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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><div class="subpages">< <bdi dir="ltr"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a></bdi></div></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238436933">.mw-parser-output .ombox{margin:4px 0;border-collapse:collapse;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);box-sizing:border-box;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .ombox.mbox-small{font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{border:2px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output 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.ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .ombox-speedy{background-color:#310402}}</style><table class="plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/30px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/45px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Parentesi_Quadre.svg/60px-Parentesi_Quadre.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="75" data-file-height="100"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>This is the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">pronunciation key</a> for <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> transcriptions of Franco-Provençal on Wikipedia.</b><div style="font-size: 90%;">It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Franco-Provençal in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here; do not change any symbol or value without establishing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Consensus" title="Wikipedia:Consensus">consensus</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Help_talk:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al" title="Help talk:IPA/Franco-Provençal">talk page</a> first.</div><div style="font-size: 90%;">For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>. For the distinction between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ /</span> and ⟨<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)"> </span>⟩, see <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet#Brackets_and_transcription_delimiters" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters</a>.</div></td><td class="mbox-imageright"><div style="white-space: nowrap;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1252059228">.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain{float:right;margin:0 0 0 1em;border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-base,#fff);padding:0.3em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em;text-align:center;font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxleft{float:left;margin:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutlist{display:inline-block;border-bottom:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);margin-bottom:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutboxplain ul{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .module-shortcutanchordiv{position:relative;top:-3em}.mw-parser-output li .module-shortcutanchordiv{float:right}.mw-parser-output .mbox-imageright .module-shortcutboxplain{padding:0.4em 1em 0.4em 1em;line-height:1.3;margin:0}</style><div class="module-shortcutanchordiv"><span id="H:IPA-FRP"></span><span id="H:IPAFRP"></span></div><div class="module-shortcutboxplain noprint" role="note"><div class="module-shortcutlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Shortcut" title="Wikipedia:Shortcut">Shortcuts</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPA-FRP&redirect=no">H:IPA-FRP</a></span></li><li><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=H:IPAFRP&redirect=no">H:IPAFRP</a></span></li></ul></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Wikipedia key to pronunciation of Franco-Provençal</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238436933"><table class="box-Notice plainlinks ombox ombox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/60px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/80px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text" style="text-align: left;">The Franco-Provençal guide is currently under construction; inaccuracies may be present.</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The charts below show the way in which the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> represents <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal</a> (also known as <i>Arpitan</i>) pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see <a href="/wiki/Template:IPA" title="Template:IPA">Template:IPA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Pronunciation#Entering_IPA_characters" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation">Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters</a>. </p> <table style="background:none;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"> IPA </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>b</b>âs </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>b</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-h_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>h</b>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced dental plosive">d</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>d</b>inar </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>d</b>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>th</b>en </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>f</b>èna </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>f</b>oe </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>g</b>ran </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>g</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡʲ</span><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"><b>gh</b>oral </td> <td style="text-align:left;">goo<b>ds</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">dʒ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>j</b>azz </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">a<b>g</b>ue </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">mea<b>s</b>ure </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-h_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-h-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>h</b>appy </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>k</b>ilô </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>k</b>y </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kʲ</span><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="4"><b>ch</b>alor </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>k</b>ew </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>sh</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">ha<b>ts</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">tʃ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>ch</b>ange </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>l</b>ârro </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>l</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>ly</b>ata </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>roughly like</i> mi<b>lli</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>m</b>ira </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>m</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>n</b>âs </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>n</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>roughly like</i> ca<b>ny</b>on </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">parki<b>ng</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>p</b>âre </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>p</b>y </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">r</span><sup id="cite_ref-r_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-r-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2">cu<b>r</b>â </td> <td style="text-align:left;">a<b>t</b>om (<i><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>roughly like</i> lo<b>ch</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Scottish_English" title="Scottish English">Scotland</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>s</b>ôré </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>s</b>o </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless dental plosive">t</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>t</b>an<b>t</b>a </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>t</b>ow </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>th</b>in </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">sa<b>v</b>uc </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>v</b>ote </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-dyty_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>z</b>érô </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>z</b>oo </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top;"> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Oral_vowel" class="mw-redirect" title="Oral vowel">Oral</a></th> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">Nasal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> IPA </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation</th> <th> IPA </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">a</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">tin<b>a</b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">p<b>a</b>sta </td> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɑ̃</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">ch<b>an</b>çon </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">croiss<b>ant</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/General_American" class="mw-redirect" title="General American">GA</a></i>) <i>or</i> coq au v<b>in</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">p<b>â</b>ta </td> <td style="text-align:left;">br<b>a</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">cl<b>a</b>y </td> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɛ̃</a></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">v<b>en</b>t </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">l<b>eng</b>th </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">lib<b>e</b>rtá </td> <td style="text-align:left;">f<b>e</b>stival </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">s<b>ee</b> </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ĩ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">r<b>ing</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>a</b>gain </td> <td rowspan="3"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">œ̃</a></span></big> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td rowspan="3" align="left"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;" rowspan="2"><i>roughly like</i> sh<b>ir</b>t (<i><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">st<b>o</b>ry </td> <td rowspan="2"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ɔ̃</a></span></big><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">chanç<b>on</b> </td> <td rowspan="2" align="left">croiss<b>ant</b> (<i><a href="/wiki/Received_Pronunciation" title="Received Pronunciation">RP</a></i>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><b>o</b>ff </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">c<b>oo</b>l </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ũ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>]</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;">bl<b>u</b> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i>roughly like</i> c<b>u</b>te </td> <td><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_vowel" title="Nasal vowel">ỹ</a></span></big> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td style="text-align:left;"><i><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">nasalized</a></i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a>]</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em 2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowels</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th> IPA </th> <th>Examples</th> <th>English approximation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span></big> </td> <td>vre<b>y</b>er </td> <td><b>y</b>et </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></big> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><b>w</b>et </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></big> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><i>simultaneous</i> <b>y</b>et <i>and</i> <b>w</b>et </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3" style="border-left: #fff solid 1px; border-right: #fff solid 1px"> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Other symbols </th></tr> <tr> <th>IPA</th> <th>Examples</th> <th>Explanation </th></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Stress_(linguistics)" title="Stress (linguistics)">ˈ</a></span></big> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Primary_stress" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary stress">primary stress</a> (placed before the stressed syllable)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;"><big><span class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">.</a></span></big> </td> <td><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:AUDIENCE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:AUDIENCE"><span title="An editor has requested that examples be provided.">examples needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Syllabification" title="Syllabification">syllable break</a> (placed between the syllables) </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="Notes" data-mw-thread-id="h-Notes"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-Notes"></span>Notes<span data-mw-comment-end="h-Notes"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-h-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-h_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-h_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/h/</span> varies in realization: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a>]</span> (the latter also a realization of other phonemes) all occur.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dyty-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dyty_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">There appears to be considerable variation among <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dz]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[dʒ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʒ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɟ]</span>, as well as among <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʃ]</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c]</span>, as a result of the <a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(sound_change)" title="Palatalization (sound change)">palatalization</a> of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɡ/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/d/</span>) and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> (or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span>), respectively. Other possible realizations, which also occur separately, are <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>]</span> for the voiced phoneme and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a>]</span> for the voiceless one.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-r-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-r_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The most common pronunciations include <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a>]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a>]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a>]</span>, albeit in many regions as well as in Switzerland and Italy the older <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>]</span> is still very common.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ̃</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also realized as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ̃</a>]</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stress always falls on one of the final two syllables.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="See_also" data-mw-thread-id="h-See_also"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-See_also"></span>See also<span data-mw-comment-end="h-See_also"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Help:IPA/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Franco-Provençal IPA">Category:Pages with Franco-Provençal IPA</a> (171)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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.navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys70" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_keys" title="Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:IPA_keys" title="Template talk:IPA keys"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:IPA_keys" title="Special:EditPage/Template:IPA keys"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="International_Phonetic_Alphabet_keys70" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> keys</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Adyghe" title="Help:IPA/Adyghe">Adyghe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Afrikaans" title="Help:IPA/Afrikaans">Afrikaans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Albanian" title="Help:IPA/Albanian">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Amharic" title="Help:IPA/Amharic">Amharic</a></li> <li>Arabic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Arabic">Modern Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Egyptian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Egyptian Arabic">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hejazi_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Hejazi Arabic">Hejazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lebanese_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Lebanese Arabic">Lebanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tunisian_Arabic" title="Help:IPA/Tunisian Arabic">Tunisian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Armenian" title="Help:IPA/Armenian">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Assamese" title="Help:IPA/Assamese">Assamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Asturian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Australian_languages" title="Help:IPA/Australian languages">Australian languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Azerbaijani" title="Help:IPA/Azerbaijani">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Basque" title="Help:IPA/Basque">Basque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Belarusian" title="Help:IPA/Belarusian">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bengali" title="Help:IPA/Bengali">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Berber" title="Help:IPA/Berber">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Breton" title="Help:IPA/Breton">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Bulgarian" title="Help:IPA/Bulgarian">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Burmese" title="Help:IPA/Burmese">Burmese</a></li> <li>Catalan <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Catalan">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Insular_Catalan" title="Help:IPA/Insular Catalan">Insular</a></li></ul></li> <li>Chinese <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mandarin" title="Help:IPA/Mandarin">Mandarin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Cantonese" title="Help:IPA/Cantonese">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Taiwanese_Hokkien" title="Help:IPA/Taiwanese Hokkien">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Jin_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Jin Chinese">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Wu_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Wu Chinese">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Xiang_Chinese" title="Help:IPA/Xiang Chinese">Xiang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Corsican" title="Help:IPA/Corsican">Corsican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Czech" title="Help:IPA/Czech">Czech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Danish" title="Help:IPA/Danish">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Dari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Dutch" title="Help:IPA/Dutch">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Old_English" title="Help:IPA/Old English">Old English</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol" title="Help:IPA/Emilian-Romagnol">Emilian-Romagnol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Esperanto" title="Help:IPA/Esperanto">Esperanto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Estonian" title="Help:IPA/Estonian">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Extremaduran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Fijian" title="Help:IPA/Fijian">Fijian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Finnish" title="Help:IPA/Finnish">Finnish</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Galician" title="Help:IPA/Galician">Galician</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Georgian" title="Help:IPA/Georgian">Georgian</a></li> <li>German <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">Standard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Alemannic_German" title="Help:IPA/Alemannic German">Alemannic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Colognian" title="Help:IPA/Colognian">Colognian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greek" title="Help:IPA/Greek">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Greenlandic" title="Help:IPA/Greenlandic">Greenlandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Gujarati" title="Help:IPA/Gujarati">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Haitian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Haitian Creole">Haitian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hebrew" title="Help:IPA/Hebrew">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Hindi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hmong" title="Help:IPA/Hmong">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hungarian" title="Help:IPA/Hungarian">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Icelandic" title="Help:IPA/Icelandic">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Igbo" title="Help:IPA/Igbo">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inuktitut" title="Help:IPA/Inuktitut">Inuktitut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Inupiaq" title="Help:IPA/Inupiaq">Inupiaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Isan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Central_Italian" title="Help:IPA/Central Italian">Central</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Japanese" title="Help:IPA/Japanese">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kazakh" title="Help:IPA/Kazakh">Kazakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Khmer" title="Help:IPA/Khmer">Khmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Korean" title="Help:IPA/Korean">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kurdish" title="Help:IPA/Kurdish">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Kyrgyz" title="Help:IPA/Kyrgyz">Kyrgyz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lakota" title="Help:IPA/Lakota">Lakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lao" title="Help:IPA/Lao">Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latin" title="Help:IPA/Latin">Latin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Latvian" title="Help:IPA/Latvian">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ligurian" title="Help:IPA/Ligurian">Ligurian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lithuanian" title="Help:IPA/Lithuanian">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Lombard" title="Help:IPA/Lombard">Lombard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Luxembourgish" title="Help:IPA/Luxembourgish">Luxembourgish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Macedonian" title="Help:IPA/Macedonian">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malagasy" title="Help:IPA/Malagasy">Malagasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malay" class="mw-redirect" title="Help:IPA/Malay">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Malayalam" title="Help:IPA/Malayalam">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Maltese" title="Help:IPA/Maltese">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Manx" title="Help:IPA/Manx">Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/M%C4%81ori" title="Help:IPA/Māori">Māori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marathi" title="Help:IPA/Marathi">Marathi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Marshallese" title="Help:IPA/Marshallese">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mauritian_Creole" title="Help:IPA/Mauritian Creole">Mauritian Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mayan" title="Help:IPA/Mayan">Mayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Mongolian" title="Help:IPA/Mongolian">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese" title="Help:IPA/Astur-Leonese">Mirandese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nahuatl" title="Help:IPA/Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Navajo" title="Help:IPA/Navajo">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Neapolitan" title="Help:IPA/Neapolitan">Neapolitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nepali" title="Help:IPA/Nepali">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Northern_Thai" title="Help:IPA/Northern Thai">Northern Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Occitan" title="Help:IPA/Occitan">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Odia" title="Help:IPA/Odia">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Pashto" title="Help:IPA/Pashto">Pashto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Piedmontese" title="Help:IPA/Piedmontese">Piedmontese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Polish" title="Help:IPA/Polish">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Portuguese" title="Help:IPA/Portuguese">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Punjabi" title="Help:IPA/Punjabi">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Quechua" title="Help:IPA/Quechua">Quechua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romanian" title="Help:IPA/Romanian">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Romansh" title="Help:IPA/Romansh">Romansh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Russian" title="Help:IPA/Russian">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sardinian" title="Help:IPA/Sardinian">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Scottish_Gaelic" title="Help:IPA/Scottish Gaelic">Scottish Gaelic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian" title="Help:IPA/Serbo-Croatian">Serbo-Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sicilian" title="Help:IPA/Sicilian">Sicilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovak" title="Help:IPA/Slovak">Slovak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Slovene" title="Help:IPA/Slovene">Slovene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sorbian" title="Help:IPA/Sorbian">Sorbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swahili" title="Help:IPA/Swahili">Swahili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Swazi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sylheti" title="Help:IPA/Sylheti">Sylheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tagalog" title="Help:IPA/Tagalog">Tagalog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Shan_and_Tai_Lue" title="Help:IPA/Shan and Tai Lue">Tai Lue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">Tajik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tamil" title="Help:IPA/Tamil">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tatar" title="Help:IPA/Tatar">Tatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Telugu" title="Help:IPA/Telugu">Telugu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Thai" title="Help:IPA/Thai">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tibetan" title="Help:IPA/Tibetan">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Tigrinya" title="Help:IPA/Tigrinya">Tigrinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkish" title="Help:IPA/Turkish">Turkish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Turkmen" title="Help:IPA/Turkmen">Turkmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Ukrainian" title="Help:IPA/Ukrainian">Ukrainian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hindi_and_Urdu" title="Help:IPA/Hindi and Urdu">Urdu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Uzbek" title="Help:IPA/Uzbek">Uzbek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Venetian" title="Help:IPA/Venetian">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Vietnamese" title="Help:IPA/Vietnamese">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Walloon" title="Help:IPA/Walloon">Walloon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/West_Frisian" title="Help:IPA/West Frisian">West Frisian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yiddish" title="Help:IPA/Yiddish">Yiddish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Yoruba" title="Help:IPA/Yoruba">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Zhuang" title="Help:IPA/Zhuang">Zhuang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Nguni" title="Help:IPA/Nguni">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Comparisons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Conventions_for_English" title="Help:IPA/Conventions for English">IPA conventions for English</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">English dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">Wikipedia pronunciation respelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pronunciation_respelling_for_English" title="Pronunciation respelling for English">Other English 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