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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Click+consonant" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Phonetics_and_IPA_notation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonetics_and_IPA_notation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Phonetics and IPA notation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonetics_and_IPA_notation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages_with_clicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages_with_clicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Languages with clicks</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Languages_with_clicks-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Languages with clicks subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Languages_with_clicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>East Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Damin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Damin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Use</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Use-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Use subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Spread_of_clicks_from_loanwords" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_clicks_from_loanwords"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Spread of clicks from loanwords</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_clicks_from_loanwords-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marginal_usage_of_clicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marginal_usage_of_clicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Marginal usage of clicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marginal_usage_of_clicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Position_in_word" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Position_in_word"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Position in word</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Position_in_word-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Number_of_click-types_in_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Number_of_click-types_in_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Number of click-types in languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Number_of_click-types_in_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_clicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_clicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types of clicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_clicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transcription" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transcription"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Transcription</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transcription-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Places_of_articulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places_of_articulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Places of articulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Places_of_articulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Places of articulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Places_of_articulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Names_found_in_the_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Names_found_in_the_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Names found in the literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Names_found_in_the_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Manners_of_articulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Manners_of_articulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Manners of articulation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Manners_of_articulation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Manners of articulation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Manners_of_articulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Phonation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Phonation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phonation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Complex_clicks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Complex_clicks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Complex clicks</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Complex_clicks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Variation_among_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Variation_among_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Variation among languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Variation_among_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phonotactics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phonotactics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Phonotactics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Phonotactics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Phonotactics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_back-vowel_constraint" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_back-vowel_constraint"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>The back-vowel constraint</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_back-vowel_constraint-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Click_genesis_and_click_loss" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Click_genesis_and_click_loss"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Click genesis and click loss</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Click_genesis_and_click_loss-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Difficulty" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Difficulty"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Difficulty</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Difficulty-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Click consonant</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">39 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B5%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A9" title="نقرات صامتة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نقرات صامتة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasqu%C3%ADu_conson%C3%A1nticu" title="Chasquíu consonánticu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Chasquíu consonánticu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A9%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Щракаща съгласна – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Щракаща съгласна" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klik_(yezhoniezh)" title="Klik (yezhoniezh) – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Klik (yezhoniezh)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clic_(fon%C3%A8tica)" title="Clic (fonètica) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Clic (fonètica)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlaskavka" title="Mlaskavka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mlaskavka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kliklyd" title="Kliklyd – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kliklyd" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klick_(Phonetik)" title="Klick (Phonetik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Klick (Phonetik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chasquido_conson%C3%A1ntico" title="Chasquido consonántico – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Chasquido consonántico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaketo" title="Klaketo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Klaketo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DA%86%E2%80%8C%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7" title="نچ‌آوا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نچ‌آوا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clic_(phon%C3%A9tique)" title="Clic (phonétique) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Clic (phonétique)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%A1%EC%B0%A9%EC%9D%8C" title="흡착음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흡착음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C4%81_Leokanip%C5%AB_H%C4%81%CA%BBuk%C4%93%CA%BBuk%C4%93" title="Nā Leokanipū Hāʻukēʻukē – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Nā Leokanipū Hāʻukēʻukē" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A8" title="क्लिक व्यंजन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="क्लिक व्यंजन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_decak" title="Konsonan decak – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Konsonan decak" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonanti_clic" title="Consonanti clic – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consonanti clic" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים מצוצים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים מצוצים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spragsimieji_priebalsiai" title="Spragsimieji priebalsiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Spragsimieji priebalsiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clica_(fonolojia)" title="Clica (fonolojia) – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Clica (fonolojia)" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Чкрапава согласка – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чкрапава согласка" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konsonan_klik" title="Konsonan klik – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Konsonan klik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klik_(fonetiek)" title="Klik (fonetiek) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Klik (fonetiek)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%B8%E7%9D%80%E9%9F%B3" title="吸着音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="吸着音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klikkelyder" title="Klikkelyder – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Klikkelyder" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klikkelyd" title="Klikkelyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Klikkelyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlaski" title="Mlaski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mlaski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clique_(fon%C3%A9tica)" title="Clique (fonética) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Clique (fonética)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_clic" title="Consoană clic – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană clic" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="max-width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #ccc; font-size: 500%; line-height:1.3; font-weight:normal; font-family:'times new roman', times, georgia, serif, sans-serif;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼊<span class="wrap"> </span>¡</span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;"><div style="background: #ccc; font-size: 125%; font-weight: bold; padding: 0.1em 0.25em 0.2em; line-height: 1.2em;">Click releases</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">In <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced">U+0298</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ʘ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER BILABIAL CLICK</span><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C0</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǀ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER DENTAL CLICK</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǁ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER LATERAL CLICK</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C2</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǂ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER ALVEOLAR CLICK</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01C3</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">ǃ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK</span><br /> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+01DF0A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">𝼊</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">LATIN LETTER RETROFLEX CLICK WITH RETROFLEX HOOK</span><br /> </p> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+00A1</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">¡</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">INVERTED EXCLAMATION MARK</span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ccc;">Different from</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Different from</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+007C</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">|</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">VERTICAL LINE</a></span><br /> <p><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+2016</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">‖</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">DOUBLE VERTICAL LINE</a></span><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+0021</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">!</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">EXCLAMATION MARK</a></span> </p> <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced">U+A668</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em">Ꙩ</span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_o_variants" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic o variants">CYRILLIC CAPITAL LETTER MONOCULAR O</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)"><img alt="<?>" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/40px-Replacement_character.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/60px-Replacement_character.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Replacement_character.svg/80px-Replacement_character.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><b>This article contains uncommon <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters.</b> Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:Multilingual_support" title="Help:Multilingual support">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of the intended characters.</div></div> </div> <p><b>Click consonants</b>, or <b>clicks</b>, are speech sounds that occur as <a href="/wiki/Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Consonants">consonants</a> in many languages of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">Southern Africa</a> and in three languages of <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a>. Examples familiar to <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-speakers</a> are the <i><a href="/wiki/Tut-tut" class="mw-redirect" title="Tut-tut">tut-tut</a></i> (British spelling) or <i><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">tsk! tsk!</a></i> (American spelling) used to express disapproval or pity (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span>), the <i><a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">tchick!</a></i> used to spur on a horse (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǁ]</span>), and the <i><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">clip-clop!</a></i> sound children make with their tongue to imitate a horse trotting (IPA <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span>). However, these <a href="/wiki/Paralinguistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Paralinguistic">paralinguistic</a> sounds in English are not full click consonants, as they only involve the front of the tongue, without the release of the back of the tongue that is required for clicks to combine with vowels and form syllables. </p><p>Anatomically, clicks are <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> articulated with two closures (points of contact) in the mouth, one forward and one at the back. The enclosed pocket of air is <a href="/wiki/Rarefaction" title="Rarefaction">rarefied</a> by a sucking action of the tongue (in technical terminology, clicks have a <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">lingual ingressive airstream mechanism</a>). The forward closure is then released,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> producing what may be the loudest consonants in the language, although in some languages such as <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>, clicks can be more subtle and may even be mistaken for <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonetics_and_IPA_notation">Phonetics and IPA notation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Phonetics and IPA notation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Click consonants occur at six principal places of articulation. The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_(IPA)" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)</a> provides five letters for these places (there is as yet no dedicated symbol for the sixth). </p> <ul><li>The easiest clicks for English speakers are the <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental clicks</a> written with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ</span>⟩. These are sharp (high-pitched) squeaky sounds made by sucking on the front teeth. A simple dental click is used in English to express pity or to shame someone, or to call a cat or other animal, and is written <i>tut!</i> in British English and <i>tsk!</i> in American English. In many cultures around the Mediterranean a simple dental click is used for "no" in answer to a direct question. They are written with the letter <i>c</i> in <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>.</li> <li>Next most familiar to English speakers are the <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral clicks</a>, which are written with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǁ</span>⟩. They are also squeaky sounds, though less sharp than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span>, made by sucking on the molars on either side (or both sides) of the mouth. A simple lateral click is made in English to get a horse moving, and is conventionally written <i>tchick!</i>. They are written with the letter <i>x</i> in Zulu and Xhosa.</li> <li>Then there are the <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_click" title="Bilabial click">bilabial clicks</a>, written with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʘ</span>⟩. These are lip-smacking sounds, but often without the pursing of the lips found in a kiss, that occur in words in only a few languages.</li></ul> <p>The above clicks sound like <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, in that they involve a lot of friction. The next two families of clicks are more abrupt sounds that do not have this friction. </p> <ul><li>With the <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">alveolar clicks</a>, written with ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ</span>⟩, the tip of the tongue is pulled down abruptly and forcefully from the roof of the mouth, sometimes using a lot of jaw motion, and making a hollow <i>pop!</i> like a cork being pulled from an empty bottle. Something like these sounds may be used for a 'clip-clop' sound as noted above. These sounds can be quite loud. They are written with the letter <i>q</i> in Zulu and Xhosa.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal clicks</a>, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ</span>⟩, are made with a flat tongue that is pulled backward rather than downward, and are sharper cracking sounds than the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span> clicks, like sharply snapped fingers. They are not found in Zulu but are very common in the San languages of southern Africa.</li> <li>Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">retroflex clicks</a> are poorly known, being attested from only a single language, <a href="/wiki/Central_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Central !Kung">Central !Kung</a>. The tongue is curled back in the mouth, and they are both fricative and hollow sounding, but descriptions of these sounds vary between sources. This may reflect dialect differences. They are perhaps most commonly written ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">‼</span>⟩, but that is an <i>ad hoc</i> transcription. The expected IPA letter is ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">𝼊</span>⟩ (⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ</span>⟩ with retroflex tail), and the IPA supported the addition of that letter to Unicode.</li></ul> <p>Technically, these IPA letters transcribe only the forward articulation of the click, not the entire consonant. As the <i>Handbook</i> states,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Since any click involves a velar or uvular closure [as well], it is possible to symbolize factors such as voicelessness, voicing or nasality of the click by combining the click symbol with the appropriate velar or uvular symbol: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡ǂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ͡ǂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ͡ǂ]</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[q͡ǃ]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Thus technically <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ]</span> is not a consonant, but only one part of the articulation of a consonant, and one may speak of "ǂ-clicks" to mean any of the various click consonants that share the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ]</span> place of articulation.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In practice, however, the simple letter ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ</span>⟩ has long been used as an abbreviation for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k͡ǂ]</span>, and in that role it is sometimes seen combined with diacritics for voicing (e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ̬</span>⟩ for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɡ͡ǂ]</span>), nasalization (e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ̃</span>⟩ for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ͡ǂ]</span>), etc. These differing transcription conventions may reflect differing theoretical analyses of the nature of click consonants, or attempts to address common misunderstandings of clicks. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Languages_with_clicks">Languages with clicks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Languages with clicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clicks occur in all three <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan language families</a> of <a href="/wiki/Southern_Africa" title="Southern Africa">southern Africa</a>, where they may be the most numerous consonants. To a lesser extent they occur in three neighbouring groups of <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>—which <a href="/wiki/Sprachbund" title="Sprachbund">borrowed them</a>, directly or indirectly, from Khoisan. In the southeast, in eastern <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eswatini" title="Eswatini">Eswatini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesotho" title="Lesotho">Lesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a> and southern <a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a>, they were adopted from a <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu language</a> (or languages) by the languages of the Nguni cluster (especially <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phuthi_language" title="Phuthi language">Phuthi</a>, but also to a lesser extent <a href="/wiki/Swati_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Swati language">Swazi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ndebele_language" title="Southern Ndebele language">Ndebele</a>), and spread from them in a reduced fashion to the Zulu-based <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> <a href="/wiki/Fanagalo" title="Fanagalo">Fanagalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sesotho_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho language">Sesotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tsonga_language" title="Tsonga language">Tsonga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ronga_language" title="Ronga language">Ronga</a>, the Mzimba dialect of <a href="/wiki/Tumbuka_language" title="Tumbuka language">Tumbuka</a> and more recently to <a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a> and urban varieties of <a href="/wiki/Pedi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pedi language">Pedi</a>, where the spread of clicks continues. The second point of transfer was near the <a href="/wiki/Caprivi_Strip" title="Caprivi Strip">Caprivi Strip</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Okavango_River" title="Okavango River">Okavango River</a> where, apparently, the <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi language</a> borrowed the clicks from a <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">West Kalahari Khoe language</a>; a separate development led to a smaller click inventory in the neighbouring <a href="/wiki/Mbukushu_language" title="Mbukushu language">Mbukushu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kwangali_language" title="Kwangali language">Kwangali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuhane_language" title="Kuhane language">Kuhane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a> languages in <a href="/wiki/Angola" title="Angola">Angola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zambia" title="Zambia">Zambia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These sounds occur not only in borrowed vocabulary, but have spread to native Bantu words as well, in the case of Nguni at least partially due to a type of word taboo called <a href="/wiki/Hlonipha" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlonipha">hlonipha</a>. Some <a href="/wiki/Creolised" class="mw-redirect" title="Creolised">creolised</a> varieties of Afrikaans, such as <a href="/wiki/Oorlams_Creole" title="Oorlams Creole">Oorlams</a>, retain clicks in <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> words. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Africa">East Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: East Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Three languages in <a href="/wiki/East_Africa" title="East Africa">East Africa</a> use clicks: <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a>, an endangered South <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic language</a> of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> that has clicks in only a few dozen words. It is thought the latter may remain from an episode of <a href="/wiki/Language_shift" title="Language shift">language shift</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damin">Damin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Damin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The only non-African language known to have clicks as regular speech sounds is <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a>, a ritual code once used by speakers of <a href="/wiki/Lardil_language" title="Lardil language">Lardil</a> in <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>. In addition, one consonant in Damin is the <a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">egressive</a> equivalent of a click, using the tongue to compress the air in the mouth for an outward (egressive) "spurt".<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Use">Use</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spread_of_clicks_from_loanwords">Spread of clicks from loanwords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Spread of clicks from loanwords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once clicks are borrowed into a language as regular speech sounds, they may spread to native words, as has happened due to <i><a href="/wiki/Hlonipa" class="mw-redirect" title="Hlonipa">hlonipa</a></i> word-taboo in the <a href="/wiki/Nguni_languages" title="Nguni languages">Nguni languages</a>. In <a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a>, for example, the European loanword <i>tomate</i> (tomato) appears as <i>cumáte</i> with a click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span>, though it begins with a <i>t</i> in all neighbouring languages. It has also been argued that click phonemes have been adopted into some languages through the process of <a href="/wiki/Avoidance_speech" title="Avoidance speech"><i>hlonipha</i></a>, women refraining from saying certain words and sounds that were similar to the name of their husband, sometimes replacing local sounds by borrowing clicks from a nearby language.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marginal_usage_of_clicks">Marginal usage of clicks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marginal usage of clicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scattered clicks are found in <a href="/wiki/Ideophone" title="Ideophone">ideophones</a> and mimesis in other languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Kongo_language" title="Kongo language">Kongo</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǃ/</span>, <a href="/wiki/Mijikenda_language" title="Mijikenda language">Mijikenda</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀ/</span> and Hadza <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑʘʷ/</span> (Hadza does not otherwise have labial clicks). Ideophones often use phonemic distinctions not found in normal vocabulary. </p><p>English and many other languages may use bare click releases in <a href="/wiki/Interjection" title="Interjection">interjections</a>, without an accompanying rear release or transition into a vowel, such as the dental "tsk-tsk" sound used to express disapproval, or the lateral <i>tchick</i> used with horses. In a number of languages ranging from the central Mediterranean to Iran,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a bare dental click release accompanied by tipping the head upwards signifies "no". <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">Libyan Arabic</a> apparently has three such sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Arabic" title="Libyan Arabic">A</a> voiceless nasal <a href="/wiki/Back-released_velar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Back-released velar click">back-released velar click</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʞ]</span> is used throughout Africa for <a href="/wiki/Backchannel_(linguistics)" title="Backchannel (linguistics)">backchanneling</a>. This sound starts off as a typical click, but the action is reversed and it is the rear velar or uvular closure that is released, drawing in air from the throat and nasal passages. </p><p>Clicks occasionally turn up elsewhere, as in the special <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">registers</a> twins sometimes develop with each other. In <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a>, clicks have been reported allophonically, and similarly in French and German, faint clicks have been recorded in rapid speech where consonants such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/t/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/k/</span> overlap between words.<sup id="cite_ref-germ_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Rwanda_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Rwanda language">Rwanda</a>, the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mŋ/</span> may be pronounced either with an epenthetic vowel, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[mᵊ̃ŋ]</span>, or with a light bilabial click, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m𐞵̃ŋ]</span>—often by the same speaker. </p><p>Speakers of <a href="/wiki/Gan_Chinese" title="Gan Chinese">Gan Chinese</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ningdu" class="mw-redirect" title="Ningdu">Ningdu</a> county, as well as speakers of Mandarin from Beijing and <a href="/wiki/Jilin" title="Jilin">Jilin</a> and presumably people from other parts of the country, produce flapped nasal clicks in nursery rhymes with varying degrees of competence, in the words for 'goose' and 'duck', both of which begin with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> in Gan and until recently began with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> in Mandarin as well. In Gan, the nursery rhyme is, </p> <dl><dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʰien<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰak<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡o]</span> 天上一隻鵝 'a goose in the sky'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ti<span class="wrap"> </span>ha<span class="wrap"> </span>i<span class="wrap"> </span>tsʰak<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡a]</span> 地下一隻鴨 'a duck on the ground'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑǃ¡o<span class="wrap"> </span>saŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡o<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰan,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡o<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰau<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡o]</span> 鵝生鵝蛋鵝孵鵝 'a goose lays a goose egg, a goose hatches a goose'</dd> <dd><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑǃ¡a<span class="wrap"> </span>saŋ<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡a<span class="wrap"> </span>tʰan,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡a<span class="wrap"> </span>pʰau<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑǃ¡a]</span> 鴨生鴨蛋鴨孵鴨 'a duck lays a duck egg, a duck hatches a duck'</dd></dl> <p>where the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ/</span> onsets are all pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑǃ¡]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Occasionally other languages are claimed to have click sounds in general vocabulary. This is usually a misnomer for <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejective consonants</a>, which are found across much of the world. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Position_in_word">Position in word</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Position in word"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="#Phonotactics">§ Phonotactics</a></div> <p>For the most part, the Southern African <a href="/wiki/Khoisan_languages" title="Khoisan languages">Khoisan languages</a> only use <a href="/wiki/Root_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Root word">root</a>-initial clicks.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hadza, Sandawe and several <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a> also allow <a href="/wiki/Syllable" title="Syllable">syllable</a>-initial clicks within roots. In no language does a click close a syllable or end a word, but since the languages of the world that happen to have clicks consist mostly of CV syllables and allow at most only a limited set of consonants (such as a nasal or a glottal stop) to close a syllable or end a word, <i>most</i> consonants share the distribution of clicks in these languages. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_click-types_in_languages">Number of click-types in languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Number of click-types in languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Most languages of the Khoesan families (Tuu, Kxʼa and Khoe) have four click types: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ </span>} or variants thereof, though a few have three or five, the last supplemented with either <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_click" title="Bilabial click">bilabial</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ ʘ </span>} or <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">retroflex</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ 𝼊 </span>}. Hadza and Sandawe in Tanzania have three, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ </span>}. Yeyi is the only Bantu language with four, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ </span>}, while Xhosa and Zulu have three, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">{ ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ </span>}, and most other Bantu languages with clicks have fewer. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_of_clicks">Types of clicks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Types of clicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="anchor" id="Click_type"></span>Like other consonants, clicks can be described using four parameters: <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a> (including glottalisation) and <a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">airstream mechanism</a>. As noted above, clicks necessarily involve at least two closures, which in some cases operate partially independently: an anterior articulation traditionally represented by the special click symbol in the IPA—and a posterior articulation traditionally transcribed for convenience as oral or <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasal</a>, voiced or voiceless, though such features actually apply to the entire consonant. The literature also describes a contrast between <a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">velar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> rear articulations for some languages. </p><p>In some languages that have been reported to make this distinction, such as <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng</a>, all clicks have a uvular rear closure, and the clicks explicitly described as uvular are in fact cases where the uvular closure is independently audible: contours of a click into a pulmonic or ejective component, in which the click has two release bursts, the forward (click-type) and then the rearward (uvular) component. "Velar" clicks in these languages have only a single release burst, that of the forward release, and the release of the rear articulation isn't audible. However, in other languages all clicks are velar, and a few languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, have a true velar–uvular distinction that depends on the place rather than the timing of rear articulation and that is audible in the quality of the vowel. </p><p>Regardless, in most of the literature the stated place of the click is the anterior articulation (called the <i>release</i> or <i>influx),</i> whereas the manner is ascribed to the posterior articulation (called the <i>accompaniment</i> or <i>efflux).</i> The anterior articulation defines the <i>click type</i> and is written with the IPA letter for the click (dental ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ</span>⟩, alveolar ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ</span>⟩, etc.), whereas the traditional term 'accompaniment' conflates the categories of manner (nasal, affricated), phonation (voiced, aspirated, breathy voiced, glottalised), as well as any change in the airstream with the release of the posterior articulation (pulmonic, ejective), all of which are transcribed with additional letters or diacritics, as in the <i>nasal alveolar click</i>, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃŋ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵑǃ</span>⟩ or—to take an extreme example—the <i>voiced (uvular) ejective alveolar click</i>, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᶢǃ͡qʼ</span>⟩. </p><p>The size of click inventories ranges from as few as three (in <a href="/wiki/Sesotho_phonology#Consonants" class="mw-redirect" title="Sesotho phonology">Sesotho</a>) or four (in <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a>), to dozens in the <a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kxʼa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu</a> (Northern and Southern Khoisan) languages. <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, the last vibrant language in the latter family, has 45 to 115 click phonemes, depending on analysis (clusters vs. contours), and over 70% of words in the dictionary of this language begin with a click.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Clicks appear more <a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">stop</a>-like (sharp/abrupt) or <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a>-like (noisy) depending on their place of articulation: In southern Africa, clicks involving an <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">alveolar</a> or <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">postalveolar</a> closure are acoustically abrupt and sharp, like stops, whereas <a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">labial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">dental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">lateral</a> clicks typically have longer and acoustically noisier click types that are superficially more like affricates. In East Africa, however, the alveolar clicks tend to be <a href="/wiki/Flap_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Flap consonant">flapped</a>, whereas the lateral clicks tend to be more sharp. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transcription">Transcription</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Transcription"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Click_letter" title="Click letter">click letter</a></div> <p>The five click places of articulation with dedicated symbols in the <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) are <a href="/wiki/Labial_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial click">labial</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal</a> ("palato-alveolar") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Postalveolar click">(post)alveolar</a> ("retroflex") <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> and <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span>. In most languages, the alveolar and palatal types are abrupt; that is, they are sharp popping sounds with little frication (turbulent airflow). The labial, dental and lateral types, on the other hand, are typically noisy: they are longer, lip- or tooth-sucking sounds with turbulent airflow, and are sometimes called affricates. (This applies to the forward articulation; both may also have either an affricate or non-affricate rear articulation as well.) The <a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">apical</a> places, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span>, are sometimes called "grave", because their pitch is dominated by low frequencies; whereas the <a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">laminal</a> places, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, are sometimes called "acute", because they are dominated by high frequencies. (At least in the <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng language</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan</a>, this is associated with a difference in the placement of the rear articulation: "grave" clicks are <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a>, whereas "acute" clicks are <a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">pharyngeal</a>.) Thus the alveolar click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǃ/</span> sounds something like a cork pulled from a bottle (a low-pitch pop), at least in Xhosa; whereas the dental click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀ/</span> is like English <i>tsk! tsk!,</i> a high-pitched sucking on the incisors. The lateral clicks are pronounced by sucking on the molars of one or both sides. The labial click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʘ/</span> is different from what many people associate with a kiss: the lips are pressed more-or-less flat together, as they are for a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p]</span> or an <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span>, not rounded as they are for a <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>. </p><p>The most populous languages with clicks, Zulu and Xhosa, use the letters <i>c, q, x,</i> by themselves and in <a href="/wiki/Digraph_(orthography)" title="Digraph (orthography)">digraphs</a>, to write click consonants. Most Khoisan languages, on the other hand (with the notable exceptions of <a href="/wiki/Naro_language" title="Naro language">Naro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>), use a more iconic system based on the <a href="/wiki/Vertical_bar" title="Vertical bar">pipe</a> <span class="nowrap">⟨|⟩</span>. (The exclamation point for the "retroflex" click was originally a pipe with a subscript dot, along the lines of <i>ṭ, ḍ, ṇ</i> used to transcribe the retroflex consonants of India.) There are also two main conventions for the second letter of the digraph as well: voicing may be written with <i>g</i> and uvular affrication with <i>x</i>, or voicing with <i>d</i> and affrication with <i>g</i> (a convention of Afrikaans). In two orthographies of Juǀʼhoan, for example, voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢǃ/</span> is written <i>g!</i> or <i>dq</i>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏǃ͡χ/</span> <i>!x</i> or <i>qg</i>. In languages without <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏǃ͡χ/</span>, such as Zulu, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢǃ/</span> may be written <i>gq</i>. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Competing orthographies </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2"></th> <th rowspan="2">labial</th> <th colspan="2">laminal</th> <th colspan="2">apical</th> <th>subapical </th></tr> <tr> <th>dental</th> <th>palatal</th> <th>alveolar</th> <th>lateral</th> <th>retroflex </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Lepsius (1855) </th> <td></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ́</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ̣</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀǀ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>IPA (1921) </th> <td></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʇ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʞ</span><sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_doke"><a href="#endnote_doke">a</a></sup></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʗ</span></td> <td rowspan="3"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʖ</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Doke (1926) </th> <td></td> <td>🡣</td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ψ</span> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Beach (1938) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼋</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>Bantuist </th> <td><i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">pc</span></i></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">c</span></td> <td><i><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">v<span class="wrap"> </span>ç<span class="wrap"> </span>tc<br />qc</span></i> <sup class="plainlinks nourlexpansion citation" id="ref_pal"><a href="#endnote_pal">b</a></sup></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">x</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th>IPA (1989) </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ol><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_doke"><b><a href="#ref_doke">^a</a></b></span> ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ʞ</span>⟩ was proposed as the IPA letter for a palatal click by <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Jones_(phonetician)" title="Daniel Jones (phonetician)">Daniel Jones</a>, but in his writing he called it 'velar', which was evidently misunderstood by other phoneticians. A replacement of <span class="nowrap">⟨🡣⟩</span> was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Clement_Martyn_Doke" title="Clement Martyn Doke">Clement Doke</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and of ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">𝼋</span>⟩ by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Douglas_Martyn_Beach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Douglas Martyn Beach (page does not exist)">Beach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The former is not supported by Unicode, and is here substituted with an arrow.) Doke and Beach used <a href="/wiki/Click_letters" class="mw-redirect" title="Click letters">additional or modified letters</a> for voiced and nasal clicks, but these did not catch on.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><span class="citation wikicite" id="endnote_pal"><b><a href="#ref_pal">^b</a></b></span> The labial and palatal clicks do not occur in written Bantu languages. However, the palatal clicks have been romanised in Naron, <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhõasi</a> and !Xun,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (December 2012)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> where they have been written <span class="nowrap">⟨tc⟩</span>, <span class="nowrap">⟨ç⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨qc⟩</span>, respectively. In the 19th century, they were sometimes written <span class="nowrap">⟨v⟩</span>, which might be source of the Doke letter <span class="nowrap">⟨🡣⟩</span>.</li></ol> <p>There are a few less-well-attested articulations. A reported subapical retroflex articulation ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">𝼊</span>⟩ in Grootfontein !Kung<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> turns out to be alveolar with lateral release, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ𐞷</span>⟩; Ekoka !Kung has a fricated alveolar click with an s-like release, provisionally transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ͡s</span>⟩; and Sandawe has a "slapped" alveolar click, provisionally transcribed ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǃ¡</span>⟩ (in turn, the lateral clicks in Sandawe are more abrupt and less noisy than in southern Africa). However, the Khoisan languages are poorly attested, and it is quite possible that, as they become better described, more click articulations will be found. </p><p>Formerly when a click consonant was transcribed, two symbols were used, one for each articulation, and connected with a tie bar. This is because a click such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢ͡ǀ]</span> was analysed as a voiced uvular rear articulation <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɢ]</span> pronounced simultaneously with the forward ingressive release <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span>. The symbols may be written in either order, depending on the analysis: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɢ͡ǀ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ͡ɢ</span>⟩. However, a tie bar was not often used in practice, and when the manner is <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a> (a simple <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k]</span>), it was often omitted as well. That is, ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">kǂ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂk</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k͡ǂ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ͡k</span>⟩. Regardless, elements that do not overlap with the forward release are usually written according to their temporal order: Prenasalisation is always written first (⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɴɢ͡ǀ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɴǀ͡ɢ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ɴǀ̬</span>⟩), and the non-lingual part of a contour is always written second (⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k͡ǀʼqʼ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ͡kʼqʼ</span>⟩ = ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ͡qʼ</span>⟩). </p><p>However, it is common to analyse clicks as simplex segments, despite the fact that the front and rear articulations are independent, and to use diacritics to indicate the rear articulation and the accompaniment. At first this tended to be ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵏǀ, ᶢǀ, ᵑǀ</span>⟩ for ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k͡ǀ, ɡ͡ǀ, ŋ͡ǀ</span>⟩, based on the belief that the rear articulation was velar; but as it has become clear that the rear articulation is often uvular or even pharyngeal even when there is no velar–uvular contrast, voicing and nasalisation diacritics more in keeping with the IPA have started to appear: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǀ̥, ǀ̬, ǀ̃, ŋǀ̬</span>⟩ for ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵏǀ, ᶢǀ, ᵑǀ, ŋᶢǀ</span>⟩. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Variation in the transcription of accompaniments </caption> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Tenuis</th> <th>Aspirated</th> <th>Voiced</th> <th>Nasal</th> <th>Delayed ("uvular")</th> <th>True uvular </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Tie bars </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͡ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͡ǀʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ͡ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ͡ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ͡k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͡kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͡ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͡ŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q͡ǀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͡q</span> etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͜ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">k͜ǀʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡ͜ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ͜ǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ͜k,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͜kʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͜ɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͜ŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">q͜ǀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ͜q</span> etc. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Digraphs </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">kǀʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ɡǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀk,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀkʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀɡ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀŋ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">qǀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀq</span> etc. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Superscripts </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵏǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵏǀʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶢǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑǀ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀᵏ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀᵏʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀᶢ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀᵑ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𐞥ǀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ𐞥</span> etc. </td></tr> <tr> <th>Diacritics </th> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ̥</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀʰ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ̬</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ̬̃</span></td> <td>NA</td> <td>NA </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In practical orthography, the voicing or nasalisation is sometimes given the anterior place of articulation: <i>dc</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᶢǀ</span> and <i>mʘ</i> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵑʘ</span>, for example. </p><p>In the literature on Damin, the clicks are transcribed by adding <span class="nowrap">⟨!⟩</span> to the homorganic nasal: <span class="nowrap">⟨m!, nh!, n!, rn!⟩</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Places_of_articulation">Places of articulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Places of articulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Bilabial_click" title="Bilabial click">bilabial click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">dental click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">palatal click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">alveolar click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">retroflex click</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Velar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar click">velar click</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Places of articulation</a> are often called click <i>types, releases,</i> or <i>influxes,</i> though 'release' is also used for the accompaniment/efflux. There are seven or eight known places of articulation, not counting slapped or egressive clicks. These are <i>(bi)labial affricated</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span>, or "bilabial"; <i>laminal denti-alveolar affricated</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, or "dental"; <i>apical (post)alveolar plosive</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, or "alveolar"; <i>laminal palatal plosive</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, or "palatal"; <i>laminal palatal affricated</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂᶴ</span> (known only from <a href="/wiki/Ekoka_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoka !Kung">Ekoka !Kung</a>); <i>subapical postalveolar</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span>, or "<a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">retroflex</a>" (only known from <a href="/wiki/Central_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Central !Kung">Central !Kung</a> and possibly Damin); and <i>apical (post)alveolar lateral</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span>, or "lateral". </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Place of articulation of initial release<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Labial</th> <th>Dental</th> <th>Alveolar</th> <th>Slapped</th> <th>Retroflex</th> <th>Domed</th> <th>Palatal</th> <th>Lateral</th> <th>Linguolabial</th> <th>Velar </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ¡</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂᶴ</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼋</span>)</td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span></td> <td rowspan="2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ̼</span></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʞ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>(allophonic)</td> <td colspan="2">(paralexical only) </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Languages illustrating each of these articulations are listed below. Given the poor state of documentation of Khoisan languages, it is quite possible that additional places of articulation will turn up. No language is known to contrast more than five. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Click place<br />inventory</th> <th>Languages</th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 release, variable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a></td> <td>Various nasal clicks only. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 release, variable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swazi_language" title="Swazi language">Swazi</a></td> <td>In Sotho the clicks tend to be alveolar, in Swazi dental. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 release, variable <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ<span class="wrap"> </span>or<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fwe_language" title="Fwe language">Fwe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gciriku_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gciriku language">Gciriku</a></td> <td>Tend to be dental. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kwadi_language" title="Kwadi language">Kwadi</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span> not found with all manners, but these may be accidental gaps, as Kwadi is poorly attested </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a></td> <td>In Sandawe, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> is often "slapped" <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ¡]</span>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3–4 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>,) <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%81Xegwi_language" title="ǁXegwi language">ǁXegwi</a></td> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> reacquired in loans </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Korana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korana language">Korana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan dialect">Juǀʼhoan</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂᶴ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ekoka_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekoka !Kung">Ekoka !Kung</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C7%82Hoan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="ǂHoan language">ǂHõã</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǀu</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C7%80Xam_language" title="ǀXam language">ǀXam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grootfontein_!Kung" class="mw-redirect" title="Grootfontein !Kung">Grootfontein !Kung</a></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 releases, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ↑</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">𝼊</span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a></td> <td>Aside from <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʘ↑/</span>, which is not technically a click, all are nasal. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Extra-linguistically, <a href="/wiki/Coatl%C3%A1n_Zapotec" class="mw-redirect" title="Coatlán Zapotec">Coatlán Zapotec</a> of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> uses a <a href="/wiki/Linguolabial" class="mw-redirect" title="Linguolabial">linguolabial</a> click, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ̼ʔ]</span>, as <a href="/wiki/Mimesis" title="Mimesis">mimesis</a> for a pig drinking water,<sup id="cite_ref-Azcona_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Azcona-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and several languages, such as <a href="/wiki/Wolof_language" title="Wolof language">Wolof</a>, use a <a href="/wiki/Velar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Velar click">velar click</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʞ]</span>, long judged to be physically impossible, for <a href="/wiki/Backchannel_(linguistics)" title="Backchannel (linguistics)">backchanneling</a> and to express approval.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An extended dental click with lip pursing or compression ("<a href="/wiki/Sucking-teeth" class="mw-redirect" title="Sucking-teeth">sucking-teeth</a>"), variable in sound and sometimes described as intermediate between <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʘ]</span>, is found across West Africa, the Caribbean and into the United States. </p><p>The exact place of the alveolar clicks varies between languages. The lateral, for example, is alveolar in Khoekhoe but postalveolar or even palatal in Sandawe; the central is alveolar in Nǀuu but postalveolar in Juǀʼhoan.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Names_found_in_the_literature">Names found in the literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Names found in the literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The terms for the click types were originally developed by Bleek in 1862.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then there has been some conflicting variation. However, apart from "cerebral" (retroflex), which was found to be an inaccurate label when true retroflex clicks were discovered, Bleek's terms are still considered normative today. Here are the terms used in some of the main references. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Names in the literature </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Click type</th> <th>Bleek (1862)</th> <th>Doke (1926)</th> <th>IPA (1928)</th> <th>Beach (1938)</th> <th>IPA (1949)</th> <th>IPA (1989)</th> <th>Unicode</th> <th>Miller et al. (2009)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Vossen (2013)<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>other </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span></td> <td>dental</td> <td>dental</td> <td>dental</td> <td>dental affricative</td> <td>dental</td> <td>dental</td> <td>dental</td> <td>denti-pharyngeal</td> <td>dental</td> <td>alveolar affricated; denti-alveolar; apico-lamino-dental </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span></td> <td>cerebral</td> <td>palato-alveolar</td> <td>cerebral</td> <td>alveolar implosive</td> <td>retroflex</td> <td>(post-)alveolar</td> <td>retroflex</td> <td>central alveo-uvular</td> <td>alveolar</td> <td>palatal; palatal retroflex; apico-palatal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span></td> <td>lateral</td> <td>lateral</td> <td>alveolar lateral</td> <td>lateral affricative</td> <td>lateral</td> <td>(alveolar) lateral</td> <td>lateral</td> <td>lateral alveo-uvular</td> <td>lateral-alveolar</td> <td>post-alveolar lateral; lateral apico-alveo-palatal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span></td> <td>palatal</td> <td>alveolar</td> <td>velar</td> <td>denti-alveolar implosive</td> <td>velar</td> <td>palatoalveolar</td> <td>alveolar</td> <td>palato-pharyngeal</td> <td>palatal</td> <td>alveolar instantaneous; dental </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td>bilabial</td> <td>bilabial</td> <td>labio-uvular</td> <td>bilabial</td> <td>labial </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The dental, lateral and bilabial clicks are rarely confused, but the palatal and alveolar clicks frequently have conflicting names in older literature, and non-standard terminology is fossilized in Unicode. However, since Ladefoged & Traill (1984) clarified the places of articulation, the terms listed under Vosser (2013) in the table above have become standard, apart from such details as whether in a particular language <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ</span> are alveolar or postalveolar, or whether the rear articulation is velar, uvular or pharyngeal, which again varies between languages (or may even be contrastive within a language). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Manners_of_articulation">Manners of articulation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Manners of articulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">nasal click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glottalised_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalised click">glottalised click</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_click" title="Pulmonic-contour click">pulmonic-contour click</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_click" title="Ejective-contour click">ejective-contour click</a></div> <p>Click manners are often called click <i>accompaniments</i> or <i>effluxes</i>, but both terms have met with objections on theoretical grounds. </p><p>There is a great variety of click manners, both simplex and complex, the latter variously analysed as consonant <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">clusters</a> or <a href="/wiki/Contour_(linguistics)" title="Contour (linguistics)">contours</a>. With so few click languages, and so little study of them, it is also unclear to what extent clicks in different languages are equivalent. For example, the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃkˀ]</span> of Khoekhoe, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃkˀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋˀǃk]</span> of Sandawe and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊ǃˀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋǃkˀ]</span> of Hadza may be essentially the same phone; no language distinguishes them, and the differences in transcription may have more to do with the approach of the linguist than with actual differences in the sounds. Such suspected allophones/allographs are listed on a common row in the table below. </p><p>Some Khoisan languages are <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_typology" title="Linguistic typology">typologically</a> unusual in allowing mixed <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">voicing</a> in non-click consonant clusters/contours, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">̬d̥sʼk͡x</span>, so it is not surprising that they would allow mixed voicing in clicks as well. This may be an effect of epiglottalised voiced consonants, because voicing is incompatible with epiglottalisation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phonation">Phonation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Phonation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As do other consonants, clicks vary in <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>. Oral clicks are attested with four phonations: <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">tenuis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">aspirated</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voiced_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced consonant">voiced</a> and <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voiced</a> (murmured). Nasal clicks may also vary, with plain voiced, breathy voiced / murmured nasal, aspirated and unaspirated voiceless clicks attested (the last only in Taa). The aspirated nasal clicks are often said to have 'delayed aspiration'; there is nasal airflow throughout the click, which may become voiced between vowels, though the aspiration itself is voiceless. A few languages also have pre-glottalised nasal clicks, which have very brief prenasalisation but have not been phonetically analysed to the extent that other types of clicks have. </p><p>All languages have nasal clicks, and all but <a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a> also have oral clicks. All languages but Damin have at least one phonation contrast as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Complex_clicks">Complex clicks</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Complex clicks"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clicks may be pronounced with a third place of articulation, glottal. A <a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">glottal stop</a> is made during the hold of the click; the (necessarily voiceless) click is released, and then the glottal hold is released into the vowel. Glottalised clicks are very common, and they are generally nasalised as well. The nasalisation cannot be heard during the click release, as there is no pulmonic airflow, and generally not at all when the click occurs at the beginning of an utterance, but it has the effect of nasalising preceding vowels, to the extent that the glottalised clicks of Sandawe and Hadza are often described as prenasalised when in medial position. Two languages, <a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi dialect">Gǀwi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a>, contrast plain and nasal glottalised clicks, but in languages without such a contrast, the glottalised click is nasal. Miller (2011) analyses the glottalisation as phonation, and so considers these to be simple clicks. </p><p>Various languages also have prenasalised clicks, which may be analysed as consonant sequences. <a href="/wiki/Sotho_language" title="Sotho language">Sotho</a>, for example, allows a syllabic nasal before its three clicks, as in <i>nnqane</i> 'the other side' (prenasalised nasal) and <i>seqhenqha</i> 'hunk'. </p><p>There is ongoing discussion as to how the distinction between what were historically described as 'velar' and 'uvular' clicks is best described. The 'uvular' clicks are only found in some languages, and have an extended pronunciation that suggests that they are more complex than the simple ('velar') clicks, which are found in all. Nakagawa (1996) describes the extended clicks in <a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi dialect">Gǀwi</a> as <a href="/wiki/Consonant_cluster" title="Consonant cluster">consonant clusters</a>, sequences equivalent to English <i>st</i> or <i>pl</i>, whereas Miller (2011) analyses similar sounds in several languages as click–non-click <a href="/wiki/Contour_(linguistics)" title="Contour (linguistics)">contours</a>, where a click transitions into a pulmonic or ejective articulation within a single segment, analogous to how English <i>ch</i> and <i>j</i> transition from occlusive to fricative but still behave as unitary sounds. With ejective clicks, for example, Miller finds that although the ejective release follows the click release, it is the rear closure of the click that is ejective, not an independently articulated consonant. That is, in a simple click, the release of the rear articulation is not audible, whereas in a contour click, the rear (uvular) articulation is audibly released after the front (click) articulation, resulting in a double release. </p><p>These contour clicks may be <i>linguo-pulmonic</i>, that is, they may transition from a click (lingual) articulation to a normal pulmonic consonant like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a>]</span> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ͡ɢ]</span>); or <i>linguo-glottalic</i> and transition from lingual to an ejective consonant like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[<a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a>]</span> (e.g. <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ͡qʼ]</span>): that is, a sequence of ingressive (lingual) release + egressive (pulmonic or glottalic) release. In some cases there is a shift in place of articulation as well, and instead of a uvular release, the uvular click transitions to a velar or <a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal consonant">epiglottal</a> release (depending on the description, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ͡kxʼ]</span> or <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂᴴ]</span>). Although <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ͡χʼ]</span> does not contrast with heterorganic <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ͡kxʼ]</span> in any known language, they are phonetically quite distinct (Miller 2011). </p><p>Implosive clicks, i.e. velar <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɠ͡ʘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɠ͡ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɠ͡ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɠ͡ǂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ɠ͡ǁ]</span>, uvular <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʛ͡ʘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ͡ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ͡ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ͡ǂ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʛ͡ǁ]</span>, and <i>de facto</i> front-closed palatal <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʄ͡ʘ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʄ͡ǀ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʄ͡ǃ<span class="wrap"> </span>ʄ͡ǁ]</span> are not only possible but easier to produce than modally voiced clicks. However, they are not attested in any language.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apart from Dahalo, Damin and many of the Bantu languages (Yeyi and Xhosa being exceptions), 'click' languages have glottalized nasal clicks. Contour clicks are restricted to southern Africa, but are very common there: they are found in all members of the Tuu, Kxʼa and Khoe families, as well as in the Bantu language Yeyi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Variation_among_languages">Variation among languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Variation among languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In a comparative study of clicks across various languages, using her own field work as well as phonetic descriptions and data by other field researchers, Miller (2011) posits 21 types of clicks that contrast in manner or airstream.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Homorganic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorganic">homorganic</a> and heterorganic affricated ejective clicks do not contrast in any known language, but are judged dissimilar enough to keep separate. Miller's conclusions differ from those of the primary researcher of a language; see the individual languages for details. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a> (ǃXóõ) and <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng</a> (Nǀuu) are <a href="/wiki/Tuu_languages" title="Tuu languages">Tuu languages</a>, from the two branches of that family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C7%82%CA%BCAmkoe_language" title="ǂʼAmkoe language">ǂʼAmkoe</a> (ǂHoan) and <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_language" title="Juǀʼhoan language">Juǀʼhoan</a> (ǃKung) are <a href="/wiki/Kx%CA%BCa_languages" title="Kxʼa languages">Kxʼa languages</a>, from the two branches of that family.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korana_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Korana language">Korana</a> and <a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi language">Gǀui</a> (Gǁana) are <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe languages</a>, from the two branches of that family.</li></ul> <p>(all spoken primarily in <a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Namibia" title="Namibia">Namibia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Botswana" title="Botswana">Botswana</a>; <a href="/wiki/Khoekhoe_language" title="Khoekhoe language">Khoekhoe</a> is similar to Korana except it has lost ejective <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏꞰ͡χʼ/</span>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza</a> are <a href="/wiki/Language_isolate" title="Language isolate">language isolates</a> spoken in <a href="/wiki/Tanzania" title="Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahalo_language" title="Dahalo language">Dahalo</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a> language of <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_language" title="Xhosa language">Xhosa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yeyi_language" title="Yeyi language">Yeyi</a> are <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu languages</a>, from the two geographic areas of that family that have acquired clicks.</li></ul> <p>(<a href="/wiki/Zulu_language" title="Zulu language">Zulu</a> is similar to Xhosa apart from not having <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑꞰˀ/</span>) </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Damin" title="Damin">Damin</a> was an initiation jargon in northern <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>.</li></ul> <p>Each language below is illustrated with Ʞ as a placeholder for the different click types. Under each language are the orthography (in italics, with old forms in parentheses), the researchers' transcription (in <span class="nowrap">⟨angle brackets⟩</span>), or allophonic variation (in [brackets]). Some languages also have labialised or prenasalised clicks in addition to those listed below. </p> <div style="margin:0 auto;overflow:scroll;width:auto;max-width:100%"> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" rowspan="2">               Language</th> <th colspan="2">Tuu</th> <th colspan="2">Kxʼa</th> <th colspan="2">Khoe</th> <th rowspan="2">Sandawe</th> <th rowspan="2">Hadza</th> <th>Cushitic</th> <th colspan="2">Bantu</th> <th>Australian </th></tr> <tr> <th>Taa</th> <th>Nǁng</th> <th>ǂʼAmkoe</th> <th>Juǀʼhoan<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></th> <th>Korana</th> <th>Gǀui</th> <th>Dahalo</th> <th>Xhosa</th> <th>Yeyi</th> <th>Damin </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3">Manner                </th> <td colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span></td> <td colspan="3" align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span></td> <td colspan="2" align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span></td> <td align="center" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ʘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>𝼊,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǀ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">Simple<br />oral<br />click </td> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏꞰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞ⟩</span>* </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵏꞰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞ (c, ç, q, x)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞg</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨kꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>c, q, x</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>c, q, x (Ʞ)</i></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>c, q, x</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞ⟩</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Voiced</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰ⟩</span>* </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ᶢꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶢꞰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gꞰ (dq etc.)</i></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gq etc.</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶢꞰ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋᶢꞰ]</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰ⟩</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Aspirated</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏꞰʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞh⟩</span>* </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞʰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵏꞰʰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞh (qh etc.)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞkh</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨kꞰh⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>qh etc.</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>qh etc. (Ʞh)</i></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>qh etc.</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞh⟩</span> (= Ʞx ?)</td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Breathy-voiced</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰʱ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰh⟩</span>*</td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gꞰh (dqh etc.)</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶢꞰʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶢꞰˠ]</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gq etc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal click consonant">Simple<br />nasal<br />click</a> </td> <td><i>Voiceless</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑ̊Ʞ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨nhꞰ⟩</span>*<br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊ᵑꞰ]</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Voiced</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑꞰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨nꞰ⟩</span>* <br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̈ᵑꞰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ᵑꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑꞰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nꞰ (nq etc.)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞn</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ŋꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nq etc.</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nq etc. (nꞰ)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nq etc.</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ŋꞰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Nǃ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>(Delayed) aspiration<br />(prenasalised between vowels)</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑ̊Ʞʰʱ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞhh⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ŋ̊↓Ʞh]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ᵑ̊Ʞʰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵑ̊Ʞʱ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋᵑ̊Ʞʱ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞʼh (qʼh etc.)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞh</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ŋꞰh⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Breathy-voiced</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑꞰʱ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨nꞰhh⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nꞰh (nqh etc.)</i></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>ngq etc.</i><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><i>Preglottalised nasal click</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ˀᵑꞰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ʼnꞰ⟩</span>*</td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ʔᵑꞰ]</span></td> <td align="center">(in Ekoka)</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Glottalised_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalised click">Glottalised<br />click</a> </td> <td><i>Oral / velar ejective</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏꞰʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞʼ⟩</span>*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨kꞰʼ⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞʼ⟩</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Creaky-voiced oral</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰʼ⟩</span>*</td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nasal (silent initially,<br />prenasalised after vowels)</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑ̊Ʞˀ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞʼʼ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ᵑ̊Ʞˀ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞˀ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋˀꞰ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞʼ (qʼ etc.)</i><br /><small>(w/ nasal vowels)</small> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞ</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨kꞰʔ⟩</span> (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋ̊Ʞʔ</span>) </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>qʼ etc.</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞˀʔ</span> ~ <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ŋʔꞰˀ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>qq etc.</i><br /><i>(Ʞʼ ~ nꞰʼ)</i> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǀˀ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>nkq etc.</i> ?<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ŋꞰʼ⟩</span></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Nasal (prenasalised initially) </i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑꞰˀ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨nꞰʼʼ⟩</span></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="6" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_click_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour click consonant">Pulmonic<br />contour</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Tenuis stop</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ʞ͡q/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞq⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞq⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞq]</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨qꞰ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Voiced (and prenasalised)</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ͡ɢ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰq⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶰꞰɢ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>Ʞɢ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞɢ]</span><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center">(<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶰꞰɢ]</span>)<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨ɢꞰ⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶰꞰɢ]</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Aspirated stop</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ʞ͡qʰ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞqh⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞqʰ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞqʰ]</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨qꞰh⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Breathy-voiced </i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ͡ɢʱ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰqh⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Voiceless fricative </i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵏꞰ͡χ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞx⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞχ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞq͡χ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞx (qg etc.)</i> </td> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨qꞰχ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞx⟩</span> (?) </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Voiced fricative (prenasalised) </i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ͡ʁ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰx⟩</span><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶢꞰ͡χ<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>ɴᶢꞰ͡ʁ]</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gꞰx (dqg etc.)</i> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5" bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_click_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour click consonant">Ejective<br />contour</a> </td> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Ejective stop</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ʞ͡qʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞqʼ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞqʼ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞqʼ]</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨qꞰʼ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Voiced ejective stop</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ͡qʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰqʼ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Ejective fricative</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ʞ͡χʼ/</span> </td> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞχʼ⟩</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞq͡χʼ]</span> </td> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center" rowspan="2"><i>Ʞkhʼ</i> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞqʼ⟩</span> </td> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Heterorganic affricate /<br /> epiglottalised</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/Ʞ͡kxʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨Ʞqxʼ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>Ʞk (qgʼ etc.)</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞᵸ]</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨qꞰχʼ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td bgcolor="#f2f2f2"><i>Voiced heterorganic <br />affricate / epiglottalised</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᶢꞰ͡kxʼ/</span> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨gꞰqxʼ⟩</span> </td> <th></th> <th> </th> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><i>gꞰk (dqgʼ etc.)</i><br /><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᶢꞰˤ]</span> </td> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Egressive<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td> <td><i>(Voiceless "spurt"; labial only)</i></td> <td bgcolor="#c0c0f0" align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʘ↑/</span> </td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td></td> <td> </td> <td bgcolor="#f0c0c0" align="center"><span class="nowrap">⟨pʼ⟩</span> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"></th> <th>IPA</th> <th>Taa</th> <th>Nǁng</th> <th>ǂʼAmkoe</th> <th>Juǀʼhoan</th> <th>Korana</th> <th>Gǀui</th> <th>Sandawe</th> <th>Hadza</th> <th>Dahalo</th> <th>Xhosa</th> <th>Yeyi</th> <th>Damin </th></tr></tbody></table> </div> <p>Yeyi also has prenasalised <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋᶢꞰ/</span>. The original researchers believe that <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞʰ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[Ʞχ]</span> are allophones. </p><p>A DoBeS (2008) study of the Western ǃXoo dialect of Taa found several new manners: creaky voiced (the voiced equivalent of glottalised oral), breathy-voiced nasal, prenasalised glottalised (the voiced equivalent of glottalised) and a (pre)voiced ejective. These extra voiced clicks reflect Western ǃXoo morphology, where many nouns form their plural by voicing their initial consonant. DoBeS analyses most Taa clicks as clusters, leaving nine basic manners (marked with asterisks in the table). This comes close to Miller's distinction between simple and contour clicks, shaded light and medium grey in the table. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Phonotactics">Phonotactics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phonotactics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Languages of the southern African Khoisan families only permit clicks at the beginning of a word root. However, they also restrict other classes of consonant, such as <a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">ejectives</a> and <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricates</a>, to root-initial position. The Bantu languages, Hadza and Sandawe allow clicks within roots. </p><p>In some languages, all click consonants within known roots are the same phoneme, as in Hadza <i>cikiringcingca</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀikiɺiN.ǀiN.ǀa/</span> 'pinkie finger', which has three <a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">tenuis dental clicks</a>. Other languages are known to have the occasional root with different clicks, as in Xhosa <i>ugqwanxa</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/uᶢ̊ǃʱʷaᵑǁa/</span> '<a href="/wiki/Olea_capensis" title="Olea capensis">black ironwood</a>', which has a slack-<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">voiced alveolar click</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nasal_lateral_click" title="Nasal lateral click">nasal lateral click</a>. </p><p>No natural language allows clicks at the ends of syllables or words, but then no languages with clicks allows many consonants at all in those positions. Similarly, clicks are not found in underlying consonant clusters apart from /Cw/ (and, depending on the analysis, /Cχ/), as languages with clicks do not have other consonant clusters than that. Due to vowel <a href="/wiki/Elision" title="Elision">elision</a>, however, there are cases where clicks are pronounced in cross-linguistically common types of consonant clusters, such as Xhosa <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sᵑǃɔɓilɛ]</span> <i>Snqobile</i>, from <i>Sinqobile</i> (a name), and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[isǁʰɔsa]</span> <i>isXhosa</i>, from <i>isiXhosa</i> (the Xhosa language).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like other articulatorily complex consonants, clicks tend to be found in <a href="/wiki/Lexical_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Lexical words">lexical words</a> rather than in <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_word" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammatical word">grammatical words</a>, but this is only a tendency. In <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǁng</a>, for example, there are two sets of <a href="/wiki/Personal_pronoun" title="Personal pronoun">personal pronouns</a>, a full one without clicks and a partial set with clicks (<i>ńg</i> 'I', <i>á</i> 'thou', <i>í</i> 'we all', <i>ú</i> 'you', vs. <i>nǀǹg</i> 'I', <i>gǀà</i> 'thou', <i>gǀì</i> 'we all', <i>gǀù</i> 'you'), as well as other grammatical words with clicks such as <i>ǁu</i> 'not' and <i>nǀa</i> 'with, and'. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_back-vowel_constraint">The back-vowel constraint</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: The back-vowel constraint"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg/220px-Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg/330px-Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/21/Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg/440px-Clicks_and_the_BVC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="218" /></a><figcaption>The shape of the tongue in Nama when articulating an alveolar click (blue) and a palatal click (red) [throat to the right]. The articulation of the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> is slightly forward of the red line, with its peak coinciding with the dip of the blue line.</figcaption></figure> <p>In several languages, including <a href="/wiki/Nama_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Nama language">Nama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ju%C7%80%CA%BChoan_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Juǀʼhoan dialect">Juǀʼhoan</a>, the alveolar click types <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǁ]</span> only occur, or preferentially occur, before <a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">back vowels</a>, whereas the dental and palatal clicks occur before any vowel. The effect is most noticeable with the high front vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>. In Nama, for example, the diphthong <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əi]</span> is common but <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> is rare after alveolar clicks, whereas the opposite is true after dental and palatal clicks. This is a common effect of <a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">uvular</a> or uvularised consonants on vowels in both click and non-click languages. In <a href="/wiki/Taa_language" title="Taa language">Taa</a>, for example, the back-vowel constraint is triggered by both alveolar clicks and uvular stops, but not by palatal clicks or velar stops: sequences such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/ǃi/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">*/qi/</span> are rare to non-existent, whereas sequences such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǂi/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ki/</span> are common. The back-vowel constraint is also triggered by labial clicks, though not by labial stops. Clicks subject to this constraint involve a sharp <a href="/wiki/Retracted_tongue_root" class="mw-redirect" title="Retracted tongue root">retraction</a> of the tongue during release. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th></th> <th>Abrupt <br />release</th> <th>Noisy <br />release </th></tr> <tr> <td>ballistic tongue retraction<br />& back-vowel constraint </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǃ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǁ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ʘ</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>no retraction, no constraint </td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǂ</span></td> <td align="center"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ǀ</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Miller and colleagues (2003) used <a href="/wiki/Ultrasound_imaging" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultrasound imaging">ultrasound imaging</a> to show that the rear articulation of the alveolar clicks (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span>) in Nama is substantially different from that of palatal and dental clicks. Specifically, the shape of the body of the tongue in palatal clicks is very similar to that of the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span>, and involves the same tongue muscles, so that sequences such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂi]</span> involved a simple and quick transition. The rear articulation of the alveolar clicks, however, is several centimetres further back, and involves a different set of muscles in the uvular region. The part of the tongue required to approach the palate for the vowel <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[i]</span> is deeply retracted in <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span>, as it lies at the bottom of the air pocket used to create the vacuum required for click airstream. This makes the transition required for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃi]</span> much more complex and the timing more difficult than the shallower and more forward tongue position of the palatal clicks. Consequently, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃi]</span> takes 50 <a href="/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> longer to pronounce than <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂi]</span>, the same amount of time required to pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃəi]</span>. </p><p>Languages do not all behave alike. In <a href="/wiki/N%C7%81ng_language" title="Nǁng language">Nǀuu</a>, the simple clicks <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ʘ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǃ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǁ/</span> trigger the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[əi]</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[æ]</span> allophones of <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/i/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/e/</span>, whereas <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ǂ/</span> do not. All of the affricated contour clicks, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǂ͡χ/</span>, do as well, as do the uvular stops <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/q,<span class="wrap"> </span>χ/</span>. However, the occlusive contour clicks pattern like the simple clicks, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǂ͡q/</span> does not trigger the back-vowel constraint. This is because they involve tongue-root raising rather than <a href="/wiki/Advanced_and_retracted_tongue_root" title="Advanced and retracted tongue root">tongue-root retraction</a> in the uvular-pharyngeal region. However, in <a href="/wiki/G%C7%80wi_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Gǀwi dialect">Gǀwi</a>, which is otherwise largely similar, both <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǂ͡q/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ǂ͡χ/</span> trigger the back-vowel constraint (Miller 2009). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Click_genesis_and_click_loss">Click genesis and click loss</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Click genesis and click loss"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One genetic study concluded that clicks, which occur in the languages of the genetically divergent populations Hadza and !Kung, may be an ancient element of human language.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, this conclusion relies on several dubious assumptions (see <a href="/wiki/Hadza_language" title="Hadza language">Hadza language</a>), and most linguists<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2019)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> assume that clicks, being quite complex consonants, arose relatively late in human history. How they arose is not known, but it is generally assumed that they developed from sequences of non-click consonants, as they are found allophonically for <a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">doubly articulated consonants</a> in West Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged1968_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged1968-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tk/</span> sequences that overlap at word boundaries in German,<sup id="cite_ref-germ_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-germ-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and for the sequence <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/mw/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Ndau_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Ndau language">Ndau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tonga_language_(Zambia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonga language (Zambia)">Tonga</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such developments have also been posited in historical reconstruction. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Sandawe_language" title="Sandawe language">Sandawe</a> word for 'horn', <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/tɬana/</span>, with a lateral affricate, may be a cognate with the root <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ᵑǁaː/</span> found throughout the <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">Khoe family</a>, which has a lateral click. This and other words suggests that at least some Khoe clicks may have formed from consonant clusters when the first vowel of a word was lost; in this instance *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɬana]</span> > *<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tɬna]</span> > <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǁŋa]<span class="wrap"> </span>~<span class="wrap"> </span>[ᵑǁa]</span>. </p><p>On the other side of the equation, several non-endangered languages in vigorous use demonstrate click loss. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Khoe_languages" title="Khoe languages">East Kalahari languages</a> have lost clicks from a large percentage of their vocabulary, presumably due to <a href="/wiki/Bantu_languages" title="Bantu languages">Bantu</a> influence. As a rule, a click is replaced by a consonant with close to the <a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">manner of articulation</a> of the click and the <a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">place of articulation</a> of the forward release: alveolar click releases (the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǃ]</span> family) tend to mutate into a velar stop or affricate, such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[k],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ɡ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ŋ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[k͡x]</span>; palatal clicks (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǂ]</span> <i>etc.</i>) tend to mutate into a palatal stop such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[c],<span class="wrap"> </span>[<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>ɟ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[<span style="white-space: nowrap;"> </span>ɲ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[cʼ]</span>, or a post-alveolar affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[tʃ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[dʒ]</span>; and dental clicks (<span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǀ]</span> <i>etc.</i>) tend to mutate into an alveolar affricate <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ts]</span>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Difficulty">Difficulty</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Difficulty"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Clicks are often presented as difficult sounds to articulate within words. However, children acquire them readily; a two-year-old, for example, may be able to pronounce a word with a lateral click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ǁ]</span> with no problem, but still be unable to pronounce <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[s]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Lucy_Lloyd" title="Lucy Lloyd">Lucy Lloyd</a> reported that after long contact with the Khoi and San, it was difficult for her to refrain from using clicks when speaking English.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_click" title="Bilabial click">Bilabial clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_click" title="Dental click">Dental clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_click" title="Alveolar click">Alveolar clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricated_alveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricated alveolar click">Fricated alveolar clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">Lateral clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_click" title="Retroflex click">Retroflex clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_click" title="Palatal click">Palatal clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">Back-released click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalised_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Glottalised click">Glottalised clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_click" title="Pulmonic-contour click">Pulmonic-contour clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_click" title="Ejective-contour click">Ejective-contour clicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Click_letter" title="Click letter">Click letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_phonetics_topics" class="mw-redirect" title="List of phonetics topics">List of phonetics topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sublaminal_lower_alveolar_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Sublaminal lower alveolar click">Sublaminal lower alveolar click</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clicking_noise" class="mw-redirect" title="Clicking noise">Clicking noise</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This is the case for all clicks used as consonants in words. Paralinguistically, however, there are other methods of making clicks: <i>under</i> the tongue or as above but by releasing the rear occlusion first. See <a href="#Places_of_articulation">#Places of articulation</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Exceptions occurs in words borrowed from Bantu languages, which may have click in the middle.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="nowrap">⟨⦀⟩</span> (a triple pipe) in Doke (1954) and Cole (1966) is an <i>ad hoc</i> phonetic pipe letter for Doke's orthographic click letter <span class="nowrap">⟨ψ⟩</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not counting the egressive "spurt" in Damin, and three additional voiced manners in Western ǃXoo, which pair up with voiceless manners.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ekoka ǃKung has an additional manner, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ˀᵑꞰ</span>. Grootfontein and Mangetti Dune ǃKung, on the other hand, have a substantially smaller inventory: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">ᵏꞰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᶢꞰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>Ʞʰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑꞰ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑ̊Ʞʱ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ᵑꞰˀ,<span class="wrap"> </span>Ʞ͡χ,<span class="wrap"> </span>Ʞ͡kxʼ</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perhaps better described as <a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">slack voice</a>. Tone-depressor effect.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tone-depressor effect. Sometimes a prenasalized click with a short, voiced oral occlusion, but usually without.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">not prenasalized</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">perhaps borrowed from Gǀui</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Not technically a click, but the only other attested sound with a lingual airstream mechanism.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Here the labial <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m]</span> may have assimilated to the velar place of the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w]</span>, as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[m͡ŋw]</span>, with the release of the labial before the velar later generating a click <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ᵐʘw]</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">IPA <i>Handbook</i>, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Instead of a tie bar, a superscript velar or uvular letter is sometimes seen: ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ᵏǂ ᶢǂ ᵑǂ 𐞥ǂ</span>⟩ etc.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This can be convenient, as different authorities call the ǂ-clicks different things, so while it is unambiguous to call them "ǂ-clicks", it can be confusing to refer to them with terms like 'palatal', 'palato-alveolar' or 'alveolar', all of which have been used for both the sharp, flat-sounding ǂ-clicks and for the hollow-sounding ǃ-clicks.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Derek Nurse & Gérard Philippson (2003) <i>The Bantu languages,</i> pp 31–32</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/click-languages">"Click languages | Britannica"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Click+languages+%26%23124%3B+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2Fclick-languages&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaleNash" class="citation web cs1">Hale, Ken; Nash, David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253893/1/PL-C136.247.pdf">"DAMIN AND LARDIL PHONOTACTICS"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian National University</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220701151102/https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/253893/1/PL-C136.247.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 1 July 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+National+University&rft.atitle=DAMIN+AND+LARDIL+PHONOTACTICS&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=Ken&rft.au=Nash%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenresearch-repository.anu.edu.au%2Fbitstream%2F1885%2F253893%2F1%2FPL-C136.247.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gunnink, Hilde. "The adoption and proliferation of clicks in Bantu languages: the role of <i>hlonipha</i> revisited." <i>South African Journal of African Languages</i> 43, no. 3 (2023): 216-225.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_language" title="Bulgarian language">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levantine_Arabic" title="Levantine Arabic">Levantine Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maltese_language" title="Maltese language">Maltese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanian_language" title="Romanian language">Romanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_language" title="Sicilian language">Sicilian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a>, and occasionally in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.omniglot.com/writing/arabic_libyan.htm">"Libyan Arabic language"</a>. <i>www.omniglot.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 November</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.omniglot.com&rft.atitle=Libyan+Arabic+language&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.omniglot.com%2Fwriting%2Farabic_libyan.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-germ-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-germ_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-germ_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuchsKoenigWinkler2007" class="citation conference cs1">Fuchs, Susanne; Koenig, Laura; Winkler, Ralf (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1678/1678.pdf"><i>Weak clicks in German?</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences. Saarbrücken. pp. 449–452. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110724152822/http://www.icphs2007.de/conference/Papers/1678/1678.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 24 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 May</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.btitle=Weak+clicks+in+German%3F&rft.place=Saarbr%C3%BCcken&rft.pages=449-452&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Fuchs&rft.aufirst=Susanne&rft.au=Koenig%2C+Laura&rft.au=Winkler%2C+Ralf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.icphs2007.de%2Fconference%2FPapers%2F1678%2F1678.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Geoffrey Nathan, 'Clicks in a Chinese Nursery Rhyme', JIPA (2001) 31/2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">L&M 1996, p 246</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Clement M Doke, 1926 (1969), <i>The phonetics of the Zulu language</i>. Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Douglas Martyn Beach, 1938, <i>The phonetics of the Hottentot language</i>. W. Heffer & sons. ltd.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Click releases are not in themselves consonants (segments). To transcribe a click consonant, a second IPA letter is needed for the rear place of articulation, as in ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">k͡ǂ</span>⟩ or ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ǂ͡qχʼ</span>⟩</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Azcona-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Azcona_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rosemary Beam de Azcona, <i>Sound Symbolism</i>. Available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf">http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070623145306/http://www.linguistics.berkeley.edu/~rosemary/55-fall2003-onomatopoeia.pdf">Archived</a> 23 June 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lenore Grenoble (2014) "Verbal gestures: Toward a field-based approach to language description". In Plungian et al. (eds.), <i>Language. Constants. Variables: In memory of A. E. Kibrik</i>, 105–118. Aleteija: Saint Petersburg.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Amanda Miller (2011) "The Representation of Clicks", <i>The Blackwell Companion to Phonology</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilhelm Bleek (1862) <i>A Comparative Grammar of South African Languages</i>, vol. 1, pp. 12–13</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miller, Brugman, Sands, Namaseb, Exter & Collins (2009) <i>Differences in airstream and posterior place of articulation among Nǀuu clicks, </i>Journal of the International Phonetic Association<i> 39, 129–161.</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Rainer_Vossen" title="Rainer Vossen">Rainer Vossen</a> (2013) Introduction, <i>The Khoesan Languages</i>, Routledge</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kenneth Pike, ed. Ruth Brend (1972) <i>Selected Writings: To Commemorate the 60th Birthday of Kenneth Lee Pike</i>. p. 226</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jessen & Roux, 2002. <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140703113602/http://www.phonetik.uni-muenchen.de/~hoole/kurse/hslarynx/jessenroux_jphon_30_2002.pdf">Voice quality differences associated with stops and clicks in Xhosa</a></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Nurse & Philippson (2003:616). This is typically transcribed as a prenasalized click, and is not included in Miller.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">William Bennett (2020) Click Phonology, in Bonny Sands (ed.) <i>Click Consonants</i>, Brill, p. 115–116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTishkoffGonderHennMortensen2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tishkoff, S. A.; Gonder, M. K.; Henn, B. M.; et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm155">"History of click-speaking populations of Africa inferred from mtDNA and Y chromosome genetic variation"</a>. <i>Molecular Biology and Evolution</i>. <b>24</b> (10): 2180–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm155">10.1093/molbev/msm155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17656633">17656633</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Biology+and+Evolution&rft.atitle=History+of+click-speaking+populations+of+Africa+inferred+from+mtDNA+and+Y+chromosome+genetic+variation&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2180-95&rft.date=2007&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fmolbev%2Fmsm155&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17656633&rft.aulast=Tishkoff&rft.aufirst=S.+A.&rft.au=Gonder%2C+M.+K.&rft.au=Henn%2C+B.+M.&rft.au=Mortensen%2C+H.&rft.au=Knight%2C+A.&rft.au=Gignoux%2C+C.&rft.au=Fernandopulle%2C+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fmolbev%252Fmsm155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELadefoged1968-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELadefoged1968_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLadefoged1968">Ladefoged 1968</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kirk Miller, 'Highlights of Hadza fieldwork'. <i>LSA</i>, San Francisco, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beach (1938), p 269.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefoged1968" class="citation book cs1">Ladefoged, Peter (1968). <i>A phonetic study of West African languages: An auditory-instrumental survey</i> (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-06963-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-06963-7"><bdi>0-521-06963-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+phonetic+study+of+West+African+languages%3A+An+auditory-instrumental+survey&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=0-521-06963-7&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AClick+consonant" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Amanda Miller, Levi Namaseb, Khalil Iskarous. 2003. <i>Tongue Body constriction differences in click types.</i></li> <li>Amanda Miller, 2011. "The Representation of Clicks". In Oostendorp et al. eds., <i>The Blackwell Companion to Phonology.</i></li> <li>Traill, Anthony & Rainer Vossen. 1997. <i>Sound change in the Khoisan languages: new data on click loss and click replacement</i>. J African Languages and Linguistics 18:21–56.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Click_consonant&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://homepage.ntu.edu.tw/~karchung/Phonetics%20II%20page%20four.htm">Collection of click-language links and audio samples</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/2003_21.pdf">Hartmut Traunmüller (2003) "Clicks and the idea of a human protolanguage", <i>Phonum 9:</i> 1 – 4 (Umeå University, Dept. of Philosophy and Linguistics)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120722123112/http://www2.ling.su.se/fon/perilus/2003_21.pdf">Archived</a> 22 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esciencenews.com/articles/2009/07/15/classifying.clicks">Classifying clicks</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235389435">.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-captioned{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);color:var(--color-base,#202122);padding:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-caption{padding:0.2em;text-align:center;background-color:#f2f2ce;color:var(--color-base,#202122)}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-table .wraplinks .selflink{white-space:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .IPA-common-constable th:not(.IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow)[scope="col"]{text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;padding-left:0;padding-right:0;max-width:4em}.mw-parser-output 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class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Association" title="International Phonetic Association">International Phonetic Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="History of the International Phonetic Alphabet">History of the alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Extensions for disordered speech (extIPA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_Quality_Symbols" title="Voice Quality Symbols">Voice Quality Symbols (VoQS)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_the_International_Phonetic_Association" title="Journal of the International Phonetic Association"><i>Journal of the IPA</i> (<i>JIPA</i>)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Special topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursive_forms_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Cursive forms of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Cursive forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_variants_of_IPA_letters" title="Case variants of IPA letters">Case variants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obsolete_and_nonstandard_symbols_in_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Obsolete and nonstandard symbols in the International Phonetic Alphabet">Obsolete and nonstandard symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naming_conventions_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Naming conventions of the International Phonetic Alphabet">Naming conventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinological_extensions_to_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinological extensions to the International Phonetic Alphabet">Sinological extensions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Orthography" title="World Orthography">World Orthography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart_for_English_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart for English dialects">IPA chart for English dialects</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Encodings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_ASCII_encodings_of_the_International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="Comparison of ASCII encodings of the International Phonetic Alphabet">ASCII encodings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAMPA" title="SAMPA">SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X-SAMPA" title="X-SAMPA">X-SAMPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirshenbaum" title="Kirshenbaum">Kirshenbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TIPA_(software)" title="TIPA (software)">TIPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">Phonetic symbols in Unicode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_number" title="IPA number">IPA number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPA_Braille" title="IPA Braille">IPA Braille</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Consonants" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Consonant" title="Consonant">Consonants</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic_consonant" title="Pulmonic consonant">Pulmonic consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable IPA-pulmonic-main" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-pulmonic-placearrow"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a> → </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="10"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="6"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a> </th></tr> <tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th scope="col" class="IPA-pulmonic-mannerarrow"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a> ↓ </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a> </th> <th scope="col" colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Nasal stop">Nasal</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiceless bilabial nasal">m̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiceless labiodental nasal">ɱ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_nasal" title="Voiced labiodental nasal">ɱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_nasal" title="Voiced linguolabial nasal">n̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_nasal" title="Voiceless alveolar nasal">n̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiceless retroflex nasal">ɳ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced retroflex nasal">ɳ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_nasal" title="Voiceless palatal nasal">ɲ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_nasal" title="Voiced palatal nasal">ɲ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_nasal" title="Voiceless velar nasal">ŋ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_nasal" title="Voiced velar nasal">ŋ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_nasal" title="Voiceless uvular nasal">ɴ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_nasal" title="Voiced uvular nasal">ɴ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiceless labiodental plosive">p̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_plosive" title="Voiced labiodental plosive">b̪</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiceless linguolabial plosive">t̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_plosive" title="Voiced linguolabial plosive">d̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless retroflex plosive">ʈ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced retroflex plosive">ɖ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_plosive" title="Voiceless palatal plosive">c</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_plosive" title="Voiced palatal plosive">ɟ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular plosive">q</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_plosive" title="Voiced uvular plosive">ɢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_plosive" title="Epiglottal plosive">ʡ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_stop" title="Glottal stop">ʔ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a> <a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">affricate</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">ts</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">dz</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t̠ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d̠ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex affricate">tʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex affricate">dʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal affricate">tɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_affricate" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal affricate">dʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant affricate </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiceless bilabial affricate">pɸ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_affricate" title="Voiced bilabial affricate">bβ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiceless labiodental affricate">p̪f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_affricate" title="Voiced labiodental affricate">b̪v</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiceless dental non-sibilant affricate">t̪θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_non-sibilant_affricate" title="Voiced dental non-sibilant affricate">d̪ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant affricate">tɹ̝̊</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant affricate">dɹ̝</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">t̠ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_affricate" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant affricate">d̠ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal affricate">cç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_affricate" title="Voiced palatal affricate">ɟʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_affricate" title="Voiceless velar affricate">kx</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_affricate" title="Voiced velar affricate">ɡɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_affricate" title="Voiceless uvular affricate">qχ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_affricate" title="Voiced uvular affricate">ɢʁ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiceless epiglottal affricate">ʡʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_affricate" title="Voiced epiglottal affricate">ʡʢ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_affricate" title="Voiceless glottal affricate">ʔh</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Sibilant <a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">fricative</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex fricative">ʂ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex fricative">ʐ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolo-palatal fricative">ɕ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolo-palatal_fricative" title="Voiced alveolo-palatal fricative">ʑ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Non-sibilant fricative </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiceless bilabial fricative">ɸ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_fricative" title="Voiced bilabial fricative">β</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiceless linguolabial fricative">θ̼</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_fricative" title="Voiced linguolabial fricative">ð̼</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_dental_fricative" title="Voiceless dental fricative">θ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_fricative" title="Voiced dental fricative">ð</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar non-sibilant fricative">θ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-rightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar non-sibilant fricative">ð̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-leftborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced postalveolar non-sibilant fricative">ɹ̠˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ̊˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_non-sibilant_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced retroflex non-sibilant fricative">ɻ˔</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal fricative">ç</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_fricative" title="Voiced palatal fricative">ʝ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_fricative" title="Voiced velar fricative">ɣ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_fricative" title="Voiceless uvular fricative">χ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_fricative" title="Voiced uvular fricative">ʁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiceless pharyngeal fricative">ħ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_pharyngeal_fricative" title="Voiced pharyngeal fricative">ʕ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-nobottomborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> </th> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_approximant" title="Voiced labiodental approximant">ʋ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar approximant">ɹ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex approximant">ɻ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_approximant" title="Voiced velar approximant">ɰ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-notopborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Creaky-voiced_glottal_approximant" title="Creaky-voiced glottal approximant">ʔ̞</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_flap" title="Voiced bilabial flap">ⱱ̟</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_flap" title="Voiced labiodental flap">ⱱ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_linguolabial_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced linguolabial tap">ɾ̼</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_tap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar tap">ɾ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_and_alveolar_taps_and_flaps" title="Voiced dental and alveolar taps and flaps">ɾ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex flap">ɽ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_flap" title="Voiced retroflex flap">ɽ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_tap_and_flap" title="Voiced uvular tap and flap">ɢ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_tap" title="Voiced epiglottal tap">ʡ̆</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_trill" title="Voiceless bilabial trill">ʙ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_trill" title="Voiced bilabial trill">ʙ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_trill" title="Voiceless alveolar trill">r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_trill" title="Voiceless retroflex trill">ɽ̊r̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_trill" title="Voiced retroflex trill">ɽr</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_trill" title="Voiceless uvular trill">ʀ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_trill" title="Voiced uvular trill">ʀ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiceless epiglottal trill">ʜ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_epiglottal_trill" title="Voiced epiglottal trill">ʢ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral affricate">tɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar lateral affricate">dɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral affricate">tꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced retroflex lateral affricate">d𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless palatal lateral affricate">c𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced palatal lateral affricate">ɟʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiceless velar lateral affricate">k𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_affricate" title="Voiced velar lateral affricate">ɡʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">ɬ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral fricative">ɮ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral fricative">ꞎ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced retroflex lateral fricative">𝼅</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless palatal lateral fricative">𝼆</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced palatal lateral fricative">ʎ̝</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiceless velar lateral fricative">𝼄</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_fricative" title="Voiced velar lateral fricative">ʟ̝</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral approximant </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced retroflex lateral approximant">ɭ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced palatal lateral approximant">ʎ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced velar lateral approximant">ʟ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_lateral_approximant" title="Voiced uvular lateral approximant">ʟ̠</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral tap/flap </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral flap">ɺ̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_flap" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral flap">ɺ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiceless retroflex lateral flap">𝼈̥</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_lateral_flap" title="Voiced retroflex lateral flap">𝼈</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_lateral_flap" title="Voiced palatal lateral flap">ʎ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_lateral_tap" title="Voiced velar lateral tap">ʟ̆</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Symbols to the right in a cell are <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a>, to the left are <a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a>. <span style="display: inline-block;">Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.</span> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table><div class="nowrap"><div style="display: inline-block; margin-right: 2em;"><b>Non-pulmonic consonants</b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="wikitable nowrap IPA-common-table IPA-common-constable" style=""> <tbody><tr class="wrap wraplinks"> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant"><abbr title="Bilabial">BL</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant"><abbr title="Labiodental">LD</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant"><abbr title="Dental">D</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant"><abbr title="Alveolar">A</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant"><abbr title="Postalveolar">PA</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant"><abbr title="Retroflex">RF</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant"><abbr title="Palatal">P</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant"><abbr title="Velar">V</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant"><abbr title="Uvular">U</abbr></a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant"><abbr title="Epiglottal">EG</abbr></a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a> </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Stop</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_stop" title="Bilabial ejective stop">pʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_stop" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar ejective stop">tʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_stop" title="Retroflex ejective stop">ʈʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_ejective_stop" title="Palatal ejective stop">cʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_stop" title="Velar ejective stop">kʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_stop" title="Uvular ejective stop">qʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Epiglottal_ejective" class="mw-redirect" title="Epiglottal ejective">ʡʼ</a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_affricate" title="Labiodental ejective affricate">p̪fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_affricate" title="Dental ejective affricate">t̪θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar ejective affricate">tsʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_affricate" title="Palato-alveolar ejective affricate">t̠ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_affricate" title="Retroflex ejective affricate">tʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective affricate">tɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_affricate" title="Velar ejective affricate">kxʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular ejective affricate">qχʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_ejective_fricative" title="Bilabial ejective fricative">ɸʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_ejective_fricative" title="Labiodental ejective fricative">fʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_ejective_fricative" title="Dental ejective fricative">θʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar ejective fricative">sʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_ejective_fricative" title="Palato-alveolar ejective fricative">ʃʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_ejective_fricative" title="Retroflex ejective fricative">ʂʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolo-palatal ejective fricative">ɕʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_ejective_fricative" title="Velar ejective fricative">xʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_ejective_fricative" title="Uvular ejective fricative">χʼ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> affricate </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Alveolar lateral ejective affricate">tɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Palatal lateral ejective affricate">c𝼆ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velar_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Velar lateral ejective affricate">k𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Uvular_lateral_ejective_affricate" title="Uvular lateral ejective affricate">q𝼄ʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Lateral fricative </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_ejective_fricative" title="Alveolar lateral ejective fricative">ɬʼ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="6"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Click</a><br />(top: velar;<br />bottom: uvular) </th> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_bilabial_click" title="Tenuis bilabial click">kʘ<br />qʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_dental_click" title="Tenuis dental click">kǀ<br />qǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_click" title="Tenuis alveolar click">kǃ<br />qǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_retroflex_click" title="Tenuis retroflex click">k𝼊<br />q𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_palatal_click" title="Tenuis palatal click">kǂ<br />qǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voiced</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_click" title="Voiced bilabial click">ɡʘ<br />ɢʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_dental_click" title="Voiced dental click">ɡǀ<br />ɢǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_click" title="Voiced alveolar click">ɡǃ<br />ɢǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_click" title="Voiced retroflex click">ɡ𝼊<br />ɢ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_click" title="Voiced palatal click">ɡǂ<br />ɢǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_click" title="Nasal click">Nasal</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilabial nasal click">ŋʘ<br />ɴʘ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Dental_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Dental nasal click">ŋǀ<br />ɴǀ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar nasal click">ŋǃ<br />ɴǃ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Retroflex nasal click">ŋ𝼊<br />ɴ𝼊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Palatal_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Palatal nasal click">ŋǂ<br />ɴǂ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Back-released_click" title="Back-released click">ʞ</a></span><br />  </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Tenuis <a href="/wiki/Lateral_click" title="Lateral click">lateral</a> </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenuis alveolar lateral click">kǁ<br />qǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Voiced lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral click">ɡǁ<br />ɢǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Nasal lateral </th> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_lateral_nasal_click" class="mw-redirect" title="Alveolar lateral nasal click">ŋǁ<br />ɴǁ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-shaded"> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a> </th> <th scope="row">Voiced </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiced bilabial implosive">ɓ</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_implosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar implosive">ɗ</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiced retroflex implosive">ᶑ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_implosive" title="Voiced palatal implosive">ʄ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_implosive" title="Voiced velar implosive">ɠ</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_uvular_implosive" title="Voiced uvular implosive">ʛ</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> </th> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_implosive" title="Voiceless bilabial implosive">ɓ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td> <td class="IPA-common-norightborder"> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder IPA-common-norightborder"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_implosive" title="Voiceless alveolar implosive">ɗ̥</a></span> </td> <td class="IPA-common-noleftborder"> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_retroflex_implosive" title="Voiceless retroflex implosive">ᶑ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_implosive" title="Voiceless palatal implosive">ʄ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_implosive" title="Voiceless velar implosive">ɠ̊</a></span> </td> <td><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular_implosive" title="Voiceless uvular implosive">ʛ̥</a></span> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_consonant_chart_with_audio" title="IPA consonant chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_non-pulmonic_consonants" title="Template:IPA non-pulmonic consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div><div style="display: inline-block;"><b><a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulated consonants</a></b> <table role="presentation" class="" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td> <div class="nowrap IPA-coarticulated-main IPA-coarticulated-nocaption" style=""> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–alveolar nasal">n͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_nasal" title="Voiced labial–retroflex nasal">ɳ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_nasal" title="Voiced labial–velar nasal">ŋ͡m</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–alveolar plosive">t͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93alveolar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–alveolar plosive">d͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–retroflex plosive">ʈ͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93retroflex_plosive" title="Voiced labial–retroflex plosive">ɖ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–retroflex</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar plosive">k͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_plosive" title="Voiced labial–velar plosive">ɡ͡b</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_plosive" title="Voiceless uvular–epiglottal plosive">q͡ʡ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93uvular_plosive" title="Voiceless labial–uvular plosive">q͡p</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></div> </div> </div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a>/<a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">approximant</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93palatal_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–palatal fricative">ɥ̊</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93palatal_approximant" title="Voiced labial–palatal approximant">ɥ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labial–palatal</a></div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_fricative" title="Voiceless labial–velar fricative">ʍ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> </div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound">ɧ</a></span></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Sj-sound" title="Sj-sound"><i>Sj</i>-sound</a> (variable)</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a> approximant</div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Velarized_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Velarized alveolar lateral approximant">ɫ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc"><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarized</a> alveolar</div> </div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></div> <div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiceless labial–velar implosive">ɠ̊͜ɓ̥</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_implosive" title="Voiced labial–velar implosive">ɠ͡ɓ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–velar</div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-sect"><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"></div><div class="IPA-coarticulated-symbol"><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_ejective_stop" title="Labial–alveolar ejective stop">t͡pʼ</a></span></div> <div class="IPA-coarticulated-desc">Labial–alveolar</div> </div> </div> </div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_co-articulated_consonants" title="Template:IPA co-articulated consonants">template</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Other" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Nasal labial–velar approximant">Nasal labial–velar approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[w̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_palatal_approximant" title="Nasal palatal approximant">Nasal palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[j̃]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bidental_fricative" title="Voiceless bidental fricative">Voiceless bidental fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̪͆]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabially_post-trilled_dental_stop" title="Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop">Voiceless bilabially post-trilled dental stop</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[t̪ʙ̥]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_nasal_glottal_approximant" title="Voiceless nasal glottal approximant">Voiceless nasal glottal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[h̃]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Vowels" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowels</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <table role="presentation" class="" style="margin: auto;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="nowrap IPA-vowels-main IPA-vowels-nocaption IPA-vowels-noaudio" style=""> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td class="IPA-vowels-image-cell"><span class="IPA-vowels-image skin-invert notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/320px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/480px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg/640px-Blank_vowel_trapezoid.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></span></span><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-22px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close front rounded vowel">y</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-1px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close central rounded vowel">ʉ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close back unrounded vowel">ɯ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_vowel" title="Near-close vowel">Near-close</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(40px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front rounded vowel">ʏ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(-15px, -1px);"><div></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-back_rounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-back rounded vowel">ʊ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_vowel" title="Close-mid vowel">Close-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front unrounded vowel">e</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid front rounded vowel">ø</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central unrounded vowel">ɘ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid central rounded vowel">ɵ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid front unrounded vowel">e̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Mid front rounded vowel">ø̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(32px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_central_vowel" title="Mid central vowel">ə</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ̞</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Mid back rounded vowel">o̞</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_vowel" title="Open-mid vowel">Open-mid</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(64px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front rounded vowel">œ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(42px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central unrounded vowel">ɜ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_central_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid central rounded vowel">ɞ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back unrounded vowel">ʌ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="IPA-vowels-minorcaption"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_vowel" title="Near-open vowel">Near-open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(85px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-open front unrounded vowel">æ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(53px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Near-open_central_vowel" title="Near-open central vowel">ɐ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(106px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_front_rounded_vowel" title="Open front rounded vowel">ɶ</a></span></span></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(63px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Open central unrounded vowel">ä</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div></div></div> </td> <td><div class="IPA-vowels-container" style="transform: translate(21px, -1px);"><div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Open back unrounded vowel">ɑ</a></span></span></div> <div class="IPA-vowels-container-dot"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="•" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/5px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png" decoding="async" width="5" height="5" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/8px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Disc_Plain_black.svg/10px-Disc_Plain_black.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div><span><span class="IPA" lang="und-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Open_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open back rounded vowel">ɒ</a></span></span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="IPA-common-notes"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">IPA help</a></li> <li><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/11px-Loudspeaker.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/17px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Loudspeaker.svg/22px-Loudspeaker.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/IPA_vowel_chart_with_audio" title="IPA vowel chart with audio">audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet_chart" title="International Phonetic Alphabet chart">full chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:IPA_vowels" title="Template:IPA vowels">template</a></li></ul> </div> <p>Legend: <a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">unrounded <span style="color: var(--color-base, #202122);">•</span> rounded</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articulation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Articulation_navbox" title="Template:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Articulation_navbox" title="Template talk:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Articulation_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Articulation navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Articulation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articulation</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Articulatory_phonetics" title="Articulatory phonetics">Articulatory phonetics</a> – <a href="/wiki/Co-articulated_consonant" title="Co-articulated consonant">Co-articulation</a> – <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Place_of_articulation" title="Place of articulation">Place</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bilabial_consonant" title="Bilabial consonant">Bilabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labiodental_consonant" title="Labiodental consonant">Labiodental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coronal_consonant" title="Coronal consonant">Coronal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linguolabial_consonant" title="Linguolabial consonant">Linguolabial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdental_consonant" title="Interdental consonant">Interdental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denti-alveolar_consonant" title="Denti-alveolar consonant">Denti-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Postalveolar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">Palato-alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retroflex_consonant" title="Retroflex consonant">Retroflex</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Active_place" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active place</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apical_consonant" title="Apical consonant">Apical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminal_consonant" title="Laminal consonant">Laminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subapical_consonant" title="Subapical consonant">Subapical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dorsal_consonant" title="Dorsal consonant">Dorsal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alveolo-palatal_consonant" title="Alveolo-palatal consonant">Alveolo-palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatal_consonant" title="Palatal consonant">Palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular_consonant" title="Uvular consonant">Uvular</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laryngeal_consonant" title="Laryngeal consonant">Laryngeal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngeal_consonant" title="Pharyngeal consonant">Pharyngeal/epiglottal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Doubly_articulated_consonant" title="Doubly articulated consonant">Double articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93coronal_consonant" title="Labial–coronal consonant">Labial–coronal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93alveolar_consonant" title="Labial–alveolar consonant">Labial–alveolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93retroflex_consonant" title="Labial–retroflex consonant">Labial–retroflex</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93palatal_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Labial–palatal consonant">Labial–palatal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Labial–velar consonant">Labial–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labial%E2%80%93uvular_consonant" title="Labial–uvular consonant">Labial–uvular</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronal%E2%80%93velar_consonant" title="Coronal–velar consonant">Coronal–velar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvular%E2%80%93epiglottal_consonant" title="Uvular–epiglottal consonant">Uvular–epiglottal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Speech_pathology" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech pathology">Pathological</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Velopharyngeal_consonant" title="Velopharyngeal consonant">Velopharyngeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidental_consonant" title="Bidental consonant">Bidental</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Manner_of_articulation" title="Manner of articulation">Manner</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">Obstruent</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plosive" title="Plosive">Plosive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affricate" title="Affricate">Affricate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fricative" title="Fricative">Fricative</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sibilant" title="Sibilant">Sibilant</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorant</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">Vowel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Approximant" title="Approximant">Approximant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semivowel" title="Semivowel">Semivowel</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrant_consonant" title="Vibrant consonant">Vibrant</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tap_and_flap_consonants" title="Tap and flap consonants">Tap/flap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trill_consonant" title="Trill consonant">Trill</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_consonant" title="Liquid consonant">Liquid</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Lateral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occlusive" title="Occlusive">Occlusive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuant" title="Continuant">Continuant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Airstream_mechanism" title="Airstream mechanism">Airstream</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Egressive_sound" title="Egressive sound">Egressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingressive_sound" title="Ingressive sound">Ingressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective_consonant" title="Ejective consonant">Ejective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Implosive_consonant" title="Implosive consonant">Implosive</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Click</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulmonic-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulmonic-contour clicks">Pulmonic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejective-contour_clicks" class="mw-redirect" title="Ejective-contour clicks">Ejective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percussive_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Percussive consonant">Percussive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secondary_articulation" title="Secondary articulation">Secondary <br />articulation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labialization" title="Labialization">Labialization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roundedness" title="Roundedness">Rounding</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">Palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labio-palatalization" title="Labio-palatalization">Labio-palatalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velarization" title="Velarization">Velarization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uvularization" title="Uvularization">Uvularization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharyngealization" title="Pharyngealization">Pharyngealization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasalization" title="Nasalization">Nasalization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tongue_shape" title="Tongue shape">Tongue shape</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sulcalization" title="Sulcalization">Sulcal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domed_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Domed consonant">Domed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">Voice</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">Voiceless</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aspirated_consonant" title="Aspirated consonant">Aspirated</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenuis_consonant" title="Tenuis consonant">Tenuis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voice_onset_time" title="Voice onset time">Voice onset time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style 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