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Sera Monastery - Wikipedia
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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Post-1959_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-1959_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Post-1959 events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-1959_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Architecture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Architecture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Great_Assembly_Hall" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Great_Assembly_Hall"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Great Assembly Hall</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Great_Assembly_Hall-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sera_Me_Tratsang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sera_Me_Tratsang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Sera Me Tratsang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sera_Me_Tratsang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sera_Je_College" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sera_Je_College"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Sera Je College</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sera_Je_College-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ngakpa_Tratsang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ngakpa_Tratsang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Ngakpa Tratsang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ngakpa_Tratsang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Homdong_Khangtsang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Homdong_Khangtsang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Homdong Khangtsang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Homdong_Khangtsang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Choding_Khang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choding_Khang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5.1</span> <span>Choding Khang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choding_Khang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hermitages_and_nunneries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermitages_and_nunneries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Hermitages and nunneries</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hermitages_and_nunneries-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hermitages and nunneries subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hermitages_and_nunneries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hermitages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hermitages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Hermitages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hermitages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pabongkha_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pabongkha_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.1</span> <span>Pabongkha Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pabongkha_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Drakri_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Drakri_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.2</span> <span>Drakri Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Drakri_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Jokpo_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jokpo_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.3</span> <span>Jokpo Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jokpo_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keutsang_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keutsang_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.4</span> <span>Keutsang Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keutsang_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keutsang_East_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keutsang_East_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.5</span> <span>Keutsang East Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keutsang_East_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Keutsang_West_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Keutsang_West_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.6</span> <span>Keutsang West Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Keutsang_West_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Khardo_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Khardo_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.7</span> <span>Khardo Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Khardo_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Panglung_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Panglung_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.8</span> <span>Panglung Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Panglung_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Purbuchok_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purbuchok_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.9</span> <span>Purbuchok Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purbuchok_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rakhadrak_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rakhadrak_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.10</span> <span>Rakhadrak Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rakhadrak_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sera_Chöding_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sera_Chöding_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.11</span> <span>Sera Chöding Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sera_Chöding_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sera_Gönpasar_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sera_Gönpasar_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.12</span> <span>Sera Gönpasar Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sera_Gönpasar_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sera_Utsé_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sera_Utsé_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.13</span> <span>Sera Utsé Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sera_Utsé_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Takten_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Takten_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.14</span> <span>Takten Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Takten_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trashi_Chöling_Hermitage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trashi_Chöling_Hermitage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1.15</span> <span>Trashi Chöling Hermitage</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trashi_Chöling_Hermitage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nunneries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nunneries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Nunneries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nunneries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chupzang_Nunnery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chupzang_Nunnery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Chupzang Nunnery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chupzang_Nunnery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gari_Nunnery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gari_Nunnery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Gari Nunnery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gari_Nunnery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negodong_Nunnery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negodong_Nunnery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>Negodong Nunnery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negodong_Nunnery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nenang_Nunnery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nenang_Nunnery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Nenang Nunnery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nenang_Nunnery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Debates</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debates-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debates subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Procedures_and_rules" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedures_and_rules"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Procedures and rules</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedures_and_rules-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Physical_gestures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Physical_gestures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Physical gestures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Physical_gestures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Schedule" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Schedule"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Schedule</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Schedule-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_alumni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_alumni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notable alumni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_alumni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recent_Events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent_Events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Recent Events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent_Events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sera Monastery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%91%E0%BD%82%E0%BD%BC%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8D" title="སེ་ར་དགོན། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="སེ་ར་དགོན།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monestir_Sera" title="Monestir Sera – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monestir Sera" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera" title="Sera – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sera" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera" title="Sera – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sera" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monasterio_Sera" title="Monasterio Sera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monasterio Sera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monast%C3%A8re_de_S%C3%A9ra" title="Monastère de Séra – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monastère de Séra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%84%B8%EB%9D%BC_%EC%82%AC%EC%9B%90" title="세라 사원 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="세라 사원" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A0" title="सेरा मठ – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सेरा मठ" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_(monastero)" title="Sera (monastero) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sera (monastero)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Szera_kolostor" title="Szera kolostor – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Szera kolostor" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="دير سيرا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="دير سيرا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%86%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA" title="ဆီရာကျောင်းတော် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဆီရာကျောင်းတော်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sera_(klooster)" title="Sera (klooster) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Sera (klooster)" 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.latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sera_Monastery&params=29_41_53_N_91_8_0_E_type:landmark_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°41′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°8′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.69806°N 91.13333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.69806; 91.13333</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-good-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles*" title="This is a good article. Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Buddhist monastery near Lhasa, Tibet, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard" style="border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Séra Monastery</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="nickname"><div style="color:black;background-color:white;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Tibetan" class="mw-redirect" title="Standard Tibetan"><span style="color:black;">Tibetan transcription(s)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan alphabet">Tibetan</a>: <big>སེ་ར་ཐེག་ཆེན་གླིང་།</big><br /><a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie transliteration</a>: se ra theg chen gling<br /><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language"><span style="color:black;">Chinese transcription(s)</span></a><br /><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional</a>: 色拉寺<br /><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified</a>: 色拉寺</div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Mey.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/220px-Sera_Mey.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/330px-Sera_Mey.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Sera_Mey.jpg/440px-Sera_Mey.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Monks assembled outside the Sera Me Tratsang college of Sera Monastery in India in December 2006.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Religion</th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/List_of_religions_and_spiritual_traditions" title="List of religions and spiritual traditions">Affiliation</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sect" title="Sect">Sect</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Location</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Location</th><td class="infobox-data">Wangbur Mountain, <a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">China</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:250px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:250px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:250px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sera Monastery is located in Tibet"><img alt="Sera Monastery is located in Tibet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg/250px-China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg/375px-China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg/500px-China_Tibet_Autonomous_Region_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2013" data-file-height="1137" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:71.588%;left:60.72%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Sera Monastery"><img alt="Sera Monastery" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/8px-Gold_temple_icon.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="7" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/12px-Gold_temple_icon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Gold_temple_icon.png/16px-Gold_temple_icon.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="36" /></span></span></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Location within Tibet Autonomous Region</div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Geographic coordinates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Sera_Monastery&params=29_41_53_N_91_8_0_E_type:landmark_region:CN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">29°41′53″N</span> <span class="longitude">91°8′0″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">29.69806°N 91.13333°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">29.69806; 91.13333</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #800547; color: #FFD068;">Architecture</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jamchen_Chojey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jamchen Chojey (page does not exist)">Jamchen Chojey</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="text-align:left; font-weight:normal; font-size:88%;">Its counterpart set up at <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a> in <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> by <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_diaspora" title="Tibetan diaspora">Tibetan diaspora</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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.sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist" style="border-collapse:collapse; text-align:center; background-color:#DAA520"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Category:Tibetan Buddhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#FFEBC2"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#7D0545">Tibetan Buddhism</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Tibetan Dharma Wheel"><img alt="Tibetan Dharma Wheel" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/100px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/150px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Tibetian_Wheel.svg/200px-Tibetian_Wheel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kadam_(Tibetan_Buddhism)" title="Kadam (Tibetan Buddhism)">Kadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_(Tibetan_Buddhist_school)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakya (Tibetan Buddhist school)">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodongpa" title="Bodongpa">Bodong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kagyu" title="Kagyu">Kagyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonang" title="Jonang">Jonang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rim%C3%A9_movement" title="Rimé movement">Rimé</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists#Tibetan" title="List of Buddhists">Key personalities</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>First dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81ntarak%E1%B9%A3ita" title="Śāntarakṣita">Śāntarakṣita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamala%C5%9B%C4%ABla" title="Kamalaśīla">Kamalaśīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralpacan" title="Ralpacan">Ralpacan</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Second dissemination<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tilopa" title="Tilopa">Talika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Abhayakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niguma" title="Niguma">Niguma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhasiddhi" title="Sukhasiddhi">Sukhasiddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa" title="Milarepa">Milarepa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshe_Tsogyal" title="Yeshe Tsogyal">Yeshe Tsogyal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longchenpa" title="Longchenpa">Longchenpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Lingpa" title="Jigme Lingpa">Jigme Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrul_Rinpoche" title="Patrul Rinpoche">Patrul Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dudjom_Lingpa" title="Dudjom Lingpa">Dudjom Lingpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamgon_Ju_Mipham_Gyatso" class="mw-redirect" title="Jamgon Ju Mipham Gyatso">Mipham</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Kagyu<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marpa_Lotsawa" title="Marpa Lotsawa">Marpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangjung_Dorje,_3rd_Karmapa_Lama" title="Rangjung Dorje, 3rd Karmapa Lama">Rangjung Dorje</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Jonang<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolpopa_Sherab_Gyaltsen" title="Dolpopa Sherab Gyaltsen">Dolpopa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taranatha" title="Taranatha">Taranatha</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Sakya<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Pandita" title="Sakya Pandita">Sakya Pandita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorampa" title="Gorampa">Gorampa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Bodongpa<br /></dt></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Samding_Dorje_Phagmo" title="Samding Dorje Phagmo">Samding Dorje Phagmo</a> </p> <dl><dt>Gelugpa<br /></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_Dalai_Lama" title="13th Dalai Lama">13th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choekyi_Gyaltsen,_10th_Panchen_Lama" title="Choekyi Gyaltsen, 10th Panchen Lama">10th Panchen Lama</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Teachings</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <dl><dt>General Buddhist</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)"><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn">Saṃsāra</i></span></a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_(Buddhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharma (Buddhism)">Dharma</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Dependent origination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Tibetan</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Tenets_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Four Tenets system">Four Tenets system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rangtong-Shentong" class="mw-redirect" title="Rangtong-Shentong">Rangtong-Shentong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika-Prasa%E1%B9%85gika_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction">Svatantrika-Prasaṅgika distinction</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Nyingma</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pointing-out_instruction" title="Pointing-out instruction">Pointing-out instruction</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Practices and attainment</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lamrim" title="Lamrim">Lamrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitās</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Laity</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_tantric_practice" title="Tibetan tantric practice">Tantra techniques</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_yoga" title="Guru yoga">Guru yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dream_yoga" title="Dream yoga">Dream yoga</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Thukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Tibetan_monasteries" title="List of Tibetan monasteries">Major monasteries</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumbum_Monastery" title="Kumbum Monastery">Kumbum</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Monastery" title="Labrang Monastery">Labrang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rato_Dratsang" title="Rato Dratsang">Rato</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tashi_Lhunpo_Monastery" title="Tashi Lhunpo Monastery">Tashi Lhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">Institutional roles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_festivals" title="Tibetan festivals">Festivals</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chotrul_Duchen" title="Chotrul Duchen">Chotrul Duchen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dajyur" title="Dajyur">Dajyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galdan_Namchot" title="Galdan Namchot">Galdan Namchot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dosmoche" title="Dosmoche">Dosmoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monlam_Prayer_Festival" title="Monlam Prayer Festival">Monlam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losoong_Festival" title="Losoong Festival">Losoong</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tengyur" title="Tengyur">Tengyur</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyingma_Gyubum" title="Nyingma Gyubum">Nyingma Gyubum</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_art" title="Tibetan art">Art</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sand_mandala" title="Sand mandala">Sand mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_wall_paintings" title="Tibetan Buddhist wall paintings">Wall paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtamangala" title="Ashtamangala">Ashtamangala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tree_of_physiology" title="Tree of physiology">Tree of physiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thongdrel" title="Thongdrel">Festival thangka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_stone" title="Mani stone">Mani stone</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFEBC2;color:black; text-align:center; background-color: #FFEBC2; border: 2px solid #FFEBC2;color: var(--color-base)">History and overview</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background-color: #FAE3A8; border: 2px solid #FAE3A8"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tibetan_Buddhism" title="History of Tibetan Buddhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index of articles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan_Buddhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Tibetan Buddhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Sera Monastery</b> (<a href="/wiki/Tibetan_script" title="Tibetan script">Tibetan</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1106655535">.mw-parser-output .uchen{font-family:"Jomolhari","Uchen","Noto Serif Tibetan Medium","Noto Serif Tibetan","BabelStone Tibetan Slim","Yagpo Tibetan Uni","Noto Sans Tibetan","Microsoft Himalaya","Kailash","DDC Uchen","TCRC Youtso Unicode","Tibetan Machine Uni","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchen","Qomolangma-Uchen Sarchung","Qomolangma-Uchen Suring","Qomolangma-Uchen Sutung","Qomolangma-Title","Qomolangma-Subtitle","DDC Rinzin","Qomolangma-Woodblock","Qomolangma-Dunhuang"}.mw-parser-output .ume{font-family:"Qomolangma-Betsu","Qomolangma-Chuyig","Qomolangma-Drutsa","Qomolangma-Edict","Qomolangma-Tsumachu","Qomolangma-Tsuring","Qomolangma-Tsutong","TibetanSambhotaYigchung","TibetanTsugRing","TibetanYigchung"}</style><span lang="bo" class="uchen" style="font-size:1.25em; vertical-align:middle; word-wrap:break-word;">སེ་ར་དགོན་པ</span>, <a href="/wiki/Wylie_transliteration" title="Wylie transliteration">Wylie</a>: <i>se ra dgon pa</i> "Wild Roses Monastery";<sup id="cite_ref-LonelyPlanetWildRoses_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LonelyPlanetWildRoses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">色拉寺</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Sèlā Sì</span></i>) is one of the "great three" <a href="/wiki/Gelug" title="Gelug">Gelug</a> <a href="/wiki/Gompa" title="Gompa">university monasteries</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, located 1.25 miles (2.01 km) north of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> and about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (The other two are <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a>.) </p><p>The origin of its name is attributed to a fact that during construction, the hill behind the monastery was covered with blooming wild roses (or "sera" in Tibetan).<sup id="cite_ref-LonelyPlanetWildRoses_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LonelyPlanetWildRoses-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (An alternate etymology holds that the location that was surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Raspberry" title="Raspberry">raspberry</a> shrubs called 'Sewa' in Tibetan, that formed like a 'Rawa' in Tibetan, meaning "Fence".)<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The original Sera Monastery is responsible for some 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills north of Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Sera Monastery, as a complex of structures with the Great Assembly Hall and three colleges, was founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey of Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of <a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 1959 revolt in Lhasa, Sera monastery suffered severe damage, with its colleges destroyed and hundreds of monks killed.<sup id="cite_ref-Mayhew_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mayhew-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the Dalai Lama took asylum in <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, many of the monks of Sera who survived the attack moved to <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, India. After initial tribulations, they established a parallel Sera Monastery with Sera Me and Sera Je colleges and a Great Assembly Hall on similar lines to the original monastery, with help from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. There are now 3000 or more monks living in Sera, India and this community has also spread its missionary activities to several countries by establishing Dharma centres, propagating knowledge of Buddhism.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thlib_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sera Monastery in Tibet and its counterpart in Mysore, India are noted for their debate sessions. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028,_Tibetexpedition,_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-09-028%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Blick_auf_Kloster_Sera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>Sera Monastery in 1938</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg/220px-Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg/330px-Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/18/Abbots_of_Sera_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="304" /></a><figcaption>Abbots of Sera Monastery, 1920-1921</figcaption></figure> <p>The original Sera Monastery is a complex of structures founded in 1419 by Jamchen Chojey Sakya Yeshe of Zel Gungtang (1355–1435), a disciple of Je Tsongkhapa. Prior to establishing this monastery, Tsongkhapa, assisted by his disciples, had set up hermitages at higher elevations above <a href="/wiki/Sera_Uts%C3%A9_Hermitage" title="Sera Utsé Hermitage">Sera Utsé Hermitage</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Sera complex is divided into two sectors by pathways; the eastern part contains the Great Assembly Hall and the dwellings and the western part has the well-known three colleges: the Sera Je Dratsang, the Sera Me Dratsang; and the Ngakpa Dratsang, all instituted by Tsongkhapa as monastic universities that catered to monks in the age range 8-70. All the structures within this complex formed a clockwise pilgrimage circuit, starting with the colleges (in the order stated), followed by the hall, the dwelling units and finally ending at the hermitage of Tsongkhapa above the Great Assembly Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-sera_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sera-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Jé and Mé colleges were established to train monks, over a 20-year programme of <i>tsennyi mtshan nyid grwa tshang</i> (philosophical knowledge), which concludes with a <a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">geshe</a> degree. The Ngakpa college, which predated the other two colleges, was exclusively devoted to the practice of <a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">tantric</a> ritual. Before 1959, the administration of each college comprised an <a href="/wiki/Abbot" title="Abbot">abbot</a> with council of ten <a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">lamas</a> for each college.<sup id="cite_ref-thlib_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, the monastery developed into a hermitage where about 6000 monks resided. The monastery was one of the finest locations in Tibet to witness the debate sessions, which were held according to a fixed schedule.<sup id="cite_ref-schedule_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schedule-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The monastery belongs to the Gelug Order and was one of the largest in Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-under_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-under-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of the monastery is strongly connected to Master Lama Tsongkhapa (1357–1419), the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Gelukpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Gelukpa">Gelukpa Order</a>, a much-venerated and highly-learned guru in Buddhist scriptures. It was under his tutelage — seen by followers as divine — that his disciple Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge established the Sera Jey Monastery complex in the early 15th century AD. Kunkhyen Lodroe Rinchen Senge initially served as a teacher in the <a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a> before he formed the Sera Jey. </p><p>The religious legend holds that the site was chosen because Tsongkhapa had a vision in which he saw the full text of <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a>'s 20 <a href="/wiki/Slokas" class="mw-redirect" title="Slokas">slokas</a> on <i>Shunyata</i> captioned in the sky. This vision gave him a full insight into the <i>Tsawasehrab</i> (Fundamentals of <a href="/wiki/Madhyamika" class="mw-redirect" title="Madhyamika">Madhyamika</a> or <a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a>) text.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Further, he also perceived the "vision of a rain like 'AA' characters descending from the sky". It was only 12 years later that one of his pupils, Jamchen Choje, fulfilled the prophecy of his guru by establishing the Sera Je as a seat of learning knowledge of the complete teachings and practices of the Mahayana tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>King Nedong Dagpa Gyaltsen supported the noble venture with required finances. In 1419, he performed the foundation laying ceremony for construction of the monastery. Lama Tsongkhapa oversaw further details including installing sacred images, idols, and other objects of worship. The monastery soon came to be known as "the Seat of Theckchen ling (<a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana Tradition</a>)".<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-1959_events">Post-1959 events</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Post-1959 events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1959_Tibetan_uprising" title="1959 Tibetan uprising">1959 Tibetan uprising</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg/180px-Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg/270px-Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg/360px-Sera_Bylakuppe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Winterdebate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winterdebate.jpg/180px-Winterdebate.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winterdebate.jpg/270px-Winterdebate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Winterdebate.jpg/360px-Winterdebate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Sera Monastery, India at <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>. Right: The Debate session in Bylakuppe during winter, a practice inherited from the Tibet Sera</div></div></div></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a> <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama%27s_escape_from_China" title="Dalai Lama's escape from China">fled to India</a> in 1959 and sought asylum there. Starting from 18 March, Sera Jey Monastery was subject to bombardment,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which resulted in death of hundreds of monks (in 1959, the count of monks living in Sera Jey was 5629), apart from destruction of ancient texts and loss of innumerable, invaluable, ancient and antique works of art. Many of those who survived (monks and common people) this onslaught by the Chinese fled to India, under severe winter weather conditions, across the <a href="/wiki/Himalayas" title="Himalayas">Himalayas</a>. Following this mass exodus of people from Tibet (including, a few hundred Sera Jey lamas, geshes and monks), when they arrived in India, they were resettled at <a href="/wiki/Bylakuppe" title="Bylakuppe">Bylakuppe</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mysore" title="Mysore">Mysore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnataka" title="Karnataka">Karnataka</a> state among many other locations spread across the country, as one of the exclusive Tibetan establishments with ready assistance forthcoming from the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_India" title="Government of India">Government of India</a>. </p><p>It was in 1970 that the group of 197 Sera Jey monks with 103 of Sera Mey monks established a special monastery within the resettlement of Bylakuppe as a counterpart of the Tibetan Sera Jey Monastery. As none of the monks of the Ngagpa Dratsang (Tantric College) had survived the invasion, only the Sera Mey College and Sera Jey College were re-formed in India. The Bylakuppe Monastery now houses 5,000 Buddhist monks comprising some migrants and many other Tibetans who were not born in their ancestral homeland.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rock_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rock-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:408px;max-width:408px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg/200px-Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg/300px-Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg/400px-Trijang-Rinpoche-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg/200px-Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg/300px-Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg/400px-Sera_Mey_monks_in_the_main_temple.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Statue of Trijang Rinpoche, tutor of the present 14th Dalai Lama, Sera Mey Monastery, Bylakuppe, India.. Right: Monks in the Assembly Hall of Sera Mey in Bylakuppe</div></div></div></div> <p>With forest land allotted by the Government of India, two arms of the Sera Monastery, representing the migrant monks of the Tibetan Sera Je and Sera Me colleges were established; 193 Sera je monks got 147.75 acres (59.79 ha) and 107 monks of Sera Me got an allotment of the balance area. Further, 38 tenements were built with grants by the Government of India for the Monks to reside and pursue their vocation of monkshood coupled with tilling the surrounding allotted land for raising food crops for survival. Well established as an organised Monastery with dedicated efforts of the monks, an Assembly Prayer Hall that could accommodate 1500 monks was also completed in 1978. This Monastery is now the nodal monastery, with its affiliation to several smaller monasteries spread across various regions in Tibet; its popularity could be gauged by the 3000 or more monks living here now. Encouraged by this success and noting the pressure on existing infrastructure, an additional, much larger and an impressive Assembly hall (measuring 23,275 square feet (2,162.3 m<sup>2</sup>), 31 feet (9.4 m) high with 110 pillars) has been built that can accommodate 3500 monks to assemble for prayers. With this development, Sera has now two facets, the original “Tibetan Sera” and the Bylakuppe “New Sera” of the “Tibetan Diaspora” with the counterpart Jé, Mé monasteries, with the Ngakpa college counterpart also added recently. The Sera-India monk community of the Bylakuppe Monastery, has gone global with their missionary activity by establishing “dharma centres” in many parts the world, thus removing the cultural isolation of pre-1959 years in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thlib_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sera_Monastery2.jpg/180px-Sera_Monastery2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sera_Monastery2.jpg/270px-Sera_Monastery2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Sera_Monastery2.jpg/360px-Sera_Monastery2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3446" data-file-height="2546" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat-Sera11.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retreat-Sera11.JPG/180px-Retreat-Sera11.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retreat-Sera11.JPG/270px-Retreat-Sera11.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Retreat-Sera11.JPG/360px-Retreat-Sera11.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: Monastery complex. Right: Retreat House of Sera Monastery and Lhasa valley down below.</div></div></div></div> <p>The monastery is located on the northern outskirts of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>, the capital of <a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibet Autonomous Region</a>. As built in 1419, it encompassed an area of 28 acres (11 ha).<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-monk_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-monk-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Its geographical location is at the base of Pubuchok mountain, also known as Tatipu Hill, located in the northern suburb of Lhasa City, which forms the watershed of the basins formed by Kyi Chi and Penpo Chu rivers.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monastery complex, encompassing 28 acres (11 ha) of land, housed several institutions in its precincts. The structures of notability were the Coqen Hall Tsokchen (Great Assembly Hall), the three Zhacangs (colleges) and Kamcun (dormitory) also called Homdong Kangtsang. In the main hall, scriptures (scripted with gold powder), statues, scent cloth and murals were seen in profusion. The descriptions given here relate to the scenario that existed at the monastery prior to the 1959 invasion by <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of China">China</a> but most of the monasteries are stated to be since restored, though the strength of the monks are said to be small.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Great_Assembly_Hall">Great Assembly Hall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Great Assembly Hall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery_front.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sera_Monastery_front.jpg/220px-Sera_Monastery_front.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sera_Monastery_front.jpg/330px-Sera_Monastery_front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Sera_Monastery_front.jpg/440px-Sera_Monastery_front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Sera Monastery</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_1996_172.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lhasa_1996_172.jpg/220px-Lhasa_1996_172.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="332" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lhasa_1996_172.jpg/330px-Lhasa_1996_172.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Lhasa_1996_172.jpg/440px-Lhasa_1996_172.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>Gilt images of a bodhisattva and lamas in Sera Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>The Great Assembly Hall, the ‘Tsokchen' or 'Coqen Hall', dated to 1710, a four-story structure to the north east of the monastery, facing east, is where several religious rituals and rites are conducted. The hall measured an area of 2,000 square metres (22,000 sq ft) built with 125 pillars (86 tall and 39 short columns) and was constructed by Lhazang Qan. The entry portico had ten columns. </p><p>The five chapels in this building have statues or images of <a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Maitreya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni">Shakyamuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arhats" class="mw-redirect" title="Arhats">Arhats</a>, Tsongkhapa, and <a href="/wiki/Kwan-yin" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwan-yin">Kwan-yin</a> with one thousand hands and eleven faces. The ancient and delicately written scriptures ‘the Gangyur of Tripitaka’ also spelt '<a href="/wiki/Kangyur" title="Kangyur">Kangyur</a>' (dated 1410) in 105 volumes (original 108 volumes) written in Tibetan is the treasured possession of the monastery. It is said that Chengzhu, emperor of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_dynasty" title="Ming dynasty">Ming dynasty</a>, presented these scriptures (printed on wood blocks with gold cover engraved in red <a href="/wiki/Lacquer" title="Lacquer">lacquer</a> and made in China) to Jamchen Chojey, the builder of the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.121-122_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.121-122-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The entrance to the hall was through a portico built on 10 columns. Large <a href="/wiki/Appliqu%C3%A9" title="Appliqué">appliqué</a> <a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangkas</a> were suspended from the ceiling on the side walls. A skylight at the centre provided the light in the hall during the day. Image of the founder of the monastery Jamchen Choje Shakya Yeshe was deified as the central image. Other deities installed were of Maitreya (5 metres (16 ft) height and gilded) flanked by statues of two lions, Dalai Lamas V, VII and XII, Tsongkhapa (with his favourite disciples), Chokyi Gyeltsen, <a href="/wiki/Desi_Sangye_Gyatso" title="Desi Sangye Gyatso">Desi Sangye Gyatso</a> and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The three inner chapels, sequentially, are the Jampa Lhakhang, the Neten Lhakhang and Jigje Lhakhang. A 6 metres (20 ft) high image of Maitreya was deified in Jampa Lhakhang ensconced by Eight <a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a>, the treasured Kagyur and guarded by <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acala" title="Acala">Acala</a> at the entrance. Jigje Lhakhang houses the image of <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> with his consort <a href="/wiki/Bhairavi" title="Bhairavi">Bhairavi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Shri Devi</a> and other protector deities.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the second floor, there were three chapels: the Zhelre Lhakhang from where Maitreya could be seen embossed with a small Tsongkhapa on its heart; the Tu-je Chenpo Lhakhang that had an Avalokiteshvara with eleven faces (found at Pawangka), <a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tara</a> and six–armed <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>. The idol of <a href="/wiki/Shakyamuni_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Shakyamuni Buddha">Shakyamuni Buddha</a> flanked by images of Gelukpa Lamas were placed in the Shakyamuni Lhakhang.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third and the fourth floors were used as private apartments for the Dalai Lamas and the preceptors of the Main Assembly Hall.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.122-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sera_Me_Tratsang">Sera Me Tratsang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sera Me Tratsang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sera_Monastery.jpg/170px-Sera_Monastery.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sera_Monastery.jpg/255px-Sera_Monastery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sera_Monastery.jpg/340px-Sera_Monastery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2539" data-file-height="3029" /></a><figcaption>Sera Monastery, 2008</figcaption></figure> <p>Sera Me Tratsang or Sera Me Zhakan was the oldest college built here. It was established in 1419 during the Ming dynasty reign, initially for elementary or basic education in Buddhist religion. The college adopted a step-by-step approach to the studies of Buddhist doctrines; a practice particular to the Gelukpa or <a href="/wiki/Yellow_Hat_sect" class="mw-redirect" title="Yellow Hat sect">Yellow Hat sect</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a>. The college was built over an area of 1,600 square metres (17,000 sq ft) with 30 dwelling units. However, in 1761 lightning struck the main hall which was rebuilt in 1761. The hall, as finally refurbished, had 70 pillars (8 tall and 62 short pillars) which housed a galaxy of statues of Buddhist gurus with the main deity of Shakyamuni Buddha made in copper. The other Bodhisattvas enshrined along with the main deity were of Maitreya, <a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Manjushri</a>, Amatyas, Bhavishyaguru, Tsongkhapa (with his students), Dalai Lama VII, Pawanga Rinpoche and several other past teachers of the college.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.119_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.119-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The college had five chapels with plethora of statues and frescoes, which from west to east were: Tawok Lhkhang with images of Tawok, protection deity of the east, the Je Rinpoche Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa and Shakyamuni, the Neten Lhakhang with images of Buddha of Three Times in the company of 'Sixteen Elders' depicted in their mountain caves, volumes of the sacred <a href="/wiki/Prajnaparamita" title="Prajnaparamita">Prajnaparamita</a> text; the Jowokhang with large Buddha image (replaced an earlier image of Miwang Jowo Shakyamuni) along with Eight Bodhisattvas, and gatekeepers Hayagriva and Acala; and the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang, the last chapel on the right, with several images – Je Rinpoche, <a href="/wiki/Atisha" class="mw-redirect" title="Atisha">Atisha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dromtonpa" class="mw-redirect" title="Dromtonpa">Dromtonpa</a>, Dalai Lamas I-III, Dalai Lama V, Jamchen Shakya Yeshe, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first teacher of Sera), Kunkhen Jangchub Penpa (founder of Sera Me) and many more.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second floor of the college had the Nyima Lhakhang where image of Shakhyamuni Buddha was deified along with Tuwang Tsultrim, and the Khangyur Lhakhang with 1000 images of Tara which replaced the sacred texts that were destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. The third floor was reserved for the Dalai Lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sera_Monastery4.jpg/220px-Sera_Monastery4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sera_Monastery4.jpg/330px-Sera_Monastery4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Sera_Monastery4.jpg/440px-Sera_Monastery4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Coqen Hall</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sera_Je_College">Sera Je College</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sera Je College"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sera Je Tretsang (College) or Zhekong, the largest college in Sera complex, measured an area of 17,000 m<sup>2</sup> (180,000 sq ft). It was initially a three storied building; a fourth floor was added in the 18th century by strengthening the building with a total of 100 columns. It had a statue of the <a href="/wiki/Hayagriva" title="Hayagriva">Hayagriva</a> (said to have been sculpted by Lodro Rinchen himself in gilded copper), also known popularly as <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a>, which was considered the protective deity of the monastery. This wrathful deity was worshipped as dispeller of obstacles with healing powers. Tokden Yonten Gonpo, worshipped this deity first and on divine injunction initiated his son Kunkhepa, to follow this tradition. Kunkhepa, with the blessings of Lama Tsongkhapa, institutionalised the name of Hayagriva or Tamdin Yangsang as the supreme protector deity of the monastery. The assembly hall of the college depicted frescoes of Buddha's life achievements, the thrones of the Dalai Lamas and <a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lamas</a>; seen on its north wall were stupas (reliquaries) and images of Dalai Lama VIII and Dalai Lama XIII, Reting Telkus II and IX, and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera).<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-History_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.120-121_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.120-121-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064,_Tibetexpedition,_Statuen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_135-KA-07-064%2C_Tibetexpedition%2C_Statuen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="573" /></a><figcaption>Images of deities in a Chapel in the Sera</figcaption></figure> <p>The Chapels which were circumambulated sequentially are: the Dusum Sangye Lhakhang which housed statues of “Buddhas of Three Times” and Eight Bodhistavas; the Tamdrin Lhakhang housed the main image of Hayagriva; the Jhampa Lhakhang contained images of Maitreya, Eleven-faced Mahakarunika, and Tsongkhapa with his disciples amidst a coveted library; the Tsongkhapa Lhakhang with images of Tsongkhapa with his best students, main Lamas of Sera Je, <a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a> and other Buddhist commentators of India, gate keepers Havagriva and Acala; the Jampeyang Lhakhang to the north-east had two images of Manjushri, one in a Dharmacakramudra (teaching pose) looking towards the Debating Courtyard.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The second floor of the monastery on the west called the Zelre Lhakhang provided an overview of the main Hayagriva image in the floor below, and also a small image of Nine-headed Hayagriva along with images of <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a>, the <a href="/wiki/5th_Dalai_Lama" title="5th Dalai Lama">5th Dalai Lama</a> and the protector deities. One floor above this was the Namgyel Lhakhang and the last floor above this was the living quarters of the Dalai Lamas and teachers of Sera Je.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ngakpa_Tratsang">Ngakpa Tratsang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Ngakpa Tratsang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg/220px-Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg/330px-Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg/440px-Sera_Ngakpa_2018_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Ngakpa Tratsang.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Ngakpa Tratsang, also spelled Ngaba Zhacang, was the smallest of the three colleges that was set up in the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was a three storied building originally built in 1419 by Jetsun Kunkhen Lodroe Rinchen Senge. It was refurbished in the 18th century by <a href="/wiki/Lhazang_Khan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhazang Khan">Lhazang Khan</a>. Devoted to tantric studies, the college had an assembly hall and two chapels in the ground floor. The Assembly hall was built with four tall and 42 short columns with elegantly carved capitals. The main image in the centre of the hall was of Jamchen Chojey (wearing a black hat), founder of the monastery. It was believed that the <a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle Emperor</a> (1360–1424) presented this image to Sera. Other images enshrined in the hall were of Maitreya, Gyeltsen Zangpo (first religious teacher of Sera), Pawangka Rinpoche, Tsongkhapa (with his principle disciples), Dalai Lama XIII, Chokyi Gyeltsen and Lodro Rinchen (founder of Sera Je). The two chapels housed many statues; in the Neten Lhakhang chapel of Shakyamuni Buddha along with images of 16 elders in double series (Upper series made in Tibetan style and the lower series in Chinese lacquer given by the Chinese Emperor); and the Jigje Lakhang chapel housed the 15th century image of <a href="/wiki/Bhairava" title="Bhairava">Bhairava</a> along with those of <a href="/wiki/Mahakala" title="Mahakala">Mahakala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dharmapala" title="Dharmapala">Dharmaraja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Shridevi</a> and many others. While the third story was the residence of the Dalai Lama, the second floor had the images <a href="/wiki/Amitayus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amitayus">Amitayus</a> and also eight 'Medicine Buddhas', as also reliquaries (stupas) of Gyeltsen Zangpo and Jetsun Chokyi Gyeltsen.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.120-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, as per reports, this college was destroyed and all resident monks also died in the bombardment done by the Chinese in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Homdong_Khangtsang">Homdong Khangtsang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Homdong Khangtsang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homdong Khangtsang, also spelt ‘Kamcuns’ in Tibetan language, are the main dwelling units or dormitories which house the monks of the monastery; there are thirty-three Kamcuns surrounding the central courtyard. The size of the Kamcuns varied, depending on the strength of monks housed. Monks of the same village are housed together; however each monk is given a separate cell. Each Kamcun also has a prayer hall for exclusive study of Buddhist doctrine and also has annexed tea house. However, the main assembly hall here had minor images of Tsongkhapa, Choyi Gyeltsen, Shakhyamuni Buddha, Three Deities of Longevity, and two inner chapels – the Jampakhang with ‘speaking’ image of Tara (protector of the springs in Sera) and Lama Tubten Kunga (who renovated Sera Me) and Gonkhang chapel with the image of the protector deity Gyelchen Karma Trinle.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Choding_Khang">Choding Khang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Choding Khang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:497px;max-width:497px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera14.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sera14.JPG/150px-Sera14.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sera14.JPG/225px-Sera14.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sera14.JPG/300px-Sera14.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Tsongkhapa and other deities painted on rock on the approach to hermitage</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone-Sera16.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stone-Sera16.JPG/170px-Stone-Sera16.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stone-Sera16.JPG/255px-Stone-Sera16.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Stone-Sera16.JPG/340px-Stone-Sera16.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Image of Buddha</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stone-Sera17.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stone-Sera17.JPG/165px-Stone-Sera17.JPG" decoding="async" width="165" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stone-Sera17.JPG/248px-Stone-Sera17.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Stone-Sera17.JPG/330px-Stone-Sera17.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Images of frightful protector deities</div></div></div></div></div> <p>Choding Khang is the hermitage located just behind the Great Assembly Hall (on the hill slope of Sera Utse). This is where Je Tsongkhapa meditated. The hermitage is accessed through a track where painted rock carvings of Tsongkhapa, Jamchen and Dharma Raja (the protector) are seen flanking the stepped approaches, along the route. A new building has been constructed in place of the old hermitage, which was destroyed during the Revolution. Below the hermitage are the Upper Tantric College (Gyuto) and Lower Tantric College (Gyu-me) of Lhasa). A further climb up the hill leads to caves where Tsongkhapa meditated.<sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_p.121-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hermitages_and_nunneries">Hermitages and nunneries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Hermitages and nunneries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sera Monastery that developed over the centuries into a renowned place of learning, which trained hundreds of scholars who attained name and fame in the Buddhist nations, has under its affiliation 19 hermitages, including four nunneries, which are all located in the foothills above Lhasa. The nunneries established are the <a href="/wiki/Chupzang_Nunnery" title="Chupzang Nunnery">Chupzang Nunnery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Garu_Nunnery" title="Garu Nunnery">Garu Nunnery</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Negodong_Nunnery" title="Negodong Nunnery">Negodong Nunnery</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nenang_Nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenang Nunnery">Nenang Nunnery</a> and a few nuns of some of these nunneries held protest marches against the Chinese rule, and as a result suffered incarceration and indignities.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-watch_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-watch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Brief details of the hermitages and nunneries are: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hermitages">Hermitages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hermitages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pabongkha_Hermitage">Pabongkha Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Pabongkha Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:368px;max-width:368px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg/180px-Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg/270px-Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg/360px-Pabonka_Hermitage3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="520" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg/180px-Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg/270px-Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg/360px-Pabonka_Hermitage2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="519" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka Hermitage</a></div></div></div></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka Hermitage</a> (<i>pha bong kha ri khrod</i>), the largest and most important of the Sera hermitages is located about 8 km (5.0 mi) northwest of Lhasa in the <a href="/wiki/Nyang_bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyang bran">Nyang bran Valley</a> on the slopes of Mount Parasol. </p><p>The site, which is over 1,300 years old, dates back to <a href="/wiki/Songts%C3%A4n_Gampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Songtsän Gampo">Songtsän Gampo</a>, the founder of the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Empire" title="Tibetan Empire">Tibetan Empire</a>, and was amongst the first buildings built in the <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a> area by him during the 7th century after settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although originally the site of his castle or fort, the <i><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Annals" title="Tibetan Annals">Tibetan Annals</a></i> have revealed that Pabonka was converted into a monastery, possibly under the reign of the second great Buddhist king of Tibet <a href="/wiki/Trisong_Detsen" title="Trisong Detsen">Trisong Detsen</a>. Detsen, along with <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a> and the first seven monks of the new Tibetan Empire used to meditate at the hermitage and it became one of Tibet's very earliest Buddhist monasteries, possibly even pre-dating <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The original nine-storied monastery was partially destroyed by King <a href="/wiki/Langdharma" class="mw-redirect" title="Langdharma">Langdharma</a> in 841 AD during his campaign to destroy monastic Buddhism; it was rebuilt in the 11th century as a two-storied structure that housed 200 monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_1999,_p._123_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_1999,_p._123-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tsongkhapa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tsongkhapa.jpg/170px-Tsongkhapa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/12/Tsongkhapa.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="229" data-file-height="341" /></a><figcaption>Je Tsongkhapa, who lived for some time as a hermit in Pabonka</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Je_Tsongkhapa" title="Je Tsongkhapa">Je Tsongkhapa</a> (1357–1419) lived at the site as a hermit, and it eventually became a scholarly institution. The <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a> was known to be fond of the monastery and funded the building of an upper floor for Pabonka.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dorje_1999,_p._123_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dorje_1999,_p._123-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before 1959, Pabonka was independent of Sera Monastery,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and from 1960 to the mid-1980s it was controlled by the Chinese. It then came under the control of Sera, whose monks renovated it and are continuing its traditions. </p><p>This temple is noted for its many shrines, and its blue and carved gold mantra in the hallway, inscribed with words meaning, "Hail to the jewel in the lotus".<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of stone relics were buried during the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_Revolution" title="Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a> but when Sera monks restored the hermitage they excavated the relics and restored most of them.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A central shrine, dating back 1300 years to Gampo, is located in the temple and depicts <a href="/wiki/Chenresig" class="mw-redirect" title="Chenresig">Chenresig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jampelyang" class="mw-redirect" title="Jampelyang">Jampelyang</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Chana_Dorje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Chana Dorje (page does not exist)">Chana Dorje</a>, the so-called "Rigsum Gompo Trinity" from which the temple takes its name.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Up the hill from the hermitage, past a group of <a href="/wiki/Chortens" class="mw-redirect" title="Chortens">chortens</a>, is Palden Lhamo Cave, a cave known to have been a meditation chamber of Songstan Gampo himself and contains statues of himself, his two wives and a rock carving of <a href="/wiki/Palden_Lhamo" title="Palden Lhamo">Palden Lhamo</a>, the protectress.<sup id="cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hermitage notably has its own tradition of monthly and yearly ritual cycles. The most important of these yearly ritual events (at least for the laity) are the six-day (three sets of two-day) <a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> fasting rituals that take place during the Tibetan New Year (<a href="/wiki/Losar" title="Losar">Losar</a>) celebrations, the sixteen-day (eight sets of two-day) Avalokiteśvara fasting rituals that take place during the fourth <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan month</a> (they attract many people from Lhasa and the surrounding districts), and a ritual and other events that take place during the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” pilgrimage.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Drakri_Hermitage">Drakri Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Drakri Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Drakri_Hermitage" title="Drakri Hermitage">Drakri Hermitage</a> (<i>brag ri ri khrod</i>), also known as Bari Hermitage (<i>sba ri ri khrod</i>) lies about three kilometres north and slightly east of central Lhasa. Drakri, believed to have been founded by the abbot of Pha bong kh in the 18th century, was used as a meditational retreat by Klong rdol bla ma ngag dbang blo bzang (1719–1794), one of the most renowned scholars of the Lhopa Regional House (Lho pa khang tshan) of the Jé College (Grwa tshang byes).<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Drakri Hermitage had control over <a href="/wiki/Garu_Nunnery" title="Garu Nunnery">Garu Nunnery</a> since its early history and supervised the training of the Garu nuns until 1959. In 1959, the monks of the hermitage were evicted and the hermitage was turned into the notorious <a href="/wiki/Drapchi_Prison" title="Drapchi Prison">Drapchi Prison</a>, which gained a reputation for being one of the most severe penal institutions run by the Chinese in Tibet.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1980s a citizen of Lhasa re-established the monastery under the <a href="/wiki/Nyingma" title="Nyingma">Nyingma</a> sect to remember his late mother.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After receiving permission from the Lhasa municipal government, he began renovating the site, although a former official of the Bari Lama's estate who had previously controlled the monastery initially objected to it being converted into Nyingma practice centre.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today the hermitage, still partly ruined, consists of five major sections; a main temple compound around a central courtyard with a temple, kitchen, and some of the monks’ living quarters, an extensive ruined terraced complex just south of the main temple which before 1959 served as the meeting rooms and the living quarters of the workers and business managers of the Drakri Lama's estate, a building that had served as the living quarters for the eight fully ordained monks who formed the ritual core of the monastic community, a stable for mdzo, a yak-cow hybrid and several huts.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The main temple contains statues of <a href="/wiki/Guru_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Guru Rinpoche">Guru Rinpoche</a> and several tantric deities and a three-dimensional model of Guru Rinpoche's celestial palace, the Glorious Copper-Coloured Mountain (<i>Zangs mdog dpal ri</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today there are four tantric priests residing in the main temple compound and two nuns living in huts to the southeast.<sup id="cite_ref-Drakri_28-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jokpo_Hermitage">Jokpo Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Jokpo Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jokpo_Hermitage" class="mw-redirect" title="Jokpo Hermitage">Jokpo Hermitage</a> (<i>’jog po ri khrod</i>) is located in the far western end of the Nyang bran Valley. The former property of the Jokpo Lama’s estate before the Chinese invasion in 1959, it originally served as the meditation retreat of a monk named ’Jog po rin po che of the Sera Mé College. The monk was a great meditator and according to tradition, after he died, his body remained in a state of perpetual meditative equipoise and was kept inside the Zhungpa Regional House temple where the monks reported that his hair and nails continued to grow even after his death.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the Chinese invasion his body was buried and decayed and when the regional house (khang tshan) was rebuilt in the 1980s, his bones were exhumed. These are today placed inside the altar's clay statue in the regional house temple.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keutsang_Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Keutsang Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg/220px-Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg/330px-Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg/440px-Keutsang_Hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="665" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_Hermitage" title="Keutsang Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_Hermitage" title="Keutsang Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</a> (<i>Ke’u tshang ri khrod</i>) was a precariously perched cave hermitage inhabited by the great Tibetan guru Tsongkhapa. However, the original cave collapsed in a landslide. What is present now was rebuilt, adjoining the ruined Keutsang West Hermitage, at a safer location. As it exists now, Keutsang is located to the east of Sera on a hill side above Lhasa’s principal cemetery. Rakhadrak Hermitage is located below this hermitage, within a close distance. This hermitage is also part of the Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra’i ri ’khor) that pilgrims undertake during the ‘Sixth-Month Fourth-Day (drug pa tshe bzhi)’ celebrations. The hermitage had smooth relationship with Sera all through its history so much so that every official monk of the hermitage enjoyed de facto status of a monk of the Hamdong Regional House (<i>Har gdong khang tshan</i>) of the Jé College also. The monastery also observes all ritualistic practices.<sup id="cite_ref-Keutsang_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some special aspects of the temple complex are: the belief that Maitreya (Byams pa) assures rebirth to those whose remains are brought to the cemetery below Keu tshang and it is also believed that light rays are exchanged between the Maitreya image here and the Maitreya Chapel at the northern end of the Barskor in Lhasa.<sup id="cite_ref-Keutsang_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1959 Cultural Revolution, the present and the fifth Keutsang incarnation (<i>Keutshang sku phreng lnga pa</i>) was incarcerated for a time and later he sought asylum in India in the 1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-Keutsang_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. Rebuilding it was started by a former monk of the hermitage in 1991 and was completed by 1992. The rebuilt hermitage now houses 25 monks.<sup id="cite_ref-Keutsang_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keutsang_East_Hermitage">Keutsang East Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Keutsang East Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ruins_of_K%27eu_tshang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Ruins_of_K%27eu_tshang.jpg/220px-Ruins_of_K%27eu_tshang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5d/Ruins_of_K%27eu_tshang.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="246" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of 16 Arhats of Keutsang or Keutsang East Hermitage, destroyed after 1959<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_East_Hermitage" title="Keutsang East Hermitage">Keutsang East Hermitage</a> (<i>ke’u tshang shar ri khrod</i>), a small hermitage exists now only in ruins between Keutsang West (<i>Ke’u tshang nub</i>), (now part of Kuetsang Hermitage) and the Purchok Hermitage. Its location is to the north of Lhasa. Prior to 1959, the hermitage belonged to Purchok Hermitage. It consisted of an assembly hall and monks’ quarters and was famous for the divine image of Avalokiteśvara who blessed the dead at the funeral ground here. There were ten resident monks. However, at present there no plans to rebuild the hermitage due to lack of funds.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Keutsang_West_Hermitage">Keutsang West Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Keutsang West Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_West_Hermitage" class="mw-redirect" title="Keutsang West Hermitage">Keutsang West Hermitage</a> is also in ruins and at present the Keutsang Hermitage has been built next to these ruins.<sup id="cite_ref-Keutsang_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Khardo_Hermitage">Khardo Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Khardo Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Khardo_Hermitage" title="Khardo Hermitage">Khardo Hermitage</a> (<i>Mkhar rdo ri khrod</i>) is a historical hermitage in the Dodé Valley, to the northeast of Lhasa and Sera monastery, which is named after the local deity (<i>gnas bdag</i>), known as <i>Mkhar rdo srong btsan</i>. Its setting is in a charnel ground ideal to perform tantric rites. The hermitage known as the "abode of saints" is surrounded by mountains on three sides which are all assigned divine names such as the ‘Soul Mountain of the Buddhas of the Five Families (<i>Rgyal ba’i rigs lnga bla ri</i>)' for a group of hills behind the monastery, 'Soul Mountain of Cakrasamvara (<i>Bde mchog bla ri)</i> where hand implements and bone ornaments of the deity were found, and the ‘Birth Deity Peak (<i>Khrungs ba’i lha ri or ’Khrungs’ fro</i>)' for the hill to the left of the hermitage. A cave here is known by the name the 'Offering Place Cave (<i>Brag mchod sa</i>)', (a copy of the holy Scriptures (<i>Bka’gyur</i>) is said to have been found here). Several local legends are narrated in respect of the history of founding the hermitage by Bzod pa rgya mtsho who lived in a cave here under the direction of the local deity. It was established in 1706.<sup id="cite_ref-Khardo_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khardo-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The hermitage, now in ruins, was originally built in three tiers (one above the other): the lowest tier was the hermitage or the main compound, the middle tier was known as the Upper Residence (<i>Gzims khang gong ma</i>) and top tier was the Temple of the Sixteen Arhats (<i>Gnas bcu lha khang</i>). The Seventh Dalai Lama, who was a student, fully supported Bzod pa rgya mtsho to build the first temple (Temple of the Sixteen Arhats) and also a residence for himself to stay during his visits to the hermitage, which came to be known as the 'Upper Residence'. The Dalai Lama's reverence for his guru was so deep that when the Bzod pa rgya mtsho died, he even performed the last rites for him, got installed his funerary stūpa and statue. He also located the Incarnate Lama of his guru at 'Phan po' near Lhasa. The second Bzod pa rgya mtsho also had excellent equation with the Eighth Dalai Lama, Jampel Gyatso (<i>Da lai bla ma sku phreng brgyad pa ’jam dpal rgya mt</i>sho). This power equation resulted in two more monasteries being built as satellite monasteries.<sup id="cite_ref-Khardo_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Khardo-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Panglung_Hermitage">Panglung Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Panglung Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Panglung_Hermitage" title="Panglung Hermitage">Panglung Hermitage</a> (<i>spangs lung ri khrod</i>) is located in the valley, northeast and downhill from Phur lcog. Panglung lies completely in ruins although it once had a large temple and a Rdo rje shugs ldan oracle; an individual who would go into trance to make prognostications while possessed by the god. Panglung was attempted to be renovated in the 1990s, but met opposition from the local people because the site had always been associated with this controversial protector deity, so redevelopment was prevented.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Purbuchok_Hermitage">Purbuchok Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Purbuchok Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg/220px-Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg/330px-Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg/440px-Purbuchok_Hermitage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="618" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Purbuchok_Hermitage" title="Purbuchok Hermitage">Purbuchok Hermitage</a></figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Purbuchok_Hermitage" title="Purbuchok Hermitage">Purbuchok Hermitage</a> (<i>Phur bu lcog ri khrod</i>) is situated in the Lhasa suburb of <i>Dog bde</i> in the northern mountains at the north-east corner of the Lhasa Valley. It is the last hermitage to be visited on the “Sixth-Month Fourth-Day” (<i>drug pa tshe bzhi</i>) pilgrimage circuit. Fairly fully rehabilitated, it is considered an attractive hermitage. The hills surrounding the monastery have been given name tags of the three protectors of the divine paradise namely the Avalokiteśvara, Mañjuśrī and Vajrapāni. It is also identified with the six syllables divine mantra (<i>sngags</i>)- "OM Mani Padme Hum".<sup id="cite_ref-Purbo_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purbo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>History of the hermitage is traced to the 9th century when Padmasambhava (<i>Padma ’byung gnas</i>) meditated here. The main cave where he did penance is known as the ‘Cavern of Dochung Chongzhi (<i>Rdo cung cong zhi’i phug pa</i>)’. Over the centuries, the monastery has seen many leading lights of the Tibetan monastic order playing a role in its building, such as the Zhang ’gro ba’i mgon po g.yu brag pa (1123–1193), female saint Ma cig lab sgron, Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho's (1641–1713), Ngawang Jampa (Phur lcog sku phreng dang po ngag dbang byams pa, 1682–1762) and Pan chen blo bzang ye shes (1663–1737). Royal family members like the Queen Tsering Trashi (<i>Rgyal mo tshe ring bkra shis</i>) and the Tibetan King Pho lha nas (1689–1747) also supported the activities of the hermitage. However, the most significant face of development occurred during the third Purchok incarnation Lozang Tsültrim Jampa Gyatso (Phur lcog sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang tshul khrims byams pa rgya mtsho) who was teacher of the 13th and 14th Dalai Lamas.<sup id="cite_ref-Purbo_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purbo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, the Cultural Revolution of 1959 saw almost total destruction of the hermitage. Since 1984, with approval of the local government, a reconstruction face was begun and the hermitage has been substantially restored now to its past glory.<sup id="cite_ref-Purbo_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Purbo-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rakhadrak_Hermitage">Rakhadrak Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Rakhadrak Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_,_Lhasa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg/220px-Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg/330px-Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg/440px-Rakhadrak_and_K%27eu_tshang_%2C_Lhasa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1222" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Rakhadrak Hermitage</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Rakhadrak_Hermitage" title="Rakhadrak Hermitage">Rakhadrak Hermitage</a> (<i>Ra kha brag ri khrod</i>) is a historical hermitage, belonging to the Sera Monastery. It is located to the northeast of Sera and to the north of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. Mother of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a> (Da lai bla ma sku phreng lnga pa) was the hermitage's benefactor. Under her patronage, the upper temple complex was built as a formal monastery. The hermitage was destroyed during the Cultural Revolution of 1959. In the 1980s, Sera took control of the hermitage complex. However, rebuilding activity has been sporadic and monastic rituals are not held.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sera_Chöding_Hermitage"><span id="Sera_Ch.C3.B6ding_Hermitage"></span>Sera Chöding Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sera Chöding Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sera_Ch%C3%B6ding_Hermitage" title="Sera Chöding Hermitage">Sera Chöding Hermitage</a> (<i>Se ra chos sdings ri khrod</i>) was a tantric college (<i>rgyud smad grwa tshang</i>) before the 1959 Cultural Revolution. Located close to Sera and facing south, it has a yellow retreat house which was built first for the Tsongkhapa. The interesting story of this house is that a local 'site-spirit' (<i>gzhi bdag</i>) used to visit Tsongkhapa through a narrow window in the house. Tsong kha pa's mural image is seen here on the wall, which is credited with special powers as an “image that speaks” or known as speaking-statue (<i>gsung byon ma</i>). It was Tsongkhapa's favourite hermitage where he spent substantial time and composed his magnum opus, the “Great Commentary on the Prajñāmūla (<i>Rtsa shes Dīk chen</i>). He also taught here. It is also known as the hermitage where Tsongkhapa assigned his Tantric teachings to Rje shes rab seng ge (1383–1445), the founder of the Tantric Colleges.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sera_Gönpasar_Hermitage"><span id="Sera_G.C3.B6npasar_Hermitage"></span>Sera Gönpasar Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Sera Gönpasar Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sera_G%C3%B6npasar_Hermitage" title="Sera Gönpasar Hermitage">Sera Gönpasar Hermitage</a> (<i>se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod</i>) is derived from the Tibetan name dgon pa gsar, meaning “new monastery.” Today it lies completely in ruins but the hermitage belonged to the bla mas of the Dgon pa gsar incarnation lineage and was established as a Dge lugs hermitage by the first Gönpasar incarnation, Ngawang Döndrup. The hermitage was run by thirteen fully ordained monks before its destruction in 1959. Some foundations and fragments of walls remain, including some notable rock carvings and a large stupa.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sera_Utsé_Hermitage"><span id="Sera_Uts.C3.A9_Hermitage"></span>Sera Utsé Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Sera Utsé Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sera_Monastery3.jpg/220px-Sera_Monastery3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sera_Monastery3.jpg/330px-Sera_Monastery3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Sera_Monastery3.jpg/440px-Sera_Monastery3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3561" data-file-height="2373" /></a><figcaption>Sera Utsé Hermitage</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Sera_Uts%C3%A9_Hermitage" title="Sera Utsé Hermitage">Sera Utsé Hermitage</a> (<i>se ra dbu rtse ri khrod</i>), meaning “Sera Peak” is located on the mountain directly behind Sera Monastery itself, which is about 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the <a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a>, about a 1<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style><span class="frac"><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">2</span></span>-hour walk up the hill from the main complex of Sera. It is reputedly older than Sera Gompa.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to tradition, the site contained one of <a href="/wiki/Tsongkhapa" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsongkhapa">Tsongkhapa</a>’s (1357–1419) meditation huts and Sgrub khang dge legs rgya mtsho (1641–1713) was reputed to have meditated here at end of the seventeenth or early eighteenth century.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera_Utse-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a distinguished meditator, who brought his knowledge of the philosophical tradition to Sera Utsé and attracted many students, amongst them included Phur lcog ngag dbang byams pa (1682–1762), and Mkhar rdo bzod pa rgya mtsho (1672–1749). </p><p>Historically the monastery was of substantial size but following its destruction by the Chinese in 1959 it was drastically reduced and only a section rebuilt.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera_Utse-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sera Utsé has a two-storied chapel and monks' quarters with magnificent views over the city of Lhasa. There is a protector shrine to <a href="/wiki/Pehar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pehar">Pehar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shridevi" class="mw-redirect" title="Shridevi">Shridevi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small assembly hall remains, which was once believed to contain a large metal statue of Vajrabhairava (<i>Rdo rje ’jigs byed</i>), a great statue of Yamāntaka Ekavīra, statues of the Buddha and the Sixteen Arhats, a speaking Tārā (Sgrol ma) statue, large images of Tsongkhapa and his two disciples, and statues of the <i>bla mas</i> of the Drupkhang incarnation (<i>Sgrub khang sprul sku</i>) lineage. Today the hall is inhabited by three monks but is not in use for central worship.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera_Utse-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The bla ma’s residence which was inhabited by Sgrub khang bla also still exists and consists of two rooms with a central waiting room between them. There is also Sgrub khang pa's meditation hut, a small protector deity chapel, a Dharma enclosure (chos rwa), a ruined kitchen and various smaller huts, which are used mostly for storage today.<sup id="cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sera_Utse-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Takten_Hermitage">Takten Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Takten Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Takten_Hermitage" title="Takten Hermitage">Takten Hermitage</a> (<i>Rtags bstan ri khrod</i>) is situated to the east of <a href="/wiki/Trashi_Ch%C3%B6ling_Hermitage" title="Trashi Chöling Hermitage">Trashi Chöling Hermitage</a> and to the northeast of Sera. According to a legend, <a href="/wiki/Dge-lugs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dge-lugs">Dge-lugs</a> <a href="/wiki/Bla-ma" class="mw-redirect" title="Bla-ma"><i>bla-ma</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Pha bong kha bde chen snying po</a>, on a visit to this area to find a retreat in the hills north of Sera, had a vision of a crow which spoke to him. He interpreted it as a “revealed sign” to build his hermitage here. The hermitage mostly consists of caves with fascia at the entrance to the caves. It belongs to the Pabongkha Lama's estate (<i>Pha bong kha bla brang</i>). Dge-lugs nuns, who have carried out restoration works at the hermitage, now live here.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Trashi_Chöling_Hermitage"><span id="Trashi_Ch.C3.B6ling_Hermitage"></span>Trashi Chöling Hermitage</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Trashi Chöling Hermitage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Trashi_Ch%C3%B6ling_Hermitage" title="Trashi Chöling Hermitage">Trashi Chöling Hermitage</a> (<i>Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod</i>), which means “The Place of Auspicious Dharma” is located 3 km (1.9 mi) from Sera on the hills to the north-west of Sera. The hermitage, which is south facing, is part of the pilgrimage of the "Sera Mountain Circumambulation Circuit (se ra ri ’khor)". The hermitage that was substantially destroyed during the Cultural Revolution was rebuilt during the 1990s. The hermitage is now a part of the Pabongkha Lama's estate, the present incarnation, (after his recent return to Tibet) and is stated to be functioning as an autonomous institution with minimum allegiance to Sera.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nunneries">Nunneries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Nunneries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chupzang_Nunnery">Chupzang Nunnery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Chupzang Nunnery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chubchang_(Nunnery).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg/220px-Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg/330px-Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg/440px-Chubchang_%28Nunnery%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1039" /></a><figcaption>Chubzang Nunnery</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chupzang_Nunnery" title="Chupzang Nunnery">hermitage</a> is believed to have been founded by Phrin las rgya mtsho (d. 1667), who was the regent of Tibet from 1665 to his death.<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a student of the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Dalai_Lama" class="mw-redirect" title="Fifth Dalai Lama">Fifth Dalai Lama</a> and requested his permission to build a hermitage for eight to sixteen monks in the foothills above his native Nyangbran and invited the Fifth Dalai Lama to perform a “site investigation” (<i>sa brtag</i>) to determine the most auspicious location on which to build the monastery. The Dalai Lama made the treasure (<i>gter</i>) discovery of the self-arisen stone image of the Buddha that is still located in Chupzang's lower temple. However, the initial hermitage fell into ruin and the official founding of the monastery is credited to Phrin las rgya mtsho's nephew, Sde srid sangs rgyas rgya mtsho, in around 1696.<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The hermitage belonged to Chubzang ye shes rgya mtsho for sometime who built a four-pillar temple with rear chapel and porticos at the site. It was later under the possession of Byang chub chos ’phel (1756–1838) and Khri byang sku phreng gsum pa blo bzang yeshes, who was a junior tutor to the living <a href="/wiki/14th_Dalai_Lama" title="14th Dalai Lama">14th Dalai Lama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1921, Pha bong kha bde chen snying po (1878–1941) stayed at Chubzang and published his teachings through his most famous work, <i>Liberation in Our Hands</i> (Rnam grol lagbcangs).<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 1950s, the site began to be used as a religious retirement community by elderly Lhasans, who constructed small huts in which they could live out the final years of their lives in intensive Buddhist practice. Nuns began to renovate the site in the 1980s and founded the modern nunnery, as it is seen today, in 1984, and has since grown into one of the largest nunneries in the Lhasa Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, somewhat unusually, the houses are owned individually by the nuns, but the nunnery has an administrative body and a site for communal gathering.<sup id="cite_ref-Chupzang_44-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Gari_Nunnery">Gari Nunnery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Gari Nunnery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gari_Nunnery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gari Nunnery (page does not exist)">Gari Nunnery</a> is located north of <a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Lhasa</a>. The nunnery has an ancient history traced to the 11th century when <i>Pha dam pa sangs rgyas</i>), the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist">Buddhist</a> preceptor, visited this location. He not only named the place as "Garu" but also ordained that it shall be a "Nunnery" not a monastery of monks, on the basis of prophetic events that occurred during his visit to the place.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Nunnery's fame in recent years is the leading and bold role that some of the nuns have played in organizing silent demonstrations against the Chinese rule, and seeking freedom of Tibet. Many of the protesting nuns were arrested, incarcerated, brutally handled and released only after protracted detention.<sup id="cite_ref-Schwartz_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schwartz-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Negodong_Nunnery">Negodong Nunnery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Negodong Nunnery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Negodong_Nunnery" title="Negodong Nunnery">Negodong Nunnery</a>, a historical hermitage, is located in the Lhasa suburb of <i>Dog bde</i>, northeast of Sera (and also of Lhasa). It is believed that it was originally a retreat of the Buddhist scholar of the Sera Jé College's (Grwa tshang byes) Gomdé Regional House (<i>Sgom sde khang tshan</i>), <i>Nam mkha’ rgyal mtshan</i>. It was initially founded as a monastery with seventeen monks but later allotted in 1930 for exclusive use as a nunnery to provide personal security to the nuns who were then residing in a remote nunnery at <i>Gnas nang</i> (in a remote higher valley to the east) away from the present location at Nedong Nunnery <i>Gnas sgo gdong</i> (about a one-hour walk). The monks were shifted to <i>Gnas nang</i>(the original home of the nuns).<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nenang_Nunnery">Nenang Nunnery</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Nenang Nunnery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nenang_Nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenang Nunnery">Nenang Nunnery</a> (<i>Gnas nang dgon pa</i>) is located to the east of Negodong Nunnery (<i>Gnas sgo gdong dgon pa</i>) in Lhasa prefecture. It is associated with <a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a> who is stated to have meditated in two nearby caves in the 9th century. Founding the hermitage as a nunnery is credited to a nun (interpreted as a <a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakini</a>) by name Jetsün (or Khachö) Dröldor Wangmo (<i>Rje btsun nam mkha’ spyod sgrol rdor dbang mo</i>). It functioned well as nunnery during her time and also during the next generation but went into decline thereafter. It was then brought under the jurisdiction of the Khardo Hermitage.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debates">Debates</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Debates"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:428px;max-width:428px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/220px-IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/330px-IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/440px-IMG_1143_Lhasa_Sera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="683" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery15.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sera_Monastery15.jpg/200px-Sera_Monastery15.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sera_Monastery15.jpg/300px-Sera_Monastery15.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Sera_Monastery15.jpg/400px-Sera_Monastery15.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3492" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Debating monks and gesturing.</div></div></div></div> <p>Debates among monks on the Buddhist doctrines are integral to the learning process in the colleges in the Sera Monastery complex. This facilitates better comprehension of the <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> to attain higher levels of study. This exemplary debating tradition supplemented with gestures is said to be exclusive to this monastery, among the several other monasteries of Lhasa. Visitors also attend to witness these debates that are held as per a set schedule, every day in the 'Debating Courtyard' of the monastery.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-debate_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gestures_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gestures-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedures_and_rules">Procedures and rules</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Procedures and rules"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/220px--Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery,_2013.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/3b/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm/Monks_debating_at_Sera_monastery%2C_2013.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>Monks debating at Sera monastery, Tibet, 2013</figcaption></figure> <p>The debate among monks unfolds in the presence of their teachers, with a very well set rules of procedure for the defender and the questioners. The tradition of such debates is traced to the ancient ‘Hindu Orthodoxy’ in India and this practice permeated into Buddhist orthodoxy in Tibet in the eighth century. Such debates usually take place within the monastery's precincts. The defender has the onus to prove his point of view on the subject proposed for debate. The debate opens with an invocation to Manjushri recited in a loud and high pitched tone. The roles of the debater and the questioner are well defined; the questioner has to succinctly present his case (all on Buddhism related topics) and the defender has to answer within a fixed time frame. The finality of the debate is with specific answers like: “I accept (do), the reason is not established (ta madrup) or there is no pervasion (Kyappa majung)”. Many a time, the questions mooted are meant to mislead the defender. If the defender does not reply within a time frame, an expression of derision is witnessed. In the Tibetan debating sessions, there is no role for a witness and there is normally no adjudicator. This leads to “conflicting opinions of participants and listeners.” When there is direct contradiction on the defenders part, the outcome is, however, formally decided.<sup id="cite_ref-debate_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-debate-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Physical_gestures">Physical gestures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Physical gestures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/220px-IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/330px-IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg/440px-IMG_1125_Lhasa_Sera.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1333" /></a><figcaption>Monks practicing their debating skills following afternoon meditation, Sera Monastery</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Debating_Monks.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/220px-Debating_Monks.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/330px-Debating_Monks.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Debating_Monks.JPG/440px-Debating_Monks.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1984" /></a><figcaption>Debating monks at Sera Monastery</figcaption></figure> <p>Debates are punctuated with vigorous gestures which enliven the ambience of the occasion. Each gesture has a meaning. The debater presents his case with subtlety, robed in a formal monk's attire. Some of the gestures (said to have symbolic value), made during the debates, generally subtle dramatic gestures are: clapping after each question; holding right hand and stretching left hand forward and striking the left palm with the right palm; clapping hands loudly to stress the power and decisiveness of the defender's arguments denoting his self-assurance; in case of wrong answer presented by the defender, the opponent gestures three circles with his hand around the defenders head followed by loud screaming to unnerve the defender; opponent's mistake is demonstrated by wrapping his upper robe around his waist; loud clapping and intense verbal exchange is common; and the approach is to trap the defender into a wrong line of argument. Each time a new question is asked, the teacher strikes his outstretched left palm with his right palm. When a question is answered correctly, it is acknowledged by the teacher bringing the back of his right hand to his left palm. When the defender wins the debate he makes an allegorical dig at the questioner by questioning his basic wisdom as a Buddhist.<sup id="cite_ref-Gestures_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gestures-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Schedule">Schedule</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Schedule"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The tradition of conducting debates in the Gelukpa tradition was set in many monasteries of the Gelukpa sect, namely the <a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a>, the Sera Monastery, the Drepung Monastery and the JIC, not only in pre-modern Tibet but also in other similar monasteries established in exile, such as in Sera, India. At each location in Tibet, the debates are held under eight debating schedules in a year, depending on the rituals and festivals observed during the whole year. Each daily session is held between eight breaks when students debate on issues of Buddhist scriptures and related subjects. In the Sera monastery, the debate alternated by rituals has a daily schedule (with alterations to suit the climatic season) of the Morning debate (07:00 to 10:00), Noon debate (11:00 to 13:00), Afternoon debate (14:00 to 16:00) and Night debate (08:30 to 09:30).<sup id="cite_ref-schedule_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schedule-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The monastery hosts an impressive festival, popularly known as the ‘Sera Bengqin Festival’, which is largely attended by monks and devotees. The festival is held some time in February as per the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> corresponding to specific date fixed by the monastery according to the <a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan calendar</a>. On the festival day, a Dorje Pestle is ceremoniously taken to the <a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a>. The Dalai Lama offers prayers to the Buddha to bestow strength and blesses the Pestle. Thereafter, the pestle is briefly placed on the heads of the monks and disciples by the Khenpo (president) of the Ngaba Zhacang.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another popular festival witnessed by visitors and locals is the <a href="/wiki/Sho_Dun_Festival" title="Sho Dun Festival">Sho Dun Festival</a> held in the month of August in the Gregorian calendar. The festival represents the symbolic Buddha-Unfolding, where worship of the Buddha is the essential part.<sup id="cite_ref-guide_5-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-guide-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_alumni">Notable alumni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Notable alumni"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Graduates of Sera Jey and Mey College who are known in the West include: </p> <ul><li>Geshe Ngawang Tsondu, Wisdom of The Staten Island, Dharma Centre, The Meditation Factory, and Tibet House, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Geshe <a href="/wiki/Lhundub_Sopa" title="Lhundub Sopa">Lhundub Sopa</a>, professor emeritus at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Wisconsin">University of Wisconsin</a>, Madison.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Geshe Rabten, an eminent monk who directed Tharpa Chloing Buddhist Center in Mont Pelerin, <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyabje_Choden_Rinpoche" title="Kyabje Choden Rinpoche">Kyabje Choden Rinpoche</a>, Sera Jey's debate representative for the occasion of the 14th <a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a>'s Geshe examinations; renowned scholar and yogi who spent 19 years in solitary dark retreat.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Lama <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Yeshe" title="Thubten Yeshe">Thubten Yeshe</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_the_Preservation_of_the_Mahayana_Tradition" title="Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition">Foundation for the Preservation of the Mahayana Tradition</a> (FPMT).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>Lama <a href="/wiki/Thubten_Zopa_Rinpoche" title="Thubten Zopa Rinpoche">Thubten Zopa Rinpoche</a>, a student of Lama Yeshe and presently director of FPMT.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabongkhapa_D%C3%A9chen_Nyingpo" title="Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo">Pabongkhapa Déchen Nyingpo</a> — Author of <i>Liberation in the Palm of Your Hands</i> - a highly revered Lama who lived in the late nineteenth and early twentieth century and was the Spiritual Guide of <a href="/wiki/Trijang_Rinpoche" class="mw-redirect" title="Trijang Rinpoche">Trijang Rinpoche</a>, the 14th Dalai Lama's own Spiritual Guide.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sermey_Khensur_Lobsang_Tharchin" title="Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin">Sermey Khensur Rinpoche Geshe Lobsang Tharchin</a>—former abbot of Sera Mey university in Bylakuppe.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Geshe <a href="/wiki/Tenzin_Zopa" title="Tenzin Zopa">Tenzin Zopa</a>, attendant of <a href="/wiki/Geshe_Lama_Konchog" title="Geshe Lama Konchog">Geshe Lama Konchog</a>, and the subject of the 2008 documentary film <i><a href="/wiki/Unmistaken_Child" title="Unmistaken Child">Unmistaken Child</a></i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyabje_Rinpoche" title="Kyabje Rinpoche">Kyabje Khensur Kangurwa Lobsang Thubten Rinpoche</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serajeymonastery.org/abbot/77-about-us-special-picture/former-abbots-picture/127-69th-khensur-lobsang-thupten">69th Abbot</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Founder of the Tibetan Sponsorship Scheme and Tibetan Buddhist Institute</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recent_Events">Recent Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Recent Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sera, Tibet that housed more than 5,000 monks in 1959, though badly damaged during the 1959 uprising, is still functional after restoration. </p><p>In 2011, according to local sources, there are about 300 monks. The reason for this decline is attributed to the <a href="/wiki/2008_Tibetan_unrest" title="2008 Tibetan unrest">2008 Tibetan unrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-History_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-History-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-thlib_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thlib-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodblock_printing,_Sera,_Tibet.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Young monks printing scriptures. Sera Monastery, 1993"><img alt="Young monks printing scriptures. Sera Monastery, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG/160px-Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG/240px-Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG/320px-Woodblock_printing%2C_Sera%2C_Tibet.JPG 2x" data-file-width="526" data-file-height="368" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Young monks printing scriptures. Sera Monastery, 1993</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery,_Lhasa._1993.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Kitchen at Sera Monastery, 1993"><img alt="Kitchen at Sera Monastery, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG/160px-Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG/240px-Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG/320px-Kitchen_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.JPG 2x" data-file-width="736" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Kitchen at Sera Monastery, 1993</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery,_Lhasa._1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993"><img alt="Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg/160px-Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg/240px-Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg/320px-Cooking_at_Sera_Monastery%2C_Lhasa._1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="735" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Cooking at Sera Monastery, Lhasa. 1993</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Monks in an intense debating session"><img alt="Monks in an intense debating session" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg/126px-Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg/190px-Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg/253px-Sera_Monastery_-_monks_in_the_courtyard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="2544" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Monks in an intense debating session</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Retreat-Sera13.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Sera Utsé Hermitage"><img alt="Sera Utsé Hermitage" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Retreat-Sera13.JPG/142px-Retreat-Sera13.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Retreat-Sera13.JPG/214px-Retreat-Sera13.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Retreat-Sera13.JPG/285px-Retreat-Sera13.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Sera Utsé Hermitage</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Woodblocks_for_printing,_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet, 2013"><img alt="Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet, 2013" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/160px-Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/240px-Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg/320px-Woodblocks_for_printing%2C_Sera_monastery_in_Tibet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Woodblocks for printing, Sera monastery in Tibet, 2013</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 195px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 190px; height: 220px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Chorten_at_Sera,_1993.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Old Chorten at Sera, 1993"><img alt="Old Chorten at Sera, 1993" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg/130px-Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg/195px-Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg/260px-Old_Chorten_at_Sera%2C_1993.jpg 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="742" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Old Chorten at Sera, 1993</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-LonelyPlanetWildRoses-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LonelyPlanetWildRoses_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LonelyPlanetWildRoses_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190821070235/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/activities/drepung-sera-monastery-on-budget-lhasa-day-tour/a/pa-act/v-12288P48/355904">"Drepung & Sera Monastery on Budget-Lhasa Day Tour"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/china/activities/drepung-sera-monastery-on-budget-lhasa-day-tour/a/pa-act/v-12288P48/355904">the original</a> on 21 August 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 October</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Drepung+%26+Sera+Monastery+on+Budget-Lhasa+Day+Tour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fchina%2Factivities%2Fdrepung-sera-monastery-on-budget-lhasa-day-tour%2Fa%2Fpa-act%2Fv-12288P48%2F355904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajupuria,_Trilok_ChandraMajupuria,_Indra1988" class="citation book cs1">Majupuria, Trilok Chandra; Majupuria, Indra (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rhMeAAAAMAAJ&q=Sera+Monastery"><i>Tibet, a guide to the land of fascination: an overall perspective of Tibet of the ancient, medieval, and modern periods</i></a>. S. Devi. p. 312.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%2C+a+guide+to+the+land+of+fascination%3A+an+overall+perspective+of+Tibet+of+the+ancient%2C+medieval%2C+and+modern+periods&rft.pages=312&rft.pub=S.+Devi&rft.date=1988&rft.au=Majupuria%2C+Trilok+Chandra&rft.au=Majupuria%2C+Indra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DrhMeAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DSera%2BMonastery&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-History-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-History_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091022093053/http://www.serajeymonastery.org/history.htm">"Sera Jey Monastery: Introductory History"</a>. Sera Jey Monastery.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.serajeymonastery.org/history.htm">the original</a> on 22 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sera+Jey+Monastery%3A+Introductory+History&rft.pub=Sera+Jey+Monastery.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.serajeymonastery.org%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sera-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kekexili.typepad.com/life_on_the_tibetan_plate/2007/03/sera_monastery.html">"Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet"</a>. pp. 9–12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-09</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monk+of+Sera+Monastery%2C+Lhasa%2C+Tibet&rft.pages=9-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkekexili.typepad.com%2Flife_on_the_tibetan_plate%2F2007%2F03%2Fsera_monastery.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-guide-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-guide_5-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.travelchinaguide.com/attraction/tibet/lhasa/sera.htm">"Travel China guide:Sera Monastery"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Travel+China+guide%3ASera+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.travelchinaguide.com%2Fattraction%2Ftibet%2Flhasa%2Fsera.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorje1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorje, Gyumye (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xul-VmZBUKoC&q=Keutsang+Hermitage&pg=PA181"><i>Tibet handbook: with Bhutan</i></a>. Footprint Travel Guides. pp. 119–122–130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900949-33-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-900949-33-4"><bdi>1-900949-33-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet+handbook%3A+with+Bhutan&rft.pages=119-122-130&rft.pub=Footprint+Travel+Guides&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=1-900949-33-4&rft.aulast=Dorje&rft.aufirst=Gyumye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxul-VmZBUKoC%26q%3DKeutsang%2BHermitage%26pg%3DPA181&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mayhew-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Mayhew_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhewMichael_Kohn2005" class="citation book cs1">Mayhew, Bradley; Michael Kohn (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=bPTkWmFhikkC&q=Sera+Monastery&pg=PA122"><i>Tibet</i></a>. Lonely Planet. pp. 123–125. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-74059-523-8"><bdi>1-74059-523-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet&rft.pages=123-125&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-74059-523-8&rft.aulast=Mayhew&rft.aufirst=Bradley&rft.au=Michael+Kohn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DbPTkWmFhikkC%26q%3DSera%2BMonastery%26pg%3DPA122&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-thlib-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thlib_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thlib_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thlib_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-thlib_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/#essay=/cabezon/sera/intro/">"Introduction to Sera Monastery"</a>. Sera Monastery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Sera+Monastery&rft.pub=Sera+Monastery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2F%23essay%3D%2Fcabezon%2Fsera%2Fintro%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-sera-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-sera_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.b-i-a.net/sera%20monastery.htm">"Sera Monastery and the Sera Mey College"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sera+Monastery+and+the+Sera+Mey+College&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.b-i-a.net%2Fsera%2520monastery.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-schedule-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-schedule_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-schedule_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b43">"The Schedule of Debating Institutions"</a>. The Tibetan Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Schedule+of+Debating+Institutions&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fessays%2F%23essay%3D%2Fdreyfus%2Fdrepung%2Fmonasticed%2Fs%2Fb43&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-under-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-under_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064218/http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm">"Buddhist Monk of Sera Monastery, Lhasa, Tibet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monk+of+Sera+Monastery%2C+Lhasa%2C+Tibet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.about.com%2Fod%2Fvajrayanabuddhism%2Fig%2FTibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard%2FMonk-looks-out-door.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGibson,_Jen" class="citation web cs1">Gibson, Jen. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://walleahpress.com.au/FR34Gibson.html">"1959 Uprising in Lhasa"</a>. Walleah Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1959+Uprising+in+Lhasa&rft.pub=Walleah+Press&rft.au=Gibson%2C+Jen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwalleahpress.com.au%2FFR34Gibson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rock-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rock_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRock2003" class="citation book cs1">Rock, Sheila (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/serawayoftibetan0000rock"><i>Sera: the way of the Tibetan monk</i></a></span>. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-231-12890-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-231-12890-8"><bdi>0-231-12890-8</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-27</span></span>. <q>Sera Monastery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sera%3A+the+way+of+the+Tibetan+monk&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-231-12890-8&rft.aulast=Rock&rft.aufirst=Sheila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fserawayoftibetan0000rock&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-monk-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-monk_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110615064218/http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm">"Buddhist Monks Wait at the Sera monastery in Lhasa, Tibet"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://buddhism.about.com/od/vajrayanabuddhism/ig/Tibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard/Monk-looks-out-door.htm">the original</a> on 15 June 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 February</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Monks+Wait+at+the+Sera+monastery+in+Lhasa%2C+Tibet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbuddhism.about.com%2Fod%2Fvajrayanabuddhism%2Fig%2FTibetan-Buddhism-Under-Guard%2FMonk-looks-out-door.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.121-122-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.121-122_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, pp. 121-122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.122-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.122_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, p. 122</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.119-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.119_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, p. 119</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.120-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.120_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, p. 120</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.120-121-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.120-121_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, pp. 120-121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_p.121-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_p.121_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje, p. 121</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/#wiki=/access/wiki/site/0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d/sera%20hermitages%20-%20left1.html">"Essays on Individual Hermitages"</a>. The Tibetan Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Essays+on+Individual+Hermitages&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2F%23wiki%3D%2Faccess%2Fwiki%2Fsite%2F0b308aa3-d044-469b-009a-d34c7841413d%2Fsera%2520hermitages%2520-%2520left1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Schwartz-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schwartz_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1996" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Ronald D. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=s_7WkbZAaWEC&q=Garu+Nunnery&pg=PA101"><i>Circle of protest: political ritual in the Tibetan uprising</i></a>. Motilal Banarsidass Publisher. pp. 99–101. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-1370-7" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-1370-7"><bdi>81-208-1370-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Circle+of+protest%3A+political+ritual+in+the+Tibetan+uprising&rft.pages=99-101&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publisher&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=81-208-1370-7&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Ronald+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ds_7WkbZAaWEC%26q%3DGaru%2BNunnery%26pg%3DPA101&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-watch-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-watch_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHuman_Rights_Watch_(Organization)1992" class="citation book cs1">Human Rights Watch (Organization) (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8ymVeC7PX1wC"><i>Political prisoners in Tibet</i></a>. Human Rights Watch. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_8ymVeC7PX1wC/page/n59">57</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56432-055-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56432-055-3"><bdi>1-56432-055-3</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-01</span></span>. <q>Garu Nunnery.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+prisoners+in+Tibet&rft.pages=57&rft.pub=Human+Rights+Watch&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=1-56432-055-3&rft.au=Human+Rights+Watch+%28Organization%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_8ymVeC7PX1wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lonely_Planet-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lonely_Planet_24-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayhew,_B.Kelly,_R.Vincent,_J.2008" class="citation book cs1">Mayhew, B.; Kelly, R.; Vincent, J. (2008). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1"><i>Tibet</i></a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Lonely_Planet" title="Lonely Planet">Lonely Planet</a> Country Guides. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lonelyplanettibe00brad_1/page/135">135</a>–137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-569-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74104-569-7"><bdi>978-1-74104-569-7</bdi></a>. <q>Pabonka Hermitage.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet&rft.pages=135-137&rft.pub=Lonely+Planet+Country+Guides&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-74104-569-7&rft.au=Mayhew%2C+B.&rft.au=Kelly%2C+R.&rft.au=Vincent%2C+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flonelyplanettibe00brad_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dorje_1999,_p._123-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_1999,_p._123_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dorje_1999,_p._123_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dorje (1999), p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowman 91988), p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Tibetan and Himalayan Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Drakri-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Drakri_28-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_drakri.pdf">"Drakri Hermitage (brag ri ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Drakri+Hermitage+%28brag+ri+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_drakri.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_jokpo.pdf">"Jokpo Hermitage ('Jog po ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Jokpo+Hermitage+%28%27Jog+po+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_jokpo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Keutsang-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Keutsang_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keutsang_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keutsang_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keutsang_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Keutsang_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang.pdf">"Keutsang Hermitage (ke'u tshang ri khrod))"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keutsang+Hermitage+%28ke%27u+tshang+ri+khrod%29%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_keutsang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170601104549/http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf">"Keutsang East (Ke'u tshang shar)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Tibetan and Himalayan Library</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 1 June 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2017</span>. <q>Like all of Se ra's hermitages, this one had an assembly hall and monks' quarters, and was home to about ten permanent monk residents. It was renowned for having a particularly holy statue of Avalokiteśvara. Like the Maitreya (Byams pa) statue at Keutsang West, this Avalokiteśvara was supposed to emit rays of light to guide to the pure land the minds of deceased persons brought to the funeral grounds located at the base of the mountain.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft.atitle=Keutsang+East+%28Ke%27u+tshang+shar%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf">"Keutsang East Hermitage (ke'u tshang shar ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Keutsang+East+Hermitage+%28ke%27u+tshang+shar+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_keutsang_shar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Khardo-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Khardo_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Khardo_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_khardo.pdf">"Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panglung+Hermitage+%28Spangs+lung+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_khardo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_panglung.pdf">"Panglung Hermitage (Spangs lung ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panglung+Hermitage+%28Spangs+lung+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_panglung.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Purbo-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Purbo_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purbo_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Purbo_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_purbuchok.pdf">"Purbochok Hermitage (Phur bu lcog ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Purbochok+Hermitage+%28Phur+bu+lcog+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_purbuchok.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_rakhadrak.pdf">"Rakhadrak Hermitage (ra kha brag ri khrod"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rakhadrak+Hermitage+%28ra+kha+brag+ri+khrod&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_rakhadrak.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_choding.pdf">"Sera Chöding Hermitage (se ra chos sdings ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sera+Ch%C3%B6ding+Hermitage+%28se+ra+chos+sdings+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_choding.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_gonpasar.pdf">"Sera Gönpasar Hermitage (se ra dgon pa gsar ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sera+G%C3%B6npasar+Hermitage+%28se+ra+dgon+pa+gsar+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_gonpasar.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dowman (1988), pp. 63, 66.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sera_Utse-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sera_Utse_40-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_utse.pdf">"Sera Utsé Hermitage (se ra dbu rtse ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sera+Uts%C3%A9+Hermitage+%28se+ra+dbu+rtse+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_utse.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gyurme (1999), p. 122.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_takten.pdf">"Takten Hermitage (rtags bstan ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Takten+Hermitage+%28rtags+bstan+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_takten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_trashi_choling.pdf">"Trashi Chöling Hermitage (Bkra shis chos gling ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Trashi+Ch%C3%B6ling+Hermitage+%28Bkra+shis+chos+gling+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_trashi_choling.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chupzang-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chupzang_44-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_chupzang.pdf">"Chupzang Nunnery (Chu bzang dgon)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan & Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-02-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chupzang+Nunnery+%28Chu+bzang+dgon%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+%26+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_chupzang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_garu.pdf">"Gari Nunnery (Ga ru dgon pa)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gari+Nunnery+%28Ga+ru+dgon+pa%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_garu.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_negodong.pdf">"Negodong Hermitage (Gnas sgo gdong ri khrod)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Negodong+Hermitage+%28Gnas+sgo+gdong+ri+khrod%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_negodong.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/hermitages/pdf/sera_herm_nenang.pdf">"Nenang Nunnery (Gnas nang dgon pa)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Tibetan and Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nenang+Nunnery+%28Gnas+nang+dgon+pa%29&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+and+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fhermitages%2Fpdf%2Fsera_herm_nenang.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-debate-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-debate_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-debate_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b41">"Procedure and rules of debate"</a>. The Tibetan Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Procedure+and+rules+of+debate&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fessays%2F%23essay%3D%2Fdreyfus%2Fdrepung%2Fmonasticed%2Fs%2Fb41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gestures-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gestures_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gestures_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thlib.org/places/monasteries/sera/essays/#essay=/dreyfus/drepung/monasticed/s/b42">"The Physicality of Tibetan Debates"</a>. The Tibetan Himalayan Library<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Physicality+of+Tibetan+Debates&rft.pub=The+Tibetan+Himalayan+Library&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thlib.org%2Fplaces%2Fmonasteries%2Fsera%2Fessays%2F%23essay%3D%2Fdreyfus%2Fdrepung%2Fmonasticed%2Fs%2Fb42&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeshe_Ngawang_Tsondu" class="citation web cs1">Geshe Ngawang Tsondu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110728041431/http://soulseekrecords.org/geshe_la_Tsondu/index.htm">"Teachings of Tibetan Buddhism"</a>. Staten Island Dharma Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://soulseekrecords.org/geshe_la_Tsondu/index.htm">the original</a> on 2011-07-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Teachings+of+Tibetan+Buddhism&rft.pub=Staten+Island+Dharma+Center&rft.au=Geshe+Ngawang+Tsondu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsoulseekrecords.org%2Fgeshe_la_Tsondu%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fpmt.org/teachers/sopa.asp">"Venerable Geshe Sopa Rinpoche"</a>. Foundation for the Preservation of Mahayana Tradition<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Venerable+Geshe+Sopa+Rinpoche&rft.pub=Foundation+for+the+Preservation+of+Mahayana+Tradition&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpmt.org%2Fteachers%2Fsopa.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081114083739/http://www.rabten.eu/GesheRabten_CHen.htm">"Geshe Rabten Rinpoche"</a>. Rabten Choling Buddhist Centre for Higher Buddhist Studies. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rabten.eu/GesheRabten_CHen.htm">the original</a> on November 14, 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-03-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Geshe+Rabten+Rinpoche&rft.pub=Rabten+Choling+Buddhist+Centre+for+Higher+Buddhist+Studies&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rabten.eu%2FGesheRabten_CHen.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chodenrinpochedharma.com/en/in-meditation-for-nineteen-years/">"In Meditation for 19 years"</a>. 7 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=In+Meditation+for+19+years&rft.date=2017-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchodenrinpochedharma.com%2Fen%2Fin-meditation-for-nineteen-years%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anandadharmacenter.org/index.html">"Ananda Dharma Center, CA"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ananda+Dharma+Center%2C+CA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanandadharmacenter.org%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lawudo.com/Lama-Zopa-Teachers.html">"Lama Zopa Rinpoche's Teachers: Thubten Zopa Rinpoche"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lama+Zopa+Rinpoche%27s+Teachers%3A+Thubten+Zopa+Rinpoche&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lawudo.com%2FLama-Zopa-Teachers.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110610114503/http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=author&subsect=bio&id=47">"Pabongka Rinpoche's Biography"</a>. Lama Yeshe Wisdom Archive. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lamayeshe.com/index.php?sect=author&subsect=bio&id=47">the original</a> on 2011-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pabongka+Rinpoche%27s+Biography&rft.pub=Lama+Yeshe+Wisdom+Archive&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lamayeshe.com%2Findex.php%3Fsect%3Dauthor%26subsect%3Dbio%26id%3D47&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acidharma.org/directors/kr_passing.html">"Sermey Khensur Lobsang Tharchin Rinpoche: 1921-2004"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-04-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sermey+Khensur+Lobsang+Tharchin+Rinpoche%3A+1921-2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.acidharma.org%2Fdirectors%2Fkr_passing.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIliacenturyKhensur_Kangyur_Lobsang_thubten2014" class="citation book cs1">Ilia, Durovic; century, Ngawang dragpa, active 15th; Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten (2014). <i>The Bodhicittavivaraṇa : with the interwoven commentary of Ngawang dragpa and the oral commentary of Khensur Kangyur Lobsang thubten</i>. Jamgon. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780987142108" title="Special:BookSources/9780987142108"><bdi>9780987142108</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/893526017">893526017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bodhicittavivara%E1%B9%87a+%3A+with+the+interwoven+commentary+of+Ngawang+dragpa+and+the+oral+commentary+of+Khensur+Kangyur+Lobsang+thubten&rft.pub=Jamgon&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F893526017&rft.isbn=9780987142108&rft.aulast=Ilia&rft.aufirst=Durovic&rft.au=century%2C+Ngawang+dragpa%2C+active+15th&rft.au=Khensur+Kangyur+Lobsang+thubten&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>) CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooz1986" class="citation book cs1">Booz, Elizabeth B. (1986). <i>Tibet: A Fascinating Look at the Roof of the World, Its People and Culture</i>. Chicago: Passport Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tibet%3A+A+Fascinating+Look+at+the+Roof+of+the+World%2C+Its+People+and+Culture&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Passport+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Booz&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDorje1999" class="citation book cs1">Dorje, Gyurme (1999). <i>Footprint Tibet Handbook with Bhutan</i> (2nd ed.). Bristol, England: Footprint Handbooks Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780844221908" title="Special:BookSources/9780844221908"><bdi>9780844221908</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Footprint+Tibet+Handbook+with+Bhutan&rft.place=Bristol%2C+England&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Footprint+Handbooks+Ltd.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9780844221908&rft.aulast=Dorje&rft.aufirst=Gyurme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowman1988" class="citation book cs1">Dowman, Keith (1988). <i>The Power-places of Central Tibet: The Pilgrim's Guide</i>. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780710213709" title="Special:BookSources/9780710213709"><bdi>9780710213709</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Power-places+of+Central+Tibet%3A+The+Pilgrim%27s+Guide&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780710213709&rft.aulast=Dowman&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitali1990" class="citation book cs1">Vitali, Roberto (1990). <i>Early Temples of Central Tibet</i>. London: Serindia Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-906026-25-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-906026-25-3"><bdi>0-906026-25-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Temples+of+Central+Tibet&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Serindia+Publications&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=0-906026-25-3&rft.aulast=Vitali&rft.aufirst=Roberto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASera+Monastery" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>von Schroeder, Ulrich. 2001. <i>Buddhist Sculptures in Tibet</i>. Vol. One: <i>India & Nepal</i>; Vol. Two: <i>Tibet & China</i>. (Volume One: 655 pages with 766 illustrations; Volume Two: 675 pages with 987 illustrations). Hong Kong: Visual Dharma Publications, Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-7049-07-7" title="Special:BookSources/962-7049-07-7">962-7049-07-7</a>. Sera: Byams pa lha khang («champa lhakhang»), pp. 925, 948–949; Figs. XV–7, XV–9–10; Pls. 225–228; Sera: Tshogs chen («tsokchen»), pp. 719, 925, 948, 949, 1004; Figs. XI–5, XV–7, XV–9–10.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sera_Monastery&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Drigung_Monastery" title="Drigung Monastery">Drigung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundeling_Monastery" title="Kundeling Monastery">Kundeling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muru_Nyingba_Monastery" title="Muru Nyingba Monastery">Muru Nyingba Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namgyal_Monastery" title="Namgyal Monastery">Namgyal Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyethang_Drolma_Lhakhang_Temple" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang Temple">Nyethang Drolma Lhakhang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Monastery" title="Reting Monastery">Reting Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taklung_Monastery" title="Taklung Monastery">Taklung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsomon_Ling" title="Tsomon Ling">Tsomon Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsurphu_Monastery" title="Tsurphu Monastery">Tsurphu Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpachen_Monastery" title="Yangpachen Monastery">Yangpachen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zhuowaqudeng_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zhuowaqudeng Monastery (page does not exist)">Zhuowaqudeng Monastery</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sera Monastery</a></b>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chupzang_Nunnery" title="Chupzang Nunnery">Chupzang Nunnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drakri_Hermitage" title="Drakri Hermitage">Drakri Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garu_Nunnery" title="Garu Nunnery">Garu Nunnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_Hermitage" title="Keutsang Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_East_Hermitage" title="Keutsang East Hermitage">Keutsang East Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khardo_Hermitage" title="Khardo Hermitage">Khardo Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Negodong_Nunnery" title="Negodong Nunnery">Negodong Nunnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nenang_Nunnery" class="mw-redirect" title="Nenang Nunnery">Nenang Nunnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panglung_Hermitage" title="Panglung Hermitage">Panglung Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purbuchok_Hermitage" title="Purbuchok Hermitage">Purbuchok Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakhadrak_Hermitage" title="Rakhadrak Hermitage">Rakhadrak Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Ch%C3%B6ding_Hermitage" title="Sera Chöding Hermitage">Sera Chöding Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_G%C3%B6npasar_Hermitage" title="Sera Gönpasar Hermitage">Sera Gönpasar Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sera_Uts%C3%A9_Hermitage" title="Sera Utsé Hermitage">Sera Utsé Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takten_Hermitage" title="Takten Hermitage">Takten Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trashi_Ch%C3%B6ling_Hermitage" title="Trashi Chöling Hermitage">Trashi Chöling Hermitage</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lhoka_(Shannan)_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhoka (Shannan) Prefecture">Lhoka Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gongkar_Ch%C3%B6_Monastery" title="Gongkar Chö Monastery">Gongkar Chö Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindrolling_Monastery" title="Mindrolling Monastery">Mindrolling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samye" title="Samye">Samye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradruk_Temple" title="Tradruk Temple">Tradruk Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yungbulakang_Palace" title="Yungbulakang Palace">Yungbulakang Palace</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Shigatse" title="Shigatse">Shigatse</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lhatse_(town)" title="Lhatse (town)">Changmoche and Lhatse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokorgyel_Monastery" title="Chokorgyel Monastery">Chokorgyel Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daklha_Gampo" class="mw-redirect" title="Daklha Gampo">Daklha Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorje_Pakmo" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorje Pakmo">Dorje Pakmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drongtse_Monastery" title="Drongtse Monastery">Drongtse Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Donggar_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Donggar Monastery (page does not exist)">Donggar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Garju_Monastery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Garju Monastery (page does not exist)">Garju Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manmogang_Monastery" title="Manmogang Monastery">Manmogang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menri_Monastery" title="Menri Monastery">Menri Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milarepa%27s_Cave,_Nyalam" title="Milarepa's Cave, Nyalam">Milarepa's Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narthang_Monastery" title="Narthang Monastery">Narthang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngor" title="Ngor">Ngor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palcho_Monastery" title="Palcho Monastery">Palcho Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralung_Monastery" title="Ralung Monastery">Ralung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rongbuk_Monastery" title="Rongbuk Monastery">Rongbuk Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samding_Monastery" title="Samding Monastery">Samding Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakya_Monastery" title="Sakya Monastery">Sakya Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shalu_Monastery" title="Shalu Monastery">Shalu Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelkar" title="Shelkar">Shelkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tashilhunpo_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tashilhunpo Monastery">Tashilhunpo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsi_Nesar" title="Tsi Nesar">Tsi Nesar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsechen_Monastery_and_Dzong" title="Tsechen Monastery and Dzong">Tsechen Monastery and Dzong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ngari_Prefecture" title="Ngari Prefecture">Ngari Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khorzhak_Monastery" title="Khorzhak Monastery">Khorzhak Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangnang_Monastery" title="Mangnang Monastery">Mangnang Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simbiling_Monastery" title="Simbiling Monastery">Simbiling Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chamdo_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Chamdo Prefecture">Chamdo Prefecture</a> <br />and former <a href="/wiki/Kham" title="Kham">Kham</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galden_Jampaling_Monastery" title="Galden Jampaling Monastery">Galden Jampaling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_Gon_Monastery" title="Karma Gon Monastery">Karma Gon Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benchen_Monastery" title="Benchen Monastery">Benchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorje_Drak" title="Dorje Drak">Dorje Drak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen_Monastery" title="Dzogchen Monastery">Dzogchen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzongsar_Monastery" title="Dzongsar Monastery">Dzongsar Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kandze_Monastery" title="Kandze Monastery">Kandze Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katok_Monastery" class="mw-redirect" title="Katok Monastery">Katok Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanwu_Si_Monastery" title="Nanwu Si Monastery">Nanwu Si Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palyul_Monastery" title="Palyul Monastery">Palyul Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riwoche_Monastery" title="Riwoche Monastery">Riwoche Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shechen_Monastery" title="Shechen Monastery">Shechen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surmang" title="Surmang">Surmang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongkor_Monastery" title="Tongkor Monastery">Tongkor Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nyingchi_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyingchi Prefecture">Nyingchi Prefecture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buchu_Monastery" title="Buchu Monastery">Buchu Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaling_Monastery" title="Lamaling Monastery">Lamaling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsozong_Gongba_Monastery" title="Tsozong Gongba Monastery">Tsozong Gongba Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Lhasa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lhasa" title="Template:Lhasa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lhasa" title="Template talk:Lhasa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lhasa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lhasa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Lhasa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_(prefecture-level_city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhasa (prefecture-level city)">Lhasa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">County</a>-level<br />divisions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/District_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="District (China)">District</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa" title="Lhasa">Chengguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doilungd%C3%AAq%C3%AAn_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Doilungdêqên District">Doilungdêqên</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dagz%C3%AA_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Dagzê District">Dagzê</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;background-color: #eee;"><a href="/wiki/Counties_of_China" title="Counties of China">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lh%C3%BCnzhub_County" title="Lhünzhub County">Lhünzhub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damxung_County" title="Damxung County">Damxung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%AAmo_County" title="Nyêmo County">Nyêmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%C3%BCx%C3%BC_County" title="Qüxü County">Qüxü</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maizhokunggar_County" title="Maizhokunggar County">Maizhokunggar </a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Potala_palace21.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Potala_palace21.jpg/150px-Potala_palace21.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Potala_palace21.jpg/225px-Potala_palace21.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Potala_palace21.jpg/300px-Potala_palace21.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2268" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lhasa_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Location of Lhasa Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region"><img alt="Location of Lhasa Prefecture in the Tibet Autonomous Region" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lhasa_map.svg/150px-Lhasa_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lhasa_map.svg/225px-Lhasa_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lhasa_map.svg/300px-Lhasa_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1520" data-file-height="1059" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Towns and villages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Caina_Township" title="Caina Township">Caina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chundui_Township" class="mw-redirect" title="Chundui Township">Chundui (Codoi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangquka" title="Dangquka">Dangquka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donggar" class="mw-redirect" title="Donggar">Donggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gongtang" class="mw-redirect" title="Gongtang">Gongtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gyaidar" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyaidar">Gyaidar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horru" class="mw-redirect" title="Horru">Horru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunggar" title="Kunggar">Kunggar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leten" class="mw-redirect" title="Leten">Leten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lh%C3%BCnzhub" class="mw-redirect" title="Lhünzhub">Lhünzhub</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namco,_Tibet" class="mw-redirect" title="Namco, Tibet">Namco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niu_New_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Niu New Area">Niu New Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%AAmo_Town" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyêmo Town">Nyêmo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C3%AAtang" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyêtang">Nyêtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiannang" title="Qiannang">Qiannang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wumatang" class="mw-redirect" title="Wumatang">Wumatang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbajain" title="Yangbajain">Yangbajain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaxoi" class="mw-redirect" title="Zaxoi">Zaxoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhujia,_Tibet" title="Zhujia, Tibet">Zhujia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monasteries <br />and palaces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Lhasa" title="Architecture of Lhasa">Architecture of Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingkhor" title="Lingkhor">Lingkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace" title="Potala Palace">Potala Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka" title="Norbulingka">Norbulingka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jokhang" title="Jokhang">Jokhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsomon_Ling" title="Tsomon Ling">Tsomon Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganden_Monastery" title="Ganden Monastery">Ganden Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundeling_Monastery" title="Kundeling Monastery">Kundeling Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nechung" title="Nechung">Nechung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyethang_Drolma_Temple" title="Nyethang Drolma Temple">Drolma Lhakhang Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangpachen_Monastery" title="Yangpachen Monastery">Yangpachen Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drepung_Monastery" title="Drepung Monastery">Drepung Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramoche_Temple" title="Ramoche Temple">Ramoche Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reting_Monastery" title="Reting Monastery">Reting Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanga_Monastery" title="Sanga Monastery">Sanga Monastery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerpa" title="Yerpa">Yerpa</a></li></ul> <dl><dt><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sera Monastery</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Chupzang_Nunnery" title="Chupzang Nunnery">Chupzang Nunnery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Drakri_Hermitage" title="Drakri Hermitage">Drakri Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Garu_Nunnery" title="Garu Nunnery">Garu Nunnery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_Hermitage" title="Keutsang Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_East_Hermitage" title="Keutsang East Hermitage">Keutsang East Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Keutsang_Hermitage" title="Keutsang Hermitage">Keutsang Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Khardo_Hermitage" title="Khardo Hermitage">Khardo Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Negodong_Nunnery" title="Negodong Nunnery">Negodong Nunnery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nenang_Monastery" title="Nenang Monastery">Nenang Monastery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pabonka_Hermitage" title="Pabonka Hermitage">Pabonka Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Panglung_Hermitage" title="Panglung Hermitage">Panglung Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Purbuchok_Hermitage" title="Purbuchok Hermitage">Purbuchok Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Rakhadrak_Hermitage" title="Rakhadrak Hermitage">Rakhadrak Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sera Monastery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sera_Ch%C3%B6ding_Hermitage" title="Sera Chöding Hermitage">Sera Chöding Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sera_G%C3%B6npasar_Hermitage" title="Sera Gönpasar Hermitage">Sera Gönpasar Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sera_Uts%C3%A9_Hermitage" title="Sera Utsé Hermitage">Sera Utsé Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Takten_Hermitage" title="Takten Hermitage">Takten Hermitage</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Trashi_Ch%C3%B6ling_Hermitage" title="Trashi Chöling Hermitage">Trashi Chöling Hermitage</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkhor" title="Barkhor">Barkhor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chokpori" class="mw-redirect" title="Chokpori">Chokpori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drapchi_Prison" title="Drapchi Prison">Drapchi Prison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Zhol_Pillar" title="Lhasa Zhol Pillar">Lhasa Zhol Pillar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromzikhang" title="Tromzikhang">Tromzikhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyang_bran" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyang bran">Nyang bran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutoushan_Reservoir" title="Hutoushan Reservoir">Hutoushan Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samdrup_Pohang" title="Samdrup Pohang">Samdrup Pohang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrang_Nyingba" title="Labrang Nyingba">Labrang Nyingba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_of_Jiangsu_Road" title="Monument of Jiangsu Road">Monument of Jiangsu Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treasure_of_the_Plateau" title="Treasure of the Plateau">Treasure of the Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Racecourse" title="Lhasa Racecourse">Lhasa Racecourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace_Inner_Stele" title="Potala Palace Inner Stele">Potala Palace Inner Stele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Martyrs%27_Mausoleum" title="Lhasa Martyrs' Mausoleum">Lhasa Martyrs' Mausoleum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet-Sichuan-Tibet_Highway_Monument" title="Qinghai-Tibet-Sichuan-Tibet Highway Monument">Qinghai-Tibet-Sichuan-Tibet Highway Monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_Nepal,_Lhasa" title="Consulate General of Nepal, Lhasa">Consulate General of Nepal, Lhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhalu_Pohang" title="Lhalu Pohang">Lhalu Pohang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirin_Dorje_Pohang" title="Shirin Dorje Pohang">Shirin Dorje Pohang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_building_of_the_Preparatory_Committee_for_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Office building of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region">Office building of the Preparatory Committee for the Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Auditorium" title="Lhasa Auditorium">Lhasa Auditorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Working_People%27s_Cultural_Palace" title="Tibet Working People's Cultural Palace">Tibet Working People's Cultural Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_North_and_South_Mountain_Greening_Project" title="Lhasa North and South Mountain Greening Project">Lhasa North and South Mountain Greening Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Representative_of_the_Central_People%27s_Government_in_Tibet" title="Office of the Representative of the Central People's Government in Tibet">Office of the Representative of the Central People's Government in Tibet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture & Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potala_Palace_Square" title="Potala Palace Square">Potala Palace Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_People%27s_Hall" title="Tibetan People's Hall">Tibetan People's Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Museum_(Lhasa)" title="Tibet Museum (Lhasa)">Tibet Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Museum_of_Natural_Science" title="Tibet Museum of Natural Science">Tibet Museum of Natural Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Himalaya_Mountaineering_Guide_School" title="Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School">Tibet Himalaya Mountaineering Guide School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Stadium" title="Tibet Stadium">Tibet Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Youth_Activity_Center" title="Lhasa Youth Activity Center">Lhasa Youth Activity Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Hospital_of_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region">People's Hospital of Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Hospital_of_the_Tibet_Autonomous_Region" title="Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region">Tibetan Hospital of the Tibet Autonomous Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Mass_Art_Museum" title="Tibet Autonomous Region Mass Art Museum">Tibet Autonomous Region Mass Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Comprehensive_Pavilion" title="Lhasa Comprehensive Pavilion">Lhasa Comprehensive Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Archives" title="Tibet Autonomous Region Archives">Tibet Autonomous Region Archives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Mass_Culture_and_Sports_Center" title="Lhasa Mass Culture and Sports Center">Lhasa Mass Culture and Sports Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Cinema_City" title="Lhasa Cinema City">Lhasa Cinema City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Rug_Mansion" title="Tibet Rug Mansion">Tibet Rug Mansion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Exhibition_Center" title="Tibet Exhibition Center">Tibet Exhibition Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_Hall_Marking_the_Emancipation_of_More_Than_One_Million_Serfs" title="Memorial Hall Marking the Emancipation of More Than One Million Serfs">Memorial Hall Marking the Emancipation of More Than One Million Serfs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Half_Marathon" title="Lhasa Half Marathon">Lhasa Half Marathon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Television" title="Lhasa Television">Lhasa Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business & Development</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Economic_and_Technological_Development_Zone" title="Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Zone">Lhasa Economic and Technological Development Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Development_Company" title="Tibet Development Company">Tibet Development Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Everest_Resources" title="Tibet Everest Resources">Tibet Everest Resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Tibet" title="Bank of Tibet">Bank of Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Donggar_Wholesale_Market" title="Lhasa Donggar Wholesale Market">Lhasa Donggar Wholesale Market</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education & Science</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_University" title="Tibet University">Tibet University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_University_of_Traditional_Tibetan_Medicine" title="Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine">Tibet University of Traditional Tibetan Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Teachers_College" title="Lhasa Teachers College">Lhasa Teachers College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Middle_School" title="Lhasa Middle School">Lhasa Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_No.1_Elementary_School" title="Lhasa No.1 Elementary School">Lhasa No.1 Elementary School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa-Beijing_Experimental_Middle_School" title="Lhasa-Beijing Experimental Middle School">Lhasa-Beijing Experimental Middle School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbajain_Cosmic_Ray_National_Field_Scientific_Observatory" title="Yangbajain Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observatory">Yangbajain Cosmic Ray National Field Scientific Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Library" title="Tibet Library">Tibet Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Library" title="Lhasa Library">Lhasa Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_500kV_Transmission_Project" title="Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project">Lhasa 500kV Transmission Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Converter_Station" title="Lhasa Converter Station">Lhasa Converter Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_River,_Two_Rivers_Project" title="One River, Two Rivers Project">One River, Two Rivers Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qinghai-Tibet_Networking_Project" title="Qinghai-Tibet Networking Project">Qinghai-Tibet Networking Project</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Hotels & Parks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chagpori_Park" title="Chagpori Park">Chagpori Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liwu_Park" title="Liwu Park">Liwu Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisongtang_Park" title="Cisongtang Park">Cisongtang Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banak_Sh%C3%B6l_Hotel" title="Banak Shöl Hotel">Banak Shöl Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Hotel" title="Lhasa Hotel">Lhasa Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Hotel" title="Tibet Hotel">Tibet Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Autonomous_Region_Guesthouse" title="Tibet Autonomous Region Guesthouse">Tibet Autonomous Region Guesthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Tourism" title="Tibet Tourism">Tibet Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Transport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Gonggar_Airport" title="Lhasa Gonggar Airport">Lhasa Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damxung_railway_station" title="Damxung railway station">Damxung railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_railway_station" title="Lhasa railway station">Lhasa railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_West_railway_station" title="Lhasa West railway station">Lhasa West railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wumatang_railway_station" title="Wumatang railway station">Wumatang railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yangbajain_railway_station" title="Yangbajain railway station">Yangbajain railway station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_109" title="China National Highway 109">G109</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_National_Highway_318" title="China National Highway 318">G318</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G6_Beijing%E2%80%93Lhasa_Expressway" title="G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway">G6 Beijing–Lhasa Expressway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Linkor_Road" title="North Linkor Road">North Linkor Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Beijing_Road" title="Central Beijing Road">Central Beijing Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbulingka_Road" title="Norbulingka Road">Norbulingka Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangsu_Road_(Lhasa)" title="Jiangsu Road (Lhasa)">Jiangsu Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinzhu_West_Road" title="Jinzhu West Road">Jinzhu West Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_River_Special_Bridge" title="Lhasa River Special Bridge">Lhasa River Special Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lhasa_Passenger_Station" title="Lhasa Passenger Station">Lhasa Passenger Station</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doje_Cezhug" title="Doje Cezhug">Doje Cezhug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jigme_Namgyal" title="Jigme Namgyal">Jigme Namgyal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Buddhism_topics" title="Template talk:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Buddhism topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="25px&#124;link=Dharmachakra_Topics_in_Buddhism_25px&#124;link=Buddhist_flag" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/25px-Buddhism_Symbol.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="26" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/38px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Buddhism_Symbol.png/50px-Buddhism_Symbol.png 2x" data-file-width="267" data-file-height="278" /></a></span>   Topics in <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>   <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/25px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/38px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Buddhism.svg/50px-Flag_of_Buddhism.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="300" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background: #FFD068;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Index</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Buddhism" title="Outline of Buddhism">Foundations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Noble_Truths" title="Four Noble Truths">Four Noble Truths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Three Jewels</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangha" title="Sangha">Sangha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Way" title="Middle Way">Middle Way</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81gata" title="Tathāgata">Tathāgata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday" title="Buddha's Birthday">Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_sights" title="Four sights">Four sights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Eight_Great_Events_in_the_Life_of_Buddha" title="The Eight Great Events in the Life of Buddha">Eight Great Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Renunciation" title="Great Renunciation">Great Renunciation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_characteristics_of_the_Buddha" title="Physical characteristics of the Buddha">Physical characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Buddha_in_art" title="Life of Buddha in art">Life of Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_footprint" title="Buddha footprint">Footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relics_associated_with_Buddha" title="Relics associated with Buddha">Relics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconography_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_Laos_and_Thailand" title="Iconography of Gautama Buddha in Laos and Thailand">Iconography in Laos and Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depictions_of_Gautama_Buddha_in_film" title="Depictions of Gautama Buddha in film">Films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracles_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Miracles of Gautama Buddha">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Family of Gautama Buddha">Family</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Auddhodana" title="Śuddhodana">Suddhodāna <small>(father)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_(mother_of_the_Buddha)" title="Maya (mother of the Buddha)">Māyā <small>(mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī<small> (aunt, adoptive mother)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C5%9Bodhar%C4%81" title="Yaśodharā">Yaśodharā <small>(wife)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C4%81hula" title="Rāhula">Rāhula <small>(son)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda <small>(cousin)</small></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devadatta" title="Devadatta">Devadatta <small>(cousin)</small></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_where_Gautama_Buddha_stayed" title="List of places where Gautama Buddha stayed">Places where the Buddha stayed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha_in_world_religions" title="Gautama Buddha in world religions">Buddha in world religions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattvas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avalokite%C5%9Bvara" title="Avalokiteśvara">Avalokiteśvara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guanyin" title="Guanyin">Guanyin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manjushri" title="Manjushri">Mañjuśrī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahasthamaprapta" title="Mahasthamaprapta">Mahāsthāmaprāpta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80k%C4%81%C5%9Bagarbha" title="Ākāśagarbha">Ākāśagarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%E1%B9%A3itigarbha" title="Kṣitigarbha">Kṣitigarbha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samantabhadra_(Bodhisattva)" title="Samantabhadra (Bodhisattva)">Samantabhadra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrapani" title="Vajrapani">Vajrapāṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skanda_(Buddhism)" title="Skanda (Buddhism)">Skanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tara_(Buddhism)" title="Tara (Buddhism)">Tārā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maitreya" title="Maitreya">Metteyya/Maitreya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Disciples_of_Gautama_Buddha" title="Category:Disciples of Gautama Buddha">Disciples</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kaundinya" title="Kaundinya">Kaundinya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assaji" title="Assaji">Assaji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C4%81riputra" title="Śāriputra">Sāriputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maudgalyayana" title="Maudgalyayana">Mahamoggallāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80nanda" title="Ānanda">Ānanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C4%81k%C4%81%C5%9Byapa" title="Mahākāśyapa">Mahākassapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%E1%B9%85gulim%C4%81la" title="Aṅgulimāla">Aṅgulimāla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anuruddha" title="Anuruddha">Anuruddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katyayana_(Buddhist)" title="Katyayana (Buddhist)">Mahākaccana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanda_(half-brother_of_Buddha)" title="Nanda (half-brother of Buddha)">Nanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subh%C5%ABti" title="Subhūti">Subhūti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pu%E1%B9%87%E1%B9%87a_Mant%C4%81n%C4%ABputta" title="Puṇṇa Mantānīputta">Puṇṇa Mantānīputta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81li" title="Upāli">Upāli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahapajapati_Gotami" title="Mahapajapati Gotami">Mahapajapati Gotamī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khema" title="Khema">Khema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uppalavanna" title="Uppalavanna">Uppalavanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asita" title="Asita">Asita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channa_(Buddhist)" title="Channa (Buddhist)">Channa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yasa" title="Yasa">Yasa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Buddhism" title="Glossary of Buddhism">Key concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avidy%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Avidyā (Buddhism)">Avidyā (Ignorance)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bardo" title="Bardo">Bardo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhicitta" title="Bodhicitta">Bodhicitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhamma theory">Dhamma theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_hindrances" title="Five hindrances">Five hindrances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indriya" title="Indriya">Indriya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kleshas_(Buddhism)" title="Kleshas (Buddhism)">Kleshas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mental_factors_(Buddhism)" title="Mental factors (Buddhism)">Mental factors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindstream" title="Mindstream">Mindstream</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinirvana" title="Parinirvana">Parinirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Rebirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra_(Buddhism)" title="Saṃsāra (Buddhism)">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skandha" title="Skandha">Skandha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%E1%B9%87h%C4%81" title="Taṇhā">Taṇhā (Craving)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tath%C4%81t%C4%81" title="Tathātā">Tathātā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fetter_(Buddhism)" title="Fetter (Buddhism)">Ten Fetters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_marks_of_existence" title="Three marks of existence">Three marks of existence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Impermanence_(Buddhism)" title="Impermanence (Buddhism)">Anicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Du%E1%B8%A5kha" title="Duḥkha">Dukkha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatt%C4%81" title="Anattā">Anattā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Two_truths_doctrine" title="Two truths doctrine">Two truths doctrine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cosmology" title="Buddhist cosmology">Cosmology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_realms" title="Ten realms">Ten spiritual realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Paths" title="Six Paths">Six Paths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Buddhism)" title="Deva (Buddhism)">Deva realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_beings_in_Buddhism" title="Human beings in Buddhism">Human realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asura_(Buddhism)" title="Asura (Buddhism)">Asura realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preta" title="Preta">Hungry Ghost realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Animals_in_Buddhism" title="Animals in Buddhism">Animal realm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naraka_(Buddhism)" title="Naraka (Buddhism)">Naraka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trailokya" title="Trailokya">Three planes of existence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Schools_of_Buddhism" title="Schools of Buddhism">Branches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana" title="Mahayana">Mahayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zen" title="Zen">Zen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chan_Buddhism" title="Chan Buddhism">Chinese Chan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Zen" title="Japanese Zen">Japanese Zen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Seon" title="Korean Seon">Korean Seon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thi%E1%BB%81n" title="Thiền">Vietnamese Thiền</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pure_Land_Buddhism" title="Pure Land Buddhism">Pure Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiantai" title="Tiantai">Tiantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huayan" title="Huayan">Huayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rissh%C5%AB_(Buddhism)" title="Risshū (Buddhism)">Risshū</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vajrayana" title="Vajrayana">Vajrayana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibetan Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Esoteric_Buddhism" title="Chinese Esoteric Buddhism">Chinese Esoteric Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingon_Buddhism" title="Shingon Buddhism">Shingon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzogchen" title="Dzogchen">Dzogchen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navayana" title="Navayana">Navayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-sectarian_Buddhism" title="Pre-sectarian Buddhism">Pre-sectarian Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basic_points_unifying_Therav%C4%81da_and_Mah%C4%81y%C4%81na" title="Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna">Basic points unifying Theravāda and Mahāyāna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhist_practices" title="Category:Buddhist practices">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhavana" title="Bhavana">Bhavana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhipakkhiy%C4%81dhamm%C4%81" title="Bodhipakkhiyādhammā">Bodhipakkhiyādhammā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahmavihara" title="Brahmavihara">Brahmavihara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maitr%C4%AB" title="Maitrī">Mettā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karu%E1%B9%87%C4%81" title="Karuṇā">Karuṇā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudita" title="Mudita">Mudita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upek%E1%B9%A3%C4%81" title="Upekṣā">Upekkha</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddh%C4%81bhi%E1%B9%A3eka" title="Buddhābhiṣeka">Buddhābhiṣeka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Devotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity_yoga" title="Deity yoga">Deity yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhyana_in_Buddhism" title="Dhyana in Buddhism">Dhyāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_in_Buddhism" title="Faith in Buddhism">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Strengths" title="Five Strengths">Five Strengths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhipada" title="Iddhipada">Iddhipada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_meditation" title="Buddhist meditation">Meditation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mantra#Buddhism" title="Mantra">Mantras</a></li> <li><span title="International Alphabet of Sanskrit transliteration"><i lang="sa-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Kamma%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADh%C4%81na" title="Kammaṭṭhāna">Kammaṭṭhāna</a></i></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anussati" title="Anussati">Recollection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Smarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapanasati" title="Anapanasati">Anapanasati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samatha-vipassan%C4%81" title="Samatha-vipassanā">Samatha-vipassanā</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shikantaza" title="Shikantaza">Shikantaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tukdam" title="Tukdam">Tukdam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ganana" title="Ganana">Ganana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandala" title="Mandala">Mandala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonglen" title="Tonglen">Tonglen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tert%C3%B6n" title="Tertön">Tertön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terma_(religion)" title="Terma (religion)">Terma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merit_(Buddhism)" title="Merit (Buddhism)">Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mindful_Yoga" title="Mindful Yoga">Mindful Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satipatthana" title="Satipatthana">Satipatthana</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekkhamma" title="Nekkhamma">Nekkhamma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nianfo" title="Nianfo">Nianfo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81ramit%C4%81" title="Pāramitā">Pāramitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paritta" title="Paritta">Paritta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_devotion" title="Buddhist devotion">Puja</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Offering_(Buddhism)" title="Offering (Buddhism)">Offerings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostration_(Buddhism)" title="Prostration (Buddhism)">Prostration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refuge_in_Buddhism" title="Refuge in Buddhism">Refuge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhu_(Pali_word)" title="Sādhu (Pali word)">Sādhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sacca" title="Sacca">Sacca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Factors_of_Awakening" title="Seven Factors of Awakening">Seven Factors of Enlightenment</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sati_(Buddhism)" title="Sati (Buddhism)">Sati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhamma_vicaya" title="Dhamma vicaya">Dhamma vicaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%ABti" title="Pīti">Pīti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passaddhi" title="Passaddhi">Passaddhi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Five_precepts" title="Five precepts">Five precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_precepts" title="Eight precepts">Eight precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva_vow" title="Bodhisattva vow">Bodhisattva vow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratimok%E1%B9%A3a" title="Pratimokṣa">Pratimokṣa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Threefold_Training" title="Threefold Training">Threefold Training</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Śīla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praj%C3%B1%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Prajñā (Buddhism)">Prajñā</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%ABrya" title="Vīrya">Vīrya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Right_Exertions" title="Four Right Exertions">Four Right Exertions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twenty-two_vows_of_Ambedkar" title="Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar">Twenty-two vows of Ambedkar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhisattva" title="Bodhisattva">Bodhisattva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhahood" title="Buddhahood">Buddhahood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratyekabuddhay%C4%81na" title="Pratyekabuddhayāna">Pratyekabuddhayāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_stages_of_awakening" title="Four stages of awakening">Four stages of awakening</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sot%C4%81panna" title="Sotāpanna">Sotāpanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakadagami" title="Sakadagami">Sakadagami</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An%C4%81g%C4%81mi" title="Anāgāmi">Anāgāmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arhat" title="Arhat">Arhat</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_monasticism" title="Buddhist monasticism">Monasticism</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Bhikkhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhikkhun%C4%AB" title="Bhikkhunī">Bhikkhunī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanera" title="Samanera">Śrāmaṇerī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anag%C4%81rika" title="Anagārika">Anagārika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn" title="Ajahn">Ajahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayadaw" title="Sayadaw">Sayadaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zen_master" title="Zen master">Zen master</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dshi" title="Rōshi">Rōshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lama" title="Lama">Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinpoche" title="Rinpoche">Rinpoche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geshe" title="Geshe">Geshe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulku" title="Tulku">Tulku</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_tulku" title="Western tulku">Western tulku</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kappiya" title="Kappiya">Kappiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donchee" title="Donchee">Donchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Householder_(Buddhism)" title="Householder (Buddhism)">Householder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81saka_and_Up%C4%81sik%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Upāsaka and Upāsikā">Upāsaka and Upāsikā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achar_(Buddhism)" title="Achar (Buddhism)">Achar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Ar%C4%81vaka" title="Śrāvaka">Śrāvaka</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_principal_disciples" title="Ten principal disciples">Ten principal disciples</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaolin_Monastery" title="Shaolin Monastery">Shaolin Monastery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Major figures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Buddha" title="The Buddha">The Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagasena" title="Nagasena">Nagasena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9Bvagho%E1%B9%A3a" title="Aśvaghoṣa">Aśvaghoṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asanga" title="Asanga">Asanga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81raj%C4%ABva" title="Kumārajīva">Kumārajīva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhap%C4%81lita" title="Buddhapālita">Buddhapālita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dign%C4%81ga" title="Dignāga">Dignāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhidharma" title="Bodhidharma">Bodhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhiyi" title="Zhiyi">Zhiyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wen_of_Sui" title="Emperor Wen of Sui">Emperor Wen of Sui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songtsen_Gampo" title="Songtsen Gampo">Songtsen Gampo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanzang" title="Xuanzang">Xuanzang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shandao" title="Shandao">Shandao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambhava" title="Padmasambhava">Padmasambhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saraha" title="Saraha">Saraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ati%C5%9Ba" title="Atiśa">Atiśa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naropa" title="Naropa">Naropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karmapa" title="Karmapa">Karmapa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dnen" title="Hōnen">Hōnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinran" title="Shinran">Shinran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8Dgen" title="Dōgen">Dōgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nichiren" title="Nichiren">Nichiren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamarpa" title="Shamarpa">Shamarpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dalai_Lama" title="Dalai Lama">Dalai Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchen_Lama" title="Panchen Lama">Panchen Lama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Mun" title="Ajahn Mun">Ajahn Mun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._R._Ambedkar" title="B. R. Ambedkar">B. R. Ambedkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajahn_Chah" title="Ajahn Chah">Ajahn Chah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Nh%E1%BA%A5t_H%E1%BA%A1nh" title="Thích Nhất Hạnh">Thích Nhất Hạnh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Texts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_texts" title="Early Buddhist texts">Early Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripi%E1%B9%ADaka" title="Tripiṭaka">Tripiṭaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahayana_sutras" title="Mahayana sutras">Mahayana sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pali_Canon" title="Pali Canon">Pali Canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Buddhist_canon" title="Chinese Buddhist canon">Chinese Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_canon" title="Tibetan Buddhist canon">Tibetan Buddhist canon</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinaya" title="Vinaya">Vinaya</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Madhyamak%C4%81la%E1%B9%83k%C4%81ra" title="Madhyamakālaṃkāra">Madhyamakālaṃkāra</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharmad%C4%ABpa" title="Abhidharmadīpa">Abhidharmadīpa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_by_country" title="Buddhism by country">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Afghanistan" title="Buddhism in Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bangladesh" title="Buddhism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Bhutan" title="Buddhism in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Cambodia" title="Buddhism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_China" title="Buddhism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Indonesia" title="Buddhism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Japan" title="Buddhism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Buddhism" title="Korean Buddhism">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Malaysia" title="Buddhism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Maldives" title="Buddhism in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mongolia" title="Buddhism in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Myanmar" title="Buddhism in Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Nepal" title="Buddhism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Pakistan" title="Buddhism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Philippines" title="Buddhism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Russia" title="Buddhism in Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Buryatia" title="Buddhism in Buryatia">Buryatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Kalmykia" title="Buddhism in Kalmykia">Kalmykia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Buddhism_in_Tuva&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Buddhism in Tuva (page does not exist)">Tuva</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC_%D0%B2_%D0%A2%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Буддизм в Тыве">ru</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Singapore" title="Buddhism in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Buddhism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Taiwan" title="Buddhism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Thailand" title="Buddhism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhism" title="Tibetan Buddhism">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Vietnam" title="Buddhism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Africa" title="Buddhism in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Senegal" title="Buddhism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_South_Africa" title="Buddhism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Central_Asia" title="Buddhism in Central Asia">Central Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Uzbekistan" title="Buddhism in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Middle_East" title="Buddhism in the Middle East">Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Iran" title="Buddhism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Buddhism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Western countries</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Argentina" title="Buddhism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Australia" title="Buddhism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Brazil" title="Buddhism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Canada" title="Buddhism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Costa_Rica" title="Buddhism in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Buddhism in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_France" title="Buddhism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Germany" title="Buddhism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Italy" title="Buddhism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Mexico" title="Buddhism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_New_Zealand" title="Buddhism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Norway" title="Buddhism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Poland" title="Buddhism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Sweden" title="Buddhism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Switzerland" title="Buddhism in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Ukraine" title="Buddhism in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Buddhism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Venezuela" title="Buddhism in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism" title="History of Buddhism">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Buddhism" title="Timeline of Buddhism">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashoka" title="Ashoka">Ashoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanishka" title="Kanishka">Kanishka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_councils" title="Buddhist councils">Buddhist councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Buddhism_in_India" title="History of Buddhism in India">History of Buddhism in India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decline_of_Buddhism_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Decline of Buddhism in the Indian subcontinent">Decline of Buddhism in India</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichang_persecution_of_Buddhism" title="Huichang persecution of Buddhism">Huichang persecution of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhism" title="Greco-Buddhism">Greco-Buddhism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menander_I" title="Menander I">Menander I</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_the_Roman_world" title="Buddhism and the Roman world">Buddhism and the Roman world</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_West" title="Buddhism in the West">Buddhism in the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silk_Road_transmission_of_Buddhism" title="Silk Road transmission of Buddhism">Silk Road transmission of Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banishment_of_Buddhist_monks_from_Nepal" title="Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal">Banishment of Buddhist monks from Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_crisis" title="Buddhist crisis">Buddhist crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_Buddhist_nationalism" title="Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism">Sinhalese Buddhist nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana_movement" title="Vipassana movement">Vipassana movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/969_Movement" title="969 Movement">969 Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Buddhism" title="Women in Buddhism">Women in Buddhism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Philosophy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhidharma" title="Abhidharma">Abhidharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_atomism" title="Buddhist atomism">Atomism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_studies" title="Buddhist studies">Buddhology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creator_in_Buddhism" title="Creator in Buddhism">Creator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_democracy" title="Buddhism and democracy">Buddhism and democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_economics" title="Buddhist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Consciousnesses" title="Eight Consciousnesses">Eight Consciousnesses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engaged_Buddhism" title="Engaged Buddhism">Engaged Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_eschatology" title="Buddhist eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_ethics" title="Buddhist ethics">Ethics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_evolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhism and evolution">Evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_Buddhism" title="Humanistic Buddhism">Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_logico-epistemology" title="Buddhist logico-epistemology">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality_in_Buddhism" title="Reality in Buddhism">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_Buddhism" title="Secular Buddhism">Secular Buddhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_socialism" title="Buddhist socialism">Socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_unanswerable_questions" title="The unanswerable questions">The unanswerable questions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Buddhism" title="Culture of Buddhism">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_architecture" title="Buddhist architecture">Architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temple" title="Buddhist temple">Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vih%C4%81ra" title="Vihāra">Vihāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyaung" title="Kyaung">Kyaung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wat" title="Wat">Wat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordination_hall" title="Ordination hall">Ordination hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pagoda" title="Pagoda">Pagoda</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_pagoda" title="Burmese pagoda">Burmese pagoda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candi_of_Indonesia" title="Candi of Indonesia">Candi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dzong_architecture" title="Dzong architecture">Dzong architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_architecture_in_China" title="List of Buddhist architecture in China">List of Buddhist architecture in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Japanese Buddhist architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_temples_in_Korea" title="Buddhist temples in Korea">Buddhist temples in Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_temple_art_and_architecture" title="Thai temple art and architecture">Thai temple art and architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_architecture" title="Tibetan Buddhist architecture">Tibetan Buddhist architecture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_art" title="Buddhist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Buddhist_art" title="Greco-Buddhist art">Greco-Buddhist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi_Tree" title="Bodhi Tree">Bodhi Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budai" title="Budai">Budai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha_in_art" title="Buddha in art">Buddha in art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_cuisine" title="Buddhist cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_funeral" title="Buddhist funeral">Funeral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_holidays" title="Buddhist holidays">Holidays</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vesak" title="Vesak">Vesak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uposatha" title="Uposatha">Uposatha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81gha_P%C5%ABj%C4%81" title="Māgha Pūjā">Māgha Pūjā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asalha_Puja" title="Asalha Puja">Asalha Puja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vassa" title="Vassa">Vassa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaya_Sri_Maha_Bodhi" title="Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi">Jaya Sri Maha Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(clothing)" title="Kasaya (clothing)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahabodhi_Temple" title="Mahabodhi Temple">Mahabodhi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Om_mani_padme_hum" title="Om mani padme hum">Om mani padme hum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudra" title="Mudra">Mudra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_music" title="Buddhist music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_pilgrimage_sites" title="Buddhist pilgrimage sites">Pilgrimage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lumbini" title="Lumbini">Lumbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Devi_Temple,_Lumbini" title="Maya Devi Temple, Lumbini">Maya Devi Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodh_Gaya" title="Bodh Gaya">Bodh Gaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnath" title="Sarnath">Sarnath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kushinagar" title="Kushinagar">Kushinagar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_poetry" title="Buddhist poetry">Poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japamala" title="Japamala">Prayer beads</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hama_yumi" title="Hama yumi">Hama yumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">Prayer wheel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_symbolism" title="Buddhist symbolism">Symbolism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dharmachakra" title="Dharmachakra">Dharmachakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_flag" title="Buddhist flag">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhavacakra" title="Bhavacakra">Bhavacakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">Swastika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thangka" title="Thangka">Thangka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_the_Tooth" title="Temple of the Tooth">Temple of the Tooth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_vegetarianism" title="Buddhist vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Buddhism-related_articles" title="Index of Buddhism-related articles">Miscellaneous</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhij%C3%B1%C4%81" title="Abhijñā">Abhijñā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amit%C4%81bha" title="Amitābha">Amitābha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahm%C4%81_(Buddhism)" title="Brahmā (Buddhism)">Brahmā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma_talk" title="Dharma talk">Dharma talk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinayana" title="Hinayana">Hinayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iddhi" title="Iddhi">Iddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalpa_(time)" title="Kalpa (time)">Kalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliya" title="Koliya">Koliya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lineage_(Buddhism)" title="Lineage (Buddhism)">Lineage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mara_(demon)" title="Mara (demon)">Māra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siddhi" title="Siddhi">Siddhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">Sacred languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pali" title="Pali">Pāḷi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Comparative_Buddhism" title="Category:Comparative Buddhism">Comparison</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_and_Buddhism" title="Baháʼí Faith and Buddhism">Baháʼí Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Buddhism and Christianity">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_influences_on_Christianity" title="Buddhist influences on Christianity">Influences</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparison_of_Buddhism_and_Christianity" title="Comparison of Buddhism and Christianity">Comparison</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Eastern_religions" title="Buddhism and Eastern religions">East Asian religions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Gnosticism" title="Buddhism and Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Hinduism" title="Buddhism and Hinduism">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Jainism" title="Buddhism and Jainism">Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Buddhist" title="Jewish Buddhist">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_psychology" title="Buddhism and psychology">Psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_science" title="Buddhism and science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Theosophy" title="Buddhism and Theosophy">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_violence" title="Buddhism and violence">Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_and_Western_philosophy" title="Buddhism and Western philosophy">Western philosophy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #FFD068;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Buddhism-related_lists" title="Category:Buddhism-related lists">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bodhisattvas" title="List of bodhisattvas">Bodhisattvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Buddhas">Buddhas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhists" title="List of Buddhists">Buddhists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suttas" title="List of suttas">Suttas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Buddhist_temples" title="List of Buddhist temples">Temples</a></li> <li><a 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