonius_(Bosporan_usurper)" title="Scribonius (Bosporan usurper)">Scribonius</a>'s attempted rule with <a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynamis_(Bosporan_queen)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamis (Bosporan queen)">Dynamis</a> with <a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polemon_I_of_Pontus" title="Polemon I of Pontus">Polemon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Aspurgus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiberius Julius Aspurgus">Aspurgus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepaepyris" title="Gepaepyris">Gepaepyris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Mithridates" title="Tiberius Julius Mithridates">Mithridates III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiberius_Julius_Cotys_I" title="Tiberius Julius Cotys I">Cotys I</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_kings_of_Epirus" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the kings of Epirus">Monarchs of Epirus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Admetus_of_Epirus" title="Admetus of Epirus">Admetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tharrhypas" title="Tharrhypas">Tharrhypas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_I_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas I of Epirus">Alcetas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_I_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus I of Epirus">Neoptolemus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arybbas" class="mw-redirect" title="Arybbas">Arybbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Epirus" title="Alexander I of Epirus">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeacides_of_Epirus" title="Aeacides of Epirus">Aeacides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoptolemus_II_of_Epirus" title="Neoptolemus II of Epirus">Neoptolemus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_II_of_Epirus" title="Alcetas II of Epirus">Alcetas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Epirus" title="Alexander II of Epirus">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olympias_II_of_Epirus" title="Olympias II of Epirus">Olympias II</a> (regent)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_II_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus II of Epirus">Pyrrhus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Epirus" title="Ptolemy of Epirus">Ptolemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_III_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus III of Epirus">Pyrrhus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deidamia_II_of_Epirus" title="Deidamia II of Epirus">Deidamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Hellenistic rulers were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Template:Hellenistic_satraps" title="Template:Hellenistic satraps">Hellenistic satraps</a> in most of their territories.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_division_of_Alexander&#039;s_empire47" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Diadochi" title="Template:Diadochi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Diadochi" title="Template talk:Diadochi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Diadochi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Diadochi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_division_of_Alexander&#039;s_empire47" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Diadochi" title="Diadochi">The division of Alexander's empire</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="timeline-wrapper"><map name="timeline_9u2ei0t32zr07v5dwfbuw6ktr86qvp6"><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" coords="275,557,367,577" title="Seleucus I Nicator" alt="Seleucus I Nicator" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Soter" coords="605,541,702,562" title="Antiochus I Soter" alt="Antiochus I Soter" /><area shape="rect" href="/wiki/Seleucus_I_Nicator" 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Template:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Template talk:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kings_of_Macedon" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kings of Macedon"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kings_of_Macedon207" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Macedonia" title="List of kings of Macedonia">Kings of Macedon</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legendary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caranus_of_Macedon" title="Caranus of Macedon"><i>Caranus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coenus_of_Macedon" title="Coenus of Macedon"><i>Coenus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrimmas_of_Macedon" title="Tyrimmas of Macedon"><i>Tyrimmas</i></a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Vergina Sun"><img alt="Vergina Sun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/75px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/113px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg/150px-Vergina_Sun_WIPO.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="573" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Vergina Sun</figcaption></figure></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Argead_dynasty" title="Argead dynasty">Argead dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_I_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas I of Macedon">Perdiccas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argaeus_I_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus I of Macedon">Argaeus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_I_of_Macedon" title="Philip I of Macedon">Philip I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropus_I_of_Macedon" title="Aeropus I of Macedon">Aeropus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alcetas_of_Macedon" title="Alcetas of Macedon">Alcetas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_I_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas I of Macedon">Amyntas I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_I_of_Macedon" title="Alexander I of Macedon">Alexander I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_II_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas II of Macedon">Perdiccas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archelaus_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Archelaus I of Macedon">Archelaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orestes_of_Macedon" title="Orestes of Macedon">Orestes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeropus_II_of_Macedon" title="Aeropus II of Macedon">Aeropus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_II_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas II of Macedon">Amyntas II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pausanias_of_Macedon" title="Pausanias of Macedon">Pausanias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_III_of_Macedon" title="Amyntas III of Macedon">Amyntas III</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Argaeus_II_of_Macedon" title="Argaeus II of Macedon"><i>Argaeus II</i></a></small></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_II_of_Macedon" title="Alexander II of Macedon">Alexander II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_of_Aloros" title="Ptolemy of Aloros"><i>Ptolemy of Aloros</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdiccas_III_of_Macedon" title="Perdiccas III of Macedon">Perdiccas III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amyntas_IV_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Amyntas IV of Macedon"><i>Amyntas IV</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander III (the Great)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_III_of_Macedon" title="Philip III of Macedon">Philip III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antipatrid_dynasty" title="Antipatrid dynasty">Antipatrid dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassander" title="Cassander">Cassander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_IV_of_Macedon" title="Philip IV of Macedon">Philip IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_I_of_Macedon" title="Antipater I of Macedon">Antipater I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_V_of_Macedon" title="Alexander V of Macedon">Alexander V</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dynastic conflict</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_I_of_Macedon" class="mw-redirect" title="Demetrius I of Macedon">Demetrius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus">Pyrrhus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysimachus" title="Lysimachus">Lysimachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemy_Ceraunus" title="Ptolemy Ceraunus">Ptolemy Ceraunus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meleager_(king)" title="Meleager (king)">Meleager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antipater_Etesias" title="Antipater Etesias">Antipater II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sosthenes_of_Macedon" title="Sosthenes of Macedon">Sosthenes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigonus II</a> <ul><li><small><a href="/wiki/Pyrrhus_of_Epirus" title="Pyrrhus of Epirus"><i>Pyrrhus</i></a></small></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Antigonid_dynasty" title="Antigonid dynasty">Antigonid dynasty</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Antigonus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetrius_II_Aetolicus" title="Demetrius II Aetolicus">Demetrius II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antigonus_III_Doson" title="Antigonus III Doson">Antigonus III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_V_of_Macedon" title="Philip V of Macedon">Philip V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perseus_of_Macedon" title="Perseus of Macedon">Perseus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Post-Conquest Rebel Kings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andriscus" title="Andriscus"><i>Andriscus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pseudo-Alexander" title="Pseudo-Alexander"><i>Pseudo-Alexander</i></a></li> <li><i>Pseudo-Philip/Pseudo-Perseus</i></li> <li><i>Euephenes</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>Debatable or disputed rulers are in <i>italics</i>.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2239" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241386#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q241386#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/000000039928173X">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/70653685">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/265099655">2</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/271159474327527662846">3</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316437034">4</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1804853/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJyhg8jhDPMyRfMBYtY3wC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118503367">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n96024484">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12457086d">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12457086d">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1450025">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072364076">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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