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global labour subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Structure_of_global_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-New_international_division_of_labor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_international_division_of_labor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>New international division of labor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_international_division_of_labor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Labor_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Labor_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Labor supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Labor_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Employment_and_unemployment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_and_unemployment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Employment and unemployment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_and_unemployment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographic_trends" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographic_trends"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Demographic trends</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demographic_trends-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_worker_mobility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_worker_mobility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Global worker mobility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_worker_mobility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Implications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Implications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Implications</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Implications-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Implications subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Implications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Social_vulnerability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_vulnerability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Social vulnerability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_vulnerability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downward_pressure_on_wages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downward_pressure_on_wages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Downward pressure on wages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downward_pressure_on_wages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Race_to_the_bottom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Race_to_the_bottom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Race to the bottom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Race_to_the_bottom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitigating_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitigating_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Mitigating factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitigating_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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<div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">International labor pool of workers</div> <p><b>Global workforce</b> refers to the international labor pool of workers, including those <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">employed</a> by <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational companies</a> and connected through a global system of <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">networking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Production_(economics)" title="Production (economics)">production</a>, <a href="/wiki/Foreign_worker" title="Foreign worker">foreign workers</a>, transient <a href="/wiki/Migrant_worker" title="Migrant worker">migrant workers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">remote workers</a>, those in <a href="/wiki/Export-oriented_employment" title="Export-oriented employment">export-oriented employment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contingent_workforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent workforce">contingent workforce</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">precarious work</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2012, the global labor pool consisted of approximately 3 billion workers, around 200 million <a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">unemployed</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ILO1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1141322084">@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{width:100%!important}}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tocleft{float:left;clear:left;width:auto;margin:0 1em 0.5em 0}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .tocleft{margin:0}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .tocleft-clear-none{clear:none}}</style><div class="tocleft" style=""><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure_of_global_labour">Structure of global labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Structure of global labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_international_division_of_labor">New international division of labor</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: New international division of labor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></div> <p>The global workforce, or international labor pool, reflects a new international division of labor that has been emerging since the late 1970s in the wake of other forces of <a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">globalization</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">global economic</a> factors driving the rise of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinational corporations</a>—namely, cross-border movement of <a href="/wiki/Good_(economics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Good (economics)">goods</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a>—are changing ways of thinking about labor and the structure of today's workforce. With roots in the social processes surrounding the shift to <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standardization</a> and <a href="/wiki/Industrialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrialization">industrialization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post-industrial_society" title="Post-industrial society">post-industrial society</a> in the Western world has been accompanied by industrialization in other parts of the world, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. As industrialization takes hold worldwide and more cultures move away from <a href="/wiki/Traditional_society" title="Traditional society">traditional</a> practices in respect to work and labor, the ways in which <a href="/wiki/Employers" class="mw-redirect" title="Employers">employers</a> think about and utilize labor are changing. Usually, barriers come into play such as different laws. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Labor_supply">Labor supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Labor supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor force">Labor force</a></div> <p>The global <a href="/wiki/Labour_supply" title="Labour supply">supply of labor</a> almost doubled in absolute numbers between the 1980s and early 2000s, with half of that growth coming from Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, the rate at which new workers entered the <a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">workforce</a> in the Western world began to decline. The growing pool of global labor is accessed by employers in more advanced economies through various methods, including imports of goods, <a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">offshoring</a> of production, and <a href="/wiki/Human_migration" title="Human migration">immigration</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF07_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Global labor arbitrage</a>, the practice of accessing the lowest-cost workers from all parts of the world, is partly a result of this enormous growth in the workforce. While most of the absolute increase in this global labor supply consisted of less-educated workers (those without higher education), the relative supply of workers with higher education increased by about 50 percent during the same period.<sup id="cite_ref-IMF07_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMF07-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1980 to 2010, the global workforce grew from 1.2 to 2.9 billion people. According to a 2012 report by the McKinsey Global Institute, this was caused mostly by developing nations, where there was a "farm to factory" transition. Non-farming jobs grew from 54 percent in 1980 to almost 73 percent in 2010. This industrialization took an estimated 620 million people out of poverty and contributed to the economic development of China, India and others.<sup id="cite_ref-MGI12_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGI12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Institute estimates that increased exports in developing countries contribute to one-fifth of non-farm jobs in those nations and that immigrants from developing countries contributed to 40 percent of the workforce in advanced ones. By 2008 foreign-born workers accounted for 17 percent of all STEM (science, technology, engineering and math) positions in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-MGI12_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGI12-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_and_unemployment">Employment and unemployment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Employment and unemployment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:World_Unemployment.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/World_Unemployment.gif/300px-World_Unemployment.gif" decoding="async" width="300" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/World_Unemployment.gif/450px-World_Unemployment.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/World_Unemployment.gif/600px-World_Unemployment.gif 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="883" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Unemployment" title="Unemployment">Unemployment</a> by country, 2010</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Employment" title="Employment">Employment</a></div> <p>Employment is growing fastest in emerging and developing economies. Over the past 5 years, the incidence of long-term unemployment (the share of unemployed persons out of work for 12 months or more) has increased 60% in the advanced and developing economies for which data exist. Global unemployment is expected to approach 208 million in 2015, compared with slightly over 200 million in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-ILO1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ILO1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From January 2012 to January 2013, Italy experienced the largest increase in its unemployment rate (+2.1 percentage points), followed by the Netherlands (+1.0 percentage point), and France (+0.6 percentage point). Over that same period, Canada experienced the largest decrease in its unemployment rate (−0.5 percentage points), followed by the United States (−0.4 percentage point).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number of people employed in <a href="/wiki/Precarious_work" title="Precarious work">precarious work</a> (also called "vulnerable employment")— employment that is poorly paid, insecure, unprotected, and cannot support a household—has increased dramatically in recent decades. This includes <a href="/wiki/Part-time_job" title="Part-time job">Part-time jobs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Self-employment" title="Self-employment">self-employment</a> or <a href="/wiki/Freelancer" title="Freelancer">freelancers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Remote_work" title="Remote work">homeworkers</a>, fixed-term or <a href="/wiki/Temporary_work" title="Temporary work">temporary work</a>, on-call work, and other <a href="/wiki/Contingent_workforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent workforce">contingent workforce</a> jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-FudgeOwens2006p3-28_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FudgeOwens2006p3-28-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demographic_trends">Demographic trends</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Demographic trends"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2017_world_map,_median_age_by_country.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/300px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/450px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg/600px-2017_world_map%2C_median_age_by_country.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="864" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Median" title="Median">Median</a> age by country, 2015</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_world" title="Demographics of the world">Demographics of the world</a></div> <p>These numbers show that, globally, the structure of the workforce has been changing. In addition to the economic and social factors described above, a large part of this restructuring is also due to <a href="/wiki/Demographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Demographic">demographic</a> factors, changes in the structure of the world's population. In wealthier countries with more advanced economies, fewer people die from <a href="/wiki/Communicable_disease" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicable disease">communicable diseases</a> and, overall, <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy" title="Life expectancy">life expectancies</a> are much longer while <a href="/wiki/Birth_rate" title="Birth rate">birth rates</a> are lower.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In these areas, the overall median age is rising (see <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_median_age" title="List of countries by median age">List of countries by median age</a>). The youngest populations, primarily those in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, are those in which overall life expectancies are lower—many children and some adults still die from communicable diseases—but the birth rate is also high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_worker_mobility">Global worker mobility</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Global worker mobility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The movement of individuals across <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">national</a>, <a href="/wiki/Region" title="Region">regional</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural">cultural</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Linguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguistic">linguistic</a> boundaries has been referred to as "global mobility." This global workforce mobility impacts an employer's ability to provide goods or services to users and consumers.<sup id="cite_ref-Selmer15_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selmer15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Management" title="Management">Management</a> theory attempts to address these movements of globally mobile individuals ranging from business <a href="/wiki/Expatriates" class="mw-redirect" title="Expatriates">expatriates</a> to more recently identified groups such as self-initiated expatriates, international business travelers, international commuters, and "flexpatriates" (short-term assignees and international commuters).<sup id="cite_ref-Makela16_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Makela16-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Movement of people across national borders is becoming increasingly common. Traditionally, this has been described in terms of push and pull forces that drive <a href="/wiki/Migrant_workers" class="mw-redirect" title="Migrant workers">migrant workers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Immigration" title="Immigration">immigrant laborers</a> toward more developed countries. However, not all <a href="/wiki/Labor_mobility" title="Labor mobility">labor mobility</a> is outward movement toward more advanced economies. An increasing number of individuals move to less developed countries <sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide new expertise <sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or return their expertise to their country of origin. This includes a return movement or repatriation of internationally relocated individuals such as immigrants, <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugees</a>, sojourners, <a href="/wiki/Retiree" class="mw-redirect" title="Retiree">retirees</a>, <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">military</a> personnel, international <a href="/wiki/Students" class="mw-redirect" title="Students">students</a>, or other expatriates.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such movements of people may influence interstate relationships concerning politics, economics and culture. Thus, global workforce mobility research is relevant to both host and home country policies. From a focus on longer-term and assigned expatriation, current research is focusing on the drivers and dynamics of a range of new alternative forms of global mobility in the workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-Selmer15_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selmer15-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Reviews on global workforce mobility have been recently published by <a href="/wiki/Paula_Caligiuri" title="Paula Caligiuri">Caligiuri and Bonache</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Collings and Sheeran.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Implications">Implications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Implications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_vulnerability">Social vulnerability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Social vulnerability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One issue related to the shift of employment to countries with an overall younger population has to do with the <a href="/wiki/Dependency_ratio" title="Dependency ratio">dependency ratio</a> in differing countries. The dependency ratio is an age-population ratio of those typically not in the labor force (the dependent part) and those typically in the labor force (the productive part). A high dependency ratio can cause serious problems for a country if a large proportion of a government's expenditure is on health, social security & education, which are most used by the youngest and the oldest in a population. The fewer people of working age, the fewer the people who can support <a href="/wiki/School" title="School">schools</a>, retirement <a href="/wiki/Pension" title="Pension">pensions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Disability_pension" title="Disability pension">disability pensions</a> and other assistances to the youngest and oldest members of a population, often considered the most <a href="/wiki/Social_vulnerability" title="Social vulnerability">vulnerable</a> members of <a href="/wiki/Society" title="Society">society</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downward_pressure_on_wages">Downward pressure on wages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Downward pressure on wages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Another issue can arise in regard to the capital-labor ratio in the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">global population</a>. Freeman (2010) holds that the new entrants to the global workforce since the 1980s brought little <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> with them, either because they were poor or because the capital they had was of little economic value.<sup id="cite_ref-Freeman1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Freeman1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He estimates that the entry of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> into the global economy cut the global capital-labor ratio to around 55–60% of what it otherwise would have been. The capital-labor ratio, according to Freeman, is a critical determinant of the wages paid to workers and of the returns to capital. The more capital each worker has, the higher will be their productivity and pay. Even considering the high savings rate of new entrants—he cites <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> estimates that China has a savings rate of 40% of GDP—he estimates it would take 30 or so years for the world to re-attain the capital-labor ratio among the countries that had previously made up the global economy. This, along with the effects of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Recession" title="Great Recession">Great Recession</a>, could mean that downward pressure on <a href="/wiki/Wage" title="Wage">wages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Compensation_of_employees" title="Compensation of employees">compensation</a>, particularly in more advanced economies, will continue for the foreseeable future. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Race_to_the_bottom">Race to the bottom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Race to the bottom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a></div> <p>"Race to the bottom" is a phrase coined to describe the potential outcome of companies searching for the lowest-cost in all their business needs. For example, lowest taxes and tariffs, land, materials, labor, etc. In terms of global labor arbitrage, the lowest-cost labor is often found in countries that have the fewest protections for workers. Such protections, collectively known as <a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">labor rights</a>, include regulation of <a href="/wiki/Child_labour" title="Child labour">child labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Occupational_safety_and_health" title="Occupational safety and health">workplace safety</a>, <a href="/wiki/Working_time" title="Working time">work hours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage" title="Minimum wage">minimum wages</a>, and the availability of <a href="/wiki/Collective_bargaining" title="Collective bargaining">collective bargaining</a>. One potential outcome of widespread global labor arbitrage, then, is <a href="/wiki/Exploitation_of_labour" title="Exploitation of labour">exploitation</a> and even <a href="/wiki/2013_Savar_building_collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="2013 Savar building collapse">death</a> of workers in countries that have the fewest protections. Another potential outcome is an <a href="/wiki/Social_undermining" title="Social undermining">undermining</a> of the protections that are already in place in some countries; that is, a pressure to lower <a href="/wiki/Domestic_policy" title="Domestic policy">domestic</a> and, ultimately, <a href="/wiki/International_labor_standards" class="mw-redirect" title="International labor standards">international labor standards</a>. One example of this is employer abuse of <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker_program" title="Guest worker program">guest worker programs</a> wherein employers act to sponsor <a href="/wiki/Guest_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="Guest worker">guest workers</a> at lower wages in order to decrease the overall domestic standard wage for workers in a given occupation, such as with <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">Information technology</a> workers in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mitigating_factors">Mitigating factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Mitigating factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>However, other forces may mitigate these processes. Some observe that a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">multinationals</a>, especially from wealthier areas, are starting to see the benefits of keeping more of their operations close to home. For many products, labor is a small and diminishing fraction of total costs. Long, complex <a href="/wiki/Supply_chain" title="Supply chain">supply chains</a>, it turns out, are likely riskier than many firms may have realized. For example, when an epidemic such as <a href="/wiki/Severe_acute_respiratory_syndrome_(SARS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)">SARS</a> hits Asia or when an earthquake hits Japan, supply chains are disrupted. Also, as emerging economies boom, wages there are rising. The benefits of global labor arbitrage may disappear, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Secondary sector of the economy">basic manufacturing</a> and especially in China, where wages have been rising the fastest.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/42px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/56px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contingent_workforce" class="mw-redirect" title="Contingent workforce">Contingent workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_mobility" title="Labor mobility">Labor mobility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_rights" title="Labor rights">Labor rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_labor_force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of countries by labor force">List of countries by labor force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multinational_corporation" title="Multinational corporation">Multinational corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workforce" title="Workforce">Workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_economy" title="World economy">World economy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJamesO’Brien2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; O’Brien, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461"><i>Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour</i></a>. London: Sage Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Globalizing+Labour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4303461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ILO1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ILO1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorres,_Raymond2013" class="citation book cs1">Torres, Raymond, ed. (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---dgreports/---dcomm/---publ/documents/publication/wcms_202326.pdf"><i>World of work report 2013: Repairing the economic and social fabric</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Geneva: International Labour Organisation, International Institute for Labour Studies. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9292510183" title="Special:BookSources/978-9292510183"><bdi>978-9292510183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+of+work+report+2013%3A+Repairing+the+economic+and+social+fabric&rft.place=Geneva&rft.pub=International+Labour+Organisation%2C+International+Institute+for+Labour+Studies&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9292510183&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilo.org%2Fwcmsp5%2Fgroups%2Fpublic%2F---dgreports%2F---dcomm%2F---publ%2Fdocuments%2Fpublication%2Fwcms_202326.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Freeman1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Freeman1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman,_Richard2010" class="citation web cs1">Freeman, Richard (2010-03-05). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theglobalist.com/StoryId.aspx?StoryId=4542">"What Really Ails Europe (and America): The Doubling of the Global Workforce"</a>. The Globalist<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-07-06</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What+Really+Ails+Europe+%28and+America%29%3A+The+Doubling+of+the+Global+Workforce&rft.pub=The+Globalist&rft.date=2010-03-05&rft.au=Freeman%2C+Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2FStoryId.aspx%3FStoryId%3D4542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMF07-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMF07_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMF07_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.imf.org/external/Pubs/FT/WEO/2007/01/pdf/c5.pdf"><i>World Economic Outlook Chapter 5: The Globalization of Labor</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Monetary Fund. 2007. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0511760594" title="Special:BookSources/978-0511760594"><bdi>978-0511760594</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Chapter+5%3A+The+Globalization+of+Labor&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0511760594&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fexternal%2FPubs%2FFT%2FWEO%2F2007%2F01%2Fpdf%2Fc5.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGI12-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MGI12_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MGI12_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDobbsBartonMadgavkarLabaye2012" class="citation journal cs1">Dobbs, Richard; Barton, Dominic; Madgavkar, Anu; Labaye, Eric; Manyika, James; Roxburgh, Charles; Lund, Susan; Madhav, Siddarth (June 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mckinsey.com/insights/employment_and_growth/the_world_at_work">"The world at work: Jobs, pay and skills for 3.5 billion people"</a>. McKinsey Global Institute.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+world+at+work%3A+Jobs%2C+pay+and+skills+for+3.5+billion+people&rft.date=2012-06&rft.aulast=Dobbs&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Barton%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Madgavkar%2C+Anu&rft.au=Labaye%2C+Eric&rft.au=Manyika%2C+James&rft.au=Roxburgh%2C+Charles&rft.au=Lund%2C+Susan&rft.au=Madhav%2C+Siddarth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mckinsey.com%2Finsights%2Femployment_and_growth%2Fthe_world_at_work&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor, The Economics Daily, International unemployment rates, January 2013 on the Internet at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2013/ted_20130308.htm">http://www.bls.gov/opub/ted/2013/ted_20130308.htm</a> (visited October 28, 2014).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FudgeOwens2006p3-28-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FudgeOwens2006p3-28_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFudgeand_Rosemary_Owens2006" class="citation book cs1">Fudge, Judy; and Rosemary Owens, eds. 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Lindsay Lowell (24 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/2013/07/the-bogus-high-tech-worker-shortage-how-guest-workers-lower-us-wages.html">"The Bogus High-Tech Worker Shortage: How Guest Workers Lower US Wages"</a>. PBS<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bogus+High-Tech+Worker+Shortage%3A+How+Guest+Workers+Lower+US+Wages&rft.pub=PBS&rft.date=2013-07-24&rft.au=Salzman%2C+Hal&rft.au=B.+Lindsay+Lowell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Frundown%2F2013%2F07%2Fthe-bogus-high-tech-worker-shortage-how-guest-workers-lower-us-wages.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.economist.com/node/18682182">"Moving back to America: the dwindling allure of building factories offshore"</a>. <i>The Economist</i>. 12 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 July</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economist&rft.atitle=Moving+back+to+America%3A+the+dwindling+allure+of+building+factories+offshore&rft.date=2011-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.economist.com%2Fnode%2F18682182&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndresen,_M.2014" class="citation journal cs1">Andresen, M.; et al. (2014). "Addressing international mobility confusion – developing definitions and differentiations for self-initiated and assigned expatriates as well as migrants". <i>The International Journal of Human Resource Management</i>. <b>25</b> (16): 2295–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09585192.2013.877058">10.1080/09585192.2013.877058</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1826%2F14776">1826/14776</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143790254">143790254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Human+Resource+Management&rft.atitle=Addressing+international+mobility+confusion+%E2%80%93+developing+definitions+and+differentiations+for+self-initiated+and+assigned+expatriates+as+well+as+migrants&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=16&rft.pages=2295-318&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1826%2F14776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A143790254%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09585192.2013.877058&rft.au=Andresen%2C+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJamesO’Brien2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_James_(academic)" title="Paul James (academic)">James, Paul</a>; O’Brien, Robert (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/4303461"><i>Globalization and Economy, Vol. 4: Globalizing Labour</i></a>. London: Sage Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1952-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4129-1952-4"><bdi>978-1-4129-1952-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Globalization+and+Economy%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Globalizing+Labour&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sage+Publications&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-4129-1952-4&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft.au=O%E2%80%99Brien%2C+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F4303461&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcChesney,_Robert_Waterman2013" class="citation book cs1">McChesney, Robert Waterman (2013). <i>Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet Against Democracy</i>. The New Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1595588913" title="Special:BookSources/978-1595588913"><bdi>978-1595588913</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Digital+Disconnect%3A+How+Capitalism+Is+Turning+the+Internet+Against+Democracy&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1595588913&rft.au=McChesney%2C+Robert+Waterman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor-Barak,_Michàlle_E.2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mich%C3%A0lle_Mor_Barak" title="Michàlle Mor Barak">Mor-Barak, Michàlle E.</a> (2013). <i>Managing Diversity: Toward a Globally Inclusive Workplace</i>. Sage Pubs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1452242231" title="Special:BookSources/978-1452242231"><bdi>978-1452242231</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Managing+Diversity%3A+Toward+a+Globally+Inclusive+Workplace&rft.pub=Sage+Pubs.&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1452242231&rft.au=Mor-Barak%2C+Mich%C3%A0lle+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss,_Andrew2010" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Andrew (2010). <i>Nice Work If You Can Get It: Life and Labor in Precarious Times</i>. NYU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0814776919" title="Special:BookSources/978-0814776919"><bdi>978-0814776919</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nice+Work+If+You+Can+Get+It%3A+Life+and+Labor+in+Precarious+Times&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0814776919&rft.au=Ross%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMosley,_Layna2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Layna_Mosley" title="Layna Mosley">Mosley, Layna</a> (2010). <i>Labor Rights and Multinational Production</i>. Cambridge Studies in Comparative Politics, Cambridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521694414" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521694414"><bdi>978-0521694414</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Labor+Rights+and+Multinational+Production&rft.pub=Cambridge+Studies+in+Comparative+Politics%2C+Cambridge+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0521694414&rft.au=Mosley%2C+Layna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGlobal+workforce" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Global_workforce&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Global_workforce" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Global workforce">Global workforce</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ilo.org">International Labour Organisation</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.emeraldinsight.com/journal/jgm">The Journal of Global Mobility</a> (Launched in 2013)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Globalization" title="Template:Globalization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Globalization" title="Template talk:Globalization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Globalization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Globalization" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Globalization" title="Globalization">Globalization</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_globalization-related_journals" title="List of globalization-related journals">Journals</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_globalization" title="Outline of globalization">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_studies" title="Global studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Aspects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alter-globalization" title="Alter-globalization">Alter-globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-globalization_movement" title="Anti-globalization movement">Anti-globalization movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_globalization" title="Cultural globalization">Cultural globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deglobalization" title="Deglobalization">Deglobalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_globalization" title="Democratic globalization">Democratic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_globalization" title="Economic globalization">Economic globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_globalization" title="Environmental globalization">Environmental globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship" title="Global citizenship">Global citizenship</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_citizenship_education" title="Global citizenship education">education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_financial_system" title="Global financial system">Global financial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_governance" title="Global governance">Global governance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_health" title="Global health">Global health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_migration" title="International migration">Global migration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_politics" title="Global politics">Global politics</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Global workforce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globality" title="Globality">Globality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_globalization" title="History of globalization">History of</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaic_globalization" title="Archaic globalization">archaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-globalization" title="Proto-globalization">early modern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_globalization" title="Military globalization">Military globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_globalization" title="Political globalization">Political globalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_globalization" title="Trade globalization">Trade globalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Global</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_justice" title="Climate justice">Climate justice</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalization_and_disease" title="Globalization and disease">Disease</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_digital_divide" title="Global digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_labor_arbitrage" title="Global labor arbitrage">Labor arbitrage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multilingualism_and_globalization" title="Multilingualism and globalization">Multilingualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_haven" title="Tax haven">Tax havens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_financial_centre" title="Offshore financial centre">Offshore financial centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_inversion" title="Tax inversion">Tax inversions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_security" title="Water security">Water crisis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Other</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight" title="Human capital flight">Brain drain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_brain_drain" title="Reverse brain drain">reverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Care_drain" title="Care drain">Care drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_aid" title="Development aid">Development aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_inequality" title="Economic inequality">Economic inequality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endangered_language" title="Endangered language">Endangered languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_trade" title="Fair trade">Fair trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_displacement" title="Forced displacement">Forced displacement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illicit_financial_flows" title="Illicit financial flows">Illicit financial flows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperialism" title="Imperialism">Imperialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academic_imperialism" title="Academic imperialism">academic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_imperialism" title="Cultural imperialism">cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linguistic_imperialism" title="Linguistic imperialism">linguistic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_imperialism" title="Media imperialism">media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_imperialism" title="Scientific imperialism">scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_imperialism" title="Social imperialism">social</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">Invasive species</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Investor-state_dispute_settlement" class="mw-redirect" title="Investor-state dispute settlement">Investor-state disputes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McDonaldization" title="McDonaldization">McDonaldization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_international_division_of_labour" title="New international division of labour">New international division of labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North%E2%80%93South_divide_in_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="North–South divide in the World">North–South divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshoring" title="Offshoring">Offshoring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_to_the_bottom" title="Race to the bottom">Race to the bottom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pollution_haven_hypothesis" title="Pollution haven hypothesis">pollution havens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_organized_crime" title="Transnational organized crime">Transnational crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westernization" title="Westernization">Westernization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_war" title="World war">World war</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Theories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_accumulation" title="Capital accumulation">Capital accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependency_theory" title="Dependency theory">Dependency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Development_theory" title="Development theory">Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_system_science" title="Earth system science">Earth system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modernization_theory" title="Modernization theory">Modernization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_modernization" title="Ecological modernization">ecological</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modernisation_theory" title="History of modernisation theory">history of</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_accumulation_of_capital" title="Primitive accumulation of capital">Primitive accumulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_change" title="Social change">Social change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_history_(field)" title="World history (field)">World history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World-systems_theory" title="World-systems theory">World-systems</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable<br />scholars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Economics</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Autor" title="David Autor">David Autor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Baldwin_(economist)" title="Richard Baldwin (economist)">Richard Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravi_Batra" title="Ravi Batra">Ravi Batra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagdish_Bhagwati" title="Jagdish Bhagwati">Jagdish Bhagwati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Brenner" title="Robert Brenner">Robert Brenner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayati_Ghosh" title="Jayati Ghosh">Jayati Ghosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hudson_(economist)" title="Michael Hudson (economist)">Michael Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branko_Milanovi%C4%87" title="Branko Milanović">Branko Milanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_O%27Rourke" title="Kevin O'Rourke">Kevin O'Rourke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Piketty" title="Thomas Piketty">Thomas Piketty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_Rodrik" title="Dani Rodrik">Dani Rodrik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Sachs" title="Jeffrey Sachs">Jeffrey Sachs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amartya_Sen" title="Amartya Sen">Amartya Sen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stiglitz" title="Joseph Stiglitz">Joseph Stiglitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Political <br />economy</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Samir Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Arrighi" title="Giovanni Arrighi">Giovanni Arrighi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Cox" title="Robert W. Cox">Robert W. Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andre_Gunder_Frank" title="Andre Gunder Frank">Andre Gunder Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Gill_(political_scientist)" title="Stephen Gill (political scientist)">Stephen Gill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Gowan" title="Peter Gowan">Peter Gowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Harvey" title="David Harvey">David Harvey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronen_Palan" title="Ronen Palan">Ronen Palan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Strange" title="Susan Strange">Susan Strange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Wade_(scholar)" title="Robert Wade (scholar)">Robert Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Politics / <br /> sociology</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arjun_Appadurai" title="Arjun Appadurai">Arjun Appadurai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniele_Archibugi" title="Daniele Archibugi">Daniele Archibugi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Anthony_Appiah" title="Kwame Anthony Appiah">K. Anthony Appiah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Beck" title="Ulrich Beck">Ulrich Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walden_Bello" title="Walden Bello">Walden Bello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Baudrillard" title="Jean Baudrillard">Jean Baudrillard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zygmunt_Bauman" title="Zygmunt Bauman">Zygmunt Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Castells" title="Manuel Castells">Manuel Castells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chase-Dunn" title="Christopher Chase-Dunn">Christopher Chase-Dunn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_W._Crosby" title="Alfred W. Crosby">Alfred Crosby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Fraser" title="Nancy Fraser">Nancy Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_George_(political_scientist)" title="Susan George (political scientist)">Susan George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Giddens" title="Anthony Giddens">Anthony Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Michael Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Held" title="David Held">David Held</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hirst" title="Paul Hirst">Paul Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._H._M._Ling" title="L. H. M. Ling">L. H. M. Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Antonio Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Ritzer" title="George Ritzer">George Ritzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskia_Sassen" title="Saskia Sassen">Saskia Sassen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Urry_(sociologist)" title="John Urry (sociologist)">John Urry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immanuel_Wallerstein" title="Immanuel Wallerstein">Immanuel Wallerstein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><span class="nobold">Non–academic</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Friedman" title="Thomas Friedman">Thomas Friedman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Klein" title="Naomi Klein">Naomi Klein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Ralston_Saul" title="John Ralston Saul">John R. 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