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Available in 11 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-11" aria-hidden="true" > 11 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF:%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%A7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%AC/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95" title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/গ্রিক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="সাহায্য:আধ্বব/গ্রিক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%A6:IPA/Greek" title="मदद:IPA/Greek – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="मदद:IPA/Greek" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%BF%CE%AE%CE%B8%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1:%CE%94%CE%A6%CE%91_%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%B1_%CE%B5%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AC" title="Βοήθεια:ΔΦΑ για ελληνικά – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βοήθεια:ΔΦΑ για ελληνικά" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:IPA_for_Greek" title="Wikipedia:IPA for Greek – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Wikipedia:IPA for Greek" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa_Yunani" title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Yunani – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bantuan:IPA/Bahasa Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bantuan:AFA/Yunani" title="Bantuan:AFA/Yunani – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Bantuan:AFA/Yunani" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%A6:%E0%A8%AF%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%80_%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%88_IPA" title="ਮਦਦ:ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਲਈ IPA – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਦਦ:ਯੂਨਾਨੀ ਲਈ IPA" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%9C%D0%A4%D0%90_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8F_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Таблица МФА для греческого языка – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Таблица МФА для греческого языка" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0:%D0%A2%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B0_%D0%B3%D1%80%D1%87%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Википедија:Транскрипција са грчког језика – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Википедија:Транскрипција са грчког језика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AA:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B5%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AC%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%81_%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%92_%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے یونانی – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="معاونت:بین الاقوامی اصواتی ابجدیہ برائے یونانی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E9%9F%B3%E6%A8%99" title="Help:希臘語國際音標 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Help:希臘語國際音標" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8615146#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ombox-delete{border:2px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ombox-content{border:1px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ombox-style{border:1px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ombox-move{border:1px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ombox-protection{border:2px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.9em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ombox .mbox-invalid-type{text-align:center}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 10%}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{clear:right;float:right;margin:4px 0 4px 1em;width:238px}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.ombox img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></td><td class="mbox-text">This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Greek on Wikipedia.<div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Greek in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Greek" title="Help talk:IPA/Greek">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-EL&redirect=no">H:IPA-EL</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-GRC&redirect=no">H:IPA-GRC</a></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Greek</div> The charts below show how the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> (AG) and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek" title="Modern Greek">Modern Greek</a> (MG) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. The Ancient Greek pronunciation shown here is a <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_reconstruction" title="Linguistic reconstruction">reconstruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Attic_Greek" title="Attic Greek">Attic dialect</a> in the 5th century BC. For other Ancient Greek dialects, such as <a href="/wiki/Doric_Greek" title="Doric Greek">Doric</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aeolic_Greek" title="Aeolic Greek">Aeolic</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Koine_Greek" title="Koine Greek">Koine Greek</a>, please use <code class="tpl-para" style="word-break:break-word;">|generic=yes</code>. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. See <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_phonology" title="Ancient Greek phonology">Ancient Greek phonology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_Greek_phonology" title="Modern Greek phonology">Modern Greek phonology</a> for a more thorough look at their sounds. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1119456059">.mw-parser-output .tocnumber{display:none}.mw-parser-output #toc ul,.mw-parser-output .toc ul{line-height:1.5em;list-style:none;margin:.3em 0 0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist #toc ul ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist .toc ul ul{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1097603156">.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center{clear:none}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-align-center .toc{margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-right{clear:right}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-left{clear:left}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-both{clear:both}.mw-parser-output .horizontal-toc-clear-none{clear:none}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist horizontal-toc"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc"/></div> <table> <tbody><tr style="vertical-align: top;"> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a><a href="#cite_note-double-1">[1]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th><abbr title="Ancient Greek orthography">AG</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Modern Greek orthography">MG</abbr></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal plosive">c</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">κ </td> <td>κιόλας<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>skew </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">κ </td> <td>κατά<a href="#cite_note-sibilant-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>scar </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">kʰ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">χ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">χάρτης<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>car </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2">χ </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scottish English</a> loch, German Bach </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless post-palatal fricative">ç</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>χέρι<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>hue </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></big> </td> <td>ι </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>εἴη<a href="#cite_note-semivowel-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>toy yacht </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal fricative">ʝ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2">γ </td> <td>γη<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>similar to yes </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">γάλα<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a> </td> <td>Spanish amigo </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">γ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">again </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2">γκ γγ </td> <td>εγκώμιο<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-prenasalized-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_post-palatal_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced post-palatal plosive">ɟ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>άγγελος<a href="#cite_note-palatal-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-prenasalized-5">[5]</a> </td> <td>argue </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">π </td> <td>πέτρα<a href="#cite_note-sibilant-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>spy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">pʰ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">φ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">φως </td> <td>paint </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">φ </td> <td>four </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">β, υ<a href="#cite_note-u_diphthong-6">[6]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">βέλος </td> <td>vet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">β </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">about </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">μπ </td> <td>μπαμπάς<a href="#cite_note-prenasalized-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">υ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>παύω<a href="#cite_note-semivowel-4">[4]</a> </td> <td>well </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">τ </td> <td>τάφος </td> <td>stay </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">tʰ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">θ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">θεός </td> <td>take </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">θ </td> <td>thought </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">δ </td> <td rowspan="2">δούλη </td> <td>the </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">δ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">today </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ντ </td> <td>εντάξει<a href="#cite_note-prenasalized-5">[5]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">῾◌ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ἥρως<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> </td> <td>hat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">λ </td> <td>λόγος </td> <td>look </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">λ </td> <td>ελιά </td> <td>million </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">μ </td> <td>μοίρα </td> <td>mole </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ν </td> <td>ναι </td> <td>no </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ν </td> <td>νιότη </td> <td>onion </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">γ </td> <td>άγχος </td> <td>sing </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">r</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ρ </td> <td>ώρα </td> <td>similar to American English autumn or Scottish rule<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῥ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ῥίζα </td> <td>similar to train </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">σ, ς ξ, ψ </td> <td>σοφός, ψυχή, ξένος<a href="#cite_note-sibilant-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>between sip and ship (<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ζ, σ </td> <td>κόσμος, ζωή<a href="#cite_note-sibilant-3">[3]</a> </td> <td>between zone and genre (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">retracted</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">Consonant clusters</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ks</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ξ </td> <td>ξένος </td> <td>tax </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ps</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ψ </td> <td>ψυχή </td> <td>lapse </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">τσ </td> <td>τσάι </td> <td>between cats and catch (retracted) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ζ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">τζ </td> <td>τζάκι </td> <td>between buds and budge (<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate#Retracted_alveolar" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">retracted</a>) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialectal</a> segments </caption> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">ship </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">genre </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">catch </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">t͡ɕ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a></big> </td> <td rowspan="2">budge </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">d͡ʑ</a></big> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></big> </td> <td>cat </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Gemination" title="Gemination">◌ː</a></big> </td> <td>marks a consonant produced twice as long<a href="#cite_note-double-1">[1]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td> <table class="wikitable"> <caption><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Monophthong" title="Monophthong">Monophthongs</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th><abbr title="Ancient Greek orthography">AG</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Modern Greek orthography">MG</abbr></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ᾰ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">α </td> <td>άρτος </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Australian_English" title="Australian English">Australian English</a> father </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>aː</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ᾱ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>χώρᾱ </td> <td>father </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛː</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">η </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ψυχή<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>bed </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>e</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ε<a href="#cite_note-mid_vowel-10">[10]</a> </td> <td>θεός </td> <td>bet </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">eː</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ει </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>εἰμί<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> </td> <td>similar to bay but without the glide </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῐ </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ι<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>ίδιος </td> <td>like neat </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>iː</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῑ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>πίνω<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>like need </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔː</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ω </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">ἐγώ<a href="#cite_note-mid_vowel-10">[10]</a> </td> <td>talk (Irish or South African English) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>o</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ω </td> <td rowspan="2">chore </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" colspan="2">ο<a href="#cite_note-mid_vowel-10">[10]</a> </td> <td>οδός </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">uː</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ου </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td rowspan="2">μου </td> <td>pool (long) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ου </td> <td>pool (short) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῠ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>φύσις<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>similar to few, French tu </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>yː</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῡ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ψυχή<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>similar to fume, French juge </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">Diphthongs</a><a href="#cite_note-semivowel-4">[4]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a></th> <th><abbr title="Ancient Greek orthography">AG</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Modern Greek orthography">MG</abbr></th> <th>Example</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>ai̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">αι </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>αἴτιος, πάλαι, ψῡχαί<a href="#cite_note-mid_vowel-10">[10]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">tie </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">αϊ<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> </td> <td>γαϊδούρι </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>au̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">αυ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>αὐτός<a href="#cite_note-u_diphthong-6">[6]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">how </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">αου </td> <td>Νικολάου </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>ei̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ει </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>εἴη<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">hey </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">έι<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>eu̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ευ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>εὖ<a href="#cite_note-u_diphthong-6">[6]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Italian and Spanish neutro </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">εου </td> <td>Θέουτα </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><big>oi̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">οι </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>οἶδα, λόγοι<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">toy </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">όι<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> </td> <td>κορόιδο </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>yi̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">υι </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>υἱός<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a> </td> <td>Yeast </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>aːi̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ᾳ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ᾄδω, χώρᾳ<a href="#cite_note-long_diphthong-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>No English equivalent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ɛːi̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῃ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ᾖς, ψυχῇ<a href="#cite_note-iotacism-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-long_diphthong-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>No English equivalent </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ɔːi̯</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">ῳ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ᾠδή, λόγῳ<a href="#cite_note-long_diphthong-15">[15]</a> </td> <td>No English equivalent </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Suprasegmental" class="mw-redirect" title="Suprasegmental">Suprasegmentals</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a></th> <th><abbr title="Ancient Greek orthography">AG</abbr></th> <th><abbr title="Modern Greek orthography">MG</abbr></th> <th>Example</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>◌́</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">´ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>γάλα [ɡála] </td> <td>high <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_accent" title="Ancient Greek accent">tone</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>◌̌</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">´ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>ἐγώ [eɡɔ̌ː] </td> <td>rising tone </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>◌</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">` </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>μὲν [men] </td> <td>mid tone </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>◌̂</big> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">῀ </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td>γῆ [ɡɛ̂ː] </td> <td>falling tone </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>ˈ</big> </td> <td style="background-color: darkgray"> </td> <td style="text-align: center;">΄ </td> <td rowspan="2">άλλος [ˈa.los] </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">stress</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><big>.</big> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a> break </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Greek IPA">Category:Pages with Greek IPA</a> (1,436)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Ancient_Greek_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Ancient Greek IPA">Category:Pages with Ancient Greek IPA</a> (74)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-double-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-double_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-double_1-1">b</a> Ancient Greek had geminate consonants, pronounced longer than single ones, which may be transcribed by a double consonant letter ⟨ss⟩ or the length symbol ⟨sː⟩. Modern Standard Greek does not have geminate consonants, but some nonstandard dialects do. </li> <li id="cite_note-palatal-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-palatal_2-7">h</a> In Modern Greek, ⟨κ; γκ, γγ; γ; χ⟩ are pronounced as palatal [c, ɟ, ʝ, ç] before the front vowels [e i], and velar [k, ɡ, ɣ, x] in other cases. </li> <li id="cite_note-sibilant-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-sibilant_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilant_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilant_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-sibilant_3-3">d</a> ⟨ζ⟩ represented the cluster [zd] in Classical Attic, but it represents [z] in Modern Greek. In both Ancient and Modern Greek, ⟨σ⟩ is pronounced as voiced [z] before a voiced consonant. </li> <li id="cite_note-semivowel-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-semivowel_4-2">c</a> In Ancient Greek, a diphthong before a vowel was realised as a vowel and a double semivowel sequence: [jj, ww]. </li> <li id="cite_note-prenasalized-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-prenasalized_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prenasalized_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prenasalized_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-prenasalized_5-3">d</a> In Modern Greek, ⟨μπ, ντ, γκ, γγ⟩ are pronounced as prenasalised voiced stops [mb, nd, ɲɟ, ŋɡ] or voiced stops without nasalisation [b, d, ɟ, ɡ]. </li> <li id="cite_note-u_diphthong-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-u_diphthong_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u_diphthong_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-u_diphthong_6-2">c</a> In Modern Greek, ⟨υ⟩, in ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩, is pronounced as [f] before a voiceless consonant or at the end of the word and [v] otherwise. In Ancient Greek, ⟨αυ ευ ηυ⟩ were diphthongs [au̯ eu̯ ɛːu̯]. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> The rough breathing ⟨῾⟩ represented [h] before a vowel, and the smooth breathing ⟨᾿⟩ represented the absence of [h]. </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> It may be an <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar approximant">alveolar approximant</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a>] between vowels, like English r, and is usually a <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar trill">trill</a> [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>] in clusters, trilled r like in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>, with two or three short cycles (<a href="#CITEREFArvaniti2007">Arvaniti 2007</a>:15). </li> <li id="cite_note-iotacism-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iotacism_9-9">j</a> In Modern Greek, ⟨η, ῃ, ει, ι, οι, υ, υι⟩ all represent [i], but they were pronounced [ɛː, ɛːi̯, eː, ei̯, i(ː) oi̯, y(ː), yi̯] in Ancient Greek. The large number of vowel mergers into [i] is called <a href="/wiki/Iotacism" title="Iotacism">iotacism</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-mid_vowel-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mid_vowel_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mid_vowel_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mid_vowel_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mid_vowel_10-3">d</a> In Modern Greek, ⟨ε, αι⟩ represent [e], and ⟨ο, ω⟩ represent [o]. In Ancient Greek, ⟨ε, ο⟩ represented [e, o], ⟨ω⟩ represented [ɔː] and ⟨αι⟩ represented the <a href="/wiki/Diphthong" title="Diphthong">diphthong</a> [ai̯]. </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> In archaic and some dialectal Greek ⟨ει⟩ represented the true diphthong [ei̯] but in inter alia Attic Greek, [ei̯] and [eː] later merged into the latter hence ⟨ει⟩ is a <a href="/wiki/Spurious_diphthong" title="Spurious diphthong">spurious diphthong</a>, i.e. it actually represents the monophthong [eː]. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> Also ⟨άι⟩ and sometimes ⟨άϊ⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Also ⟨εϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨έϊ⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> Also ⟨οϊ⟩ and sometimes ⟨όϊ⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-long_diphthong-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-long_diphthong_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long_diphthong_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-long_diphthong_15-2">c</a> In early Ancient Greek, ⟨ᾳ, ῃ, ῳ⟩ were diphthongs, but the second element [i̯] was lost soon after the Classical period, and they merged with ⟨ᾱ, η, ω⟩. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> The symbols used here for Ancient Greek pitch accent must be added as <a href="/wiki/Combining_character" title="Combining character">combining characters</a> in some cases. Place the <a href="/wiki/Numeric_character_reference" title="Numeric character reference">numeric character reference</a> after the letter that on which the accent is to be put, press "Show preview" and copy the resulting accented character. &#833; is the numeric character reference for combining acute tone mark (high tone), &#780; for combining caron (rising tone), &#770; for combining circumflex (falling tone). </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="References" data-mw-thread-id="h-References">References</h2></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFArvaniti2007" class="citation journal cs1">Arvaniti, Amalia (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv">"Greek Phonetics: The State of the Art"</a>. Journal of Greek Linguistics. 8 (1): 97–208. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv">10.1075/jgl.8.08arv</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Greek+Linguistics&rft.atitle=Greek+Phonetics%3A+The+State+of+the+Art&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=97-208&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1075%2Fjgl.8.08arv&rft.aulast=Arvaniti&rft.aufirst=Amalia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1075%252Fjgl.8.08arv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHelp%3AIPA%2FGreek" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.greek-language.gr/greekLang/modern_greek/tools/lexica/triantafyllides/search.html?lq=">Greek dictionary with pronunciation key</a> (in Greek)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English pronunciation respellings</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Introductory guides</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Introduction" title="Help:IPA/Introduction">For English speakers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Manual of Style: Pronunciation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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