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hledat"><span>Komunitní portál</span></a></li><li id="n-villagepump" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:Pod_l%C3%ADpou" title="Hlavní diskusní fórum"><span>Pod lípou</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Hlavn%C3%AD_strana" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-cs.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.1875em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Wikipedie: Otevřená encyklopedie" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-cs.svg" width="118" height="13" style="width: 7.375em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail 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wiki [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Speciální:Hledání"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Hledat</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Osobní nástroje"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Změnit vzhled velikosti písma, šířky stránky a barvy" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Vzhled" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Vzhled</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs" class=""><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Ploidie" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné" class=""><span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Ploidie" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Přihlášení</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Další možnosti" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Osobní nástroje" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Osobní nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Uživatelské menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_cs.wikipedia.org&uselang=cs"><span>Podpořte Wikipedii</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Vytvo%C5%99it_%C3%BA%C4%8Det&returnto=Ploidie" title="Doporučujeme vytvořit si účet a přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Vytvoření účtu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:P%C5%99ihl%C3%A1sit&returnto=Ploidie" title="Doporučujeme vám přihlásit se, ovšem není to povinné. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Přihlášení</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Stránky pro odhlášené editory <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A1pov%C4%9Bda:%C3%9Avod" aria-label="Více informací o editování"><span>dozvědět se více</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_p%C5%99%C3%ADsp%C4%9Bvky" title="Seznam editací provedených z této IP adresy [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Příspěvky</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Moje_diskuse" title="Diskuse o editacích provedených z této IP adresy [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Projekt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Obsah" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Obsah</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(úvod)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Používané_termíny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Používané_termíny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Používané termíny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Používané_termíny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Haploidie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Haploidie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Haploidie</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Haploidie-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Haploidie</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Haploidie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Monoploidie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monoploidie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Monoploidie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monoploidie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diploidie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diploidie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Diploidie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Diploidie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polyploidie" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polyploidie"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Polyploidie</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polyploidie-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Odkazy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Odkazy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Odkazy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Přepnout podsekci Odkazy</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Odkazy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Poznámky" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poznámky"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Poznámky</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poznámky-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Reference</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Obsah" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Přepnout obsah" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Přepnout obsah</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ploidie</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Přejděte k článku v jiném jazyce. Je dostupný v 50 jazycích" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">50 jazyků</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C3%AFdie" title="Ploïdie – afrikánština" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ploïdie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%80%E1%88%98%E1%88%AD%E1%8A%90%E1%89%B5" title="ቀመርነት – amharština" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቀመርነት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%B5%D8%A8%D8%BA%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="صيغة صبغية – arabština" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="صيغة صبغية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Плоіднасць – běloruština" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Плоіднасць" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="běloruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Хаплоиден набор – bulharština" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Хаплоиден набор" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulharština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1" title="ডিপ্লয়েড – bengálština" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ডিপ্লয়েড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengálština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidija" title="Ploidija – bosenština" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Ploidija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidi" title="Ploidi – dánština" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ploidi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dánština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidiegrad" title="Ploidiegrad – němčina" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ploidiegrad" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="němčina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy – angličtina" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Ploidy" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angličtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploido" title="Ploido – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ploido" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploid%C3%ADa" title="Ploidía – španělština" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ploidía" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="španělština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidsus" title="Ploidsus – estonština" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ploidsus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – baskičtina" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baskičtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="پلوئیدی – perština" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پلوئیدی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="perština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – finština" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C3%AFdie" title="Ploïdie – francouzština" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ploïdie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francouzština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploid%C3%ADa" title="Ploidía – galicijština" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ploidía" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicijština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%93%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" title="פלואידיות – hebrejština" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פלואידיות" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebrejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – maďarština" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maďarština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%BA%D5%AC%D5%B8%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Պոլիպլոիդիա – arménština" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պոլիպլոիդիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidi" title="Ploidi – indonéština" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ploidi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonéština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploido" title="Ploido – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ploido" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – italština" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%80%8D%E6%95%B0%E6%80%A7" title="倍数性 – japonština" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="倍数性" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%82%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Плоидтілік – kazaština" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Плоидтілік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazaština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%B0%EC%88%98%EC%84%B1" title="배수성 – korejština" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="배수성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Плоидност – makedonština" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Плоидност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="makedonština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%96%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="ക്രോമസോം സംഖ്യ – malajálamština" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ക്രോമസോം സംഖ്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajálamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploid" title="Ploid – malajština" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ploid" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plo%C3%AFdie" title="Ploïdie – nizozemština" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ploïdie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nizozemština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploiditet" title="Ploiditet – norština (nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Ploiditet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norština (nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploiditet" title="Ploiditet – norština (bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ploiditet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norština (bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uunkooma" title="Uunkooma – oromština" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Uunkooma" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="oromština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – polština" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – portugalština" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugalština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Плоидность – ruština" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Плоидность" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="ruština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidija" title="Ploidija – srbochorvatština" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ploidija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="srbochorvatština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy" title="Ploidy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ploidy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidia" title="Ploidia – slovenština" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ploidia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovenština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Плоидија – srbština" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Плоидија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="srbština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploiditet" title="Ploiditet – švédština" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ploiditet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="švédština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="மடியநிலை – tamilština" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மடியநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5" title="พล็อยดี – thajština" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="พล็อยดี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thajština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploitlik" title="Ploitlik – turečtina" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ploitlik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turečtina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%97%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%96%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C" title="Плоїдність – ukrajinština" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Плоїдність" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrajinština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DA%A9%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="تکریر – urdština" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="تکریر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%A9c_b%E1%BB%99i_th%E1%BB%83" title="Mức bội thể – vietnamština" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mức bội thể" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9F%93%E8%89%B2%E9%AB%94%E5%80%8D%E6%80%A7" title="染色體倍性 – čínština" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="染色體倍性" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="čínština" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Editovat mezijazykové odkazy" class="wbc-editpage">Upravit odkazy</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Jmenné prostory"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ploidie" title="Zobrazit obsahovou stránku [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Článek</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diskuse:Ploidie&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Diskuse ke stránce (stránka neexistuje) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Diskuse</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Změnit variantu jazyka" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">čeština</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Zobrazení"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ploidie"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=history" title="Starší verze této stránky. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Nástroje" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Nástroje</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Nástroje</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Další možnosti" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Akce </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Ploidie"><span>Číst</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit" title="Editovat tuto stránku [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Editovat</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit" title="Editovat zdrojový kód této stránky [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Editovat zdroj</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=history"><span>Zobrazit historii</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Obecné </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Co_odkazuje_na/Ploidie" title="Seznam všech wikistránek, které sem odkazují [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Odkazuje sem</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Souvisej%C3%ADc%C3%AD_zm%C4%9Bny/Ploidie" rel="nofollow" title="Nedávné změny stránek, na které je odkazováno [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Související změny</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:UploadWizard?uselang=cs" title="Nahrát obrázky či jiná multimédia [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Načíst soubor</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD_str%C3%A1nky" title="Seznam všech speciálních stránek [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Speciální stránky</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&oldid=24313492" title="Trvalý odkaz na současnou verzi této stránky"><span>Trvalý odkaz</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=info" title="Více informací o této stránce"><span>Informace o stránce</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Citovat&page=Ploidie&id=24313492&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Informace o tom, jak citovat tuto stránku"><span>Citovat stránku</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPloidie"><span>Získat zkrácené URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fcs.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FPloidie"><span>Stáhnout QR kód</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tisk/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:Kniha&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Ploidie"><span>Vytvořit knihu</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Speci%C3%A1ln%C3%AD:DownloadAsPdf&page=Ploidie&action=show-download-screen"><span>Stáhnout jako PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&printable=yes" title="Tato stránka v podobě vhodné k tisku [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Verze k tisku</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na jiných projektech </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q118406" title="Odkaz na propojenou položku datového úložiště [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Položka Wikidat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Nástroje ke stránce"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Vzhled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Vzhled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">přesunout do postranního panelu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">skrýt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Z Wikipedie, otevřené encyklopedie</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="cs" dir="ltr"><p><b>Ploidie</b> je počet kompletních sad <a href="/wiki/Chromozom" title="Chromozom">chromozomů</a> v živé <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka">buňce</a>. Ploidie je u různých organismů odlišná. Většina lidských <a href="/wiki/T%C4%9Bln%C3%AD_bu%C5%88ka" title="Tělní buňka">tělních buněk</a> je <i>diploidních</i> (tzn. má 2 sady chromozomů, 23 od otce a 23 od matky). Lidské <a href="/wiki/Pohlavn%C3%AD_bu%C5%88ka" title="Pohlavní buňka">pohlavní buňky</a> jsou ale <i>haploidní</i> (jen jedna sada chromozomů, celkem 23). <i>Tetraploidie</i> (tzn. 4 sady chromozomů) je jedním z druhů <i><a href="/wiki/Polyploidie" title="Polyploidie">polyploidie</a></i> a je běžná u <a href="/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny">rostlin</a> a občas také u <a href="/wiki/Oboj%C5%BEiveln%C3%ADci" title="Obojživelníci">obojživelníků</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plazi" title="Plazi">plazů</a> a <a href="/wiki/Hmyz" title="Hmyz">hmyzu</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Používané_termíny"><span id="Pou.C5.BE.C3.ADvan.C3.A9_term.C3.ADny"></span>Používané termíny</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Editace sekce: Používané termíny" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=1" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Používané termíny"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoploidn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoploidní číslo (stránka neexistuje)">Monoploidní číslo</a> nebo též <a href="/w/index.php?title=Z%C3%A1kladn%C3%AD_chromoz%C3%B3mov%C3%A9_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Základní chromozómové číslo (stránka neexistuje)">základní chromozómové číslo</a> (x) udává počet <a href="/wiki/Chromozom" title="Chromozom">chromozomů</a> v jedné sadě. U člověka platí x = 23.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Euploidie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Euploidie (stránka neexistuje)">Euploidie</a> znamená, že se v dané <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka">buňce</a> nachází celočíselný násobek <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoploidn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoploidní číslo (stránka neexistuje)">monoploidního čísla</a>. Lidské tělní buňky jsou euploidní, protože obsahují zpravidla 46 chromozomů (tedy 2 × 23). Stejně tak lidská buňka s 69 chromozomy by byla považována za euploidní (triploidní – 3 × 23).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aneuploidie" title="Aneuploidie">Aneuploidie</a> je opakem euploidie. Znamená, že v jádře chybí nebo přebývá chromozom (zpravidla 1), což může způsobit vážné poruchy (<a href="/wiki/Down%C5%AFv_syndrom" title="Downův syndrom">Downův syndrom</a> atp.). Podle počtu kopií chromozomu se používají pojmy <a href="/wiki/Trisomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Trisomie">trisomie</a> (1 chromozom navíc) nebo <a href="/wiki/Monosomie" class="mw-redirect" title="Monosomie">monosomie</a> (o 1 chromozom méně).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Haploidie">Haploidie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Editace sekce: Haploidie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=2" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Haploidie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Haploidie</b> (n) se užívá v souvislosti s generací nebo životní fází organismu. <b>Haploidní</b> <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka">buňka</a> vzniká redukčním dělením buňky diploidní. Haploidními jsou buňky pohlavní. U řady organismů (např. primitivnějších <a href="/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny">rostlin</a>) existuje <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivotn%C3%AD_cyklus" title="Životní cyklus">životní cyklus</a> střídající generaci haploidní a <a href="/wiki/Diploidn%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Diploidní">diploidní</a> v podobě samostatných <a href="/wiki/Jedinec" title="Jedinec">jedinců</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny">Rostliny</a> střídají haploidii a diploidii v procesu <a href="/wiki/Rodozm%C4%9Bna" title="Rodozměna">rodozměny</a>. U <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1%C5%A1%C3%AD_rostliny" title="Vyšší rostliny">vyšších rostlin</a> je haploid (<a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a>) postupně redukován a je závislý na <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofytu</a> (nežije už samostatně a je sporofytem nesen a vyživován). U <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové">živočichů</a> už je haploidní fáze redukována prakticky jen na pohlavní buňky (existují zde ovšem výjimky, např. samečci některých <a href="/wiki/Blanok%C5%99%C3%ADdl%C3%AD" title="Blanokřídlí">blanokřídlých</a> (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%8Dela" title="Včela">včel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vosa" class="mw-disambig" title="Vosa">vos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mravenci" class="mw-redirect" title="Mravenci">mravenců</a>), jsou haploidní celí). <a href="/w/index.php?title=Haploidn%C3%AD_%C5%BEivotn%C3%AD_cyklus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haploidní životní cyklus (stránka neexistuje)">Haploidní životní cyklus</a> se rovněž vyskytuje u některých skupin <a href="/wiki/Houby" title="Houby">hub</a> a <a href="/wiki/%C5%98asy" title="Řasy">řas</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monoploidie">Monoploidie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Editace sekce: Monoploidie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=3" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Monoploidie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Někdy se rozlišuje ještě monoploidie (popř. monoploidní číslo), která označuje počet chromozomů v jedné kompletní sadě. U člověka je haploidní číslo (n) rovno <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monoploidn%C3%AD_%C4%8D%C3%ADslo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monoploidní číslo (stránka neexistuje)">monoploidnímu číslu</a> (x), tedy platí n = x = 23. U některých <a href="/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny">rostlin</a> to však neplatí. </p><p>Vhodné je upozornit na to, že např. pohlavní buňky tetraploidních organismů nejsou z hlediska počtu chromozómových sad monoploidní, ale diploidní (n = 2x). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diploidie">Diploidie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Editace sekce: Diploidie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=4" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Diploidie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Diploidie</b> (2n) souvisí s generací nebo životní fází organismů. Souvisí se střídáním haploidní (n) a diploidní (2n) generace (fáze) v rámci rodozměny organismů. <b>Diploidní buňka</b> má dvojnásobný počet chromozómových sad než buňka haploidní. Diploidní je zpravidla většina tělních (tzn. vyjma pohlavních) buněk vyšších organismů. Jako diploidní se ale zároveň může označovat také <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka">buňka</a>, která obsahuje právě dvě sady <a href="/wiki/Chromozom" title="Chromozom">chromozómů</a>. U člověka tedy tělní buňky jsou diploidní a platí tedy 2n = 2x. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Polyploidie">Polyploidie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Editace sekce: Polyploidie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=5" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Polyploidie"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="uvodni-upozorneni hatnote"> Podrobnější informace naleznete v článku <a href="/wiki/Polyploidie" title="Polyploidie">polyploidie</a>.</div> <p>Polyploidie je stav, kdy všechny (resp. naprostá většina) tělní <a href="/wiki/Bu%C5%88ka" title="Buňka">buňky</a> mají více než dvě sady chromozómů. Polyploidie se podle počtu chromozomových sad označuje většinou například jako triploidie (2n = 3x), tetraploidie (2n = 4x), hexaploidie (2n = 6x), oktoploidie (2n = 8x), dekaploidie (2n = 10x) a podobně. Polyploidie je běžná u <a href="/wiki/Rostliny" title="Rostliny">rostlin</a> (může dokonce způsobovat větší výnosy), ale vzácná u <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDivo%C4%8Dichov%C3%A9" title="Živočichové">živočichů</a> (polyploidie je pro ně zpravidla neslučitelná se životem, někdy je však evolučně významná).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>p 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Odkazy">Odkazy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Editace sekce: Odkazy" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=6" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Odkazy"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poznámky"><span id="Pozn.C3.A1mky"></span>Poznámky</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Editace sekce: Poznámky" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=7" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Poznámky"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:0-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-0"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">a</sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_1-1"><sup style="font-style: italic; font-weight: bold; vertical-align: top">b</sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Polyploidie" title="Polyploidie">Polyploidie</a> u živočichů zpravidla není slučitelná se životem. Jsou však i výjimky. Mnoho polyploidů najdeme mezi rybami a obojživelníky, a dokonce i u hlodavců (<a href="/wiki/Osm%C3%A1k" class="mw-redirect" title="Osmák">osmáci</a>). U člověka jsou polyplodní např. jaterní buňky, <a href="/wiki/Megakaryocyt" title="Megakaryocyt">megakaryocyty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osteoklast" title="Osteoklast">osteoklasty</a> či <a href="/w/index.php?title=Syntitiotrofoblast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Syntitiotrofoblast (stránka neexistuje)">syntitiotrofoblast</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference">Reference</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Editace sekce: Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>editovat</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ploidie&action=edit&section=8" title="Editovat zdrojový kód sekce Reference"><span>editovat zdroj</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span class="plainlinks"><i>V tomto článku byl použit <a href="/wiki/Wikipedie:WikiProjekt_P%C5%99eklad/Rady" title="Wikipedie:WikiProjekt Překlad/Rady">překlad</a> textu z článku <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ploidy?oldid=164496965"><span class="cizojazycne" lang="en" title="angličtina">Ploidy</span></a> na anglické Wikipedii.</i></span> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23078045">.mw-parser-output .navbox2{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2 .navbox2{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox2+.navbox2{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox2-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox2-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output th.navbox2-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox2,.mw-parser-output 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