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Voicelessness - Wikipedia
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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lack_of_voicing_contrast_in_obstruents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Lack of voicing contrast in obstruents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lack_of_voicing_contrast_in_obstruents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmlosigkeit" title="Stimmlosigkeit – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Stimmlosigkeit" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonant_sorda" title="Consonant sorda – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Consonant sorda" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimmlosigkeit" title="Stimmlosigkeit – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Stimmlosigkeit" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sorda_(consonante)" title="Sorda (consonante) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sorda (consonante)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="بیواکی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیواکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonne_sourde" title="Consonne sourde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Consonne sourde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EC%84%B1%EC%9D%8C" title="무성음 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무성음" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC_%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%B9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Խուլ հնչյուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Խուլ հնչյուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%98%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B7" title="अघोष – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अघोष" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_surde" title="Consonante surde – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Consonante surde" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_sorda" title="Consonante sorda – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Consonante sorda" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%90%D7%98%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9D" title="עיצורים אטומים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="עיצורים אטומים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duslieji_priebalsiai" title="Duslieji priebalsiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Duslieji priebalsiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ketakbersuaraan" title="Ketakbersuaraan – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ketakbersuaraan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemloos" title="Stemloos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Stemloos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E5%A3%B0%E9%9F%B3" title="無声音 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="無声音" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustemt_konsonant" title="Ustemt konsonant – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ustemt konsonant" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ustemd_spr%C3%A5klyd" title="Ustemd språklyd – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ustemd språklyd" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fona%C3%A7%C3%A3o_surda" title="Fonação surda – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fonação surda" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consoan%C4%83_surd%C4%83" title="Consoană surdă – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Consoană surdă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5" title="Глухие согласные – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Глухие согласные" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voiceless_consonant" title="Voiceless consonant – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Voiceless consonant" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soinniton_%C3%A4%C3%A4nne" title="Soinniton äänne – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Soinniton äänne" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tonl%C3%B6s_konsonant" title="Tonlös konsonant – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tonlös konsonant" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D2%A3%D0%B3%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%83_%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Саңгырау тартыклар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Саңгырау тартыклар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%85%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Глухість – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Глухість" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Consonante_sorda" title="Consonante sorda – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Consonante sorda" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Divuzl%C3%AAye_cossoune" title="Divuzlêye cossoune – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Divuzlêye cossoune" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E8%81%B2" title="無聲 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="無聲" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q19773264#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Consonant pronounced without the larynx vibrating</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the linguistics concept. 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.infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox" style="width: 16em;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background: #f2f2ce;">Voiceless</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;"><span style="font-size: 5em; line-height: 1.2em; vertical-align: super; font-weight: normal;"><span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">◌̥</span></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ffffe6;">Encoding</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Entity <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(decimal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><code>&#805;</code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unicode <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(hex)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">U+0325</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>voicelessness</b> is the property of sounds being pronounced without the <a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">larynx</a> vibrating. Phonologically, it is a type of <a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">phonation</a>, which contrasts with other states of the larynx, but some object that the word phonation implies <a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voicing</a> and that voicelessness is the lack of phonation. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">International Phonetic Alphabet</a> (IPA) has distinct letters for many voiceless and <a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">modally voiced</a> pairs of consonants (the <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a>), such as <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[p<span class="wrap"> </span>b],<span class="wrap"> </span>[t<span class="wrap"> </span>d],<span class="wrap"> </span>[k<span class="wrap"> </span>ɡ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[q<span class="wrap"> </span>ɢ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[f<span class="wrap"> </span>v],<span class="wrap"> </span>and<span class="wrap"> </span>[s<span class="wrap"> </span>z]</span>. Also, there are diacritics for voicelessness, <span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886049734">.mw-parser-output .monospaced{font-family:monospace,monospace}</style><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">U+</a>0325</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̥</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING RING BELOW</span> and <span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886049734"><span class="monospaced"><a href="/wiki/Phonetic_symbols_in_Unicode" title="Phonetic symbols in Unicode">U+</a>030A</span> </span><span style="font-size:125%;line-height:1em"><span style="font-family: serif;">◌̊</span></span> <span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">COMBINING RING ABOVE</span>, which is used for letters with a <a href="/wiki/Descender" title="Descender">descender</a>. Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiced sounds, such as <a href="/wiki/Vowel" title="Vowel">vowels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sonorant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonorant consonant">sonorant consonants</a>: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ḁ],<span class="wrap"> </span>[l̥],<span class="wrap"> </span>[ŋ̊]</span>. In Russian use of the IPA, the voicing diacritic may be turned for voicelessness, e.g. ⟨<span title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)" class="IPA" lang="und-Latn-fonipa">ṋ</span>⟩.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voiceless_vowels_and_other_sonorants">Voiceless vowels and other sonorants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voicelessness&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Voiceless vowels and other sonorants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sonorant" title="Sonorant">Sonorants</a> are sounds such as vowels and <a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">nasals</a> that are voiced in most of the world's languages. However, in some languages sonorants may be voiceless, usually <a href="/wiki/Allophone" title="Allophone">allophonically</a>. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> word <i><a href="/wiki/Sukiyaki" title="Sukiyaki">sukiyaki</a></i> is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[sɯ̥kijaki]</span> and may sound like <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[skijaki]</span> to an English speaker, but the lips can be seen to compress for the <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[ɯ̥]</span>. Something similar happens in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> words like <i>p<b>e</b>culiar</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰə̥ˈkj̊uːliɚ]</span> and <i>p<b>o</b>tato</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">[pʰə̥ˈtʰeɪ̯ɾoʊ̯]</span>. </p><p>Voiceless vowels are also an areal feature in languages of the <a href="/wiki/American_Southwest" class="mw-redirect" title="American Southwest">American Southwest</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Hopi_language" title="Hopi language">Hopi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Keresan_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Keresan languages">Keres</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Great_Basin" title="Great Basin">Great Basin</a> (including all <a href="/wiki/Numic_languages" title="Numic languages">Numic languages</a>), and the <a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a>, where they are present in Numic <a href="/wiki/Comanche_language" title="Comanche language">Comanche</a> but also in <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_languages" title="Algonquian languages">Algonquian</a> <a href="/wiki/Cheyenne_language" title="Cheyenne language">Cheyenne</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Caddoan_languages" title="Caddoan languages">Caddoan</a> language <a href="/wiki/Arikara_language" title="Arikara language">Arikara</a>. It also occurs in <a href="/wiki/Woleaian_language" title="Woleaian language">Woleaian</a>, in contrast to the other <a href="/wiki/Micronesian_languages" title="Micronesian languages">Micronesian languages</a>, which instead delete it outright. </p><p>Sonorants may also be contrastively, not just environmentally, voiceless. <a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan">Standard Tibetan</a>, for example, has a voiceless <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̥/</span> in <i><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a></i>, which sounds similar to but is less noisy than the <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_lateral_fricative" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar lateral fricative">voiceless lateral fricative</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ɬ/</span> in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>; it contrasts with a modally voiced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l/</span>. Welsh contrasts several voiceless sonorants: <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/m,<span class="wrap"> </span>m̥/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/n,<span class="wrap"> </span>n̥/</span>, <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/ŋ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ŋ̊/</span>, and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r,<span class="wrap"> </span>r̥/</span>, the last represented by "rh". </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Moksha_language" title="Moksha language">Moksha</a>, there is even a <a href="/wiki/Voiceless_palatal_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless palatal approximant">voiceless palatal approximant</a> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j̊/</span> (written in <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyrillic">Cyrillic</a> as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">й</a><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">х</a>⟩</span> <i>jh</i>) along with <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̥/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̥/</span> (written as <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">л</a>х⟩</span> <i>lh</i> and <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">р</a>х⟩</span> <i>rh</i>). The last two have palatalized counterparts <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/l̥ʲ/</span> and <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/r̥ʲ/</span> (<span class="nowrap">⟨л<a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">ь</a>х⟩</span> and <span class="nowrap">⟨рьх⟩</span>). <a href="/wiki/Kildin_Sami_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kildin Sami language">Kildin Sami</a> has also <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="und-Latn-fonipa" title="Representation in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA)">/j̊/</span> <span class="nowrap">⟨<a href="/wiki/%D2%8A" class="mw-redirect" title="Ҋ">ҋ</a>⟩</span>. </p><p>Contrastively voiceless vowels have been reported several times without ever being verified (L&M 1996:315). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lack_of_voicing_contrast_in_obstruents">Lack of voicing contrast in obstruents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voicelessness&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Lack of voicing contrast in obstruents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many languages lack a distinction between voiced and voiceless <a href="/wiki/Obstruent" title="Obstruent">obstruents</a> (stops, affricates, and fricatives). This is the case in nearly all <a href="/wiki/Australian_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian languages">Australian languages</a>, and is widespread elsewhere, for example in <a href="/wiki/Mandarin_Chinese" title="Mandarin Chinese">Mandarin Chinese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_language" title="Danish language">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estonian_language" title="Estonian language">Estonian</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Polynesian_languages" title="Polynesian languages">Polynesian languages</a>. </p><p>In many such languages, obstruents are realized as voiced in voiced environments, such as between vowels or between a vowel and a nasal, and voiceless elsewhere, such as at the beginning or end of the word or next to another obstruent. That is the case in Dravidian and Australian languages and in Korean but not in Mandarin or Polynesian. Usually, the variable sounds are transcribed with the voiceless IPA letters, but for Australian languages, the letters for voiced consonants are often used. </p><p>It appears that voicelessness is not a single phenomenon in such languages. In some, such as the Polynesian languages, the vocal folds are required to actively open to allow an unimpeded (silent) airstream, which is sometimes called a <i>breathed</i> phonation (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">breathy voice</a>). In others, such as many Australian languages, voicing ceases during the hold of a stop (few Australian languages have any other kind of obstruent) because airflow is insufficient to sustain it, and if the vocal folds open, that is only from passive relaxation. </p><p>Thus, Polynesian stops are reported to be held for longer than Australian stops and are seldom voiced, but Australian stops are prone to having voiced variants (L&M 1996:53), and the languages are often represented as having no phonemically voiceless consonants at all. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, when stops occur at the end of a word, they are voiceless because the glottis is closed, not open, so they are said to be unphonated (have no phonation) by some phoneticians, who considered "breathed" voicelessness to be a phonation.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Yidiny_language" title="Yidiny language">Yidiny</a> consonants have no underlyingly voiceless consonants.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voicelessness&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">E.g. Bondarko, Verbickaja & Gordina (1991) <i>Osnovy obščej fonetiki.</i> St. Petersburg University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jerold Edmondson, John Esling, Jimmy Harris, and James Wei, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/suip.pdf">"A phonetic study of the Sui consonants and tones"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090205031016/http://ling.uta.edu/~jerry/suip.pdf">Archived</a> 2009-02-05 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer_Studies" title="Mon-Khmer Studies">Mon-Khmer Studies</a></i> <b>34</b>:47–66</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/R._M._W._Dixon" class="mw-redirect" title="R. M. W. Dixon">R. M. W. Dixon</a>. (1977). <i>A Grammar of Yidiny</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Voicelessness&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFLadefogedMaddieson1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Ladefoged" title="Peter Ladefoged">Ladefoged, Peter</a>; <a href="/wiki/Ian_Maddieson" title="Ian Maddieson">Maddieson, Ian</a> (1996). <a href="/wiki/The_Sounds_of_the_World%27s_Languages" title="The Sounds of the World's Languages"><i>The Sounds of the World's Languages</i></a>. Oxford: Blackwell. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-19815-6"><bdi>0-631-19815-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sounds+of+the+World%27s+Languages&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-19815-6&rft.aulast=Ladefoged&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Maddieson%2C+Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVoicelessness" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phonation" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Phonation" title="Template:Phonation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Phonation" title="Template talk:Phonation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Phonation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Phonation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phonation" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phonation" title="Phonation">Phonation</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Glottis" title="Glottis">Glottal</a> states (from open to closed)</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Breath</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Breathy_voice" title="Breathy voice">Breathy</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Slack_voice" title="Slack voice">Slack voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Modal_voice" title="Modal voice">Modal voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Stiff_voice" title="Stiff voice">Stiff voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: #f7f7f7;"><a href="/wiki/Creaky_voice" title="Creaky voice">Creaky voice</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background: none;"><a href="/wiki/Glottalization" title="Glottalization">Glottalized</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;background-color: papayawhip;"><a href="/wiki/Ballistic_syllable" title="Ballistic syllable">Ballistic</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;">(full airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(murmur,<br /><span class="nowrap">whispery voice)</span></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(intermediate)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(maximum vibration)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(intermediate)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(restricted airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(blocked airstream)</td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;">(fortis)</td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Larynx" title="Larynx">Supra-glottal</a> phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faucalized_voice" title="Faucalized voice">Faucalized voice</a> ("hollow")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harsh_voice" title="Harsh voice">Harsh/ventricular voice</a> ("pressed")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strident_vowel" title="Strident vowel">Strident voice</a> (epiglottal trilled)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Non-phonemic phonation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whispering" title="Whispering">Whisper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falsetto" title="Falsetto">Falsetto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">Vibrato</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐jfl4j Cached time: 20241122141044 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.459 seconds Real time usage: 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