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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Second World War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prize_in_Economic_Sciences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Prize in Economic Sciences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prize_in_Economic_Sciences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Award process </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Award_process-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Award process subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Award_process-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selection" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selection"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Selection </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selection-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Posthumous_nominations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Posthumous_nominations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Posthumous nominations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Posthumous_nominations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recognition_time_lag" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recognition_time_lag"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Recognition time lag </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recognition_time_lag-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_ceremonies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_ceremonies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Award ceremonies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Award_ceremonies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Award ceremonies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Award_ceremonies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Nobel_Banquet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Banquet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Nobel Banquet </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Banquet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_lecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_lecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Nobel lecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_lecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Prizes </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prizes subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Medals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Medals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diplomas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diplomas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Diplomas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diplomas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Award_money" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Award_money"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Award money </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Award_money-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Specially_distinguished_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specially_distinguished_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Specially distinguished laureates </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Specially_distinguished_laureates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Specially distinguished laureates subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Specially_distinguished_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Multiple_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multiple_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Multiple laureates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multiple_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family_laureates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family_laureates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Family laureates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family_laureates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_and_controversies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_and_controversies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Reception and controversies </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_and_controversies-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception and controversies subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_and_controversies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversial_recipients" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_recipients"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Controversial recipients </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_recipients-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Overlooked_achievements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Overlooked_achievements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Overlooked achievements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overlooked_achievements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Emphasis_on_discoveries_over_inventions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emphasis_on_discoveries_over_inventions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Emphasis on discoveries over inventions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emphasis_on_discoveries_over_inventions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gender" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gender"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Gender </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gender-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Status_of_the_Economic_Sciences_Prize" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Status_of_the_Economic_Sciences_Prize"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Status of the Economic Sciences Prize </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Status_of_the_Economic_Sciences_Prize-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refusals_and_constraints" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refusals_and_constraints"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Refusals and constraints </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refusals_and_constraints-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Impact </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Impact-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Impact subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cultural" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Cultural </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Nobel Prize</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 191 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-191" aria-hidden="true" > 191 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprys" title="Nobelprys – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Nobelprys" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%96%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D_%E1%88%BD%E1%88%8D%E1%88%9B%E1%89%B5" title="ኖቤል ሽልማት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ኖቤል ሽልማት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جائزة نوبل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جائزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%BA%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%84%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նոպելեան Մրցանակ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Նոպելեան Մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%27%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%81%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BE" title="ন'বেল বঁটা – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ন'বেল বঁটা" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Nobel" title="Premios Nobel – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Premios Nobel" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jop%C3%B3i_Nobel" title="Jopói Nobel – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Jopói Nobel" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%22Nobel%22_m%C3%BCkafat%C4%B1" title=""Nobel" mükafatı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title=""Nobel" mükafatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="نوبل جایزه‌سی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="نوبل جایزه‌سی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paica_Nob%C3%A9l" title="Paica Nobél – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Paica Nobél" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Chióng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Nobel Chióng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Нобель премияһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Нобель премияһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелеўская прэмія – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Нобелеўская прэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%9E%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобэлеўская прэмія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Нобэлеўская прэмія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premyo_Nobel" title="Premyo Nobel – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Premyo Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Priz_Nobel" title="Priz Nobel – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Priz Nobel" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелиин шагнал – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Нобелиин шагнал" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Нобель парни – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Нобель парни" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena" title="Nobelova cena – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Nobelova cena" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premyo_Nobel" title="Premyo Nobel – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Premyo Nobel" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel" title="Premiu Nobel – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Premiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwobr_Nobel" title="Gwobr Nobel – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwobr Nobel" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جايزة نوبل – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="جايزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpreis" title="Nobelpreis – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Nobelpreis" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_auhind" title="Nobeli auhind – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Nobeli auhind" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%B2%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF_%CE%9D%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%80%CE%B5%CE%BB" title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βραβείο Νόμπελ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio" title="Nobel-premio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nobel-premio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Sariak" title="Nobel Sariak – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Nobel Sariak" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جایزه نوبل – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جایزه نوبل" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Nobel Prize" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelvir%C3%B0isl%C3%B8nin" title="Nobelvirðislønin – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Nobelvirðislønin" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel" title="Prix Nobel – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Prix Nobel" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriis" title="Nobelpriis – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Nobelpriis" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel" title="Duais Nobel – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Duais Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aundyr_Nobel" title="Aundyr Nobel – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Aundyr Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duais_Nobel" title="Duais Nobel – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Duais Nobel" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premios_Nobel" title="Premios Nobel – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Premios Nobel" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%A9heo_ya_Nobero" title="Kĩheo ya Nobero – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kĩheo ya Nobero" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A8%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%AC%E0%AB%85%E0%AA%B2_%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8B%E0%AA%B7%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%95" title="નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="નોબૅલ પારિતોષિક" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबॅल पुरस्कार – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="नोबॅल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Chi%C3%B3ng" title="Nobel Chióng – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Nobel Chióng" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%B8%EB%B2%A8%EC%83%81" title="노벨상 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="노벨상" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyautar_Nobel" title="Kyautar Nobel – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kyautar Nobel" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%86%D5%B8%D5%A2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B4%D6%80%D6%81%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Նոբելյան մրցանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Նոբելյան մրցանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-premio" title="Nobel-premio – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Nobel-premio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ihe_nrite_Nobel" title="Ihe nrite Nobel – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ihe nrite Nobel" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="নোবেল পুরস্কার – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="নোবেল পুরস্কার" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penghargaan_Nobel" title="Penghargaan Nobel – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penghargaan Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Нобелы преми – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Нобелы преми" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B3belsver%C3%B0launin" title="Nóbelsverðlaunin – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Nóbelsverðlaunin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A1_%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%9C" title="פרס נובל – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרס נובל" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bebungah_Nobel" title="Bebungah Nobel – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Bebungah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prix_Nobel" title="Prix Nobel – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Prix Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B2%BF" title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ ಪ್ರಶಸ್ತಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Нобелни премиясы – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Нобелни премиясы" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნობელის პრემია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ნობელის პრემია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8E%D9%84_%DB%8C%D9%8E%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبَل یَنام – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="نوبَل یَنام" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%B4dgroda_Nobla" title="Nôdgroda Nobla – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Nôdgroda Nobla" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%93%D1%8B" title="Нобель сыйлығы – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Нобель сыйлығы" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pewas_Nobel" title="Pewas Nobel – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pewas Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuzo_ya_Nobel" title="Tuzo ya Nobel – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tuzo ya Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pri_Nobel" title="Pri Nobel – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Pri Nobel" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobel%C3%AA" title="Xelata Nobelê – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Xelata Nobelê" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D1%81%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%B3%D1%8B" title="Нобель сыйлыгы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Нобель сыйлыгы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pest_Nobel" title="Pest Nobel – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Pest Nobel" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Praemium_Nobelianum" title="Praemium Nobelianum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Praemium Nobelianum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobela_pr%C4%93mija" title="Nobela prēmija – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Nobela prēmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpr%C3%A4is" title="Nobelpräis – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Nobelpräis" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelio_premija" title="Nobelio premija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Nobelio premija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel" title="Nobel – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Nobel" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target">Li Niha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Premio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-palkindo" title="Nobel-palkindo – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Nobel-palkindo" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-d%C3%ADj" title="Nobel-díj – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Nobel-díj" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loka_Nobel" title="Loka Nobel – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Loka Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%82" title="നോബൽ സമ്മാനം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="നോബൽ സമ്മാനം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premju_Nobel" title="Premju Nobel – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Premju Nobel" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95" title="नोबेल पारितोषिक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="नोबेल पारितोषिक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ნობელიშ პრემია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ნობელიშ პრემია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D8%A9_%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84" title="جايزة نوبل – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جايزة نوبل" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mnw mw-list-item"><a href="https://mnw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%95%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA" title="လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ် – Mon" lang="mnw" hreflang="mnw" data-title="လာပ်နဝ်ဗေလ်" data-language-autonym="ဘာသာမန်" data-language-local-name="Mon" class="interlanguage-link-target">ဘာသာမန်</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل جایزه – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="نوبل جایزه" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hadiah_Nobel" title="Hadiah Nobel – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Hadiah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%85%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C_%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%93" title="ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯓ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯅꯣꯕꯦꯜ ꯄ꯭ꯔꯥꯏꯓ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adiah_Nobel" title="Adiah Nobel – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Adiah Nobel" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Ci%C5%8Dng" title="Nobel Ciōng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nobel Ciōng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9mio_Nobel" title="Prémio Nobel – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Prémio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Нобелийн шагнал – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Нобелийн шагнал" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%AF" title="နိုဘယ်ဆု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နိုဘယ်ဆု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprijs" title="Nobelprijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Nobelprijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0" title="नोबेल पुरस्कार – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="नोबेल पुरस्कार" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE" title="नोबेल सिरपा – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="नोबेल सिरपा" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E8%B3%9E" title="ノーベル賞 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ノーベル賞" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premmio_Nobel" title="Premmio Nobel – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Premmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Нобелин совгӀат – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Нобелин совгӀат" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpris" title="Nobelpris – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Nobelpris" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelprisen" title="Nobelprisen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Nobelprisen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pris_Nobel" title="Pris Nobel – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Pris Nobel" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Premie" title="Nobel Premie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Nobel Premie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mi_Nobel" title="Prèmi Nobel – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Prèmi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%A8%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%AC%E0%AD%87%E0%AC%B2_%E0%AC%AA%E0%AD%81%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0" title="ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ନୋବେଲ ପୁରସ୍କାର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Badhaasa_Noobeli" title="Badhaasa Noobeli – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Badhaasa Noobeli" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_mukofoti" title="Nobel mukofoti – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Nobel mukofoti" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A8%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B2_%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE" title="ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਨੋਬਲ ਇਨਾਮ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبل انعام – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%87" title="نوبل جايزه – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="نوبل جايزه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Praiz" title="Nobel Praiz – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Nobel Praiz" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%9A%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%8B%E1%9E%8E%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%94%E1%9F%82%E1%9E%9B" title="រង្វាន់ណូបែល – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="រង្វាន់ណូបែល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premi_Nobel" title="Premi Nobel – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Premi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nagroda_Nobla" title="Nagroda Nobla – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nagroda Nobla" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%AAmio_Nobel" title="Prêmio Nobel – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prêmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_s%C4%B1yl%C4%B1%C4%A3%C4%B1" title="Nobel sıylıģı – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Nobel sıylıģı" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiul_Nobel" title="Premiul Nobel – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Premiul Nobel" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Su%C3%B1ay" title="Nobel Suñay – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Nobel Suñay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелівска премія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Нобелівска премія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Нобелевская премия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Нобелевская премия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C_%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8D%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%8D" title="Нобель бириэмийэтэ – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Нобель бириэмийэтэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%83" title="नोबेल् प्रशस्तिः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="नोबेल् प्रशस्तिः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%B1%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%AE%E1%B1%9E_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%B7%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9" title="ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱱᱚᱵᱮᱞ ᱥᱤᱨᱯᱷᱟᱹ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8miu_Nobel" title="Prèmiu Nobel – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Prèmiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpries" title="Nobelpries – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Nobelpries" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87mimi_Nobel" title="Çmimi Nobel – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Çmimi Nobel" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Premiu_Nobel" title="Premiu Nobel – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Premiu Nobel" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%9C%E0%B6%BA" title="නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නොබෙල් ත්‍යාගය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Nobel Prize" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%BE%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D8%B2" title="نوبيل پرائيز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="نوبيل پرائيز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_cena" title="Nobelova cena – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Nobelova cena" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abaalmarinta_Nobel" title="Abaalmarinta Nobel – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Abaalmarinta Nobel" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%DB%95%DA%B5%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%D9%86%DB%86%D8%A8%DB%8E%D9%84" title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="خەڵاتی نۆبێل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Нобелова награда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нобелова награда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelova_nagrada" title="Nobelova nagrada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Nobelova nagrada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel-palkinto" title="Nobel-palkinto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nobel-palkinto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobelpriset" title="Nobelpriset – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nobelpriset" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gantimpalang_Nobel" title="Gantimpalang Nobel – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gantimpalang Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81" title="நோபல் பரிசு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நோபல் பரிசு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tasm%C9%A3urt_n_Nubl" title="Tasmɣurt n Nubl – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tasmɣurt n Nubl" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arraz_Nobel" title="Arraz Nobel – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Arraz Nobel" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_b%C3%BCl%C3%A4ge" title="Nobel büläge – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Nobel büläge" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%86%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%B9%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%BF" title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="నోబెల్ బహుమతి" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5" title="รางวัลโนเบล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รางวัลโนเบล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%B6%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Ҷоизаи Нобел – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Ҷоизаи Нобел" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8A%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D" title="ನೊಬೆಲ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ನೊಬೆಲ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_%C3%96d%C3%BCl%C3%BC" title="Nobel Ödülü – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Nobel Ödülü" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_ba%C3%BDragy" title="Nobel baýragy – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Nobel baýragy" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Нобелівська премія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Нобелівська премія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%85" title="نوبل انعام – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نوبل انعام" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%D9%89%D9%84_%D9%85%DB%87%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%89" title="نوبىل مۇكاپاتى – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="نوبىل مۇكاپاتى" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A8mio_Nobel" title="Prèmio Nobel – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Prèmio Nobel" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%C3%A4n_premii" title="Nobelän premii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Nobelän premii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gi%E1%BA%A3i_Nobel" title="Giải Nobel – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Giải Nobel" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobeli_avvutaso" title="Nobeli avvutaso – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Nobeli avvutaso" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pris_Nobel" title="Pris Nobel – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Pris Nobel" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pahidungog_Nobel" title="Pahidungog Nobel – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Pahidungog Nobel" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="诺贝尔奖" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%90%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%96" title="נאבעל פריז – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="נאבעל פריז" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BA%B8%CC%80b%C3%B9n_Nobel" title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ẹ̀bùn Nobel" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%8D%8E" title="諾貝爾獎 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="諾貝爾獎" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xelata_Nobeli" title="Xelata Nobeli – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Xelata Nobeli" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuobel%C4%97_prem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Nuobelė premėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Nuobelė premėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="诺贝尔奖" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mkpukpe_N%E1%BB%8Dbel%C3%B9" title="Mkpukpe Nọbelù – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Mkpukpe Nọbelù" data-language-autonym="Obolo" 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Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵙⵎⵖⵓⵔⵜ ⵏⵓⴱⵍ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q7191#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-spoken-icon" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_by_Dimitri_O_Ledenyov_and_Viktor_O_Ledenyov.ogg" title="Listen to this article"><img alt="Listen to this article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/20px-Sound-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/30px-Sound-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sound-icon.svg/40px-Sound-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="96" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Prizes established by Alfred Nobel in 1895</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Award</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above summary">Nobel Prize</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A golden medallion with an embossed image of Alfred Nobel facing left in profile. To the left of the man is the text "ALFR•" then "NOBEL", and on the right, the text (smaller) "NAT•" then "MDCCCXXXIII" above, followed by (smaller) "OB•" then "MDCCCXCVI" below." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/220px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/330px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/440px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> awarded in 1950 to researchers at the <a href="/wiki/Mayo_Clinic" title="Mayo Clinic">Mayo Clinic</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_Minnesota" title="Rochester, Minnesota">Rochester, Minnesota</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Awarded for</th><td class="infobox-data">Contributions that have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data location"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> (all prizes except the Peace Prize)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> (Peace Prize only)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Presented by</th><td class="infobox-data attendee"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> (Physics, Chemistry and Economic Sciences<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a> (Physiology or Medicine)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> (Literature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> (Peace)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Reward(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">A gold-plated <a href="/wiki/Green_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Green gold">green gold</a> medal, a diploma, and a <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Award_money">monetary award</a> of 11 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Krona" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Krona">SEK</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-PrizeAmount-3">[3]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">First awarded</th><td class="infobox-data">10 December 1901; 122 years ago (1901-12-10)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Number of laureates</th><td class="infobox-data">621 prizes to 992 laureates (as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit">[update]</a>)<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="width: 33%;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nobelprize.org/">nobelprize.org</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The Nobel Prizes (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/noʊˈbɛl/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">noh-BEL</a>; <a href="/wiki/Swedish_language" title="Swedish language">Swedish</a>: Nobelpriset <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Swedish" title="Help:IPA/Swedish">[nʊˈbɛ̂lːˌpriːsɛt]</a>; <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_language" title="Norwegian language">Norwegian</a>: Nobelprisen <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Norwegian: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Norwegian" title="Help:IPA/Norwegian">[nʊˈbɛ̀lːˌpriːsn̩]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/22\/No-nobelprisen.ogg\/No-nobelprisen.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"No-nobelprisen.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/22/No-nobelprisen.ogg/No-nobelprisen.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:No-nobelprisen.ogg" title="File:No-nobelprisen.ogg">ⓘ</a>) are five separate prizes awarded to those who, during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind, as established by the 1895 will of <a href="/wiki/Swedes" title="Swedes">Swedish</a> chemist, engineer, and industrialist <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, in the year before he died. Prizes were first awarded in 1901 by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a> Nobel's will indicated that the awards should be granted in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>. A sixth prize for <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a>, endowed by <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>'s central bank, <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>, and first presented in 1969, is also frequently included, as it is also administered by the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The Nobel Prizes are widely regarded as the most prestigious awards available in their respective fields.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Shalev8-7">[7]</a> The prize ceremonies take place annually. Each recipient, known as a <a href="/wiki/Laureate" title="Laureate">laureate</a>, receives a <a href="/wiki/Electrum" title="Electrum">green gold</a> <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">medal</a> plated with <a href="/wiki/24_karat" class="mw-redirect" title="24 karat">24 karat</a> gold, a <a href="/wiki/Diploma" title="Diploma">diploma</a>, and a monetary award. As of 2023, the Nobel Prize monetary award is 11,000,000 <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kr</a>, amounting to approximately US$1,035,000.<a href="#cite_note-PrizeAmount-3">[3]</a> A prize may not be shared among more than three individuals, although the Nobel Peace Prize can be awarded to organisations of more than three people.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Nobel Prizes are not <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_award" title="Posthumous award">awarded posthumously</a>, but if a person is awarded a prize and dies before receiving it, the prize is presented.<a href="#cite_note-cbc1003-9">[9]</a> The Nobel Prizes, beginning in 1901, and the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, beginning in 1969, have been awarded 609 times to 975 people and 25 organisations. Five individuals and two organisations have received more than one Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/220px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/330px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg/440px-AlfredNobel_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1872" data-file-height="2516" /></a><figcaption>One story says that <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> had the unpleasant surprise of reading his own obituary, which was titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a> was born on 21 October 1833 in <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden, into a family of engineers.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz5-11">[11]</a> He was a <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Engineer" title="Engineer">engineer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Inventor" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor">inventor</a>. In 1894, Nobel purchased the <a href="/wiki/Bofors" title="Bofors">Bofors</a> iron and steel mill, which he made into a major <a href="/wiki/Weapon" title="Weapon">armaments</a> <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturer</a>. Nobel also invented <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">ballistite</a>. This invention was a precursor to many smokeless military explosives, especially the British smokeless powder <a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">cordite</a>. As a consequence of his patent claims, Nobel was eventually involved in a <a href="/wiki/Patent_infringement" title="Patent infringement">patent infringement</a> <a href="/wiki/Lawsuit" title="Lawsuit">lawsuit</a> over cordite. Nobel amassed a fortune during his lifetime, with most of his wealth coming from his 355 inventions, of which <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a> is the most famous.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz11-12">[12]</a> There is a popular story about how, in 1888, Nobel was astonished to read his own <a href="/wiki/Obituary" title="Obituary">obituary</a>, titled "The Merchant of Death Is Dead", in a French newspaper. It was Alfred's brother <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig</a> who had died; the obituary was eight years premature. The article disconcerted Nobel and made him apprehensive about how he would be remembered. This inspired him to change his <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Time-13">[13]</a> Historians have been unable to verify this story and some dismiss the story as a myth.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Smiths-15">[15]</a> On 10 December 1896, Alfred Nobel died in his villa in <a href="/wiki/Sanremo" title="Sanremo">San Remo, Italy</a>, from a <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_hemorrhage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cerebral hemorrhage">cerebral haemorrhage</a>. He was 63 years old.<a href="#cite_note-Sohlman13-16">[16]</a> Nobel wrote several wills during his lifetime. He composed the last over a year before he died, signing it at the Swedish–Norwegian Club in Paris on 27 November 1895.<a href="#cite_note-Sohlman7-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> To widespread astonishment, Nobel's last will specified that his fortune be used to create a series of prizes for those who confer the "greatest benefit on mankind" in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">chemistry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Physiology" title="Physiology">physiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peace" title="Peace">peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-19">[19]</a> Nobel bequeathed 94% of his total assets, 31 million SEK (c. US$186 million, €150 million in 2008), to establish the five Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams7-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-NobelFoundationPrizeAmount-21">[21]</a> Owing to skepticism surrounding the will, it was not approved by the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> until 26 April 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz13-25-22">[22]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Executors" class="mw-redirect" title="Executors">executors</a> of the will, <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Ragnar Sohlman</a> and Rudolf Lilljequist, formed the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> to take care of the fortune and to organise the awarding of prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams7-8-23">[23]</a> Nobel's instructions named a <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> to award the <a href="/wiki/Peace_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Peace Prize">Peace Prize</a>, the members of which were appointed shortly after the will was approved in April 1897. Soon thereafter, the other prize-awarding organisations were designated. These were the <a href="/wiki/Karolinska_Institute" title="Karolinska Institute">Karolinska Institute</a> on 7 June, the Swedish Academy on 9 June, and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> on 11 June.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford1-24">[24]</a> The Nobel Foundation reached an agreement on guidelines for how the prizes should be awarded; and, in 1900, the Nobel Foundation's newly created <a href="/wiki/Statute" title="Statute">statutes</a> were promulgated by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">King Oscar II</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal1-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Foundation">Nobel Foundation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Nobel Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Formation_of_Foundation">Formation of Foundation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation of Foundation">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th,_1895.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A paper with stylish handwriting on it with the title "Testament"" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/220px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/330px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg/440px-Alfred_Nobels_will-November_25th%2C_1895.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2965" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption>Alfred Nobel's <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>, which stated that 94% of his total assets should be used to establish the Nobel Prizes</figcaption></figure> According to his will and testament read in Stockholm on 30 December 1896, a foundation established by Alfred Nobel would reward those who serve humanity. The Nobel Prize was funded by Alfred Nobel's personal fortune. According to the official sources, Alfred Nobel bequeathed most of his fortune to the Nobel Foundation that now forms the economic base of the Nobel Prize.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a> was founded as a private organisation on 29 June 1900. Its function is to manage the finances and administration of the Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz14-26">[26]</a> In accordance with Nobel's <a href="/wiki/Will_and_testament" title="Will and testament">will</a>, the primary task of the foundation is to manage the fortune Nobel left. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Nobel" title="Robert Nobel">Robert</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ludvig_Nobel" title="Ludvig Nobel">Ludvig Nobel</a> were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Oil_business" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil business">oil business</a> in <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, and according to Swedish <a href="/wiki/Historian" title="Historian">historian</a> E. Bargengren, who accessed the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_family" title="Nobel family">Nobel family</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive" title="Archive">archive</a>, it was this "decision to allow withdrawal of Alfred's money from <a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a> that became the decisive factor that enabled the Nobel Prizes to be established".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Another important task of the Nobel Foundation is to market the prizes internationally and to oversee informal administration related to the prizes. The foundation is not involved in the process of selecting the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_laureates" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz15-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman16-29">[29]</a> In many ways, the Nobel Foundation is similar to an <a href="/wiki/Investment_company" title="Investment company">investment company</a>, in that it invests Nobel's money to create a solid funding base for the prizes and the administrative activities. The Nobel Foundation is <a href="/wiki/Tax_exemption" title="Tax exemption">exempt from all taxes</a> in Sweden (since 1946) and from investment taxes in the United States (since 1953).<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz17-18-30">[30]</a> Since the 1980s, the foundation's investments have become more profitable and as of 31 December 2007, the assets controlled by the Nobel Foundation amounted to 3.628 billion Swedish kronor (c. US$560 million).<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz15-17-31">[31]</a> According to the statutes, the foundation consists of a board of five Swedish or Norwegian citizens, with its seat in Stockholm. The <a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman of the board</a> is appointed by the Swedish <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Sweden" title="Privy Council of Sweden">King in Council</a>, with the other four members appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Trustee" title="Trustee">trustees</a> of the prize-awarding <a href="/wiki/Institutions" class="mw-redirect" title="Institutions">institutions</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Executive_director" title="Executive director">Executive director</a> is chosen from among the <a href="/wiki/Board_of_directors" title="Board of directors">board members</a>, a deputy director is appointed by the King in Council, and two <a href="/wiki/Deputies" class="mw-redirect" title="Deputies">deputies</a> are appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Trustees" class="mw-redirect" title="Trustees">trustees</a>. However, since 1995, all the members of the board have been chosen by the trustees, and the executive director and the deputy director appointed by the board itself. As well as the board, the Nobel Foundation is made up of the prize-awarding institutions (the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, the Nobel Assembly at Karolinska Institute, the Swedish Academy, and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a>), the trustees of these institutions, and <a href="/wiki/Audit" title="Audit">auditors</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz15-17-31">[31]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foundation_capital_and_cost">Foundation capital and cost</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Foundation capital and cost">edit</a>]</div> The capital of the Nobel Foundation today is invested 50% in <a href="/wiki/Share_capital" title="Share capital">shares</a>, 20% <a href="/wiki/Bond_(finance)" title="Bond (finance)">bonds</a> and 30% other <a href="/wiki/Investments" class="mw-redirect" title="Investments">investments</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Hedge_funds" class="mw-redirect" title="Hedge funds">hedge funds</a> or <a href="/wiki/Real_estate" title="Real estate">real estate</a>). The distribution can vary by 10 percent.<a href="#cite_note-dn20121202-32">[32]</a> At the beginning of 2008, 64% of the funds were invested mainly in American and European stocks, 20% in bonds, plus 12% in real estate and hedge funds.<a href="#cite_note-handelsblatt2008-33">[33]</a> In 2011, the total annual cost was approximately 120 million <a href="/wiki/Swedish_krona" title="Swedish krona">kronor</a>, with 50 million kronor as the prize money. Further costs to pay institutions and persons engaged in giving the prizes were 27.4 million kronor. The events during the Nobel week in Stockholm and Oslo cost 20.2 million kronor. The administration, Nobel <a href="/wiki/Symposium" title="Symposium">symposium</a>, and similar items had costs of 22.4 million kronor. The cost of the <a href="/wiki/Economic_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a> prize of 16.5 Million kronor is paid by the <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a>.<a href="#cite_note-dn20121202-32">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inaugural_Nobel_prizes">Inaugural Nobel prizes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Inaugural Nobel prizes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R%C3%B6ntgen,_Wilhelm_Conrad_(1845-1923).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white photo of a bearded man in his fifties sitting in a chair." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/220px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="342" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/330px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg/440px-R%C3%B6ntgen%2C_Wilhelm_Conrad_%281845-1923%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3168" data-file-height="4920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>, who received the first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> for his discovery of the <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-ray</a></figcaption></figure> Once the Nobel Foundation and its guidelines were in place, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> began collecting nominations for the inaugural prizes. Subsequently, they sent a list of preliminary candidates to the prize-awarding institutions. The Nobel Committee's Physics Prize shortlist cited <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Wilhelm Röntgen</a>'s discovery of <a href="/wiki/X-ray" title="X-ray">X-rays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Philipp Lenard</a>'s work on <a href="/wiki/Cathode_ray" title="Cathode ray">cathode rays</a>. The Academy of Sciences selected Röntgen for the prize.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman134-34">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leroy117-118-35">[35]</a> In the last decades of the 19th century, many chemists had made significant contributions. Thus, with the Chemistry Prize, the academy "was chiefly faced with merely deciding the order in which these scientists should be awarded the prize".<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz77-36">[36]</a> The academy received 20 nominations, eleven of them for <a href="/wiki/Jacobus_Henricus_van_%27t_Hoff" title="Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff">Jacobus van 't Hoff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Crawford118-37">[37]</a> Van 't Hoff was awarded the prize for his contributions in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_thermodynamics" title="Chemical thermodynamics">chemical thermodynamics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz81-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman205-39">[39]</a> The Swedish Academy chose the poet <a href="/wiki/Sully_Prudhomme" title="Sully Prudhomme">Sully Prudhomme</a> for the first Nobel Prize in Literature. A group including 42 Swedish writers, artists, and literary critics protested against this decision, having expected <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a> to be awarded.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz144-40">[40]</a> Some, including <a href="/wiki/Burton_Feldman" title="Burton Feldman">Burton Feldman</a>, have criticised this prize because they consider Prudhomme a mediocre poet. Feldman's explanation is that most of the academy members preferred <a href="/wiki/Victorian_literature" title="Victorian literature">Victorian literature</a> and thus selected a Victorian poet.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman69-41">[41]</a> The first Physiology or Medicine Prize went to the German physiologist and microbiologist <a href="/wiki/Emil_von_Behring" title="Emil von Behring">Emil von Behring</a>. During the 1890s, von Behring developed an <a href="/wiki/Antitoxin" title="Antitoxin">antitoxin</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Diphtheria" title="Diphtheria">diphtheria</a>, which until then had been causing thousands of deaths each year.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman242-244-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leroy233-43">[43]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> went to the Swiss <a href="/wiki/Henry_Dunant" title="Henry Dunant">Jean Henri Dunant</a> for his role in founding the International <a href="/wiki/International_Red_Cross_and_Red_Crescent_Movement" title="International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement">Red Cross Movement</a> and initiating the Geneva Convention, and jointly given to French pacifist <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Passy" title="Frédéric Passy">Frédéric Passy</a>, founder of the Peace League and active with Dunant in the Alliance for Order and Civilization. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Second_World_War">Second World War</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second World War">edit</a>]</div> In 1938 and 1939, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Third Reich</a> forbade three laureates from Germany (<a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Friedrich Johann Butenandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a>) from accepting their prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz23-44">[44]</a> They were all later able to receive the diploma and medal.<a href="#cite_note-Wilhelm85-45">[45]</a> Even though Sweden was officially neutral during the Second World War, the prizes were awarded irregularly. In 1939, the Peace Prize was not awarded. No prize was awarded in any category from 1940 to 1942, due to the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">occupation of Norway by Germany</a>. In the subsequent year, all prizes were awarded except those for literature and peace.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> During the occupation of Norway, three members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee fled into exile. The remaining members escaped persecution from the Germans when the Nobel Foundation stated that the committee building in <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a> was Swedish property. Thus it was a safe haven from the German military, which was not at war with Sweden.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams23-47">[47]</a> These members kept the work of the committee going, but did not award any prizes. In 1944, the Nobel Foundation, together with the three members in exile, made sure that nominations were submitted for the Peace Prize and that the prize could be awarded once again.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz23-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prize_in_Economic_Sciences">Prize in Economic Sciences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prize in Economic Sciences">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG/220px-Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG/330px-Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG/440px-Worldmapnobellaureatesbycountry2.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1357" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>Map of Nobel laureates by country</figcaption></figure> In 1968, Sweden's central bank <a href="/wiki/Sveriges_Riksbank" title="Sveriges Riksbank">Sveriges Riksbank</a> celebrated its 300th anniversary by donating a large sum of money to the Nobel Foundation to be used to set up a prize in honour of Alfred Nobel. The following year, the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a> was awarded for the first time. The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences became responsible for selecting laureates. The first laureates for the Economics Prize were <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Frisch" title="Ragnar Frisch">Ragnar Frisch</a> "for having developed and applied dynamic models for the analysis of economic processes".<a href="#cite_note-Feldman343-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz207-49">[49]</a> The board of the Nobel Foundation decided that after this addition, it would allow no further new prizes.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz20-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Award_process">Award process</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Award process">edit</a>]</div> The award process is similar for all of the Nobel Prizes, the main difference being who can make nominations for each of them.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman16-17-51">[51]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/200px--Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="48" data-mwtitle="Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/75/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Chemistry_2009-3.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 2009 announcement of the laureates in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_%C3%96quist" title="Gunnar Öquist">Gunnar Öquist</a>, permanent secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/200px--Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="200" height="150" data-durationhint="111" data-mwtitle="Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="640" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/be/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv/Announcement_Nobelprize_Literature_2009-1.ogv.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="480" data-height="360" /></video></div><div class="thumbcaption">The 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> announcement by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a> in Swedish, English, and German</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nominations">Nominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Nominations">edit</a>]</div> Nomination forms are sent by the Nobel Committee to about 3,000 individuals, usually in September the year before the prizes are awarded. These individuals are generally prominent academics working in a relevant area. Regarding the Peace Prize, inquiries are also sent to governments, former Peace Prize laureates, and current or former members of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. The deadline for the return of the nomination forms is 31 January of the year of the award.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman16-17-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz26-52">[52]</a> The Nobel Committee nominates about 300 potential laureates from these forms and additional names.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams15-53">[53]</a> The nominees are not publicly named, nor are they told that they are being considered for the prize. All nomination records for a prize are sealed for 50 years from the awarding of the prize.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman315-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates#50-year_secrecy_rule" title="List of Nobel laureates">List of Nobel laureates § 50-year secrecy rule</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Selection">Selection</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Selection">edit</a>]</div> The Nobel Committee then prepares a report reflecting the advice of experts in the relevant fields. This, along with the list of preliminary candidates, is submitted to the prize-awarding institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman52-56">[56]</a> There are four awarding institutions for the six prizes awarded: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a> – Chemistry; Physics; Economics</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a> – Physiology / Medicine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_Academy" title="Swedish Academy">Swedish Academy</a> – Literature</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a> – Peace</li></ul> The institutions meet to choose the laureate or laureates in each field by a majority vote. Their decision, which cannot be appealed, is announced immediately after the vote.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz25-28-57">[57]</a> A maximum of three laureates and two different works may be selected per award. Except for the Peace Prize, which can be awarded to institutions, the awards can only be given to individuals.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams8-58">[58]</a> The winners are announced by the awarding institutions during the first two weeks of October. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Posthumous_nominations">Posthumous nominations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Posthumous nominations">edit</a>]</div> Although posthumous nominations are not presently permitted, individuals who died in the months between their nomination and the decision of the prize committee were originally eligible to receive the prize. This has occurred twice: the 1931 Literature Prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a>, and the 1961 Peace Prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_United_Nations" title="Secretary-General of the United Nations">UN Secretary General</a> <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>. Since 1974, laureates must be thought alive at the time of the October announcement. There has been one laureate, <a href="/wiki/William_Vickrey" title="William Vickrey">William Vickrey</a>, who in 1996 died after the prize (in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>) was announced but before it could be presented.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams9-59">[59]</a> On 3 October 2011, the laureates for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> were announced; however, the committee was not aware that one of the laureates, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a>, had died three days earlier. The committee was debating about Steinman's prize, since the rule is that the prize is not awarded posthumously.<a href="#cite_note-cbc1003-9">[9]</a> The committee later decided that as the decision to award Steinman the prize "was made in good faith", it would remain unchanged, and the prize would be awarded.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recognition_time_lag">Recognition time lag</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Recognition time lag">edit</a>]</div> Nobel's will provided for prizes to be awarded in recognition of discoveries made "during the preceding year". Early on, the awards usually recognised recent discoveries.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> However, some of those early discoveries were later discredited. For example, <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Fibiger" title="Johannes Fibiger">Johannes Fibiger</a> was awarded the 1926 Prize in <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> for his purported discovery of a parasite that caused cancer.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz125-62">[62]</a> To avoid repeating this embarrassment, the awards increasingly recognised scientific discoveries that had withstood the test of time.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams25-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-embo-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-scienceline1-65">[65]</a> According to Ralf Pettersson, former chairman of the Nobel Prize Committee for Physiology or Medicine, "the criterion 'the previous year' is interpreted by the Nobel Assembly as the year when the full impact of the discovery has become evident."<a href="#cite_note-embo-64">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A room with pictures on the walls. In the middle of the room there is a wooden table with chairs around it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg/220px-Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg/330px-Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg/440px-Nobelinstituttet_20080913-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption>The committee room of the Norwegian Nobel Committee</figcaption></figure> The interval between the award and the accomplishment it recognises varies from discipline to discipline. The Literature Prize is typically awarded to recognise a cumulative lifetime body of work rather than a single achievement.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> The Peace Prize can also be awarded for a lifetime body of work. For example, 2008 laureate <a href="/wiki/Martti_Ahtisaari" title="Martti Ahtisaari">Martti Ahtisaari</a> was awarded for his work to resolve international conflicts.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> However, they can also be awarded for specific recent events.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> For instance, <a href="/wiki/Kofi_Annan" title="Kofi Annan">Kofi Annan</a> was awarded the 2001 Peace Prize just four years after becoming the Secretary-General of the United Nations.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams330-71">[71]</a> Similarly <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a> received the 1994 award, about a year after they successfully concluded the <a href="/wiki/Oslo_Accords" title="Oslo Accords">Oslo Accords</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams27-72">[72]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">controversy</a> was caused by awarding the 2009 Nobel Peace Prize to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> during his first year as US president.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Awards for physics, chemistry, and medicine are typically awarded once the achievement has been widely accepted. Sometimes, this takes decades – for example, <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a> shared the 1983 Physics Prize for his 1930s work on stellar structure and evolution.<a href="#cite_note-currentscience-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> Not all scientists live long enough for their work to be recognised. Some discoveries can never be considered for a prize if their impact is realised after the discoverers have died.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Award_ceremonies">Award ceremonies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Award ceremonies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:276px;max-width:276px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:100px;max-width:100px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two men standing on a stage. The man to the left is clapping his hands and looking towards the other man. The second man is smiling and showing two items to an audience not seen on the image. The items are a diploma which includes a painting and a box containing a gold medal. Behind them is a blue pillar clad in flowers." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg/98px-Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg" decoding="async" width="98" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg/147px-Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg/196px-Horbjorn_Jagland_presents_President_Barack_Obama_with_the_Nobel_Prize_medal_and_diploma.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2731" data-file-height="4096" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A man in his fifties standing behind a desk with computers on it. On the desk is a sign reading "Kungl. Vetensk. Akad. Sigil"." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg/170px-Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg/255px-Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg/340px-Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio-Nobel_Lecture-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1602" data-file-height="1375" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Right: <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Jona-Lasinio" title="Giovanni Jona-Lasinio">Giovanni Jona-Lasinio</a> presenting <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Yoichiro Nambu</a>'s Nobel Lecture at <a href="/wiki/Aula_Magna_(Stockholm_University)" title="Aula Magna (Stockholm University)">Aula Magna</a> in Stockholm in 2008; Left: <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> after receiving the Nobel Peace Prize in Oslo City Hall from Norwegian Nobel Committee chairman <a href="/wiki/Thorbj%C3%B8rn_Jagland" title="Thorbjørn Jagland">Thorbjørn Jagland</a> in 2009</div></div></div></div> Except for the Peace Prize, the Nobel Prizes are presented in Stockholm, Sweden, at the annual Prize Award Ceremony on 10 December, the anniversary of Nobel's death. The recipients' lectures are normally held in the days prior to the award ceremony. The Peace Prize and its recipients' lectures are presented at the annual Prize Award Ceremony in Oslo, Norway, usually on 10 December. The award ceremonies and the associated banquets are typically major international events.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-thelocal2-81">[81]</a> The Prizes awarded in Sweden's ceremonies are held at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Concert_Hall" title="Stockholm Concert Hall">Stockholm Concert Hall</a>, with the Nobel banquet following immediately at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_City_Hall" title="Stockholm City Hall">Stockholm City Hall</a>. The Nobel Peace Prize ceremony has been held at the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Institute" title="Norwegian Nobel Institute">Norwegian Nobel Institute</a> (1905–1946), at the <a href="/wiki/Auditorium" title="Auditorium">auditorium</a> of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oslo" title="University of Oslo">University of Oslo</a> (1947–1989), and at <a href="/wiki/Oslo_City_Hall" title="Oslo City Hall">Oslo City Hall</a> (1990–present).<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz21-23-82">[82]</a> The highlight of the Nobel Prize Award Ceremony in Stockholm occurs when each Nobel laureate steps forward to receive the prize from the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">King of Sweden</a>. In Oslo, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee presents the Nobel Peace Prize in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">King of Norway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">Norwegian royal family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-thelocal2-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-sweden2-83">[83]</a> At first, King <a href="/wiki/Oscar_II_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar II of Sweden">Oscar II</a> did not approve of awarding grand prizes to foreigners.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_Banquet">Nobel Banquet</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Nobel Banquet">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Banquet" title="Nobel Banquet">Nobel Banquet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel-banquet-table.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A set table with a white table cloth. There are many plates and glasses plus a menu visible on the table." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nobel-banquet-table.jpg/220px-Nobel-banquet-table.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nobel-banquet-table.jpg/330px-Nobel-banquet-table.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Nobel-banquet-table.jpg/440px-Nobel-banquet-table.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Table at the 2005 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Banquet" title="Nobel Banquet">Nobel Banquet</a> in Stockholm</figcaption></figure> After the award ceremony in Sweden, a banquet is held in the <a href="/wiki/Blue_Hall" title="Blue Hall">Blue Hall</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_City_Hall" title="Stockholm City Hall">Stockholm City Hall</a>, which is attended by the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Royal_Family" class="mw-redirect" title="Swedish Royal Family">Swedish Royal Family</a> and around 1,300 guests. The <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> banquet is held in Norway at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Hotel_(Oslo)" title="Grand Hotel (Oslo)">Oslo Grand Hotel</a> after the award ceremony. Apart from the laureate, guests include the president of the <a href="/wiki/Storting" title="Storting">Storting</a>, on occasion the Swedish prime minister, and, since 2006, the King and Queen of Norway. In total, about 250 guests attend. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nobel_lecture">Nobel lecture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Nobel lecture">edit</a>]</div> According to the statutes of the Nobel Foundation, each laureate is required to give a public lecture on a subject related to the topic of their prize.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> The Nobel lecture as a rhetorical genre took decades to reach its current format.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> These lectures normally occur during Nobel Week (the week leading up to the award ceremony and banquet, which begins with the laureates arriving in Stockholm and normally ends with the Nobel banquet), but this is not mandatory. The laureate is only obliged to give the lecture within six months of receiving the prize, but some have happened even later. For example, US President <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> received the Peace Prize in 1906 but gave his lecture in 1910, after his term in office.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams18-19-87">[87]</a> The lectures are organised by the same association which selected the laureates.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> <blockquote>Military cemeteries in every corner of the world are silent testimony to the failure of national leaders to sanctify human life. <dl><dd>— <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a>, 1994 Nobel Peace Prize lecture<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a></dd></dl></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prizes">Prizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prizes">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medals">Medals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Medals">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A heavily decorated paper with the name "Fritz Haber" on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/220px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/330px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG/440px-Nobel_Prize_Diploma_Fritz_Haber_1918.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1938" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Haber" title="Fritz Haber">Fritz Haber</a>'s diploma is shown, which he received for the development of a method to synthesise <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>. Laureates receive a heavily decorated diploma together with a gold medal and prize money.</figcaption></figure> The Nobel Foundation announced on 30 May 2012 that it had awarded the contract for the production of the five (Swedish) Nobel Prize medals to Svenska Medalj AB. Between 1902 and 2010, the Nobel Prize medals were minted by <a href="/wiki/Myntverket" title="Myntverket">Myntverket</a> (the Swedish Mint), Sweden's oldest company, which ceased operations in 2011 after 107 years. In 2011, the Mint of Norway, located in Kongsberg, made the medals. The Nobel Prize medals are registered trademarks of the Nobel Foundation.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Each medal features an image of Alfred Nobel in left profile on the <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">obverse</a>. The medals for physics, chemistry, physiology or medicine, and literature have identical obverses, showing the image of Alfred Nobel and the years of his birth and death. Nobel's portrait also appears on the obverse of the Peace Prize medal and the medal for the Economics Prize, but with a slightly different design. For instance, the laureate's name is engraved on the rim of the Economics medal.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2-91">[91]</a> The image on the reverse of a medal varies according to the institution awarding the prize. The reverse sides of the medals for chemistry and physics share the same design.<a href="#cite_note-Paulingmedal-92">[92]</a> All medals made before 1980 were struck in 23 <a href="/wiki/Carat_(purity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carat (purity)">carat</a> gold. Since then, they have been struck in 18 carat <a href="/wiki/Coloured_gold#Green_gold" class="mw-redirect" title="Coloured gold">green gold</a> plated with 24 carat gold. The weight of each medal varies with the value of gold, but averages about 175 grams (0.386 lb) for each medal. The diameter is 66 millimetres (2.6 in) and the thickness varies between 5.2 millimetres (0.20 in) and 2.4 millimetres (0.094 in).<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Because of the high value of their gold content and tendency to be on public display, Nobel medals are subject to medal theft.<a href="#cite_note-UniversityofCalifornia-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-NYTimes-95">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-Reuters-96">[96]</a> During World War II, the medals of German scientists <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Max von Laue</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">James Franck</a> were sent to Copenhagen for safekeeping. When Germany invaded Denmark, Hungarian chemist (and Nobel laureate himself) <a href="/wiki/George_de_Hevesy" title="George de Hevesy">George de Hevesy</a> dissolved them in <a href="/wiki/Aqua_regia" title="Aqua regia">aqua regia</a> (nitro-hydrochloric acid), to prevent confiscation by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and to prevent legal problems for the holders. After the war, the gold was recovered from solution, and the medals re-cast.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman397-97">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Diplomas">Diplomas</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Diplomas">edit</a>]</div> Nobel laureates receive a diploma directly from the hands of the King of Sweden, or in the case of the peace prize, the chairman of the Norwegian Nobel Committee. Each diploma is uniquely designed by the prize-awarding institutions for the laureates that receive them.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2-91">[91]</a> The diploma contains a picture and text in Swedish which states the name of the laureate and normally a citation of why they received the prize. None of the Nobel Peace Prize laureates has ever had a citation on their diplomas.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams18-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Award_money">Award money</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Award money">edit</a>]</div> The laureates are given a sum of money when they receive their prizes, in the form of a document confirming the amount awarded.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman2-91">[91]</a> The amount of prize money depends upon how much money the Nobel Foundation can award each year. The purse has increased since the 1980s, when the prize money was 880,000 SEK per prize (c. 2.6 million SEK altogether, US$350,000 today). In 2009, the monetary award was 10 million SEK (US$1.4 million).<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Prize_Amounts-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-CNN-101">[101]</a> In June 2012, it was lowered to 8 million SEK.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> If two laureates share the prize in a category, the award grant is divided equally between the recipients. If there are three, the awarding committee has the option of dividing the grant equally, or awarding one-half to one recipient and one-quarter to each of the others.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams8-10-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It is common for recipients to donate prize money to benefit scientific, cultural, or humanitarian causes.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statistics">Statistics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Statistics">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Youngest person to receive a Nobel Prize: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a>; at the age of 17, received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (2014).</dd></dl></li> <li>Oldest person to receive a Nobel Prize: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/John_B._Goodenough" title="John B. Goodenough">John B. Goodenough</a>; at the age of 97, received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (2019).</dd></dl></li> <li>Only person to receive more than one unshared Nobel Prize: <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1962).</dd></dl></li> <li>Country with most Nobel laureates:</li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">List of Nobel laureates by country</a></div> <dl><dd><dl><dd><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>; <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country#United_States" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">403 Nobel laureates</a>, as of 2022.</dd></dl></dd></dl> <ul><li>Laureates who have received multiple Nobel Prizes: (by date of second Prize) <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1903) and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1911).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a>; received the prize thrice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1917, 1944, 1963).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1954) and <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1962).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1956, 1972).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1958, 1980).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1954, 1981).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a>; received the prize twice. <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (2001, 2022).</li></ol></li> <li>Posthumous Nobel Prizes laureates: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_Axel_Karlfeldt" title="Erik Axel Karlfeldt">Erik Axel Karlfeldt</a>; received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> (1931).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a>; received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1961).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_M._Steinman" title="Ralph M. Steinman">Ralph M. Steinman</a>; received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine</a> (2011).</li></ol></li> <li>Married couples to receive Nobel Prizes:<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize</a></div> <dl><dd><ol><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Henri Becquerel</a>). Received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1903).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot</a>. Received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a> (1935).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Cori</a>. Received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> (1947).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a> received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences</a> (1974), <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a> received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> (1982).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard I. Moser</a>. Received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Nobel Prize in Medicine</a> (2014).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> (along with <a href="/wiki/Michael_Kremer" title="Michael Kremer">Michael Kremer</a>). Received <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics Sciences</a> (2019).<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></li></ol></dd></dl> <ul><li>Years without prizes:</li></ul> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a>: 1916, 1931, 1934, 1940, 1941, 1942</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a>: 1916, 1917, 1919, 1924, 1933, 1940, 1941, 1942</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a>: 1915, 1916, 1917, 1918, 1921, 1925, 1940, 1941, 1942</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a>: 1914, 1918, 1935, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943</li></ul></dd></dl> <dl><dd><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a>: 1914, 1915, 1916, 1918, 1923, 1924, 1928, 1932, 1939, 1940, 1941, 1942, 1943, 1948, 1955, 1956, 1966, 1967, 1972</li></ul></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Specially_distinguished_laureates">Specially distinguished laureates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Specially distinguished laureates">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_laureates">Multiple laureates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Multiple laureates">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white portrait of a woman in profile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg/220px-Marie_Curie_1903.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/93/Marie_Curie_1903.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="396" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a>, one of five people who have received the Nobel Prize twice (Physics and Chemistry)</figcaption></figure> Five people have received two Nobel Prizes. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> received the Physics Prize in 1903 for her work on <a href="/wiki/Radioactive_decay" title="Radioactive decay">radioactivity</a> and the Chemistry Prize in 1911 for the isolation of pure <a href="/wiki/Radium" title="Radium">radium</a>,<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> making her the only person to be awarded a Nobel Prize in two different sciences. <a href="/wiki/Linus_Pauling" title="Linus Pauling">Linus Pauling</a> was awarded the 1954 Chemistry Prize for his research into the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_bond" title="Chemical bond">chemical bond</a> and its application to the <a href="/wiki/Chemical_structure" title="Chemical structure">structure</a> of complex substances. Pauling was also awarded the Peace Prize in 1962 for his activism against nuclear weapons, making him the only laureate of two unshared prizes. <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">John Bardeen</a> received the Physics Prize twice: in 1956 for the invention of the <a href="/wiki/Transistor" title="Transistor">transistor</a> and in 1972 for the theory of <a href="/wiki/Superconductivity" title="Superconductivity">superconductivity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman180-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sanger" title="Frederick Sanger">Frederick Sanger</a> received the prize twice in Chemistry: in 1958 for determining the structure of the <a href="/wiki/Insulin" title="Insulin">insulin</a> molecule and in 1980 for inventing a method of determining base sequences in DNA.<a href="#cite_note-Shalev78-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman222-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karl_Barry_Sharpless" title="Karl Barry Sharpless">Karl Barry Sharpless</a> was awarded the 2001 Chemistry Prize for his research into chirally catalysed oxidation reactions, and the 2022 Chemistry Prize for <a href="/wiki/Click_chemistry" title="Click chemistry">click chemistry</a>. Two organisations have received the Peace Prize multiple times. The <a href="/wiki/International_Committee_of_the_Red_Cross" title="International Committee of the Red Cross">International Committee of the Red Cross</a> received it three times: in 1917 and 1944 for its work during the world wars; and in 1963 during the year of its centenary.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams84-114">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrams149-115">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrams199-200-116">[116]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> has been awarded the Peace Prize twice for assisting refugees: in 1954 and 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman313-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family_laureates">Family laureates</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Family laureates">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Curie_family" title="Curie family">Curie family</a> has received the most prizes, with four prizes awarded to five individual laureates. <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">Marie Curie</a> received the prizes in Physics (in 1903) and Chemistry (in 1911). Her husband, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">Pierre Curie</a>, shared the 1903 Physics prize with her.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Joliot-Curie" title="Irène Joliot-Curie">Irène Joliot-Curie</a>, received the Chemistry Prize in 1935 together with her husband <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Joliot-Curie" title="Frédéric Joliot-Curie">Frédéric Joliot-Curie</a>. In addition, the husband of Marie Curie's second daughter, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Richardson_Labouisse_Jr." title="Henry Richardson Labouisse Jr.">Henry Labouisse</a>, was the director of <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a> when he accepted the Nobel Peace Prize in 1965 on that organisation's behalf.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a> Although no family matches the Curie family's record, there have been several with two laureates. The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine was awarded to the husband-and-wife team of <a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Ferdinand_Cori" title="Carl Ferdinand Cori">Carl Ferdinand Cori</a> in 1947,<a href="#cite_note-GrinsteinBiermann1997-120">[120]</a> and to the husband-and-wife team of <a href="/wiki/May-Britt_Moser" title="May-Britt Moser">May-Britt Moser</a> and <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Moser" title="Edvard Moser">Edvard Moser</a> in 2014 (along with <a href="/wiki/John_O%27Keefe_(neuroscientist)" title="John O'Keefe (neuroscientist)">John O'Keefe</a>).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> The Physics Prize in 1906 was won by <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a> for showing that <a href="/wiki/Electron" title="Electron">electrons</a> are particles, and in 1937 by his son, <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">George Paget Thomson</a>, for showing that they <a href="/wiki/Wave%E2%80%93particle_duality" title="Wave–particle duality">also have the properties of waves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gribbin91-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">William Henry Bragg</a> and his son, <a href="/wiki/William_Lawrence_Bragg" class="mw-redirect" title="William Lawrence Bragg">William Lawrence Bragg</a>, shared the Physics Prize in 1915 for inventing <a href="/wiki/X-ray_crystallography" title="X-ray crystallography">X-ray crystallography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hargittai2003-123">[123]</a> <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">Niels Bohr</a> was awarded the Physics Prize in 1922, as was his son, <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">Aage Bohr</a>, in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> The Physics Prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">Manne Siegbahn</a> in 1924, followed by his son, <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">Kai Siegbahn</a>, in 1981.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hans_von_Euler-Chelpin" title="Hans von Euler-Chelpin">Hans von Euler-Chelpin</a>, who received the Chemistry Prize in 1929, was the father of <a href="/wiki/Ulf_von_Euler" title="Ulf von Euler">Ulf von Euler</a>, who was awarded the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">C. V. Raman</a> was awarded the Physics Prize in 1930 and was the uncle of <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar</a>, who was awarded the same prize in 1983.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman406-128">[128]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Kornberg" title="Arthur Kornberg">Arthur Kornberg</a> received the Physiology or Medicine Prize in 1959; Kornberg's son <a href="/wiki/Roger_D._Kornberg" title="Roger D. Kornberg">Roger</a> later received the Chemistry Prize in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Schawlow" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Schawlow">Arthur Schawlow</a> received the 1981 Physics prize, and was married to the sister of 1964 Physics laureate <a href="/wiki/Charles_Townes" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Townes">Charles Townes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> Two members of the <a href="/wiki/Hodgkin_family" title="Hodgkin family">Hodgkin family</a> received Nobels in consecutive years: <a href="/wiki/Alan_Hodgkin" title="Alan Hodgkin">Sir Alan Lloyd Hodgkin</a> shared in the Nobel for Physiology or Medicine in 1963, followed by <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot_Hodgkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin">Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin</a>, the wife of his first cousin, who won solo for Chemistry in 1964. <a href="/wiki/Jan_Tinbergen" title="Jan Tinbergen">Jan Tinbergen</a>, who was awarded the first Economics Prize in 1969, was the brother of <a href="/wiki/Nikolaas_Tinbergen" title="Nikolaas Tinbergen">Nikolaas Tinbergen</a>, who received the 1973 Physiology or Medicine Prize.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" title="Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</a>, who was awarded the Economics Prize in 1974, was the husband of <a href="/wiki/Alva_Myrdal" title="Alva Myrdal">Alva Myrdal</a>, Peace Prize laureate in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman405-119">[119]</a> Economics laureates <a href="/wiki/Paul_Samuelson" title="Paul Samuelson">Paul Samuelson</a> (1970) and <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Arrow" title="Kenneth Arrow">Kenneth Arrow</a> (1972; shared) were brothers-in-law. <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Frits Zernike</a>, who was awarded the 1953 Physics Prize, was the great-uncle of 1999 Physics laureate <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">Gerard 't Hooft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> In 2019, married couple <a href="/wiki/Abhijit_Banerjee" title="Abhijit Banerjee">Abhijit Banerjee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esther_Duflo" title="Esther Duflo">Esther Duflo</a> were awarded the Economics Prize.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christiane_N%C3%BCsslein-Volhard" title="Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard">Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard</a> was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1995, and her nephew <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_List" title="Benjamin List">Benjamin List</a> received the Chemistry Prize in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sune_Bergstr%C3%B6m" title="Sune Bergström">Sune Bergström</a> was awarded the Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1982, and his son <a href="/wiki/Svante_P%C3%A4%C3%A4bo" title="Svante Pääbo">Svante Pääbo</a> was awarded the same prize in 2022. <a href="/wiki/Edwin_McMillan" title="Edwin McMillan">Edwin McMillan</a>, who shared the Prize in Chemistry in 1951, was the uncle of <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">John Clauser</a>, who was awarded the Prize in Physics in 2022. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_and_controversies">Reception and controversies</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Reception and controversies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Nobel Prize controversies</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unbalanced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/45px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/68px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Unbalanced_scales.svg/90px-Unbalanced_scales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="354" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:DUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:DUE">unbalanced</a> towards certain viewpoints. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit">improve the article</a> or discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Nobel_Prize" title="Talk:Nobel Prize">talk page</a>. (May 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_recipients">Controversial recipients</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Controversial recipients">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Henry_A._Kissinger,_U.S._Secretary_of_State,_1973-1977.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/220px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="270" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/330px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg/440px-Henry_A._Kissinger%2C_U.S._Secretary_of_State%2C_1973-1977.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="2459" /></a><figcaption>When it was announced that <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> was to be awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> in <a href="/wiki/1973_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="1973 Nobel Peace Prize">1973</a>, two of the Norwegian Nobel Committee members resigned in protest.</figcaption></figure> Among other criticisms, the Nobel Committees have been accused of having a political agenda, and of omitting more deserving candidates. They have also been accused of <a href="/wiki/Eurocentrism" title="Eurocentrism">Eurocentrism</a>, especially for the Literature Prize.<a href="#cite_note-Abramsxiv-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Feldman65-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sarasota-136">[136]</a> <dl><dt>Peace Prize</dt></dl> Among the most criticised Nobel Peace Prizes was the one awarded to <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> and <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a>. This led to the resignation of two Norwegian Nobel Committee members.<a href="#cite_note-topten-137">[137]</a> Kissinger and Thọ were awarded the prize for negotiating a ceasefire between <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and the United States in January 1973 during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. However, when the award was announced, both sides were still engaging in hostilities.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams219-138">[138]</a> Critics sympathetic to the North announced that Kissinger was not a peace-maker but the opposite, responsible for widening the war. Those hostile to the North and what they considered its deceptive practices during negotiations were deprived of a chance to criticise Lê Đức Thọ, as he declined the award.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman315-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrams315-139">[139]</a> The satirist and musician <a href="/wiki/Tom_Lehrer" title="Tom Lehrer">Tom Lehrer</a> has remarked that "political satire became obsolete when Henry Kissinger was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize."<a href="#cite_note-Lehrer-140">[140]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" title="Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shimon_Peres" title="Shimon Peres">Shimon Peres</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yitzhak_Rabin" title="Yitzhak Rabin">Yitzhak Rabin</a> received the Peace Prize in 1994 for their efforts in making peace between Israel and Palestine.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman315-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz183-141">[141]</a> Immediately after the award was announced, one of the five Norwegian Nobel Committee members denounced Arafat as a terrorist and resigned.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman15-16-142">[142]</a> Additional misgivings about Arafat were widely expressed in various newspapers.<a href="#cite_note-Abrams302-306-143">[143]</a> Another controversial Peace Prize was that awarded to <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> <a href="/wiki/2009_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2009 Nobel Peace Prize">in 2009</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> Nominations had closed only eleven days after Obama took office as <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a>, but the actual evaluation occurred over the next eight months.<a href="#cite_note-philp-145">[145]</a> Obama himself stated that he did not feel deserving of the award, or worthy of the company in which it would place him.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> Past Peace Prize laureates were divided, some saying that Obama deserved the award, and others saying he had not secured the achievements to yet merit such an accolade. Obama's award, along with the previous Peace Prizes for <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a>, also prompted accusations of a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> bias.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> was awarded Peace Prize in 1993 however in 2015 when she came into power in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a>, she was criticized for being silent on human rights violation under her rule and especially over the <a href="/wiki/Rohingya_genocide" title="Rohingya genocide">Rohingya genocide</a> and calls were made to strip her of her Nobel Peace Prize.<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <dl><dt>Literature Prize</dt></dl> The award of the 2004 Literature Prize to <a href="/wiki/Elfriede_Jelinek" title="Elfriede Jelinek">Elfriede Jelinek</a> drew a protest from a member of the Swedish Academy, <a href="/wiki/Knut_Ahnlund" title="Knut Ahnlund">Knut Ahnlund</a>. Ahnlund resigned, alleging that the selection of Jelinek had caused "irreparable damage to all progressive forces, it has also confused the general view of literature as an art". He alleged that Jelinek's works were "a mass of text shovelled together without artistic structure".<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> The 2009 Literature Prize to <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> also generated criticism. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, many US literary critics and professors were ignorant of her work.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> This made those critics feel the prizes were too Eurocentric.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> The 2019 Literature Prize to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Handke" title="Peter Handke">Peter Handke</a> received heavy criticisms from various authors, such as <a href="/wiki/Salman_Rushdie" title="Salman Rushdie">Salman Rushdie</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hari_Kunzru" title="Hari Kunzru">Hari Kunzru</a>, and was condemned by the governments of <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>, due to his history of <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide_denial" title="Bosnian genocide denial">Bosnian genocide denialism</a> and his support for <a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> <dl><dt>Science prizes</dt></dl> In 1949, the neurologist <a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Egas_Moniz" title="António Egas Moniz">António Egas Moniz</a> received the Physiology or Medicine Prize for his development of the <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">prefrontal leucotomy</a>. The previous year, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Jackson_Freeman_II" title="Walter Jackson Freeman II">Walter Freeman</a> had developed a <a href="/wiki/Lobotomy#Transorbital_lobotomy" title="Lobotomy">version of the procedure</a> which was faster and easier to carry out. Due in part to the publicity surrounding the original procedure, Freeman's procedure was prescribed without due consideration or regard for modern <a href="/wiki/Medical_ethics" title="Medical ethics">medical ethics</a>. Endorsed by such influential publications as <a href="/wiki/The_New_England_Journal_of_Medicine" title="The New England Journal of Medicine">The New England Journal of Medicine</a>, leucotomy or "lobotomy" became so popular that about 5,000 lobotomies were performed in the United States in the three years immediately following Moniz's receipt of the Prize.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman286-289-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overlooked_achievements">Overlooked achievements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Overlooked achievements">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/170px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/255px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Portrait_Gandhi.jpg/340px-Portrait_Gandhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2024" data-file-height="3040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, although nominated five times, was never awarded a Nobel Peace Prize.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/220px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/330px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg/440px-Revolutionary_Joyce_Better_Contrast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="570" data-file-height="764" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, one of the controversial omissions of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a></figcaption></figure> Although <a href="/wiki/Mohandas_Gandhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohandas Gandhi">Mohandas Gandhi</a>, an icon of <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">nonviolence</a> in the 20th century, was nominated for the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> five times, in 1937, 1938, 1939, 1947, and a few days before he was assassinated on 30 January 1948, he was never awarded the prize.<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz181-186-161">[161]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Also_Rans-162">[162]</a> In 1948, the year of <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Assassination of Mahatma Gandhi">Gandhi's death</a>, the Norwegian Nobel Committee decided to make no award that year on the grounds that "there was no suitable living candidate".<a href="#cite_note-Gandhi-160">[160]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abrams147-148-163">[163]</a> In 1989, this omission was publicly regretted, when the <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> was awarded the Peace Prize, the chairman of the committee said that it was "in part a tribute to the memory of Mahatma Gandhi".<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <a href="/wiki/Geir_Lundestad" title="Geir Lundestad">Geir Lundestad</a>, 2006 Secretary of Norwegian Nobel Committee, said, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The greatest omission in our 106-year history is undoubtedly that Mahatma Gandhi never received the Nobel Peace Prize. Gandhi could do without the Nobel Peace Prize. Whether the Nobel committee can do without Gandhi, is the question.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a></blockquote> Other high-profile individuals with widely recognised contributions to peace have been overlooked. In 2009, an article in <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> magazine identified seven people who "never won the prize, but should have". The list consisted of Gandhi, <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a>, <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Saro-Wiwa" title="Ken Saro-Wiwa">Ken Saro-Wiwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sari_Nusseibeh" title="Sari Nusseibeh">Sari Nusseibeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corazon_Aquino" title="Corazon Aquino">Corazon Aquino</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nobel_Also_Rans-162">[162]</a> Liu Xiaobo would go on to win the <a href="/wiki/2010_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2010 Nobel Peace Prize">2010 Nobel Peace Prize</a> while imprisoned. In 1965, UN Secretary General <a href="/wiki/U_Thant" title="U Thant">U Thant</a> was informed by the Norwegian Permanent Representative to the UN that he would be awarded that year's prize and asked whether or not he would accept. He consulted staff and later replied that he would. At the same time, Chairman <a href="/wiki/Gunnar_Jahn" title="Gunnar Jahn">Gunnar Jahn</a> of the Nobel Peace prize committee, lobbied heavily against giving U Thant the prize and the prize was at the last minute awarded to <a href="/wiki/UNICEF" title="UNICEF">UNICEF</a>. The rest of the committee all wanted the prize to go to U Thant, for his work in defusing the <a href="/wiki/Cuban_Missile_Crisis" title="Cuban Missile Crisis">Cuban Missile Crisis</a>, ending the war in the Congo, and his ongoing work to mediate an end to the Vietnam War. The disagreement lasted three years and in 1966 and 1967 no prize was given, with Gunnar Jahn effectively vetoing an award to U Thant.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> The Literature Prize also has controversial omissions. <a href="/wiki/Adam_Kirsch" title="Adam Kirsch">Adam Kirsch</a> has suggested that many notable writers have missed out on the award for political or extra-literary reasons. The heavy focus on European and Swedish authors has been a subject of criticism.<a href="#cite_note-KirschNoClue-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> The Eurocentric nature of the award was acknowledged by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Englund" title="Peter Englund">Peter Englund</a>, the 2009 Permanent Secretary of the Swedish Academy, as a problem with the award and was attributed to the tendency for the academy to relate more to European authors.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a> This tendency towards European authors still leaves many European writers on a list of notable writers that have been overlooked for the Literature Prize, including <a href="/wiki/Leo_Tolstoy" title="Leo Tolstoy">Leo Tolstoy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Chekhov" title="Anton Chekhov">Anton Chekhov</a>, <a href="/wiki/J._R._R._Tolkien" title="J. R. R. Tolkien">J. R. R. Tolkien</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Nabokov" title="Vladimir Nabokov">Vladimir Nabokov</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a>, <a href="/wiki/August_Strindberg" title="August Strindberg">August Strindberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Vestdijk" title="Simon Vestdijk">Simon Vestdijk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karel_%C4%8Capek" title="Karel Čapek">Karel Čapek</a>, the <a href="/wiki/New_World" title="New World">New World</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Luis_Borges" title="Jorge Luis Borges">Jorge Luis Borges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ezra_Pound" title="Ezra Pound">Ezra Pound</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Updike" title="John Updike">John Updike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Miller" title="Arthur Miller">Arthur Miller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a>, and Africa's <a href="/wiki/Chinua_Achebe" title="Chinua Achebe">Chinua Achebe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Feldman56-57-172">[172]</a> Candidates can receive multiple nominations the same year. <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Ramon" title="Gaston Ramon">Gaston Ramon</a> received a total of 155<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> nominations in physiology or medicine from 1930 to 1953, the last year with public nomination data for that award as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit">[update]</a>. He died in 1963 without being awarded. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Paul_%C3%89mile_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Pierre Paul Émile Roux">Pierre Paul Émile Roux</a> received 115<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> nominations in physiology or medicine, and <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Sommerfeld" title="Arnold Sommerfeld">Arnold Sommerfeld</a> received 84<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> in physics. These are the three most nominated scientists without awards in the data published as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Otto Stern</a> received 79<a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a> nominations in physics 1925–1943 before being awarded in 1943.<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> The strict rule against awarding a prize to more than three people is also controversial.<a href="#cite_note-Levinovitz61-179">[179]</a> When a prize is awarded to recognise an achievement by a team of more than three collaborators, one or more will miss out. For example, in 2002, the prize was awarded to <a href="/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" title="Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Fenn_(chemist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Fenn (chemist)">John Fenn</a> for the development of <a href="/wiki/Mass_spectrometry" title="Mass spectrometry">mass spectrometry</a> in <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> chemistry, an award that did not recognise the achievements of <a href="/wiki/Franz_Hillenkamp" title="Franz Hillenkamp">Franz Hillenkamp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Karas" title="Michael Karas">Michael Karas</a> of the Institute for Physical and Theoretical Chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/Goethe_University_Frankfurt" title="Goethe University Frankfurt">University of Frankfurt</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Spinney-180">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> According to one of the nominees for the prize in physics, the three person limit deprived him and two other members of his team of the honor in 2013: the team of <a href="/wiki/C._R._Hagen" title="C. R. Hagen">Carl Hagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Guralnik" title="Gerald Guralnik">Gerald Guralnik</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Kibble" title="Tom Kibble">Tom Kibble</a> published a paper in 1964 that gave answers to how the cosmos began, but did not share the 2013 Physics Prize awarded to <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Peter Higgs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">François Englert</a>, who had also published papers in 1964 concerning the subject. All five physicists arrived at the same conclusion, albeit from different angles. Hagen contends that an equitable solution is to either abandon the three limit restriction, or expand the time period of recognition for a given achievement to two years.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Similarly, the prohibition of posthumous awards fails to recognise achievements by an individual or collaborator who dies before the prize is awarded. The Economics Prize was not awarded to <a href="/wiki/Fischer_Black" title="Fischer Black">Fischer Black</a>, who died in 1995, when his co-author <a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a> received the honor in 1997 for their landmark work on option pricing along with <a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a>, another pioneer in the development of valuation of stock options. In the announcement of the award that year, the Nobel committee prominently mentioned Black's key role. Political subterfuge may also deny proper recognition. <a href="/wiki/Lise_Meitner" title="Lise Meitner">Lise Meitner</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fritz_Strassmann" title="Fritz Strassmann">Fritz Strassmann</a>, who co-discovered nuclear fission along with <a href="/wiki/Otto_Hahn" title="Otto Hahn">Otto Hahn</a>, may have been denied a share of Hahn's 1944 Nobel Chemistry Award due to having fled Germany when the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazis</a> came to power.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> The Meitner and Strassmann roles in the research was not fully recognised until years later, when they joined Hahn in receiving the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi_Award" title="Enrico Fermi Award">Enrico Fermi Award</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emphasis_on_discoveries_over_inventions">Emphasis on discoveries over inventions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Emphasis on discoveries over inventions">edit</a>]</div> Alfred Nobel left his fortune to finance annual prizes to be awarded "to those who, during the preceding year, shall have conferred the greatest benefit on mankind".<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> He stated that the Nobel Prizes in Physics should be given "to the person who shall have made the most important 'discovery' or 'invention' within the field of physics". Nobel did not emphasise discoveries, but they have historically been held in higher respect by the Nobel Prize Committee than inventions: 77% of the Physics Prizes have been given to discoveries, compared with only 23% to inventions. Christoph Bartneck and Matthias Rauterberg, in papers published in <a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a> and Technoetic Arts, have argued this emphasis on discoveries has moved the Nobel Prize away from its original intention of rewarding the greatest contribution to society.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gender">Gender</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Gender">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize</a></div> In terms of the most prestigious awards in <a href="/wiki/Science,_technology,_engineering,_and_mathematics" title="Science, technology, engineering, and mathematics">STEM</a> fields, only a small proportion have been awarded to women. Out of 210 laureates in Physics, 181 in Chemistry and 216 in Medicine between 1901 and 2018, there were only three female laureates in physics, five in chemistry and 12 in medicine.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> Factors proposed to contribute to the discrepancy between this and the roughly equal <a href="/wiki/Human_sex_ratio" title="Human sex ratio">human sex ratio</a> include biased nominations, fewer women than men being active in the relevant fields, Nobel Prizes typically being awarded decades after the research was done (reflecting a time when <a href="/wiki/Gender_bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender bias">gender bias</a> in the relevant fields was greater), a greater delay in awarding Nobel Prizes for women's achievements making longevity a more important factor for women (one cannot be nominated for the Nobel Prize posthumously), and a tendency to omit women from jointly awarded Nobel Prizes.<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> Despite these factors, Marie Curie is to date the only person awarded Nobel Prizes in two different sciences (Physics in 1903, Chemistry in 1911); she is one of only three people who have received two Nobel Prizes in sciences (see Multiple laureates below). <a href="/wiki/Malala_Yousafzai" title="Malala Yousafzai">Malala Yousafzai</a> is the youngest person ever to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. When she received it in 2014, she was only 17 years old.<a href="#cite_note-:1-197">[197]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Status_of_the_Economic_Sciences_Prize">Status of the Economic Sciences Prize</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Status of the Economic Sciences Prize">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Nobel" title="Peter Nobel">Peter Nobel</a> describes the Bank of Sweden Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel as a "false Nobel prize" that dishonours his relative Alfred Nobel, after whom the prize is named, and considers economics to be a pseudoscience.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Refusals_and_constraints">Refusals and constraints</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Refusals and constraints">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black and white portrait of a man in a suit and tie. Half of his face is in a shadow." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/220px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg/330px-Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3f/Richard_Kuhn_ETH-Bib_Dia_248-065.jpg 2x" data-file-width="401" data-file-height="594" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, who was forced to decline his <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Nobel Prize in Chemistry</a></figcaption></figure> Two laureates have voluntarily declined the Nobel Prize. In 1964, <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a> was awarded the Literature Prize, but refused, stating, "A writer must refuse to allow himself to be transformed into an institution, even if it takes place in the most honourable form."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> <a href="/wiki/L%C3%AA_%C4%90%E1%BB%A9c_Th%E1%BB%8D" title="Lê Đức Thọ">Lê Đức Thọ</a>, chosen for the 1973 Peace Prize for his role in the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Peace_Accords" title="Paris Peace Accords">Paris Peace Accords</a>, declined, stating that there was no actual peace in Vietnam.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-201">[201]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_Bernard_Shaw" title="George Bernard Shaw">George Bernard Shaw</a> attempted to decline the prize money while accepting the 1925 Literature Prize; eventually it was agreed to use it to found the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Swedish_Literary_Foundation" title="Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation">Anglo-Swedish Literary Foundation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> During the Third Reich, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> hindered <a href="/wiki/Richard_Kuhn" title="Richard Kuhn">Richard Kuhn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Butenandt" title="Adolf Butenandt">Adolf Butenandt</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Domagk" title="Gerhard Domagk">Gerhard Domagk</a> from accepting their prizes. All of them were awarded their diplomas and gold medals after World War II.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> In 1958, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a> declined his prize for literature due to fear of what the Soviet Union government might do if he travelled to Stockholm to accept his prize. In return, the Swedish Academy refused his refusal, saying "this refusal, of course, in no way alters the validity of the award."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-201">[201]</a> The academy announced with regret that the presentation of the Literature Prize could not take place that year, holding it back until 1989 when Pasternak's son accepted the prize on his behalf.<a href="#cite_note-timesonline-292690-205">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1991, but her children accepted the prize because she had been placed under house arrest in <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Burma</a>; Suu Kyi delivered her speech two decades later, in 2012.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> <a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2010 while he and his wife were under house arrest in China as political prisoners, and he was unable to accept the prize in his lifetime. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact">Impact</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Impact">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural">Cultural</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Cultural">edit</a>]</div> Being a symbol of scientific or literary achievement that is recognisable worldwide, the Nobel Prize is often depicted in fiction. This includes films such as <a href="/wiki/The_Prize_(1963_film)" title="The Prize (1963 film)">The Prize</a> (1963), <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Son" title="Nobel Son">Nobel Son</a> (2007), and <a href="/wiki/The_Wife_(2017_film)" title="The Wife (2017 film)">The Wife</a> (2017) about fictional Nobel laureates, as well as fictionalised accounts of stories surrounding real prizes such as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Chor" title="Nobel Chor">Nobel Chor</a>, a 2012 film based on the <a href="/wiki/Rabindranath_Tagore#Theft_of_Nobel_Prize" title="Rabindranath Tagore">theft of Rabindranath Tagore's prize</a>. It has also been depicted in television shows such as <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Bang_Theory" title="The Big Bang Theory">The Big Bang Theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nobel_film_screen-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The statue and memorial symbol Planet of Alfred Nobel was opened in <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel_University" title="Alfred Nobel University">Alfred Nobel University</a> of Economics and Law in <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, Ukraine in 2008. On the globe, there are 802 Nobel laureates' reliefs made of a composite alloy obtained when disposing of military strategic missiles.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> Despite the symbolism of intellectual achievement, some recipients have embraced unsupported and <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscientific</a> concepts, including various <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_C_and_the_Common_Cold_(book)#Research,_writing_and_revisions" title="Vitamin C and the Common Cold (book)">health benefits of vitamin C</a> and other dietary supplements, <a href="/wiki/Homeopathy" title="Homeopathy">homeopathy</a>, <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_denialism" title="HIV/AIDS denialism">HIV/AIDS denialism</a>, and various claims about <a href="/wiki/Race_and_intelligence" title="Race and intelligence">race and intelligence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> This is sometimes referred to as <a href="/wiki/Nobel_disease" title="Nobel disease">Nobel disease</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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title="Portal:Sweden">Sweden portal</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">List of Nobel laureates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">List of Nobel laureates in Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">List of Nobel laureates in Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics">List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">List of female Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">List of Nobel laureates by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">List of Asian Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">List of Jewish Nobel laureates</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a> – Mathematics award</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abel_Prize" title="Abel Prize">Abel Prize</a> – Norwegian international mathematics prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a> – Annually awarded parody of the Nobel Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_of_a_field" class="mw-redirect" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field">List of prizes known as the Nobel of a field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_science_and_technology_awards" title="Lists of science and technology awards">Lists of science and technology awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Conference" title="Nobel Conference">Nobel Conference</a> – Academic conference held annually at Gustavus Adolphus College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Library" title="Nobel Library">Nobel Library</a> – library in Stockholm, SwedenPages displaying wikidata descriptions as a fallback</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_Museum" title="Nobel Prize Museum">Nobel Prize Museum</a> – Museum about Alfred Nobel and the Nobel Prize</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_effect" title="Nobel Prize effect">Nobel Prize effect</a> – Observation about the adverse effects of receiving the Nobel Prize</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol 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Retrieved 28 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Outrage+in+Bosnia%2C+Kosovo+over+Peter+Handke%27s+Nobel+prize+win&rft.pub=Al+Jazeera&rft.date=2019-10-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2019%2F10%2Foutrage-bosnia-kosovo-peter-handke-nobel-prize-win-191010183645296.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCain2019" class="citation web cs1">Cain, Sian (10 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/10/troubling-choice-authors-criticise-peter-handke-controversial-nobel-win">"'A troubling choice': authors criticise Peter Handke's controversial Nobel win"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220615070941/https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/oct/10/troubling-choice-authors-criticise-peter-handke-controversial-nobel-win">Archived</a> from the original on 15 June 2022. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36047">10.1093/ref:odnb/36047</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Shaw%2C+George+Bernard+%281856%E2%80%931950%29%2C+playwright+and+polemicist&rft.btitle=Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography&rft.edition=online&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013-10-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36047&rft.aulast=Weintraub&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"> (Subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxforddnb.com/help/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required.) </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/facts/facts-on-the-nobel-prize-in-physiology-or-medicine">"Facts on the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine"</a>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mynewsdesk.com/stockholmvisitorsboard/pressreleases/the-nobel-prize-on-the-film-screen-937364">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 31 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize%3A+On+the+film+screen&rft.pub=Stockholm+Business+Region&rft.date=2013-12-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mynewsdesk.com%2Fstockholmvisitorsboard%2Fpressreleases%2Fthe-nobel-prize-on-the-film-screen-937364&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrodesco2018" class="citation journal cs1">Brodesco, Alberto (2018). "Nobel laureates in fiction: From La fin du monde to The Big Bang Theory". Public Understanding of Science. 27 (4): 458–470. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F0963662518766476">10.1177/0963662518766476</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0963-6625">0963-6625</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29720058">29720058</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19223540">19223540</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Understanding+of+Science&rft.atitle=Nobel+laureates+in+fiction%3A+From+La+fin+du+monde+to+The+Big+Bang+Theory&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=458-470&rft.date=2018&rft.issn=0963-6625&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19223540%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29720058&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F0963662518766476&rft.aulast=Brodesco&rft.aufirst=Alberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.panoramio.com/photo/27994903?comment_page=1">Monument of the Planet of Alfred Nobel</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809124737/http://www.panoramio.com/photo/27994903?comment_page=1">Archived</a> 9 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Panoramio.com. Retrieved on 28 July 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBasterfieldLilienfeldBowesCostello2020" class="citation magazine cs1">Basterfield, Candice; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Lilienfeld" title="Scott Lilienfeld">Lilienfeld, Scott O.</a>; Bowes, Shauna M.; Costello, Thomas H. (May–June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/05/the-nobel-disease-when-intelligence-fails-to-protect-against-irrationality/">"The Nobel Disease: When Intelligence Fails to Protect against Irrationality"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Skeptical_Inquirer" title="Skeptical Inquirer">Skeptical Inquirer</a>. Amherst, New York: <a href="/wiki/Center_for_Inquiry" title="Center for Inquiry">Center for Inquiry</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200717193429/https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/05/the-nobel-disease-when-intelligence-fails-to-protect-against-irrationality/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2020. Retrieved 24 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Disease%3A+When+Intelligence+Fails+to+Protect+against+Irrationality&rft.date=2020-05%2F2020-06&rft.aulast=Basterfield&rft.aufirst=Candice&rft.au=Lilienfeld%2C+Scott+O.&rft.au=Bowes%2C+Shauna+M.&rft.au=Costello%2C+Thomas+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2020%2F05%2Fthe-nobel-disease-when-intelligence-fails-to-protect-against-irrationality%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/File:Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/12px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/18px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg/24px-Definition_of_Free_Cultural_Works_logo_notext.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="218" /></a> This article incorporates text from a <a href="/wiki/Free_content" title="Free content">free content</a> work. Licensed under CC BY-SA IGO 3.0 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/ulis/cgi-bin/ulis.pl?catno=231519&set=0058E24F98_1_192&gp=1&lin=1&ll=1">license statement/permission</a>). Text taken from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0023/002315/231519e.pdf">A Complex Formula: Girls and Women in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics in Asia</a>, 23, UNESCO, UNESCO. UNESCO. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Books">Books</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Books">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Abrams" class="citation book cs1">Abrams, Irwin (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ny77bPwKxaUC">The Nobel Peace Prize and the Laureates</a>. Watson Publishing International. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88135-388-4"><bdi>978-0-88135-388-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Peace+Prize+and+the+Laureates&rft.pub=Watson+Publishing+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-88135-388-4&rft.aulast=Abrams&rft.aufirst=Irwin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dny77bPwKxaUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Crawford69" class="citation book cs1">Crawford, Elizabeth T. (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EGfhs_tvjVYC">The Beginnings of the Nobel Institution – The Science Prizes, 1901–1915</a> (First ed.). Maison des Sciences de l'Homme & <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-26584-3"><bdi>978-0-521-26584-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100253/https://books.google.com/books?id=EGfhs_tvjVYC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beginnings+of+the+Nobel+Institution+%E2%80%93+The+Science+Prizes%2C+1901%E2%80%931915&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Maison+des+Sciences+de+l%27Homme+%26+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-26584-3&rft.aulast=Crawford&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEGfhs_tvjVYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Feldman" class="citation book cs1">Feldman, Burton (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C">The Nobel prize: a history of genius, controversy, and prestige</a>. Arcade Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55970-592-9"><bdi>978-1-55970-592-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100249/https://books.google.com/books?id=xnckeeTICn0C">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+prize%3A+a+history+of+genius%2C+controversy%2C+and+prestige&rft.pub=Arcade+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55970-592-9&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Burton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxnckeeTICn0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Gribbin69" class="citation book cs1">Gribbin, John (1985). <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s_Cat" title="In Search of Schrödinger's Cat">In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality</a>. Corgi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-552-12555-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-552-12555-0"><bdi>978-0-552-12555-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+Search+of+Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s+Cat%3A+Quantum+Physics+and+Reality&rft.pub=Corgi&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-552-12555-0&rft.aulast=Gribbin&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Jones" class="citation book cs1">Jones, Brenn (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg6_1Ejy9r4C&q=Mother+Teresa+Nobel+banquet+cancelled">Learning about love from the life of Mother Teresa</a>. PowerKids Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5777-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-5777-4"><bdi>978-0-8239-5777-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100816/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bg6_1Ejy9r4C&q=Mother+Teresa+Nobel+banquet+cancelled">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Learning+about+love+from+the+life+of+Mother+Teresa&rft.pub=PowerKids+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-5777-4&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Brenn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBg6_1Ejy9r4C%26q%3DMother%2BTeresa%2BNobel%2Bbanquet%2Bcancelled&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Levinovitz69" class="citation book cs1">Levinovitz, Agneta Wallin (2001). Nils Ringertz (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC">The Nobel Prize: The First 100 Years</a>. <a href="/wiki/Imperial_College_Press" title="Imperial College Press">Imperial College Press</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a> Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-02-4664-8"><bdi>978-981-02-4664-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100744/https://books.google.com/books?id=QMSg5mRJiukC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize%3A+The+First+100+Years&rft.pub=Imperial+College+Press+and+World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-981-02-4664-8&rft.aulast=Levinovitz&rft.aufirst=Agneta+Wallin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQMSg5mRJiukC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leroy" class="citation book cs1">Leroy, Francis (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC">A century of Nobel Prizes recipients: chemistry, physics, and medicine</a>. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8247-0876-4"><bdi>978-0-8247-0876-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100744/https://books.google.com/books?id=8DjwaFWE4fYC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+Nobel+Prizes+recipients%3A+chemistry%2C+physics%2C+and+medicine&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8247-0876-4&rft.aulast=Leroy&rft.aufirst=Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8DjwaFWE4fYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Shalev69" class="citation book cs1">Shalev, Baruch Aba (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PfRaPHr86XUC">100 years of Nobel prizes</a> (Third ed.). The Americas Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-935047-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-935047-37-0"><bdi>978-0-935047-37-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100745/https://books.google.com/books?id=PfRaPHr86XUC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+years+of+Nobel+prizes&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=The+Americas+Group&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-935047-37-0&rft.aulast=Shalev&rft.aufirst=Baruch+Aba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPfRaPHr86XUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Sohlman69" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ragnar_Sohlman" title="Ragnar Sohlman">Sohlman, Ragnar</a> (1983). The Legacy of Alfred Nobel – The Story Behind the Nobel Prizes. The Nobel Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+Alfred+Nobel+%E2%80%93+The+Story+Behind+the+Nobel+Prizes&rft.pub=The+Nobel+Foundation&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Sohlman&rft.aufirst=Ragnar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="judia85" class="citation book cs1">Söderlind, Ulrica (2010). The Nobel Banquet. World Scientific Publishing. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1142%2F7789">10.1142/7789</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4313-11-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4313-11-7"><bdi>978-981-4313-11-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Banquet&rft.pub=World+Scientific+Publishing&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1142%2F7789&rft.isbn=978-981-4313-11-7&rft.aulast=S%C3%B6derlind&rft.aufirst=Ulrica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilhelm69" class="citation book cs1">Wilhelm, Peter (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C">The Nobel Prize</a>. Springwood Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-86254-111-8"><bdi>978-0-86254-111-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230924100817/https://books.google.com/books?id=CNnZKHxQpO4C">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2023. Retrieved 18 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Nobel+Prize&rft.pub=Springwood+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-86254-111-8&rft.aulast=Wilhelm&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCNnZKHxQpO4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Pais69" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Pais" title="Abraham Pais">Pais, Abraham</a> (1983). <a href="/wiki/Subtle_is_the_Lord:_The_Science_and_the_Life_of_Albert_Einstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein">Subtle is the Lord: The Science and the Life of Albert Einstein</a> (Third ed.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520438-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-520438-4"><bdi>978-0-19-520438-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/8195995">8195995</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Subtle+is+the+Lord%3A+The+Science+and+the+Life+of+Albert+Einstein&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F8195995&rft.isbn=978-0-19-520438-4&rft.aulast=Pais&rft.aufirst=Abraham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANobel+Prize" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=38" 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prizes" title="Template talk:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prizes" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prizes"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nobel_Prizes" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobel Prizes</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Nobel_laureates" title="Lists of Nobel laureates">Lists of Nobel laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_medal" title="Nobel Prize medal">Nobel Prize medal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Prizes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Nobel_Prize.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/100px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/150px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/200px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Laureates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>by occupation <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_and_government_Nobel_laureates" title="List of heads of state and government Nobel laureates">Heads of state and government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">by year</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Nobel laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Nobel Memorial Prize laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Literature" title="List of Nobel laureates in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_Peace_Prize_laureates" title="List of Nobel Peace Prize laureates">Peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by population group</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Bengali_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Bengali Nobel laureates">Bengali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_black_Nobel_laureates" title="List of black Nobel laureates">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Christian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Christian Nobel laureates">Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Nobel_laureates" title="List of female Nobel laureates">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Jewish Nobel laureates">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Latin_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Latin American Nobel laureates">Latin American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Muslim Nobel laureates">Muslim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nonreligious_Nobel_laureates" title="List of nonreligious Nobel laureates">Non-religious</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by continent and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_country" title="List of Nobel laureates by country">nationality</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_African_Nobel_laureates" title="List of African Nobel laureates">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Egyptian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Egyptian Nobel laureates and nominees">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_African_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of South African Nobel laureates and nominees">South African</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Asian Nobel laureates">Asian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Filipino Nobel laureates and nominees">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Indian Nobel laureates">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Israeli_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Israeli Nobel laureates">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Japanese Nobel laureates and nominees">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Korean_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Korean Nobel laureates and nominees">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Pakistani_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Pakistani Nobel laureates">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Vietnamese_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Vietnamese Nobel laureates and nominees">Vietnamese</a></li></ul></li> <li>European <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Belgian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Belgian Nobel laureates">Belgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Danish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Danish Nobel laureates">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_German_Nobel_laureates" title="List of German Nobel laureates">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Greek_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Greek Nobel laureates and nominees">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hungarian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Hungarian Nobel laureates">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Irish_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Irish Nobel laureates and nominees">Irish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Italian Nobel laureates">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Polish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Polish Nobel laureates">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Romanian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Romanian Nobel laureates and nominees">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Russian Nobel laureates">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Spanish Nobel laureates">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swedish_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swedish Nobel laureates">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Swiss_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Swiss Nobel laureates">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Welsh_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Welsh Nobel laureates">Welsh</a></li></ul></li> <li>Oceanian <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Australian Nobel laureates">Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li>North American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Nobel_laureates" title="List of American Nobel laureates">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Mexican_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Mexican Nobel laureates and nominees">Mexican</a></li></ul></li> <li>South American <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Argentine_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Argentine Nobel laureates">Argentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Brazilian_Nobel_laureates_and_nominees" title="List of Brazilian Nobel laureates and nominees">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Venezuelan_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Venezuelan Nobel laureates">Venezuelan</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_by_university_affiliation" title="List of Nobel laureates by university affiliation">by university</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_the_City_University_of_New_York_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with the City University of New York as alumni or faculty">City University of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Columbia_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Columbia University as alumni or faculty">Columbia University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ETH_Zurich_people#Nobel_Prize_winners" title="List of ETH Zurich people">ETH Zurich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Harvard_University_people#Nobel_laureates" title="List of Harvard University people">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Princeton_University_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Princeton University as alumni or faculty">Princeton University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_affiliated_with_Washington_University_in_St._Louis_as_alumni_or_faculty" title="List of Nobel laureates affiliated with Washington University in St. Louis as alumni or faculty">Washington University in St. Louis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Catholic_priests_and_religious_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of Catholic priests and religious awarded the Nobel Prize">Catholic priests and religious</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_couples_awarded_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of couples awarded the Nobel Prize">Couples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize" title="List of female nominees for the Nobel Prize">Women</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_subject" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by subject</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economics (page does not exist)">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></li> <li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individuals_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of individuals nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_organizations_nominated_for_the_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="List of organizations nominated for the Nobel Peace Prize">Organizations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_nominees_for_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of nominees for the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="by_groups" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Peace <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Friends_Service_Committee_Nobel_nominees" title="List of American Friends Service Committee Nobel nominees">AFSC Nobel nominees</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PRIO_Director%27s_Shortlist" title="PRIO Director's Shortlist">PRIO Director's Shortlist</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">by <a href="/wiki/Clarivate_Citation_Laureates" title="Clarivate Citation Laureates">Clarivate</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_Clarivate_Citation_laureates" title="List of female Clarivate Citation laureates">Female</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Chemistry" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Economic_Sciences" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Economic Sciences">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Clarivate_Citation_laureates_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="List of Clarivate Citation laureates in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Organisations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Foundation" title="Nobel Foundation">Nobel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee" title="Nobel Committee">Nobel Committees</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Chemistry" title="Nobel Committee for Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Sveriges_Riksbank_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences_in_Memory_of_Alfred_Nobel" title="Committee for the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel">Economics</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Literature" title="Nobel Committee for Literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physics" title="Nobel Committee for Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Committee_for_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Committee for Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Nobel_Committee" title="Norwegian Nobel Committee">Norwegian Nobel Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Assembly_at_the_Karolinska_Institute" title="Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute">Nobel Assembly at the Karolinska Institute</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_controversies" title="Nobel Prize controversies">Controversies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rkborn_Manor" title="Björkborn Manor">Björkborn Manor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Laboratory" title="Nobel Laboratory">Nobel Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Summit_of_Nobel_Peace_Laureates" title="World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates">World Summit of Nobel Peace Laureates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prizes_known_as_the_Nobel_or_the_highest_honors_of_a_field" title="List of prizes known as the Nobel or the highest honors of a field">Prizes known as the "Nobel" of their fields</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="hlist"><div>1 Nobel Memorial Prize (not one of the original Nobel Prizes). </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="2023_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:2023_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:2023 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="2023_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2023 <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moungi_Bawendi" title="Moungi Bawendi">Moungi Bawendi</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_E._Brus" title="Louis E. Brus">Louis E. Brus</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexey_Ekimov" title="Alexey Ekimov">Alexey Ekimov</a> (Russia and United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Literature">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jon_Fosse" title="Jon Fosse">Jon Fosse</a> (Norway)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="2023 Nobel Peace Prize">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narges_Mohammadi" title="Narges Mohammadi">Narges Mohammadi</a> (Iran)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Pierre Agostini</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Ferenc Krausz</a> (Hungary)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">Anne L'Huillier</a> (France)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="2023 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katalin_Karik%C3%B3" title="Katalin Karikó">Katalin Karikó</a> (Hungary and United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Weissman" title="Drew Weissman">Drew Weissman</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a> (<a href="/wiki/2023_Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="2023 Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">2023</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Goldin" title="Claudia Goldin">Claudia Goldin</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2018_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2018 Nobel Prize winners">2018</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2019_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2019 Nobel Prize winners">2019</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2020_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2020 Nobel Prize winners">2020</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2021_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2021 Nobel Prize winners">2021</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2022_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2022 Nobel Prize winners">2022</a></dd> <dd>2023 </dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2024_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2024 Nobel Prize winners">2024</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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