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id="toc-Challenges_of_precisely_measuring_the_coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Challenges_of_precisely_measuring_the_coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Challenges_of_precisely_measuring_the_coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Importance_for_humans_and_ecosystems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Importance_for_humans_and_ecosystems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Importance for humans and ecosystems</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Importance_for_humans_and_ecosystems-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Importance for humans and ecosystems subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Importance_for_humans_and_ecosystems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Human_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Human settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecosystem_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecosystem_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Ecosystem services</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecosystem_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Emergent_coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Emergent_coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Emergent coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Emergent_coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Concordant_coastline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concordant_coastline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Concordant coastline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concordant_coastline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_and_low_energy_coasts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_and_low_energy_coasts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>High and low energy coasts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_and_low_energy_coasts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destructive_and_constructive_waves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destructive_and_constructive_waves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3.1</span> <span>Destructive and constructive waves</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destructive_and_constructive_waves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivieras" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivieras"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Rivieras</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivieras-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_coastal_categories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_coastal_categories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other coastal categories</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_coastal_categories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Landforms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Landforms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Landforms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Landforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cliff_erosion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_erosion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Cliff erosion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_erosion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_features_formed_by_sediment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_features_formed_by_sediment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Coastal features formed by sediment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_features_formed_by_sediment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_features_formed_by_another_feature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_features_formed_by_another_feature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Coastal features formed by another feature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_features_formed_by_another_feature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_features_on_the_coast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_features_on_the_coast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Other features on the coast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_features_on_the_coast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_waters" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_waters"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Coastal waters</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_waters-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In geology</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_geology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle In geology subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-In_geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geologic_processes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geologic_processes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Geologic processes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geologic_processes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Wildlife subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Coastal_fish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_fish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1.1</span> <span>Coastal fish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_fish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Threats" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Threats"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Threats</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Threats-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Threats subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Threats-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Marine_pollution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_pollution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.1</span> <span>Marine pollution</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_pollution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marine_debris" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marine_debris"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.2</span> <span>Marine debris</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marine_debris-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microplastics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microplastics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1.3</span> <span>Microplastics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microplastics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sea_level_rise_due_to_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sea_level_rise_due_to_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Sea level rise due to climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sea_level_rise_due_to_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Global_goals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Global_goals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Global goals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Global_goals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Coast</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kus" title="Kus – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Kus" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84" title="ساحل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ساحل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamara_junt%27u_tuqi_suyu" title="Lamara junt'u tuqi suyu – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Lamara junt'u tuqi suyu" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%82%E0%A6%B2" title="উপকূল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উপকূল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%A1i-k%C3%AE%E2%81%BF" title="Hái-kîⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hái-kîⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Узбярэжжа – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Узбярэжжа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B1%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%8D%D0%B6%D0%B6%D0%B0" title="Узьбярэжжа – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Узьбярэжжа" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Крайбрежие – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Крайбрежие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gstod" title="Gstod – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Gstod" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala" title="Obala – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Obala" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aod" title="Aod – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Aod" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%87%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%C3%A7%D1%83%D0%BC" title="Çыранçум – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Çыранçум" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pob%C5%99e%C5%BE%C3%AD" title="Pobřeží – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pobřeží" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arfordir" title="Arfordir – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Arfordir" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyst" title="Kyst – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kyst" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B7" title="لاكوط – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاكوط" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%BCste" title="Küste – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Küste" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannik" title="Rannik – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Rannik" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BA%CF%84%CE%AE" title="Ακτή – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ακτή" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marbordo" title="Marbordo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Marbordo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itsasertz" title="Itsasertz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Itsasertz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%87" title="کناره – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کناره" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B4te_(g%C3%A9ographie)" title="Côte (géographie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Côte (géographie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kust" title="Kust – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Kust" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B3sta" title="Cósta – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Cósta" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2rsa" title="Còrsa – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Còrsa" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa_(xeograf%C3%ADa)" title="Costa (xeografía) – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Costa (xeografía)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B0%EC%95%88" title="연안 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="연안" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BE%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%A1%D6%83" title="Ծովափ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ծովափ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="सागरतट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="सागरतट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala" title="Obala – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Obala" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir" title="Pesisir – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pesisir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Str%C3%B6nd" title="Strönd – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Strönd" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A3" title="חוף – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חוף" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%B3%E0%B2%BF" title="ಕರಾವಳಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರಾವಳಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9E%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D" title="სანაპირო – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="სანაპირო" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жағалау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жағалау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pwani" title="Pwani – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Pwani" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Litus" title="Litus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Litus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piekraste" title="Piekraste – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Piekraste" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakrant%C4%97" title="Pakrantė – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pakrantė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kus" title="Kus – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Kus" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C3%B2sta_(ria)" title="Còsta (ria) – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Còsta (ria)" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morontsiraka" title="Morontsiraka – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Morontsiraka" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="समुद्रकिनारा – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="समुद्रकिनारा" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pesisir" title="Pesisir – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pesisir" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kust" title="Kust – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Kust" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%9F" title="तट – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="तट" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%B2%B8" title="海岸 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="海岸" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyst" title="Kyst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kyst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyst" title="Kyst – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kyst" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AD%D9%84%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D9%86%DA%88%DA%BE%D8%A7" title="ساحلی کنڈھا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ساحلی کنڈھا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wybrze%C5%BCe" title="Wybrzeże – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wybrzeże" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Costa" title="Costa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Costa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relief_litoral" title="Relief litoral – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Relief litoral" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Sahel" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Romani čhib</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mamaquchap_patan" title="Mamaquchap patan – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Mamaquchap patan" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D1%8C%D0%B5" title="Побережье – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Побережье" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/saedipan" title="saedipan – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="saedipan" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bregdeti" title="Bregdeti – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bregdeti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coast" title="Coast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Coast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobre%C5%BEie" title="Pobrežie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pobrežie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala" title="Obala – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obala" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xeeb" title="Xeeb – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Xeeb" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Обала – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Обала" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obala" title="Obala – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Obala" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rannikko" title="Rannikko – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Rannikko" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kust" title="Kust – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kust" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="கடற்கரை வகைகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கடற்கரை வகைகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AF%D1%80_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B5" title="Яр буе – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Яр буе" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%87" title="ชายฝั่ง – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชายฝั่ง" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8E%B9%E1%8F%B3%E1%8E%B8%E1%8F%97" title="ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᎹᏳᎸᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%B1y%C4%B1" title="Kıyı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kıyı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mpoano" title="Mpoano – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Mpoano" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coastal&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">Coastal</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Area where land meets the sea or ocean</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span>For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Coast_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Coast (disambiguation)">Coast (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Shore" and "Shoreline" redirect here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Shore_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shore (disambiguation)">Shore (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shoreline_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Shoreline (disambiguation)">Shoreline (disambiguation)</a>.</span> <span>"Seacoast" redirects here. For the specific area, see <a href="/wiki/Seacoast_Region_(New_Hampshire)" title="Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)">Seacoast Region (New Hampshire)</a>.</span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spring_Lake,_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg/220px-Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg/330px-Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg/440px-Spring_Lake%2C_New_Jersey_Beach_at_Sunrise.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4322" data-file-height="2922" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sunrise" title="Sunrise">Sunrise</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Jersey_Shore" title="Jersey Shore">Jersey Shore</a> coastline at <a href="/wiki/Spring_Lake,_New_Jersey" title="Spring Lake, New Jersey">Spring Lake</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, U.S.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-Knights_Point_-_Tasm%C3%A1nsk%C3%A9_mo%C5%99e_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>Rugged coastline of the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast,_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="West Coast, New Zealand">West Coast Region</a> of New Zealand</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg/220px-17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg/330px-17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg/440px-17-08-islcanus-RalfR-DSC_3282.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5905" data-file-height="3937" /></a><figcaption>Southeast coast of <a href="/wiki/Greenland" title="Greenland">Greenland</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._(Escorca,_Mallorca).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg/220px-0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg/330px-0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg/440px-0.1._Mar_Mediterr%C3%A0nia_-_Serra_de_Tramuntana._Torrent_de_Pareis._%28Escorca%2C_Mallorca%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3992" data-file-height="2886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Escorca" title="Escorca">Escorca</a> coast, <a href="/wiki/Serra_de_Tramuntana" title="Serra de Tramuntana">Serra de Tramuntana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spiaggia_rosa,_isola_di_budelli,_sardegna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg/220px-Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg/330px-Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg/440px-Spiaggia_rosa%2C_isola_di_budelli%2C_sardegna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3870" data-file-height="1790" /></a><figcaption>Seaside in <a href="/wiki/Budelli" title="Budelli">Budelli</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>coast</b> – also called the <b>coastline</b>, <b>shoreline</b>, or <b>seashore</b> – is the <a href="/wiki/Land" title="Land">land</a> next to the <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a> or the line that forms the boundary between the land and the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coasts are influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Topography" title="Topography">topography</a> of the surrounding landscape, as well as by water induced <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">waves</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geological</a> composition of <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a> dictates the type of shore that is created. <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> contains roughly 620,000 km (390,000 mi) of coastline. </p><p>Coasts are important zones in natural <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem" title="Ecosystem">ecosystems</a>, often home to a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a>. On land, they harbor important ecosystems such as <a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">freshwater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuarine</a> <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a>, which are important for bird populations and other <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_animal" title="Terrestrial animal">terrestrial animals</a>. In wave-protected areas, they harbor <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> or <a href="/wiki/Seagrass_meadow" title="Seagrass meadow">seagrasses</a>, all of which can provide <a href="/wiki/Nursery_habitat" title="Nursery habitat">nursery habitat</a> for fin<a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, and other <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_animal" title="Aquatic animal">aquatic animals</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shores</a> are usually found along exposed coasts and provide habitat for a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(motility)" title="Sessility (motility)">sessile animals</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Mussel" title="Mussel">mussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Starfish" title="Starfish">starfish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a>) and various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweeds</a>. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">physical oceanography</a>, a shore is the wider fringe that is geologically modified by the action of the body of water past and present, while the <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beach</a> is at the edge of the shore, representing the <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal zone</a> where there is one.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Along <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropical</a> coasts with clear, nutrient-poor water, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> can often be found between depths of 1–50 m (3.3–164.0 ft). </p><p>According to an atlas prepared by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, about 44% of the <a href="/wiki/World_population" title="World population">human population</a> lives within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea as of 2013<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Atlas_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Atlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to its importance in society and its high population concentrations, the coast is important for major parts of the global food and economic system, and they provide many <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service" title="Ecosystem service">ecosystem services</a> to humankind. For example, important human activities happen in <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> cities. Coastal <a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">fisheries</a> (commercial, recreational, and subsistence) and <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> are major economic activities and create jobs, livelihoods, and <a href="/wiki/Protein" title="Protein">protein</a> for the majority of coastal human populations. Other coastal spaces like <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a> generate large revenues through <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystems</a> can also provide protection against <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tsunami" title="Tsunami">tsunamis</a>. In many countries, <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangroves</a> are the primary source of wood for fuel (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">charcoal</a>) and building material. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves and <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a> have a much higher capacity for <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> than many <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_ecosystem" title="Terrestrial ecosystem">terrestrial ecosystems</a>, and as such can play a critical role in the near-future to help <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">mitigate climate change</a> effects by uptake of <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide_in_Earth%27s_atmosphere" title="Carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere">atmospheric anthropogenic carbon dioxide</a>. </p><p>However, the economic importance of coasts makes many of these communities <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_climate_change" title="Effects of climate change">vulnerable to climate change</a>, which causes increases in <a href="/wiki/Extreme_weather" title="Extreme weather">extreme weather</a> and sea level rise, as well as related issues like <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_flooding" title="Coastal flooding">coastal flooding</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other coastal issues, such as <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, coastal development, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystem</a> destruction, further complicate the human uses of the coast and threaten coastal ecosystems.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The interactive effects of climate change, <a href="/wiki/Habitat_destruction" title="Habitat destruction">habitat destruction</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> (especially <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication" title="Eutrophication">eutrophication</a>) have led to the demise of coastal ecosystem around the globe. This has resulted in population collapse of fisheries stocks, <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_loss" title="Biodiversity loss">loss of biodiversity</a>, increased <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasion of alien species</a>, and loss of healthy habitats. International attention to these issues has been captured in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> "Life Below Water", which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving marine coastal ecosystems and supporting more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable economic practices</a> for coastal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the <a href="/wiki/UN_Decade_on_Ecosystem_Restoration" title="UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration">UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration</a>, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since coasts are constantly changing, a coastline's exact <a href="/wiki/Perimeter" title="Perimeter">perimeter</a> cannot be determined; this measurement challenge is called the <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a>. The term <i>coastal zone</i> is used to refer to a region where interactions of sea and land processes occur.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the terms <i>coast</i> and <i>coastal</i> are often used to describe a geographic location or region located on a coastline (e.g., New Zealand's <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Region" title="West Coast Region">West Coast</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">East</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="Gulf Coast of the United States">Gulf Coast</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>.) Coasts with a narrow continental shelf that are close to the open ocean are called <i><a href="/wiki/Pelagic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pelagic">pelagic</a></i> <i>coast</i>, while other coasts are more sheltered coast in a <a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">gulf</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shore</a>, on the other hand, may refer to parts of land adjoining any large body of water, including oceans (sea shore) and lakes (lake shore). </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Size">Size</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Size"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg/220px-Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg/330px-Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg/440px-Somalia_16.08.2009_08-30-13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> has the longest coastline in Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a> has approximately 620,000 kilometres (390,000 mi) of coastline. Coastal habitats, which extend to the margins of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelves" class="mw-redirect" title="Continental shelves">continental shelves</a>, make up about 7 percent of the Earth's oceans,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but at least 85% of commercially harvested fish depend on coastal environments during at least part of their life cycle.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of October 2010,<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit">[update]</a></sup> about 2.86% of <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zones" class="mw-redirect" title="Exclusive economic zones">exclusive economic zones</a> were part of <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_areas" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine protected areas">marine protected areas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-iucn.org_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-iucn.org-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The definition of coasts varies. Marine scientists think of the "wet" (aquatic or <a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">intertidal</a>) vegetated habitats as being <a href="/wiki/Coastal_ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal ecosystem">coastal ecosystems</a> (including seagrass, salt marsh etc.) whilst some terrestrial scientists might only think of coastal ecosystems as purely terrestrial plants that live close to the seashore (see also <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service#Estuarine_and_coastal_ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem service">estuaries and coastal ecosystems</a>). </p><p>While there is general agreement in the scientific community regarding the definition of coast, in the political sphere, the delineation of the extents of a coast differ according to <a href="/wiki/Jurisdiction" title="Jurisdiction">jurisdiction</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government authorities in various countries may define coast differently for economic and social policy reasons. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Challenges_of_precisely_measuring_the_coastline">Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Challenges of precisely measuring the coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">Coastline paradox</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastline_paradox&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Coastline_paradox" title="Coastline paradox">coastline paradox</a> is the counterintuitive observation that the <a href="/wiki/Coastline" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastline">coastline</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Landmass" title="Landmass">landmass</a> does not have a well-defined length. This results from the <a href="/wiki/Fractal_curve" title="Fractal curve">fractal curve</a>–like properties of coastlines; i.e., the fact that a coastline typically has a <a href="/wiki/Fractal_dimension" title="Fractal dimension">fractal dimension</a>. Although the "paradox of length" was previously noted by <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Steinhaus" title="Hugo Steinhaus">Hugo Steinhaus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the first systematic study of this phenomenon was by <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Fry_Richardson" title="Lewis Fry Richardson">Lewis Fry Richardson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and it was expanded upon by <a href="/wiki/Benoit_Mandelbrot" title="Benoit Mandelbrot">Benoit Mandelbrot</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Coastline_paradox_mandelbrot_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coastline_paradox_mandelbrot-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> The measured length of the coastline depends on the method used to measure it and the degree of <a href="/wiki/Cartographic_generalization" title="Cartographic generalization">cartographic generalization</a>. Since a landmass has features at all scales, from hundreds of kilometers in size to tiny fractions of a millimeter and below, there is no obvious size of the smallest feature that should be taken into consideration when measuring, and hence no single well-defined perimeter to the landmass. <a href="/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Bouligand_dimension" title="Minkowski–Bouligand dimension">Various approximations</a> exist when specific assumptions are made about minimum feature size.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation <span class="anchor" id="Formation_of_Coasts"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg/260px-Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg/390px-Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg/520px-Porto_Covo_pano_April_2009-4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5140" data-file-height="2390" /></a><figcaption>Atlantic rocky coastline, showing a surf area. <a href="/wiki/Porto_Covo" title="Porto Covo">Porto Covo</a>, west coast of Portugal</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a> often determine the range over which <a href="/wiki/Sediment" title="Sediment">sediment</a> is deposited or eroded. Areas with high tidal ranges allow waves to reach farther up the shore, and areas with lower tidal ranges produce deposition at a smaller elevation interval. The tidal range is influenced by the size and shape of the coastline. Tides do not typically cause erosion by themselves; however, <a href="/wiki/Tidal_bore" title="Tidal bore">tidal bores</a> can erode as the waves surge up the river <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> from the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 421">: 421 </span></sup> </p><p>Geologists classify coasts on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Tidal_range" title="Tidal range">tidal range</a> into <i>macrotidal coasts</i> with a tidal range greater than 4 m (13 ft); <i>mesotidal coasts</i> with a tidal range of 2 to 4 m (6.6 to 13 ft); and <i>microtidal coasts</i> with a tidal range of less than 2 m (7 ft). The distinction between macrotidal and mesotidal coasts is more important. Macrotidal coasts lack <a href="/wiki/Barrier_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrier islands">barrier islands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lagoons" class="mw-redirect" title="Lagoons">lagoons</a>, and are characterized by funnel-shaped estuaries containing sand ridges aligned with tidal currents. Wave action is much more important for determining <a href="/wiki/Bedforms" class="mw-redirect" title="Bedforms">bedforms</a> of sediments deposited along mesotidal and microtidal coasts than in macrotidal coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Waves erode coastline as they break on shore releasing their energy; the larger the wave the more energy it releases and the more sediment it moves. Coastlines with longer shores have more room for the waves to disperse their energy, while coasts with cliffs and short shore faces give little room for the wave energy to be dispersed. In these areas, the wave energy breaking against the cliffs is higher, and air and water are compressed into cracks in the rock, forcing the rock apart, breaking it down. Sediment deposited by waves comes from eroded cliff faces and is moved along the coastline by the waves. This forms an <a href="/wiki/Abrasion_coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Abrasion coast">abrasion</a> or <a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">cliffed coast</a>. </p><p>Sediment deposited by rivers is the dominant influence on the amount of sediment located in the case of coastlines that have estuaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, riverine deposition at the coast is often blocked by dams and other human regulatory devices, which remove the sediment from the stream by causing it to be deposited inland. Coral reefs are a provider of sediment for coastlines of tropical islands.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Like the ocean which shapes them, coasts are a dynamic environment with constant change. The <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s natural processes, particularly <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rises</a>, waves and various <a href="/wiki/Weather" title="Weather">weather</a> phenomena, have resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accretion_(geology)" title="Accretion (geology)">accretion</a> and reshaping of coasts as well as flooding and creation of <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> and drowned river valleys (<a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">rias</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Importance_for_humans_and_ecosystems">Importance for humans and ecosystems</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Importance for humans and ecosystems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_settlements">Human settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Human settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Island_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nation">island nation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">Coastal development hazards</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_CHW_system.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/The_CHW_system.png/310px-The_CHW_system.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="428" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/The_CHW_system.png/465px-The_CHW_system.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/The_CHW_system.png/620px-The_CHW_system.png 2x" data-file-width="1557" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption>The Coastal Hazard Wheel system published by UNEP for global coastal management</figcaption></figure> <p>More and more of the world's people live in coastal regions.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> atlas, 44% of all people live within 150 km (93 mi) of the sea.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Atlas_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Atlas-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many major cities are on or near good <a href="/wiki/Harbor" title="Harbor">harbors</a> and have <a href="/wiki/Port" title="Port">port</a> facilities. Some <a href="/wiki/Landlocked" class="mw-redirect" title="Landlocked">landlocked</a> places have achieved port status by building <a href="/wiki/Canal" title="Canal">canals</a>. </p><p> Nations defend their coasts against military invaders, smugglers and illegal migrants. Fixed <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defence_and_fortification" title="Coastal defence and fortification">coastal defenses</a> have long been erected in many nations, and coastal countries typically have a <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">navy</a> and some form of <a href="/wiki/Coast_guard" title="Coast guard">coast guard</a>.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 526px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Paddy fields by the coast of Fengbin, Hualien"><img alt="Paddy fields by the coast of Fengbin, Hualien" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg/220px-%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg/330px-%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg/440px-%E8%8A%B1%E8%93%AE%E6%96%B0%E7%A4%BE%E6%A2%AF%E7%94%B0.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1688" data-file-height="1125" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy fields</a> by the coast of <a href="/wiki/Fengbin,_Hualien" class="mw-redirect" title="Fengbin, Hualien">Fengbin, Hualien</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:170209_219_R.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastline of Barcelona as viewed from Port Fòrum, with Montjuïc and Port Vell can also be seen."><img alt="Coastline of Barcelona as viewed from Port Fòrum, with Montjuïc and Port Vell can also be seen." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/170209_219_R.jpg/220px-170209_219_R.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/170209_219_R.jpg/330px-170209_219_R.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/170209_219_R.jpg/440px-170209_219_R.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8150" data-file-height="5746" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Coastline of <a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a> as viewed from Port Fòrum, with <a href="/wiki/Montju%C3%AFc" title="Montjuïc">Montjuïc</a> and <a href="/wiki/Port_Vell" title="Port Vell">Port Vell</a> can also be seen.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tourism">Tourism</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Coasts, especially those with beaches and warm water, attract tourists often leading to the development of <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resort</a> communities. In many <a href="/wiki/Island_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Island nation">island nations</a> such as those of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Ocean" class="mw-redirect" title="South Pacific Ocean">South Pacific Ocean</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism is central to the economy</a>. Coasts offer recreational activities such as swimming, fishing, surfing, boating, and <a href="/wiki/Sun_tanning" title="Sun tanning">sunbathing</a>. </p> <p><a href="/wiki/Growth_management" title="Growth management">Growth management</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal management</a> can be a challenge for coastal local authorities who often struggle to provide the infrastructure required by new residents, and poor management practices of construction often leave these communities and infrastructure vulnerable to processes like <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>. In many of these communities, management practices such as <a href="/wiki/Beach_nourishment" title="Beach nourishment">beach nourishment</a> or when the coastal infrastructure is no longer financially sustainable, <a href="/wiki/Managed_retreat" title="Managed retreat">managed retreat</a> to remove communities from the coast.</p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center" style="max-width: 789px;"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of Mariehamn, Åland."><img alt="A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of Mariehamn, Åland." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg/220px-Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg/330px-Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg/440px-Maarianhamina_SNV10312_-2B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8766" data-file-height="2639" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"> A passenger car ferry arrives at the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%85land" title="Åland">Åland</a>.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 190px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amalfi_Coast_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_75_(50558355441).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Amalfi Coast, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually[26] and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[27]"><img alt="Amalfi Coast, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually[26] and is listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[27]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg/220px-Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg/330px-Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg/440px-Amalfi_Coast_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_75_%2850558355441%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5445" data-file-height="3617" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Amalfi_Coast" title="Amalfi Coast">Amalfi Coast</a>, Italy, attracts international tourists of all classes annually<sup id="cite_ref-uniq_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-uniq-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is listed as a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-unesco_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-unesco-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ecosystem_services">Ecosystem services</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Ecosystem services"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Ecosystem_service#Estuarine_and_coastal_ecosystem_services" title="Ecosystem service">Ecosystem service § Estuarine and coastal ecosystem services</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecosystem_service&action=edit#Estuarine_and_coastal_ecosystem_services">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuarine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">marine coastal ecosystems</a> are both <a href="/wiki/Marine_ecosystem" title="Marine ecosystem">marine ecosystems</a>. Together, these ecosystems perform the four categories of ecosystem services in a variety of ways: The <i>provisioning services</i> include forest products, marine products, <a href="/wiki/Fresh_water" title="Fresh water">fresh water</a>, raw materials, biochemical and genetic resources. <i>Regulating services</i> include <a href="/wiki/Carbon_sequestration" title="Carbon sequestration">carbon sequestration</a> (contributing to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">climate change mitigation</a>) as well as <a href="/wiki/Waste_treatment" title="Waste treatment">waste treatment</a> and disease regulation and buffer zones. <i>Supporting services</i> of coastal ecosystems include <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_cycle" title="Nutrient cycle">nutrient cycling</a>, biologically mediated habitats and <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">primary production</a>. <i>Cultural services</i> of coastal ecosystems include inspirational aspects, <a href="/wiki/Recreation" title="Recreation">recreation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tourism" title="Tourism">tourism</a>, science and education. </p> Coasts and their adjacent areas on and offshore are an important part of a local ecosystem. The mixture of fresh water and <a href="/wiki/Seawater" title="Seawater">salt water</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brackish_water" title="Brackish water">brackish water</a>) in estuaries provides many nutrients for <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>. <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marshes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">mangroves</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">beaches</a> also support a diversity of plants, animals and insects crucial to the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>. The high level of <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biodiversity</a> creates a high level of biological activity, which has attracted human activity for thousands of years. Coasts also create essential material for organisms to live by, including estuaries, <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a>, and mangroves. Coasts provide habitats for <a href="/wiki/Bird_migration" title="Bird migration">migratory birds</a>, sea turtles, marine mammals, and coral reefs.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Emergent_coastline">Emergent coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Emergent coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></div> <p>According to one principle of classification, an emergent coastline is a coastline that has experienced a fall in sea level, because of either a global sea-level change, or local uplift. Emergent coastlines are identifiable by the coastal <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landforms</a>, which are above the high tide mark, such as <a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">raised beaches</a>. In contrast, a submergent coastline is one where the sea level has risen, due to a global sea-level change, local <a href="/wiki/Subsidence" title="Subsidence">subsidence</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Isostatic_rebound" class="mw-redirect" title="Isostatic rebound">isostatic rebound</a>. Submergent coastlines are identifiable by their submerged, or "drowned" landforms, such as <a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">rias</a> (drowned valleys) and <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concordant_coastline">Concordant coastline</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Concordant coastline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></div> <p>According to the second principle of classification, a concordant coastline is a coastline where bands of different rock types run parallel to the shore. These rock types are usually of varying <a href="/wiki/Geological_resistance" title="Geological resistance">resistance</a>, so the coastline forms distinctive landforms, such as coves. Discordant coastlines feature distinctive landforms because the rocks are <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">eroded</a> by the ocean <a href="/wiki/Wave" title="Wave">waves</a>. The less resistant rocks erode faster, creating <a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">inlets</a> or <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a>; the more resistant rocks erode more slowly, remaining as <a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">headlands</a> or <a href="/wiki/Outcrop" title="Outcrop">outcroppings</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_and_low_energy_coasts">High and low energy coasts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: High and low energy coasts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Parts of a coastline can be categorised as high energy coast or low energy coast. The distinguishing characteristics of a high energy coast are that the average wave energy is relatively high so that erosion of small grained material tends to exceed deposition, and consequently landforms like cliffs, headlands and wave-cut terraces develop.<sup id="cite_ref-field_studies_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-field_studies-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low energy coasts are generally sheltered from waves, or in regions where the average wind wave and swell conditions are relatively mild. Low energy coasts typically change slowly, and tend to be depositional environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaia_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>High energy coasts are exposed to the direct impact of waves and storms, and are generally erosional environments.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaia_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High energy storm events can make large changes to a coastline, and can move significant amounts of sediment over a short period, sometimes changing a shoreline configuration.<sup id="cite_ref-Guisado-Pintado_and_Jackson_2019_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Guisado-Pintado_and_Jackson_2019-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Destructive_and_constructive_waves">Destructive and constructive waves</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Destructive and constructive waves"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Swash is the shoreward flow after the break, backwash is the water flow back down the beach. The relative strength of flow in the swash and backwash determines what size grains are deposited or eroded. This is dependent on how the wave breaks and the slope of the shore.<sup id="cite_ref-field_studies_method_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-field_studies_method-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Depending on the form of the breaking wave, its energy can carry granular material up the beach and deposit it, or erode it by carrying more material down the slope than up it. Steep waves that are close together and break with the surf <a href="/wiki/Plunging_breaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Plunging breaker">plunging</a> down onto the shore slope expend much of their energy lifting the sediment. The weak swash does not carry it far up the slope, and the strong backwash carries it further down the slope, where it either settles in deeper water or is carried along the shore by a longshore current induced by an angled approach of the wave-front to the shore. These waves which erode the beach are called destructive waves.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Low waves that are further apart and break by <a href="/wiki/Spilling_breaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Spilling breaker">spilling</a>, expend more of their energy in the swash which carries particles up the beach, leaving less energy for the backwash to transport them downslope, with a net constrictive influence on the beach.<sup id="cite_ref-BBC_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BBC-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivieras">Rivieras</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Rivieras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cinque_Terre_(Italy,_October_2020)_-_11_(50543748322).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg/220px-Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg/330px-Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg/440px-Cinque_Terre_%28Italy%2C_October_2020%29_-_11_%2850543748322%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5450" data-file-height="3628" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cinque_Terre" title="Cinque Terre">Cinque Terre</a>, along the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>Riviera</i> is an Italian word for "shoreline",<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kolb_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ultimately derived from Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">ripa</i></span> ("riverbank"). It came to be applied as a proper name to the coast of the <a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a>, in the form <i>riviera ligure</i>, then shortened to <i>riviera</i>. Historically, the Ligurian Riviera extended from Capo Corvo (Punta Bianca) south of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, north and west into what is now <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> territory past <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and sometimes as far as <a href="/wiki/Marseilles" class="mw-redirect" title="Marseilles">Marseilles</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Today, this coast is divided into the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Riviera" title="Italian Riviera">Italian Riviera</a> and the <a href="/wiki/French_Riviera" title="French Riviera">French Riviera</a>, although the French use the term "Riviera" to refer to the Italian Riviera and call the French portion the "Côte d'Azur".<sup id="cite_ref-Kolb_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the fame of the Ligurian rivieras, the term came into English to refer to any shoreline, especially one that is sunny, topographically diverse and popular with tourists.<sup id="cite_ref-Chambers_34-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chambers-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such places using the term include the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Riviera" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Riviera">Australian Riviera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Riviera" title="Turkish Riviera">Turkish Riviera</a> along the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kolb_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kolb-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_coastal_categories">Other coastal categories</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other coastal categories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A <a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">cliffed coast</a> or abrasion coast is one where marine action has produced steep declivities known as <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliffs</a>.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">flat coast</a> is one where the land gradually descends into the sea.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">graded shoreline</a> is one where wind and water action has produced a flat and straight coastline.</li> <li>A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Primary_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Primary coast (page does not exist)">primary coast</a> isone which is mainly undergoing early stage development by major long-term processes such as tectonism and climate change A <a href="/w/index.php?title=Secondary_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secondary coast (page does not exist)">secondary coast</a> is one where the primary processes have mostly stabilised, and more localised processes have become prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaia_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erosional_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erosional coast (page does not exist)">erosional coast</a> is on average undergoing erosion, while a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Depositional_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Depositional coast (page does not exist)">depositional coast</a> is accumulating material.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaia_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=Active_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Active coast (page does not exist)">active coast</a> is on the edge of a tectonic plate, while a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Passive_coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Passive coast (page does not exist)">passive coast</a> is usually on a substantial continental shelf or away from a plate edge.<sup id="cite_ref-Vaia_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Landforms">Landforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Landforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles describe some coastal landforms: </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/220px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/330px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/440px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a><figcaption>Coastal landforms. The feature shown here as a <a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">bay</a> would, in certain (mainly southern) parts of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Britain</a>, be called a <a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">cove</a>. That between the cuspate foreland and the tombolo is a British bay.</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cliff_erosion">Cliff erosion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Cliff erosion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Much of the sediment deposited along a coast is the result of erosion of a surrounding <a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">cliff</a>, or bluff. <a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Sea cliffs</a> retreat landward because of the constant undercutting of slopes by waves. If the slope/cliff being undercut is made of unconsolidated sediment it will erode at a much faster rate than a cliff made of bedrock.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">natural arch</a> is formed when a headland is eroded through by waves.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea caves</a> are made when certain rock beds are more susceptible to erosion than the surrounding rock beds because of different areas of weakness. These areas are eroded at a faster pace creating a hole or crevice that, through time, by means of wave action and erosion, becomes a cave.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">stack</a> is formed when a headland is eroded away by wave and wind action or an arch collapses leaving an offshore remnant.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">stump</a> is a shortened sea stack that has been eroded away or fallen because of instability.</li> <li>Wave-cut notches are caused by the undercutting of overhanging slopes which leads to increased stress on cliff material and a greater probability that the slope material will fall. The fallen debris accumulates at the bottom of the cliff and is eventually removed by waves.</li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">wave-cut platform</a> forms after erosion and retreat of a sea cliff has been occurring for a long time. Gently sloping wave-cut platforms develop early on in the first stages of cliff retreat. Later, the length of the platform decreases because the waves lose their energy as they break further offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_23-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (April 2024)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_features_formed_by_sediment">Coastal features formed by sediment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Coastal features formed by sediment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coastal_features_formed_by_another_feature">Coastal features formed by another feature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Coastal features formed by another feature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelp_forest" title="Kelp forest">Kelp forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reefs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_reef" title="Oyster reef">Oyster reefs</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_features_on_the_coast">Other features on the coast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Other features on the coast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_arc" title="Island arc">Island arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_waters">Coastal waters</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Coastal waters"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Eutrophication#Coastal_waters" title="Eutrophication">Eutrophication § Coastal waters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea,_Exclusive_Economic_Zone,_continental_shelf,_high_seas,_and_deep_seabed.webp" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp/330px-Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp/495px-Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp/660px-Transport_of_carbon_across_territorial_boundaries_in_territorial_sea%2C_Exclusive_Economic_Zone%2C_continental_shelf%2C_high_seas%2C_and_deep_seabed.webp.png 2x" data-file-width="1754" data-file-height="1218" /></a><figcaption>Overview of different zones of coastal waters: Input, production, transport and storage pathway of carbon in marine waters, including movement across maritime zones of national jurisdiction: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_economic_zone" title="Exclusive economic zone">Exclusive Economic Zone</a> (EEZ), <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>, <a href="/wiki/High_seas" class="mw-redirect" title="High seas">high seas</a> (international waters), and <a href="/wiki/Marine_sediment" title="Marine sediment">deep seabed</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>"Coastal waters" (or "coastal seas") is a rather general term used differently in different contexts, ranging geographically from the waters within a few kilometers of the coast, through to the entire <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a> which may stretch for more than a hundred kilometers from land.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus the term coastal waters is used in a slightly different way in discussions of legal and economic boundaries<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (see <a href="/wiki/Territorial_waters" title="Territorial waters">territorial waters</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_waters" title="International waters">international waters</a>) or when considering the geography of coastal landforms or the ecological systems operating through the continental shelf (<a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">marine coastal ecosystems</a>). The research on coastal waters often divides into these separate areas too. </p><p>The dynamic fluid nature of the ocean means that all components of the whole ocean system are ultimately connected, although certain regional classifications are useful and relevant. The waters of the continental shelves represent such a region.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The term "coastal waters" has been used in a wide variety of different ways in different contexts. In <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> environmental management it extends from the coast to just a few nautical miles<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while in the United States the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">US EPA</a> considers this region to extend much further offshore.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>"Coastal waters" has specific meanings in the context of commercial <a href="/wiki/Maritime_transport" title="Maritime transport">coastal shipping</a>, and somewhat different meanings in the context of naval <a href="/wiki/Littoral_warfare" title="Littoral warfare">littoral warfare</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> <a href="/wiki/Oceanography" title="Oceanography">Oceanographers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_biology" title="Marine biology">marine biologists</a> have yet other takes. Coastal waters have a wide range of <a href="/wiki/Marine_habitats" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine habitats">marine habitats</a> from enclosed <a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">estuaries</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_zone" title="Pelagic zone">open waters</a> of the continental shelf. </p><p>Similarly, the term <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a> has no single definition. It is the part of a <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lake" title="Lake">lake</a>, or <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a> that is close to the <a href="/wiki/Shore" class="mw-redirect" title="Shore">shore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Seekell2021_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seekell2021-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In coastal environments, the littoral zone extends from the <a href="/wiki/High_water_mark" title="High water mark">high water mark</a>, which is rarely inundated, to shoreline areas that are permanently <a href="/wiki/Underwater" class="mw-redirect" title="Underwater">submerged</a>. </p><p>Coastal waters can be threatened by <a href="/wiki/Coastal_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal eutrophication">coastal eutrophication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_blooms" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmful algal blooms">harmful algal blooms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:32_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:32-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:16_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:16-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_geology">In geology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: In geology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The identification of bodies of rock formed from sediments deposited in shoreline and nearshore environments (shoreline and nearshore <i><a href="/wiki/Facies_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Facies (geology)">facies</a></i>) is extremely important to geologists. These provide vital clues for reconstructing the geography of ancient continents (<i><a href="/wiki/Paleogeography" class="mw-redirect" title="Paleogeography">paleogeography</a></i>). The locations of these beds show the extent of ancient seas at particular points in geological time, and provide clues to the magnitudes of tides in the distant past.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeder2011_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeder2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sediments deposited in the <a href="/wiki/Shoreface" title="Shoreface">shoreface</a> are preserved as lenses of <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> in which the upper part of the sandstone is coarser than the lower part (a <i>coarsening upwards sequence</i>). Geologists refer to these are <i><a href="/wiki/Parasequence" title="Parasequence">parasequences</a></i>. Each records an episode of retreat of the ocean from the shoreline over a period of 10,000 to 1,000,000 years. These often show <a href="/wiki/Lamination_(geology)" title="Lamination (geology)">laminations</a> reflecting various kinds of tidal cycles.<sup id="cite_ref-Leeder2011_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leeder2011-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some of the best-studied shoreline deposits in the world are found along the former western shore of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Interior_Seaway" title="Western Interior Seaway">Western Interior Seaway</a>, a shallow sea that flooded central North America during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Cretaceous" title="Late Cretaceous">late Cretaceous</a> <a href="/wiki/Period_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Period (geology)">Period</a> (about 100 to 66 million years ago). These are beautifully exposed along the <a href="/wiki/Book_Cliffs" title="Book Cliffs">Book Cliffs</a> of <a href="/wiki/Utah" title="Utah">Utah</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980673–674_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBlattMiddletonMurray1980673–674-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geologic_processes">Geologic processes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geologic processes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The following articles describe the various geologic processes that affect a coastal zone: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Attrition_(weathering)" class="mw-redirect" title="Attrition (weathering)">Attrition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_current" title="Ocean current">Currents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denudation" title="Denudation">Denudation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deposition_(geology)" title="Deposition (geology)">Deposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">Erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood" title="Flood">Flooding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_sediments" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine sediments">Marine sediments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saltation_(geology)" title="Saltation (geology)">Saltation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_change" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea level change">Sea level change</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eustatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eustatic">eustatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isostasy" title="Isostasy">isostatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation" title="Sedimentation">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_sediment_supply" title="Coastal sediment supply">Coastal sediment supply</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sediment_transport" title="Sediment transport">sediment transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solution_(chemistry)" title="Solution (chemistry)">solution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subaerial" title="Subaerial">subaerial</a> processes</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suspension_(chemistry)" title="Suspension (chemistry)">suspension</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide" title="Tide">Tides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Water waves</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diffraction" title="Diffraction">diffraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Refraction" title="Refraction">refraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_breaking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wave breaking">wave breaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">wave shoaling</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weathering" title="Weathering">Weathering</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_ecology" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal ecology">Coastal ecology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">Marine coastal ecosystem</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Seashore_wildlife" title="Seashore wildlife">Seashore wildlife</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Coast" title="Special:EditPage/Coast">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">April 2018</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Larger animals that live in coastal areas include <a href="/wiki/Puffin" title="Puffin">puffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sea_turtle" title="Sea turtle">sea turtles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rockhopper_penguin" title="Rockhopper penguin">rockhopper penguins</a>, among many others. <a href="/wiki/Gastropoda" title="Gastropoda">Sea snails</a> and various kinds of <a href="/wiki/Barnacle" title="Barnacle">barnacles</a> live on rocky coasts and scavenge on food deposited by the sea. Some coastal animals are used to humans in developed areas, such as <a href="/wiki/Dolphin" title="Dolphin">dolphins</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seagulls" class="mw-redirect" title="Seagulls">seagulls</a> who eat food thrown for them by tourists. Since the coastal areas are all part of the <a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">littoral zone</a>, there is a profusion of marine life found just off-coast, including <a href="/wiki/Sessility_(motility)" title="Sessility (motility)">sessile</a> animals such as <a href="/wiki/Coral" title="Coral">corals</a>, sponges, starfish, mussels, seaweeds, fishes, and <a href="/wiki/Sea_anemone" title="Sea anemone">sea anemones</a>. </p><p>There are many kinds of <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a> on various coasts. These include <a href="/wiki/Pelican" title="Pelican">pelicans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cormorant" title="Cormorant">cormorants</a>, who join up with <a href="/wiki/Tern" title="Tern">terns</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oystercatcher" title="Oystercatcher">oystercatchers</a> to forage for fish and shellfish. There are <a href="/wiki/Sea_lion" title="Sea lion">sea lions</a> on the coast of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> and other countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Coastal_fish">Coastal fish</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Coastal fish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Coastal_fish&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg/300px-Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg/450px-Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg/600px-Sixfinger_threadfin_school.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="540" /></a><figcaption>Schooling <a href="/wiki/Threadfin" title="Threadfin">threadfin</a>, a coastal species</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Coastal_fish" title="Coastal fish">Coastal fish</a>, also called inshore fish or neritic fish, inhabit the sea between the <a href="/wiki/Shoreline" class="mw-redirect" title="Shoreline">shoreline</a> and the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelf</a>. Since the continental shelf is usually less than 200 metres (660 ft) deep, it follows that <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">pelagic</a> coastal fish are generally <a href="/wiki/Pelagic_fish#Epipelagic_fish" title="Pelagic fish">epipelagic fish</a>, inhabiting the sunlit <a href="/wiki/Epipelagic_zone" class="mw-redirect" title="Epipelagic zone">epipelagic zone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coastal_fish_Moyle585_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coastal_fish_Moyle585-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Coastal fish can be contrasted with <i>oceanic fish</i> or <i>offshore fish</i>, which inhabit the deep seas beyond the continental shelves. </p> Coastal fish are the most abundant in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-Coastal_fish_Moyle572_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coastal_fish_Moyle572-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They can be found in <a href="/wiki/Tidal_pool" class="mw-redirect" title="Tidal pool">tidal pools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">fjords</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estuaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Estuaries">estuaries</a>, near sandy shores and rocky coastlines, around <a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">coral reefs</a> and on or above the continental shelf. Coastal fish include <a href="/wiki/Forage_fish" title="Forage fish">forage fish</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Predator_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator fish">predator fish</a> that feed on them. Forage fish thrive in inshore waters where high <a href="/wiki/Primary_production" title="Primary production">productivity</a> results from <a href="/wiki/Upwelling" title="Upwelling">upwelling</a> and shoreline run off of nutrients. Some are partial residents that spawn in streams, estuaries and bays, but most complete their life cycles in the zone.<sup id="cite_ref-Coastal_fish_Moyle572_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coastal_fish_Moyle572-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many coastal areas are famous for their <a href="/wiki/Kelp" title="Kelp">kelp</a> beds. Kelp is a fast-growing <a href="/wiki/Seaweed" title="Seaweed">seaweed</a> that can grow up to half a meter a day in ideal conditions. <a href="/wiki/Mangroves" class="mw-redirect" title="Mangroves">Mangroves</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seagrass" title="Seagrass">seagrasses</a>, macroalgal beds, and <a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">salt marsh</a> are important coastal vegetation types in tropical and temperate environments respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Restinga" title="Restinga">Restinga</a> is another type of coastal vegetation. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Threats">Threats</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Threats"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">Coastal development hazards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">marine coastal ecosystem</a></div> <p>Coasts also face many <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_the_environment" title="Human impact on the environment">human-induced environmental impacts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Coastal_development_hazards" title="Coastal development hazards">coastal development hazards</a>. The most important ones are: </p> <ul><li>Pollution which can be in the form of <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a> (leading to <a href="/wiki/Coastal_eutrophication" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal eutrophication">coastal eutrophication</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom" title="Harmful algal bloom">harmful algal blooms</a>), <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a> or <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a> that is contaminating coasts with plastic and other trash.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a>, and associated issues like <a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">coastal erosion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saltwater_intrusion" title="Saltwater intrusion">saltwater intrusion</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pollution">Pollution</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Human_impact_on_marine_life" title="Human impact on marine life">Human impact on marine life</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marbleheadcoastline.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marbleheadcoastline.jpg/220px-Marbleheadcoastline.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marbleheadcoastline.jpg/330px-Marbleheadcoastline.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Marbleheadcoastline.jpg/440px-Marbleheadcoastline.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>A settled coastline in <a href="/wiki/Marblehead,_Massachusetts" title="Marblehead, Massachusetts">Marblehead, Massachusetts</a>. Once a fishing port, the harbor is now dedicated to tourism and pleasure boating. Observe that the sand and rocks have been darkened by oil slick up to the high-water line.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beach_at_Msasani_Bay,_Dar_es_Salaam,_Tanzania.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG/220px-Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG/330px-Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG/440px-Beach_at_Msasani_Bay%2C_Dar_es_Salaam%2C_Tanzania.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>This stretch of coast in Tanzania's capital Dar es Salaam serves as a public waste dump.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/220px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/330px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg/440px-Aquatic_Dead_Zones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3577" data-file-height="2094" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dead_zone_(ecology)" title="Dead zone (ecology)">Dead zones</a> occur when phosphorus and nitrogen from fertilizers cause excessive growth of microorganisms, which depletes oxygen and kills fauna.</figcaption></figure> <p>The pollution of coastlines is connected to <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">marine pollution</a> which can occur from a number of sources: <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a> (garbage and industrial debris); the <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_transport" title="Petroleum transport">transportation of petroleum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tanker_(ship)" title="Tanker (ship)">tankers</a>, increasing the probability of large <a href="/wiki/Oil_spill" title="Oil spill">oil spills</a>; small oil spills created by large and small vessels, which flush <a href="/wiki/Bilge" title="Bilge">bilge</a> water into the ocean. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_pollution">Marine pollution</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Marine pollution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_pollution" title="Marine pollution">Marine pollution</a> occurs when substances used or spread by humans, such as <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_pollution" title="Agricultural pollution">agricultural</a> and <a href="/wiki/Municipal_solid_waste" title="Municipal solid waste">residential</a> <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Particle_(ecology)" title="Particle (ecology)">particles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, excess <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> or <a href="/wiki/Invasive_organism" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasive organism">invasive organisms</a> enter the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a> and cause harmful effects there. The majority of this waste (80%) comes from land-based activity, although <a href="/wiki/Marine_Transportation" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine Transportation">marine transportation</a> significantly contributes as well.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_pollution_:03_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_pollution_:03-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a combination of chemicals and trash, most of which comes from land sources and is washed or blown into the ocean. This pollution results in damage to the environment, to the health of all organisms, and to economic structures worldwide.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since most inputs come from land, either via the <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">rivers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a> or the atmosphere, it means that <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">continental shelves</a> are more vulnerable to pollution. <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">Air pollution</a> is also a contributing factor by carrying off iron, carbonic acid, <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a>, silicon, sulfur, <a href="/wiki/Pesticides" class="mw-redirect" title="Pesticides">pesticides</a> or dust particles into the ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The pollution often comes from <a href="/wiki/Nonpoint_source_pollution" title="Nonpoint source pollution">nonpoint sources</a> such as agricultural <a href="/wiki/Surface_runoff" title="Surface runoff">runoff</a>, wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a>, and dust. These nonpoint sources are largely due to runoff that enters the ocean through rivers, but wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Debris" title="Debris">debris</a> and dust can also play a role, as these pollutants can settle into waterways and oceans.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pathways of pollution include direct discharge, land runoff, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_shipping" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of shipping">ship pollution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bilge_pollution" title="Bilge pollution">bilge pollution</a>, atmospheric pollution and, potentially, <a href="/wiki/Deep_sea_mining" title="Deep sea mining">deep sea mining</a>. </p> The types of marine pollution can be grouped as pollution from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">marine debris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plastic_soup" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic soup">plastic pollution</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ocean_acidification" title="Ocean acidification">ocean acidification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrient pollution</a>, toxins and underwater noise. Plastic pollution in the ocean is a type of marine pollution by <a href="/wiki/Plastic_pollution" title="Plastic pollution">plastics</a>, ranging in size from large original material such as bottles and bags, down to <a href="/wiki/Microplastics" title="Microplastics">microplastics</a> formed from the fragmentation of plastic material. Marine debris is mainly discarded human rubbish which floats on, or is suspended in the ocean. Plastic pollution is harmful to <a href="/wiki/Marine_life" title="Marine life">marine life</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Marine_debris">Marine debris</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Marine debris"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_debris&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p><a href="/wiki/Marine_debris" title="Marine debris">Marine debris</a>, also known as marine litter, is human-created solid material that has deliberately or accidentally been released in <a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">seas</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">ocean</a>. Floating oceanic debris tends to accumulate at the center of <a href="/wiki/Gyre" class="mw-redirect" title="Gyre">gyres</a> and on coastlines, frequently washing aground, when it is known as <i>beach litter</i> or tidewrack. Deliberate disposal of wastes at sea is called <i>ocean dumping</i>. Naturally occurring debris, such as <a href="/wiki/Driftwood" title="Driftwood">driftwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drift_seed" title="Drift seed">drift seeds</a>, are also present. With the increasing use of <a href="/wiki/Plastic" title="Plastic">plastic</a>, human influence has become an issue as many types of (petrochemical) plastics do not <a href="/wiki/Biodegradation" title="Biodegradation">biodegrade</a> quickly, as would natural or organic materials.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest single type of plastic pollution (~10%) and majority of large plastic in the oceans is discarded and <a href="/wiki/Ghost_net" title="Ghost net">lost nets</a> from the fishing industry.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_debris_:8_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_debris_:8-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Waterborne plastic poses a serious threat to <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seabird" title="Seabird">seabirds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marine_reptile" title="Marine reptile">marine reptiles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Marine_mammal" title="Marine mammal">marine mammals</a>, as well as to boats and coasts.<sup id="cite_ref-Marine_debris_Facts22_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marine_debris_Facts22-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Dumping, container spillages, litter washed into <a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">storm drains</a> and <a href="/wiki/Waterway" title="Waterway">waterways</a> and wind-blown <a href="/wiki/Landfill" title="Landfill">landfill</a> waste all contribute to this problem. This increased <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">water pollution</a> has caused serious negative effects such as discarded fishing nets capturing animals, concentration of plastic debris in massive <a href="/wiki/Marine_garbage_patch" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine garbage patch">marine garbage patches</a>, and increasing concentrations of contaminants in the <a href="/wiki/Food_chain" title="Food chain">food chain</a>.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Microplastics">Microplastics</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Microplastics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Marine_plastic_pollution#Microplastics" title="Marine plastic pollution">Marine plastic pollution § Microplastics</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Marine_plastic_pollution&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>A growing concern regarding plastic pollution in the marine ecosystem is the use of microplastics. Microplastics are beads of plastic less than 5 millimeters wide,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and they are commonly found in hand soaps, face cleansers, and other exfoliators. When these products are used, the microplastics go through the water filtration system and into the ocean, but because of their small size they are likely to escape capture by the preliminary treatment screens on wastewater plants.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These beads are harmful to the organisms in the ocean, especially filter feeders, because they can easily ingest the plastic and become sick. The microplastics are such a concern because it is difficult to clean them up due to their size, so humans can try to avoid using these harmful plastics by purchasing products that use environmentally safe exfoliates. </p> Because plastic is so widely used across the planet, microplastics have become widespread in the marine environment. For example, microplastics can be found on sandy beaches<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and surface waters<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as in the water column and deep sea sediment. Microplastics are also found within the many other types of marine particles such as dead biological material (tissue and shells) and some soil particles (blown in by wind and carried to the ocean by rivers). Population density and proximity to urban centers have been considered the main factors that influence the abundance of microplastics in the environment.</div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sea_level_rise_due_to_climate_change">Sea level rise due to climate change</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Sea level rise due to climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="excerpt-block"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1066933788"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">Sea level rise</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sea_level_rise&action=edit">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>Between 1901 and 2018, the average <a href="/wiki/Sea_level" title="Sea level">sea level</a> rose by 15–25 cm (6–10 in), with an increase of 2.3 mm (0.091 in) per year since the 1970s.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1216">: 1216 </span></sup> This was faster than the sea level had ever risen over at least the past 3,000 years.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1216">: 1216 </span></sup> The rate accelerated to 4.62 mm (0.182 in)/yr for the decade 2013–2022.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_WMO_20230421_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WMO_20230421-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">Climate change</a> due to human activities is the main cause.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 5, 8">: 5, 8 </span></sup> Between 1993 and 2018, melting <a href="/wiki/Ice_sheets" class="mw-redirect" title="Ice sheets">ice sheets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glaciers</a> accounted for 44% of <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">sea level rise</a>, with another 42% resulting from <a href="/wiki/Thermal_expansion" title="Thermal expansion">thermal expansion</a> of <a href="/wiki/Water" title="Water">water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 1576">: 1576 </span></sup> </p> Sea level rise lags behind changes in the <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s temperature by many decades, and sea level rise will therefore continue to accelerate between now and 2050 in response to warming that has already happened.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_us_nrc_2011_long_term_slr_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_us_nrc_2011_long_term_slr-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> What happens after that depends on human <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions" title="Greenhouse gas emissions">greenhouse gas emissions</a>. If there are very deep cuts in emissions, sea level rise would slow between 2050 and 2100. It could then reach by 2100 slightly over 30 cm (1 ft) from now and approximately 60 cm (2 ft) from the 19th century. With high emissions it would instead accelerate further, and could rise by <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1154941027">.mw-parser-output .frac{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .frac .num,.mw-parser-output .frac .den{font-size:80%;line-height:0;vertical-align:super}.mw-parser-output .frac .den{vertical-align:sub}.mw-parser-output .sr-only{border:0;clip:rect(0,0,0,0);clip-path:polygon(0px 0px,0px 0px,0px 0px);height:1px;margin:-1px;overflow:hidden;padding:0;position:absolute;width:1px}</style>1.0 m (<span class="frac">3<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ft) or even <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1154941027">1.6 m (<span class="frac">5<span class="sr-only">+</span><span class="num">1</span>⁄<span class="den">3</span></span> ft) by 2100.<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9_64-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_AR6_WG1_Ch.9-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 1302">: 1302 </span></sup> In the long run, sea level rise would amount to 2–3 m (7–10 ft) over the next 2000 years if warming stays to its current 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over the pre-industrial past. It would be 19–22 metres (62–72 ft) if warming peaks at 5 °C (9.0 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 21">: 21 </span></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Global_goals">Global goals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Global goals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>International attention to address the threats of coasts has been captured in <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_Development_Goal_14" title="Sustainable Development Goal 14">Sustainable Development Goal 14</a> "Life Below Water" which sets goals for international policy focused on preserving <a href="/wiki/Marine_coastal_ecosystem" title="Marine coastal ecosystem">marine coastal ecosystems</a> and supporting more <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_development" title="Sustainable development">sustainable economic practices</a> for coastal communities.<sup id="cite_ref-:17_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:17-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likewise, the United Nations has declared 2021–2030 the <a href="/wiki/UN_Decade_on_Ecosystem_Restoration" title="UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration">UN Decade on Ecosystem Restoration</a>, but restoration of coastal ecosystems has received insufficient attention.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output 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.reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="Reference-AHD-coast" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=coast">"coast"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_Heritage_Dictionary_of_the_English_Language" title="The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language">The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language</a></i> (5th ed.). HarperCollins<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+American+Heritage+Dictionary+of+the+English+Language&rft.atitle=coast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ahdictionary.com%2Fword%2Fsearch.html%3Fq%3Dcoast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/coastline">"coastline"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a></i>. Merriam-Webster<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster.com+Dictionary&rft.atitle=coastline&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2Fcoastline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNagelkerken2009" class="citation book cs1">Nagelkerken, Ivan, ed. 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(2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0304377007001830">"The habitat function of mangroves for terrestrial and marine fauna: A review"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_Botany" title="Aquatic Botany">Aquatic Botany</a></i>. <b>89</b> (2): 155–185. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008AqBot..89..155N">2008AqBot..89..155N</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.aquabot.2007.12.007">10.1016/j.aquabot.2007.12.007</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aquatic+Botany&rft.atitle=The+habitat+function+of+mangroves+for+terrestrial+and+marine+fauna%3A+A+review&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=155-185&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.aquabot.2007.12.007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008AqBot..89..155N&rft.aulast=Nagelkerken&rft.aufirst=I.&rft.au=Blaber%2C+S.J.M.&rft.au=Bouillon%2C+S.&rft.au=Green%2C+P.&rft.au=Haywood%2C+M.&rft.au=Kirton%2C+L.G.&rft.au=Meynecke%2C+J.-O.&rft.au=Pawlik%2C+J.&rft.au=Penrose%2C+H.M.&rft.au=Sasekumar%2C+A.&rft.au=Somerfield%2C+P.J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flinkinghub.elsevier.com%2Fretrieve%2Fpii%2FS0304377007001830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickardEmery1990" class="citation book cs1">Pickard, George L.; Emery, William J. 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Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-018372-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-018372-5"><bdi>0-13-018372-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45917172">45917172</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+earth%3A+an+introduction+to+physical+geology&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+NJ&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45917172&rft.isbn=0-13-018372-5&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Jon+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlattMiddletonMurray1980" class="citation book cs1">Blatt, Harvey; Middleton, Gerard; Murray, Raymond (1980). <i>Origin of sedimentary rocks</i> (2d ed.). Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall. pp. 656–659. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-642710-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-642710-3"><bdi>0-13-642710-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Origin+of+sedimentary+rocks&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+N.J.&rft.pages=656-659&rft.edition=2d&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-13-642710-3&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.au=Middleton%2C+Gerard&rft.au=Murray%2C+Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_23-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEasterbrook1999" class="citation book cs1">Easterbrook, Don J. (1999). <i>Surface processes and landforms</i> (2nd ed.). Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-13-860958-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-13-860958-6"><bdi>0-13-860958-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39890526">39890526</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Surface+processes+and+landforms&rft.place=Upper+Saddle+River%2C+N.J.&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39890526&rft.isbn=0-13-860958-6&rft.aulast=Easterbrook&rft.aufirst=Don+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/">"How is beach sand created? - Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution"</a>. <i>Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210628213754/https://www.whoi.edu/how-is-beach-sand-created/">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-06-28<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-08-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft.atitle=How+is+beach+sand+created%3F+-+Woods+Hole+Oceanographic+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.whoi.edu%2Fhow-is-beach-sand-created%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoudarzi2006" class="citation journal cs1">Goudarzi, Sara (July 18, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livescience.com/environment/060718_map_settle.html">"Flocking to the Coast: World's Population Migrating into Danger"</a>. <i>Live Science</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-12-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Live+Science&rft.atitle=Flocking+to+the+Coast%3A+World%27s+Population+Migrating+into+Danger&rft.date=2006-07-18&rft.aulast=Goudarzi&rft.aufirst=Sara&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livescience.com%2Fenvironment%2F060718_map_settle.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-uniq-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-uniq_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111031120459/http://www.uniquecostiera.com/naplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html">"Bay of Naples & Amalfi Coast History"</a>. <i>Unique Costiera</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unique+Costiera&rft.atitle=Bay+of+Naples+%26+Amalfi+Coast+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uniquecostiera.com%2FnaplesAmalfiCoastHistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-unesco-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-unesco_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/830">"Costiera Amalfitana"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_World_Heritage_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCO World Heritage Centre">UNESCO World Heritage Centre</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Costiera+Amalfitana&rft.pub=UNESCO+World+Heritage+Centre&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhc.unesco.org%2Fen%2Flist%2F830&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUS_EPA2017" class="citation web cs1">US EPA, ORD (2017-11-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.epa.gov/report-environment/coastal-waters">"Coastal Waters"</a>. <i>US EPA</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-05-04</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=US+EPA&rft.atitle=Coastal+Waters&rft.date=2017-11-02&rft.aulast=US+EPA&rft.aufirst=ORD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.epa.gov%2Freport-environment%2Fcoastal-waters&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-field_studies-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-field_studies_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/">"High energy coasts"</a>. <i>www.field-studies-council.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.field-studies-council.org&rft.atitle=High+energy+coasts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.field-studies-council.org%2Fresources%2F16-18-geography%2Fcoasts%2Fhigh-energy-coasts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vaia-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vaia_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaia_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaia_30-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaia_30-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vaia_30-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vaia.com/en-us/explanations/geography/coasts-geography/classification-of-coasts/">"Classification of Coasts"</a>. <i>www.vaia.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.vaia.com&rft.atitle=Classification+of+Coasts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vaia.com%2Fen-us%2Fexplanations%2Fgeography%2Fcoasts-geography%2Fclassification-of-coasts%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Guisado-Pintado_and_Jackson_2019-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Guisado-Pintado_and_Jackson_2019_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGuisado-PintadoJackson2019" class="citation journal cs1">Guisado-Pintado, E; Jackson, D.W.T. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2019.00190">"Coastal Impact From High-Energy Events and the Importance of Concurrent Forcing Parameters: The Cases of Storm Ophelia (2017) and Storm Hector (2018) in NW Ireland"</a>. <i>Front. Earth Sci</i>. <b>7</b> (190). <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019FrEaS...7..190G">2019FrEaS...7..190G</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffeart.2019.00190">10.3389/feart.2019.00190</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Front.+Earth+Sci.&rft.atitle=Coastal+Impact+From+High-Energy+Events+and+the+Importance+of+Concurrent+Forcing+Parameters%3A+The+Cases+of+Storm+Ophelia+%282017%29+and+Storm+Hector+%282018%29+in+NW+Ireland.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=190&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffeart.2019.00190&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019FrEaS...7..190G&rft.aulast=Guisado-Pintado&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=Jackson%2C+D.W.T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3389%252Ffeart.2019.00190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-field_studies_method-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-field_studies_method_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.field-studies-council.org/resources/16-18-geography/coasts/high-energy-coasts/method/">"Method for high energy coasts"</a>. <i>www.field-studies-council.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.field-studies-council.org&rft.atitle=Method+for+high+energy+coasts&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.field-studies-council.org%2Fresources%2F16-18-geography%2Fcoasts%2Fhigh-energy-coasts%2Fmethod%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BBC_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/zt6r82p/revision/1">"Coastal processes - AQA, Wave types - constructive and destructive"</a>. <i>www.bbc.co.uk</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 April</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=Coastal+processes+-+AQA%2C+Wave+types+-+constructive+and+destructive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fbitesize%2Fguides%2Fzt6r82p%2Frevision%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chambers-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_34-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_34-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Chambers_34-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">"riviera". <i>Chambers Concise Dictionary</i>. New Delhi: Allied Chambers. 2004. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iwWuY9tAVq8C&pg=PA1045">1045</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-36-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-86062-36-4"><bdi>978-81-86062-36-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=riviera&rft.btitle=Chambers+Concise+Dictionary&rft.place=New+Delhi&rft.pages=1045&rft.pub=Allied+Chambers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-81-86062-36-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kolb-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kolb_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolb_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kolb_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKolb2013" class="citation book cs1">Kolb, Martina (2013). <i>Nietzsche, Freud, Benn, and the Azure Spell of Liguria</i>. Toronto, Ontario: University of Toronto Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I03va9L2GuoC&pg=PA30">30</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4329-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4426-4329-1"><bdi>978-1-4426-4329-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nietzsche%2C+Freud%2C+Benn%2C+and+the+Azure+Spell+of+Liguria&rft.place=Toronto%2C+Ontario&rft.pages=30&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-4426-4329-1&rft.aulast=Kolb&rft.aufirst=Martina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The more common ones are <i>puntellare</i> and <i>litorale</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaughan1880" class="citation book cs1">Baughan, Rosa (1880). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zg8IAAAAQAAJ"><i>Winter havens in the sunny South, a complete handbook to the Riviera</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2023</span>. <q>Press Release Number: 21042023.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WMO+annual+report+highlights+continuous+advance+of+climate+change&rft.pub=World+Meteorological+Organization&rft.date=2023-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwmo.int%2Fnews%2Fmedia-centre%2Fwmo-annual-report-highlights-continuous-advance-of-climate-change&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_IPCC_2021_WGI_SPM_66-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">IPCC, 2021: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Summary for Policymakers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210811205522/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_SPM.pdf">Archived</a> 2021-08-11 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. In: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/">Climate Change 2021: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Sixth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230526182346/https://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar6/wg1/downloads/report/IPCC_AR6_WGI_Chapter09.pdf">Archived</a> 2023-05-26 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Masson-Delmotte, V., P. Zhai, A. Pirani, S.L. Connors, C. Péan, S. Berger, N. Caud, Y. Chen, L. Goldfarb, M. I. Gomis, M. Huang, K. Leitzell, E. Lonnoy, J. B. R. Matthews, T. K. Maycock, T. Waterfield, O. Yelekçi, R. Yu, and B. Zhou (eds.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK and New York, US, pp. 3−32, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2F9781009157896.001">10.1017/9781009157896.001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_WCRP2018_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWCRP_Global_Sea_Level_Budget_Group2018" class="citation journal cs1">WCRP Global Sea Level Budget Group (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018">"Global sea-level budget 1993–present"</a>. <i>Earth System Science Data</i>. <b>10</b> (3): 1551–1590. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2018ESSD...10.1551W">2018ESSD...10.1551W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018">10.5194/essd-10-1551-2018</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11850%2F287786">20.500.11850/287786</a></span>. <q>This corresponds to a mean sea-level rise of about 7.5 cm over the whole altimetry period. More importantly, the GMSL curve shows a net acceleration, estimated to be at 0.08mm/yr<sup>2</sup>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Earth+System+Science+Data&rft.atitle=Global+sea-level+budget+1993%E2%80%93present&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1551-1590&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F20.500.11850%2F287786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fessd-10-1551-2018&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2018ESSD...10.1551W&rft.au=WCRP+Global+Sea+Level+Budget+Group&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fessd-10-1551-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sea_level_rise_us_nrc_2011_long_term_slr-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sea_level_rise_us_nrc_2011_long_term_slr_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Academies_of_Sciences,_Engineering,_and_Medicine2011" class="citation book cs1">National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12877/chapter/3">"Synopsis"</a>. <i>Climate Stabilization Targets: Emissions, Concentrations, and Impacts over Decades to Millennia</i>. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12877/chapter/3#5">5</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.17226%2F12877">10.17226/12877</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-309-15176-4"><bdi>978-0-309-15176-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230630084322/https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/12877/chapter/3">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-06-30<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-04-11</span></span>. <q>Box SYN-1: Sustained warming could lead to severe impacts</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Synopsis&rft.btitle=Climate+Stabilization+Targets%3A+Emissions%2C+Concentrations%2C+and+Impacts+over+Decades+to+Millennia&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=The+National+Academies+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.17226%2F12877&rft.isbn=978-0-309-15176-4&rft.au=National+Academies+of+Sciences%2C+Engineering%2C+and+Medicine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnap.nationalacademies.org%2Fread%2F12877%2Fchapter%2F3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheffersScheffersKelletat2012" class="citation book cs1">Scheffers, Anja M.; Scheffers, Sander R.; Kelletat, Dieter H. (2012). <i>The Coastlines of the World with Google Earth: Understanding our Environment</i>. New York: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0737-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-94-007-0737-5"><bdi>978-94-007-0737-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Coastlines+of+the+World+with+Google+Earth%3A+Understanding+our+Environment&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-94-007-0737-5&rft.aulast=Scheffers&rft.aufirst=Anja+M.&rft.au=Scheffers%2C+Sander+R.&rft.au=Kelletat%2C+Dieter+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ACoast" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Coast&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.whoi.edu/">Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution</a> - organization dedicated to ocean research, exploration, and education</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/coast" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:coast">coast</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Coastal_geography" title="Template talk:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal_geography" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Coastal geography"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Coastal_geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_geography" title="Coastal geography">Coastal geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">Landforms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anchialine_system" title="Anchialine system">Anchialine pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago" title="Archipelago">Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoll" title="Atoll">Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avulsion_(river)" title="Avulsion (river)">Avulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ayre_(landform)" title="Ayre (landform)">Ayre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barrier_island" title="Barrier island">Barrier island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay" title="Bay">Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bight_(geography)" title="Bight (geography)">Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodden" title="Bodden">Bodden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_(geography)" title="Cape (geography)">Cape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_(geography)" title="Channel (geography)">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff" title="Cliff">Cliff</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_plain" title="Coastal plain">Coastal plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_waterfall" title="Coastal waterfall">Coastal waterfall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_margin" title="Continental margin">Continental margin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">Continental shelf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_reef" title="Coral reef">Coral reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cove" title="Cove">Cove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dune" title="Dune">Dune</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cliff-top_dune" title="Cliff-top dune">cliff-top</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firth" title="Firth">Firth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjard" title="Fjard">Fjard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fjord" title="Fjord">Fjord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundus_(seabed)" title="Fundus (seabed)">Fundus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gat_(landform)" title="Gat (landform)">Gat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geo_(landform)" title="Geo (landform)">Geo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf" title="Gulf">Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gut_(coastal_geography)" title="Gut (coastal geography)">Gut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hapua" title="Hapua">Hapua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headland" title="Headland">Headland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inlet" title="Inlet">Inlet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island" title="Island">Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islet" title="Islet">Islet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isthmus" title="Isthmus">Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">Lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Machair" title="Machair">Machair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_arch" title="Natural arch">Natural arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peninsula" title="Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reef" title="Reef">Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ria" title="Ria">Ria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skerry" title="Skerry">Skerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_(geography)" title="Sound (geography)">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">Spit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stack_(geology)" title="Stack (geology)">Stack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strait" title="Strait">Strait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strand_plain" title="Strand plain">Strand plain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">Submarine canyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_island" title="Tidal island">Tidal island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tide_pool" title="Tide pool">Tide pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tied_island" title="Tied island">Tied island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombolo" title="Tombolo">Tombolo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waituna" title="Waituna">Waituna</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Windwatt" title="Windwatt">Windwatt</a></i></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Accreting_coast_Image6.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coastal and oceanic landforms"><img alt="Coastal and oceanic landforms" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/140px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/210px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Accreting_coast_Image6.svg/280px-Accreting_coast_Image6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1481" data-file-height="697" /></a></span><br /><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fernando_noronha.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha"><img alt="Dois Irmãos - Fernando de Noronha" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/140px-Fernando_noronha.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/210px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Fernando_noronha.jpg/280px-Fernando_noronha.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beach" title="Beach">Beaches</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beach_cusps" title="Beach cusps">Beach cusps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_evolution" title="Beach evolution">Beach evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_ridge" title="Beach ridge">Beach ridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_wrack" title="Beach wrack">Beach wrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaches_in_estuaries_and_bays" title="Beaches in estuaries and bays">Beaches in estuaries and bays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beachrock" title="Beachrock">Beachrock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_morphodynamics" title="Coastal morphodynamics">Coastal morphodynamics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_beach" title="Pocket beach">Pocket beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_beach" title="Raised beach">Raised beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_recession_of_beaches" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern recession of beaches">Recession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seashell" title="Seashell">Shell beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">Shingle beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_beach" title="Storm beach">Storm beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wash_margin" title="Wash margin">Wash margin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/River_mouth" title="River mouth">River mouths</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debouch" title="Debouch">Debouch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mouth_bar" title="Mouth bar">Mouth bar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mega_delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Mega delta">mega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regressive_delta" title="Regressive delta">regressive</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Processes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowhole_(geology)" title="Blowhole (geology)">Blowhole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliffed_coast" title="Cliffed coast">Cliffed coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_biogeomorphology" title="Coastal biogeomorphology">Coastal biogeomorphology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_erosion" title="Coastal erosion">Coastal erosion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concordant_coastline" title="Concordant coastline">Concordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Current_(hydrology)" title="Current (hydrology)">Current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuspate_foreland" title="Cuspate foreland">Cuspate foreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordant_coastline" title="Discordant coastline">Discordant coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emergent_coastline" title="Emergent coastline">Emergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feeder_bluff" title="Feeder bluff">Feeder bluff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_coast" title="Flat coast">Flat coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graded_shoreline" title="Graded shoreline">Graded shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingression_coast" title="Ingression coast">Ingression coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Large-scale_coastal_behaviour" title="Large-scale coastal behaviour">Large-scale coastal behaviour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longshore_drift" title="Longshore drift">Longshore drift</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_regression" title="Marine regression">Marine regression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_transgression" title="Marine transgression">Marine transgression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_shoreline" title="Raised shoreline">Raised shoreline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rip_current" title="Rip current">Rip current</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rocky_shore" title="Rocky shore">Rocky shore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_cave" title="Sea cave">Sea cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_foam" title="Sea foam">Sea foam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shoal" title="Shoal">Shoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peresyp" title="Peresyp">peresyp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steep_coast" title="Steep coast">Steep coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submergent_coastline" title="Submergent coastline">Submergent coastline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_break" title="Surf break">Surf break</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_zone" title="Surf zone">Surf zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surge_channel" title="Surge channel">Surge channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swash" title="Swash">Swash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertow_(water_waves)" title="Undertow (water waves)">Undertow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">Volcanic arc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave-cut_platform" title="Wave-cut platform">Wave-cut platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wave_shoaling" title="Wave shoaling">Wave shoaling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_fetch" title="Wind fetch">Wind fetch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wind_wave" title="Wind wave">Wind wave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Management</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accretion_(coastal_management)" title="Accretion (coastal management)">Accretion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">Coastal management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_coastal_zone_management" title="Integrated coastal zone management">Integrated coastal zone management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submersion_(coastal_management)" title="Submersion (coastal management)">Submersion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bulkhead_line" title="Bulkhead line">Bulkhead line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_engineering" title="Coastal engineering">Coastal engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grain_size" title="Grain size">Grain size</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boulder" title="Boulder">boulder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobble_(geology)" title="Cobble (geology)">cobble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granule_(geology)" title="Granule (geology)">granule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble" title="Pebble">pebble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shingle_beach" title="Shingle beach">shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_zone" title="Intertidal zone">Intertidal zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Littoral_zone" title="Littoral zone">Littoral zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_oceanography" title="Physical oceanography">Physical oceanography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Region_of_freshwater_influence" title="Region of freshwater influence">Region of freshwater influence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_plume" title="River plume">River plume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Coastal_geography" title="Category:Coastal geography">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vegetation" title="Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Vegetation" title="Template talk:Vegetation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Vegetation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Phytogeography:_Vegetation_classification" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Phytogeography" title="Phytogeography">Phytogeography</a>: <a href="/wiki/Vegetation_classification" title="Vegetation classification">Vegetation classification</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Physiognomy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">Forests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Woodland" title="Woodland">woodlands</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Arboretum" title="Arboretum">arboretum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrubland" title="Shrubland">Shrublands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heath" title="Heath">heath</a>, scrubs, <a href="/wiki/Thicket" title="Thicket">thickets</a>, <i>fruticetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwarf-shrub" class="mw-redirect" title="Dwarf-shrub">Dwarf-shrubland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Subshrub" title="Subshrub">subshrublands</a>, dwarf-scrubs, <i>suffruticetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbaceous" class="mw-redirect" title="Herbaceous">Herbaceous communities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grassland" title="Grassland">grasslands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prairie" title="Prairie">prairies</a>, <i>herbetum</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savanna" title="Savanna">Savannas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aspen_parkland" title="Aspen parkland">parklands</a></li> <li>Scarcely vegetated areas, <a href="/wiki/Desert_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Desert vegetation">desert vegetation</a> (<a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">Desert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barren_vegetation" title="Barren vegetation">Barren vegetation</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Latitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropical">Tropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subtropical" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtropical">Subtropical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">Temperate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subarctic_climate" title="Subarctic climate">Subpolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_climate" title="Polar climate">Polar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Climatic<br />regime</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pluvial" title="Pluvial">Pluvial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rainforest" title="Rainforest">rainy</a>, ombrophilous</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloud_forest" title="Cloud forest">Cloudy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seasonal" class="mw-redirect" title="Seasonal">Seasonal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drought" title="Drought">Drought</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Altitude</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Montane" class="mw-redirect" title="Montane">Montane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Submontane" class="mw-redirect" title="Submontane">Submontane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lowland" class="mw-redirect" title="Lowland">Lowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal">Coastal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaves</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Loss of leaves <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deciduous" title="Deciduous">Deciduous</a>, caducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semi-deciduous" title="Semi-deciduous">Semi-deciduous</a>, semicaducifolious</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen" title="Evergreen">Evergreen</a>, perennifolious</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf hardness <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sclerophyll" title="Sclerophyll">Sclerophyll</a>, stiff leaves</li> <li>Orthophyll, hyptiophyll leaves</li></ul></li> <li>Leaf form <ul><li>Aciculifolious, needle-leaved</li> <li>Latifolious, <a href="/wiki/Broad-leaved" class="mw-redirect" title="Broad-leaved">broad-leaved</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Substrate</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrestrial vegetation">Terrestrial vegetation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_vegetation" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquatic vegetation">Aquatic vegetation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Riparian" class="mw-redirect" title="Riparian">Riparian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swampy</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biogeographic_realm" title="Biogeographic realm">Biogeographic realms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biome" title="Biome">Biomes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floristic_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Floristic kingdom">Floristic kingdoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_region" title="Natural region">Natural region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physiographic_region" title="Physiographic region">Physiographic region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_habit" class="mw-redirect" title="Plant habit">Plant habits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_life-form" title="Plant life-form">Plant life-forms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">Vegetation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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