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French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tenshu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8D%B4%EC%8A%88" title="덴슈 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="덴슈" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenshu" title="Tenshu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tenshu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E5%AE%88" title="天守 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="天守" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tenshu" title="Tenshu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tenshu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8E" title="Тэнсю – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тэнсю" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ten%C5%A1u" title="Tenšu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tenšu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Architectural element of Japanese castles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg/330px-JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg/500px-JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg/600px-JapaneseCastle12ExistenceKeepTower.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>12 original <i>tenshu</i> of various castles</figcaption></figure> <p><i><b>Tenshu</b></i><span style="font-weight: normal"> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天守, 天主, 殿主, 殿守</span></span>, <span title="Hepburn transliteration"><i lang="ja-Latn">also called <i>tenshukaku</i></i></span>, 天守閣)</span> is an architectural typology found in <a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Japanese castle complexes</a>. They are easily identifiable as the highest <a href="/wiki/Tower" title="Tower">tower</a> within the castle. Common translations of <i>tenshu</i> include <a href="/wiki/Keep" title="Keep">keep</a>, main keep, or <i><a href="/wiki/Donjon" class="mw-redirect" title="Donjon">donjon</a></i>. </p><p><i>Tenshu</i> are characterized as typically timber-framed, having multiple stories, being seated on <i>ishigaki</i> (dry stone) foundations, and having individual floors delineated by surrounding tiled eaves. Further, <i>tenshu</i> are typically decorated with varying patterns of <a href="/wiki/Dormer" title="Dormer">dormer</a> gables (<i>chidori-hafu</i>), and are capped with <a href="/wiki/East_Asian_hip-and-gable_roof" title="East Asian hip-and-gable roof">hip-and-gabled roofs</a> (<i>irimoya-hafu</i>) with <i><a href="/wiki/Shachihoko" title="Shachihoko">shachihoko</a></i> finials. Not all Japanese castles originally possessed <i>tenshu</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Aoba_Castle" title="Aoba Castle">Sendai</a>)<i>,</i> many well-known castles have lost their <i>tenshu</i> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%8D_Castle" title="Nijō Castle">Nijō</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edo_Castle" title="Edo Castle">Edo</a>), many have had the <i>tenshu</i> rebuilt on multiple occasions (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Nagoya_Castle" title="Nagoya Castle">Nagoya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osaka_Castle" title="Osaka Castle">Osaka</a>). </p><p>While both the term <i>tenshu</i> and the emergence of <i>tenshu</i> as a distinct architectural typology occurred in the 1560s and 1570s, the early relationship between the etymology and typology are not well understood. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first known use of the term <i>tenshu</i> can be found in Yoshida Kanemi's journal, <i>Kanemi kyōki</i>, in the entry for the 24th day, 12th month of <a href="/wiki/Genki_(era)" title="Genki (era)">Genki</a> 3 (27 January 1573): </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><span title="Literary Chinese-language text"><span lang="lzh">明智為見廻下向坂本…城中天主作事以下悉披見也、驚目了…</span></span><br /> Left the capital with <a href="/wiki/Akechi_Mitsuhide" title="Akechi Mitsuhide">Akechi [Mitsuhide]</a> for <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakamoto,_Shiga&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakamoto, Shiga (page does not exist)">Sakamoto</a> for the purpose of a survey...in the center of [Sakamoto] castle, all saw that a <i>tenshu</i> (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天主</span></span>) was being built and were surprised…<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_Castle01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Himeji_Castle01.jpg/220px-Himeji_Castle01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Himeji_Castle01.jpg/330px-Himeji_Castle01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Himeji_Castle01.jpg/440px-Himeji_Castle01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3295" data-file-height="1735" /></a><figcaption>Rebuilding the <i>tenshu</i> at <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a> in the early-17th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>Subsequent mentions in <i>Kanemi kyōki</i> and in other primary sources (such as <i>Tennoji-ya kaki</i>, <i>Tamonin nikki</i>, and in the letters of both <a href="/wiki/Oda_Nobunaga" title="Oda Nobunaga">Oda Nobunaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toyotomi_Hideyoshi" title="Toyotomi Hideyoshi">Toyotomi Hideyoshi</a>) during the 1570s reveal two points about the emergence of the term. First, the term was initially reserved for those castles under the direct control of Nobunaga or one of his vassals. These include Sakamoto Castle, Takatsuki Castle, <a href="/wiki/Ashikaga_Yoshiaki" title="Ashikaga Yoshiaki">Ashikaga Yoshiaki's</a> Nijō Castle, <a href="/wiki/Azuchi_Castle" title="Azuchi Castle">Azuchi Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Itami_Castle" title="Itami Castle">Itami Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kitanosho_Castle" title="Kitanosho Castle">Kitanosho Castle</a>, Yamazaki Castle, <a href="/wiki/Nagahama_Castle" title="Nagahama Castle">Nagahama Castle</a>, Ishigakiyama Ichiyoru Castle, Yodo Castle.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsushita_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsushita-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Second, in its earliest uses there was no single standard for writing the term. The earliest variants include <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天主</span></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Master of Heaven), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">殿主</span></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Master of the Palace/Mansion), <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">殿守</span></span> (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Protector of the Palace/Mansion). The first known use of the current standard “<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天守</span></span>” (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> Protector of Heaven) appears in a letter dated the 27th day, 10th month of <a href="/wiki/Tensh%C5%8D_(Momoyama_period)" title="Tenshō (Momoyama period)">Tensho</a> 7 (15 November 1579) issued by Nobunaga.<sup id="cite_ref-Matsushita_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Matsushita-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While this way of writing <i>tenshu</i> gradually became the standard during the reign of Toyotomi Hideyoshi, the older manner of writing is preferred when discussing certain castles. One important example of this is the Azuchi Castle <i>tenshu</i> which is commonly referred as “<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">天主</span></span>”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_examples">Earliest examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Earliest examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The history of <i>tenshu</i> as an architectural typology seems to have begun earlier than the use of the term. Towers at Tamonyama Castle (built early 1560s) and <a href="/wiki/Gifu_Castle" title="Gifu Castle">Gifu Castle</a> (built 1568) are known to have had the physical character of a <i>tenshu</i>, but are referred to in the primary record as <i><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">yagura</a></i> (turret, tower).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Azuchi Castle is often credited as the birthplace of the <i>tenshu</i>. Given the earliest usages of the name, however, it seems more likely that Azuchi played a key role in linking the typology and the name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Function">Function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Unlike the other elements of Japanese castles, <i>tenshu</i> had little military function, but symbolised the power, wealth and extravagance of the castle's owner. Most <a href="/wiki/Edo_period" title="Edo period">Edo period</a> castles were built during a period of peace lasting more than two centuries, but legends about earlier warfare suggested that once the outer defences of a castle had been breached, the defenders generally preferred to set fire to the remaining buildings and sally out to their deaths, rather than fight it out inside a fragile <i>tenshu</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 8–9">: 8–9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Survival">Survival</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Survival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These structures have proved vulnerable to fire, earthquake and war. Hundreds of them were destroyed or dismantled during the final stages of the unification wars of the <a href="/wiki/Sengoku_period" title="Sengoku period">Sengoku period</a> at the turn of the 17th century. Others were demolished, collapsed from neglect or were allowed to burn down during the <a href="/wiki/Meiji_Restoration" title="Meiji Restoration">Meiji Restoration</a> of the 1860s. Of nineteen <i>tenshu</i> that survived into the 20th century, six were destroyed during Allied <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">air raids on Japan</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another, the donjon of Matsumae Castle, was destroyed by fire in 1949.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, many <i>tenshu</i> have been rebuilt in modern times; examples are <a href="/wiki/Osaka_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Osaka castle">Osaka castle</a> in 1931, <a href="/wiki/Hiroshima_castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiroshima castle">Hiroshima castle</a> in 1958 and <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Czu_Castle" title="Ōzu Castle">Ōzu Castle</a> in 2004.<sup id="cite_ref-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 9">: 9 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFYoshida1971" class="citation book cs1">Yoshida, Kanemi (1971). <i>Kanemi-kyōki</i>. Tokyo: Zoku Gunsho Ruijū Kanseikai. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kanemi-ky%C5%8Dki&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pages=55&rft.pub=Zoku+Gunsho+Ruij%C5%AB+Kanseikai&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Yoshida&rft.aufirst=Kanemi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matsushita-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matsushita_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matsushita_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatsushita1998" class="citation journal cs1">Matsushita, Hiroshi (1998). "Tenshu seiritsu ni kan suru ichi kōsatsu". <i>Shokuhō jōkaku</i>. <b>5</b>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Shokuh%C5%8D+j%C5%8Dkaku&rft.atitle=Tenshu+seiritsu+ni+kan+suru+ichi+k%C5%8Dsatsu&rft.volume=5&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Matsushita&rft.aufirst=Hiroshi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFukushima2002" class="citation journal cs1">Fukushima, Katsuhiko (2002). "Yamato tamon-jō to Matsunaga • shokuhō kenryoku". <i>Himeji-shiritsu jōkaku kenkyūshitsu 'jōkaku kenkyūshitsu nenpō'<span></span></i>. <b>11</b> (March).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Himeji-shiritsu+j%C5%8Dkaku+kenky%C5%ABshitsu+%27j%C5%8Dkaku+kenky%C5%ABshitsu+nenp%C5%8D%27&rft.atitle=Yamato+tamon-j%C5%8D+to+Matsunaga+%E2%80%A2+shokuh%C5%8D+kenryoku&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=March&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Fukushima&rft.aufirst=Katsuhiko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOwadaMiyakami2002" class="citation book cs1">Owada, Tetsuo; Miyakami, Shigetaka (2002). <i>Zusetsu Oda Nobunaga</i>. Tokyo: Kawade Shobō Shinsha. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4309724795" title="Special:BookSources/4309724795"><bdi>4309724795</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zusetsu+Oda+Nobunaga&rft.place=Tokyo&rft.pub=Kawade+Shob%C5%8D+Shinsha&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=4309724795&rft.aulast=Owada&rft.aufirst=Tetsuo&rft.au=Miyakami%2C+Shigetaka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Benesch_&_Zwigenberg_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeneschZwigenberg2019" class="citation book cs1">Benesch, Oleg; Zwigenberg, Ran (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1bSQDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8"><i>Japan's Castles: Citadels of Modernity in War and Peace</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1108481946" title="Special:BookSources/978-1108481946"><bdi>978-1108481946</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+Castles%3A+Citadels+of+Modernity+in+War+and+Peace&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1108481946&rft.aulast=Benesch&rft.aufirst=Oleg&rft.au=Zwigenberg%2C+Ran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1bSQDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMitchelhill2018" class="citation book cs1">Mitchelhill, Jennifer (2018). "Introducing Japan's Samurai Castles". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jDhfDwAAQBAJ"><i>Samurai Castles: History / Architecture / Visitors' Guides</i></a>. North Clarendon, VT: Tuttle Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-4805313879" title="Special:BookSources/978-4805313879"><bdi>978-4805313879</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introducing+Japan%27s+Samurai+Castles&rft.btitle=Samurai+Castles%3A+History+%2F+Architecture+%2F+Visitors%27+Guides&rft.place=North+Clarendon%2C+VT&rft.pub=Tuttle+Publishing&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-4805313879&rft.aulast=Mitchelhill&rft.aufirst=Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjDhfDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hokkaido-digital-museum.jp/en/facility/matsumae-castle-museum/">"Matsumae Castle Museum – Hokkaido Digital Museum"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matsumae+Castle+Museum+%E2%80%93+Hokkaido+Digital+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhokkaido-digital-museum.jp%2Fen%2Ffacility%2Fmatsumae-castle-museum%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><i>The Compact Nelson Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, Charles E. Tuttle Company, Tokyo, 1999, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-8053-0574-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-8053-0574-6">4-8053-0574-6</a></li> <li><i>Kenkyusha's New Japanese-English Dictionary</i>, Kenkyusha Limited, Tokyo, 1991, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6" title="Special:BookSources/4-7674-2015-6">4-7674-2015-6</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tenshu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDe_Lange2021" class="citation book cs1">De Lange, William (2021). <i>An Encyclopedia of Japanese Castles</i>. Groningen: Toyo Press. pp. 600 pages. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9492722300" title="Special:BookSources/978-9492722300"><bdi>978-9492722300</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Encyclopedia+of+Japanese+Castles&rft.place=Groningen&rft.pages=600+pages&rft.pub=Toyo+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-9492722300&rft.aulast=De+Lange&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATenshu" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Template talk:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese_architectural_elements" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Japanese architectural elements"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Elements_of_Japanese_architecture385" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Elements of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_architecture" title="Japanese architecture">Japanese architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekurazukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekurazukuri">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Buke-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Buke-zukuri">Buke</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gassho-zukuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gassho-zukuri">Gassho</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giy%C5%8Df%C5%AB_architecture" title="Giyōfū architecture">Giyōfū</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hirairi" title="Hirairi">Hirairi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Crown_Style" title="Imperial Crown Style">Imperial Crown Style</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jutaku" title="Jutaku">Jutaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Omoya" title="Omoya">Omoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinden-zukuri" title="Shinden-zukuri">Shinden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin-zukuri" title="Shoin-zukuri">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sukiya-zukuri" title="Sukiya-zukuri">Sukiya</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Azekura" class="mw-redirect" title="Azekura">Azekura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hachiman-zukuri" title="Hachiman-zukuri">Hachiman</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hiyoshi-zukuri" title="Hiyoshi-zukuri">Hiyoshi (<i>Hie</i>)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ishi-no-ma-zukuri" title="Ishi-no-ma-zukuri">Ishi-no-ma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kasuga-zukuri" title="Kasuga-zukuri">Kasuga</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kibitsu-zukuri" title="Kibitsu-zukuri">Kibitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nagare-zukuri" title="Nagare-zukuri">Nagare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shinmei-zukuri" title="Shinmei-zukuri">Shinmei</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sumiyoshi-zukuri" title="Sumiyoshi-zukuri">Sumiyoshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taisha-zukuri" title="Taisha-zukuri">Taisha</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daibutsuy%C5%8D" title="Daibutsuyō">Daibutsuyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%C5%8Cbaku_Zen_architecture" title="Ōbaku Zen architecture">Ōbaku Zen</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setch%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Setchūyō">Setchūyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Way%C5%8D" title="Wayō">Wayō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zensh%C5%ABy%C5%8D" title="Zenshūyō">Zenshūyō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="12" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;background:whitesmoke;padding:0 1.0em 0 2.0em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Himeji_model7.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Model of Himeji Castle" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/150px-Himeji_model7.JPG" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/225px-Himeji_model7.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Himeji_model7.JPG/300px-Himeji_model7.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1680" data-file-height="2240" /></a></span><br />Model of <a href="/wiki/Himeji_Castle" title="Himeji Castle">Himeji Castle</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types of building</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Secular</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_castle" title="Japanese castle">Castle</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kura_(storehouse)" title="Kura (storehouse)">Kura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Machiya" title="Machiya">Machiya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Minka" title="Minka">Minka</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yagura_(tower)" title="Yagura (tower)">Yagura</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Religious</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Shinto_architecture" title="Shinto architecture">Shinto</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Haiden_(Shinto)" title="Haiden (Shinto)">Haiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heiden_(Shinto)" title="Heiden (Shinto)">Heiden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hokora" title="Hokora">Hokora</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Honden" title="Honden">Honden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">Kofun</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Setsumatsusha" title="Setsumatsusha">Setsumatsusha</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto_shrine" title="Shinto shrine">Shinto shrine</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Buddhist_architecture" title="Japanese Buddhist architecture">Buddhist</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsuden" class="mw-redirect" title="Butsuden">Butsuden</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/D%C5%8D_(architecture)" title="Dō (architecture)">Dō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/H%C5%8Dky%C5%8Dint%C5%8D" title="Hōkyōintō">Hōkyōintō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%8Dz%C5%8D" title="Kyōzō">Kyōzō</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Main_Hall_(Japanese_Buddhism)" title="Main Hall (Japanese Buddhism)">Main Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_pagoda" title="Japanese pagoda">Pagoda</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shichid%C5%8D_garan" title="Shichidō garan">Shichidō garan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sh%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" title="Shōrō">Shōrō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tah%C5%8Dt%C5%8D" title="Tahōtō">Tahōtō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Roof styles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hidden_roof" title="Hidden roof">Hidden</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karahafu" title="Karahafu">Karahafu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mokoshi" title="Mokoshi">Mokoshi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Structural and spatial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burdock_piling" title="Burdock piling">Burdock piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chigi_(architecture)" title="Chigi (architecture)">Chigi</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disordered_piling" title="Disordered piling">Disordered piling</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Engawa" title="Engawa">Engawa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hisashi_(architecture)" title="Hisashi (architecture)">Hisashi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irimoya" class="mw-redirect" title="Irimoya">Irimoya-zukuri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irori" title="Irori">Irori</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kat%C5%8Dmado" title="Katōmado">Katōmado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Katsuogi" title="Katsuogi">Katsuogi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kuruwa" title="Kuruwa">Kuruwa</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moya_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moya (architecture)">Moya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nakazonae" title="Nakazonae">Nakazonae</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namako_wall" title="Namako wall"><i>Namako</i> wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nightingale_floor" title="Nightingale floor">Nightingale floor</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Onigawara" title="Onigawara">Onigawara</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ranma_(architectural)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ranma (architectural)">Ranma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Drin" title="Sōrin">Sōrin</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tamagaki" title="Tamagaki">Tamagaki</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tatami" title="Tatami">Tatami</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Tenshu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tokonoma" title="Tokonoma">Tokonoma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Toky%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyō">Tokyō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsumairi" title="Tsumairi">Tsumairi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shibi_(roof_tile)" title="Shibi (roof tile)">Shibi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Gates</li><li>Approaches</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Genkan" title="Genkan">Genkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kair%C5%8D" title="Kairō">Kairō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Karamon" title="Karamon">Karamon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mon_(architecture)" title="Mon (architecture)">Mon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nij%C5%ABmon" title="Nijūmon">Nijūmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%8Dmon" title="Niōmon">Niōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/R%C5%8Dmon" title="Rōmon">Rōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sand%C5%8D" title="Sandō">Sandō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sanmon" title="Sanmon">Sanmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/S%C5%8Dmon" title="Sōmon">Sōmon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torii" title="Torii">Torii</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Mihashira_Torii" title="Mihashira Torii">Mihashira</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rooms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chashitsu" title="Chashitsu">Chashitsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Japanese_kitchen" title="Japanese kitchen">Daidokoro</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mizuya" title="Mizuya">Mizuya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nando_(architecture)" title="Nando (architecture)">Nando</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoin" title="Shoin">Shoin</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilets_in_Japan" title="Toilets in Japan">Toilets</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Washitsu" title="Washitsu">Washitsu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Furnishings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Butsudan" title="Butsudan">Butsudan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chabudai" title="Chabudai">Chabudai</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Emakimono" title="Emakimono">Emakimono</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Furo" title="Furo">Furo</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Futon" title="Futon">Futon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Getabako" title="Getabako">Getabako</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamado" title="Kamado">Kamado</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kamidana" title="Kamidana">Kamidana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kotatsu" title="Kotatsu">Kotatsu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mitamaya" title="Mitamaya">Mitamaya</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oshiire" title="Oshiire">Oshiire</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tansu" title="Tansu">Tansu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zabuton" title="Zabuton">Zabuton</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zafu" title="Zafu">Zafu</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_partition_furniture_of_traditional_Japanese_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="List of partition furniture of traditional Japanese architecture">Partitions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/By%C5%8Dbu" title="Byōbu">Byōbu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fusuma" title="Fusuma">Fusuma</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinmaku" title="Jinmaku">Jinmaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kich%C5%8D" title="Kichō">Kichō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noren" title="Noren">Noren</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shitomi" title="Shitomi">Shitomi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shoji" title="Shoji">Shōji</a></i> (<i><a href="/wiki/Washi" title="Washi">washi</a></i>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sudare" title="Sudare">Sudare</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tsuitate" title="Tsuitate">Tsuitate</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Outdoor objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ch%C5%8Dzuya" title="Chōzuya">Chōzuya (Temizuya)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Giboshi" title="Giboshi">Giboshi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shigandang" title="Shigandang">Ishigantō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Komainu" title="Komainu">Komainu</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dr%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Tōrō">Tōrō</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_units_of_measurement" title="Japanese units of measurement">Measurements</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ken_(unit)" title="Ken (unit)">Ken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koku" title="Koku">Koku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Li_(unit)" title="Li (unit)">Ri</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaku_(unit)" title="Shaku (unit)">Shaku</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cun_(unit)" title="Cun (unit)">Sun</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_Institute_of_Japan" title="Architectural Institute of Japan">Architectural Institute of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_Institute_of_Architects" title="Japan Institute of Architects">Japan Institute of Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metabolist_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Metabolist Movement">Metabolist Movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Groups_of_Traditional_Buildings" title="Groups of Traditional Buildings">Groups of Traditional Buildings</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iki_(aesthetics)" title="Iki (aesthetics)">Iki</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_garden" title="Japanese garden">Japanese garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_rock_garden" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese rock garden">rock (Zen)</a>)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kumiko_(woodworking)" title="Kumiko (woodworking)">Kumiko</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ryokan_(inn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ryokan (inn)">Ryokan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sent%C5%8D" title="Sentō">Sentō</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yabo" title="Yabo">Yabo</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_National_Treasures_of_Japan" title="Lists of National Treasures of Japan">National Treasures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a 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