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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Prehistory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prehistory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Prehistory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prehistory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lan_Xang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lan_Xang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Lan Xang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lan_Xang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-French_Laos_(1893–1953)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#French_Laos_(1893–1953)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>French Laos (1893–1953)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-French_Laos_(1893–1953)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Independence_and_communist_rule_(1953–)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Independence_and_communist_rule_(1953–)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Independence and communist rule (1953–)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Independence_and_communist_rule_(1953–)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wildlife" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wildlife"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Wildlife</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wildlife-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Administrative divisions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Politics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Politics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Foreign relations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hmong_conflict" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hmong_conflict"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Hmong conflict</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hmong_conflict-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Human rights</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Economy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Economy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Tourism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transportation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transportation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Transportation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transportation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Water_supply" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Water_supply"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Water supply</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Water_supply-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Demographics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Demographics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnicity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnicity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Ethnicity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnicity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Languages</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.3</span> <span>Religion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.4</span> <span>Health</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.5</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Culture subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Cinema</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Polygamy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Polygamy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Polygamy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Polygamy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.5</span> <span>Sport</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Explanatory notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Laos</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 254 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-254" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">254 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%8B%E1%8B%8E%E1%88%B5" title="ላዎስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ላዎስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Anarâškielâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoland" title="Laoland – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Laoland" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%9A" title="লাউচ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লাউচ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1o" title="Láo – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Láo" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8" title="লাওস – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লাওস" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1u-o" title="Láu-o – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Láu-o" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%BC%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A6%E0%BD%B4%E0%BC%8D" title="ལའོ་སུ། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ལའོ་སུ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chi-Chewa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raosi" title="Raosi – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Raosi" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%88%D8%B5" title="لاووص – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="لاووص" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%8D%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%AF%DE%90%DE%B0" title="ލާއޯސް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ލާއޯސް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dzi%C5%82tah_Bin%C3%A1%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%A1daa%C5%82ts%CA%BC%C3%B3z%C3%AD_Doot%C5%82%CA%BCizh%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Dziłtah Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Dziłtah Binááʼádaałtsʼózí Dootłʼizhí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dolnoserbski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Λάος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laoso" title="Laoso – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Laoso" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ee mw-list-item"><a href="https://ee.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Ewe" lang="ee" hreflang="ee" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Eʋegbe" data-language-local-name="Ewe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eʋegbe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fulfulde</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Laos" title="Yn Laos – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Laos" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagauz</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0thos" title="Làthos – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Làthos" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" title="老撾 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="老撾" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B2%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%93%E0%AA%B8" title="લાઓસ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="લાઓસ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%98%A4%EC%8A%A4" title="라오스 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라오스" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa" title="Laosa – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Laosa" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%B8%D5%BD" title="Լաոս – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լաոս" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hornjoserbsce</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%93%E0%A6%B8" title="লাওস – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="লাওস" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%9B%E1%90%85%E1%94%85" title="ᓛᐅᔅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓛᐅᔅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lausaq" title="Lausaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Lausaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1" title="לאוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לאוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos_(nagara)" title="Laos (nagara) – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Laos (nagara)" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law%C9%94s%C9%A9" title="Lawɔsɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Lawɔsɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8B%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಲಾವೋಸ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಲಾವೋಸ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1us" title="Láus – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Láus" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლაოსი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლაოსი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B2s" title="Laòs – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Laòs" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pow_Lao" title="Pow Lao – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Pow Lao" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawosi" title="Lawosi – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Lawosi" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Коми</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lay%C3%B2s" title="Layòs – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Layòs" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" title="ປະເທດລາວ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດລາວ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laotia" title="Laotia – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Laotia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosa" title="Laosa – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Laosa" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosas" title="Laosas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Laosas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau" title="Lau – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lau" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/laus" title="laus – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="laus" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosz" title="Laosz – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Laosz" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Madhurâ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%C3%B4sy" title="Laôsy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Laôsy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D" title="ലാവോസ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലാവോസ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C4%81oho" title="Rāoho – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rāoho" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98" title="ლაოსი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლაოსი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%91%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%81" title="ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯁ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯂꯥꯑꯣꯁ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="လာအိုနိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လာအိုနိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AA%E3%82%B9" title="ラオス – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラオス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layos" title="Layos – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Layos" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%93%E0%AC%B8" title="ଲାଓସ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲାଓସ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laa%27os" title="Laa'os – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Laa'os" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%89%E0%A8%B8" title="ਲਾਉਸ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲਾਉਸ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>पालि</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangasinan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pangcah</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AC%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%81%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AE" title="လာအိုခမ်းထီ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="လာအိုခမ်းထီ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Papiamentu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laus" title="Laus – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Laus" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A1%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9C" title="ឡាវ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ឡាវ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0os" title="Làos – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Làos" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Rumantsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Law_suyu" title="Law suyu – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Law suyu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosi" title="Laosi – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Laosi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%93%E0%A4%B8" title="लाओस – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="लाओस" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9E%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%A5" title="ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱞᱟᱣᱚᱥ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seediq</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laosi" title="Laosi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Laosi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%95%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%BA" title="ලාඕසය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ලාඕසය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/ILawoso" title="ILawoso – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="ILawoso" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لاوس – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لاوس" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D" title="லாவோஸ் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லாவோஸ்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%81%A2%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းလၢဝ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းလၢဝ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tayal</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B2%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D" title="లావోస్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="లావోస్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7" title="ประเทศลาว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศลาว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lau" title="Lau – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Lau" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Twi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%94" title="ᨒᨕᨚᨔ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨒᨕᨚᨔ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Ugi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%BE%D1%81" title="Лаос – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Лаос" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A4%D8%B3" title="لاؤس – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لاؤس" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3" title="لائوس – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="لائوس" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laujvoh" title="Laujvoh – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Laujvoh" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81%C3%A0os" title="Łàos – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Łàos" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0o" title="Lào – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lào" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos%C3%A4n" title="Laosän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Laosän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" title="老撾 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="老撾" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9ewum_Lawos" title="Réewum Lawos – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Réewum Lawos" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wolof</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="老挝" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%90%D7%A1" title="לאאס – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאאס" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1%E1%BB%8D%CC%80s" title="Láọ̀s – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Láọ̀s" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%92%BE" title="老撾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="老撾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lauosos" title="Lauosos – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Lauosos" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%81%E6%8C%9D" title="老挝 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="老挝" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tdd mw-list-item"><a href="https://tdd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A5%9B%E1%A5%AB%E1%A5%92%E1%A5%B0_%E1%A5%98%E1%A5%A3%E1%A5%9D%E1%A5%B0" title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥝᥰ – Tai Nuea" lang="tdd" hreflang="tdd" data-title="ᥛᥫᥒᥰ ᥘᥣᥝᥰ" data-language-autonym="ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ" data-language-local-name="Tai Nuea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᥖᥭᥰ ᥖᥬᥲ ᥑᥨᥒᥰ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laos" title="Laos – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Laos" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q819#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit 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id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laos&params=18_N_105_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°N</span> <span class="longitude">105°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18°N 105°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18; 105</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in Southeast Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the country. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Laos_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Laos (disambiguation)">Laos (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lao_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lao (disambiguation)">Lao (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Lao People's Democratic Republic</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ<wbr /></span></span> <span class="languageicon" style="font-size:100%; font-weight:normal">(<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>)</span></li><li><span title="Lao-language romanization"><i lang="lo-Latn">Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao</i></span></li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Laos"><img alt="Flag of Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/125px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/188px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/250px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Laos" title="Flag of Laos">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Laos"><img alt="Emblem of Laos" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/90px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/135px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Emblem_of_Laos.svg/180px-Emblem_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="547" /></a></span></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Laos" title="Emblem of Laos"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>Motto: </b><span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ສັນຕິພາບ ເອກະລາດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ເອກະພາບ ວັດທະນະຖາວອນ</span></span><br /><span title="Lao-language romanization"><i lang="lo-Latn">Santiphap, Ekalat, Paxathipatai, Ekaphap, Vatthanathavon</i></span><br />"Peace, Independence, Democracy, Unity and Prosperity"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem"><b>Anthem:</b> <span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ເພງຊາດລາວ</span></span><br /><span title="Lao-language romanization"><i lang="lo-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao" title="Pheng Xat Lao">Pheng Xat Lao</a></i></span><br />"Hymn of the Lao People"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/National_Anthem_of_Laos.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Laos_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/440px-Laos_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none" data-switcher-default="">Show globe</span></div><div><span typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/250px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/375px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg/500px-Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="900" /></a></span><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of ASEAN</span></div></div><div class="ib-country-map-caption"><div style="text-align:center;line-height:1.15em;">Location of Laos (green)<p style="text-align:center;margin-top:0px;margin-bottom:0px;line-height:1.15em;">in <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> (dark grey)  –  [<a href="/wiki/File:Location_Laos_ASEAN.svg" title="File:Location Laos ASEAN.svg">Legend</a>]</p></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a><br /><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laos&params=17_58_N_102_36_E_type:city"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">17°58′N</span> <span class="longitude">102°36′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">17.967°N 102.600°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">17.967; 102.600</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spoken languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Tai_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai language">Tai</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">Ethnic groups</a> <div class="ib-country-ethnic"> (2015<sup id="cite_ref-Census2015_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Census2015-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>)</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>53.2% <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li><li>11% <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu</a></li><li>9.2% <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a></li><li>3.4% <a href="/wiki/Phu_Thai_language#Speakers" title="Phu Thai language">Phu Thai</a></li><li>3.1% <a href="/wiki/Tai_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Tai people">Tai</a></li><li>2.5% Makong</li><li>2.2% <a href="/wiki/Katang_people" title="Katang people">Katang</a></li><li>2.0% <a href="/wiki/Lu_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Lu people">Lue</a></li><li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/Akha_people" title="Akha people">Akha</a></li><li>11.6% other<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Religion <div class="ib-country-religion"></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>66.0% <a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_Laos" title="Buddhism in Laos">Buddhism</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li><li>30.7% <a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Tai folk religion</a></li><li>1.5% <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Laos" title="Christianity in Laos">Christianity</a></li><li>1.8% <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">other</a> / <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">none</a><sup id="cite_ref-globalReligion_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalReligion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Laotian</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">LPRP General Secretary</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Laos" title="Vice President of Laos">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Bounthong_Chitmany" title="Bounthong Chitmany">Bounthong Chitmany</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Pany_Yathotou" title="Pany Yathotou">Pany Yathotou</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sonexay_Siphandone" title="Sonexay Siphandone">Sonexay Siphandone</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="President of the National Assembly of Laos">President of the National Assembly</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Saysomphone_Phomvihane" title="Saysomphone Phomvihane">Saysomphone Phomvihane</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Laos)">National Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Kingdom of Lan Xang</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1353–1707</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Luang Prabang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champasak</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1707–1778</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Vassals of <a href="/wiki/Rattanakosin_Kingdom_(1782%E2%80%931932)" title="Rattanakosin Kingdom (1782–1932)">Siam</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1778–1893</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1893–1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Free Lao Movement</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1945–1949</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Laos#End_of_colonialism_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Laos">Unified Kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 May 1947</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Independence</a><br />from <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">France</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">22 October 1953</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Monarchy abolished </div></th><td class="infobox-data">2 December 1975</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">236,800 km<sup>2</sup> (91,400 sq mi)<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">82nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2022 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data">7,749,595<sup id="cite_ref-CIA_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">103rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">26.7/km<sup>2</sup> (69.2/sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $74.760 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.LA_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">106th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $9,727<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.LA_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">125th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(nominal)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $14.949 billion<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.LA_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">145th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Decrease"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> $1,945<sup id="cite_ref-IMFWEO.LA_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.LA-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">152nd</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2012)</span></th><td class="infobox-data">36.4<sup id="cite_ref-wb-gini_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wb-gini-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#707070">medium inequality</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><span class="nobold">(2022)</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Increase"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span> 0.620<sup id="cite_ref-HDI_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HDI-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="nowrap"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:orange">medium</span></span> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">139th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Kip</a> (₭) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">LAK</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+7</span> (<a href="/wiki/Time_in_Laos" title="Time in Laos">ICT</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Left-_and_right-hand_traffic" title="Left- and right-hand traffic">Drives on</a></th><td class="infobox-data">right</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_Laos" title="Telephone numbers in Laos">Calling code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%2B856" class="mw-redirect" title="+856">+856</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:LA" title="ISO 3166-2:LA">LA</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/.la" title=".la">.la</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Laos</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> officially the <b>Lao People's Democratic Republic</b> (<b>LPDR</b>),<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the only <a href="/wiki/Landlocked_country" title="Landlocked country">landlocked country</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>. It is bordered by <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> to the northwest, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a> to the southeast, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a> to the west and southwest.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a> and most populous city is <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>. </p><p>Laos traces its historic and cultural identity to <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a>, a kingdom which existed from the 13th century to the 18th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart-Fox_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-Fox-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of its geographical location, the kingdom became a hub for overland trade.<sup id="cite_ref-Stuart-Fox_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stuart-Fox-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a period of internal conflict, Lan Xang broke into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Kingdom of Luang Phrabang</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Kingdom of Vientiane</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Kingdom of Champasak</a>. In 1893, the 3 kingdoms were united under a <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French protectorate</a>. Laos was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945#Laos_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">occupied by Japan</a> during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and regained independence in 1945 as a <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Japanese puppet state</a> and was re-colonised by <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, until it won autonomy in 1949. It gained independence in 1953 as the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> under <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sisavang Vong</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">civil war</a> began in 1959, which saw the communist <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a>, supported by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, fight against the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Armed_Forces" title="Royal Lao Armed Forces">Royal Lao Armed Forces</a>, supported by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> ended in 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a> established a one-party <a href="/wiki/Socialist_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist republic">socialist republic</a> espousing <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>, ending the civil war and monarchy, and beginning a period of alignment with the Soviet Union until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. </p><p>Laos's strategies for development are based on <a href="/wiki/Electricity_generation" title="Electricity generation">generating electricity</a> from rivers and selling the power to its neighbours, namely Thailand, China and Vietnam, and its initiative to become a "land-linked" nation, as evidenced by the construction of 4 railways connecting Laos and neighbours.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bbcdam_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbcdam-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos has been referred to as one of Southeast Asia and Pacific's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_real_GDP_growth_rate" title="List of countries by real GDP growth rate">fastest growing economies</a> by the <a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a> with annual GDP growth averaging 7.4% since 2009,<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated2_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while being classified as a <a href="/wiki/Least_developed_countries" title="Least developed countries">least developed country</a> by the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>. Laos is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Trade_Agreement" title="Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement">Asia-Pacific Trade Agreement</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_Francophonie" class="mw-redirect" title="La Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-wto_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wto-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Laos</i> was coined by the <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a>, who united the 3 Lao kingdoms in <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a> in 1893. The name of the country is spelled the same as the plural of the most common ethnic group, the <a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-tripsavvy_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripsavvy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In English, the "s" in the name of the country is pronounced, and not silent.<sup id="cite_ref-tripsavvy_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tripsavvy-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-fodors_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-fodors-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History of Laos</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pha_That_Luang,_Vientiane,_Laos.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/220px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/330px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg/440px-Pha_That_Luang%2C_Vientiane%2C_Laos.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="664" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pha_That_Luang" title="Pha That Luang">Pha That Luang</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> is the national symbol of Laos.</figcaption></figure> <p>A human skull was recovered in 2009 from the <a href="/wiki/Tam_Pa_Ling_Cave" title="Tam Pa Ling Cave">Tam Pa Ling Cave</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Mountains</a> in northern Laos; the skull is at least 46,000 years old, making it the oldest modern human fossil found to date in Southeast Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Stone artifacts including <a href="/wiki/Hoabinhian" title="Hoabinhian">Hoabinhian</a> types have been found at sites dating to the <a href="/wiki/Pleistocene" title="Pleistocene">Pleistocene</a> in northern Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Archaeological evidence suggests an agriculturist society developed during the 4th millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial jars and other kinds of sepulchers suggest a society in which bronze objects appeared around 1500 BC, and iron tools were known from 700 BC. The proto-historic period is characterised by contact with Chinese and Indian civilisations. According to linguistic and other historical evidence, <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai-speaking</a> tribes migrated southwestward to the territories of Laos and Thailand from <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a> sometime between the 8th and 10th centuries.<sup id="cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lan_Xang">Lan Xang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Lan Xang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a></div> <p>Laos traces its history to the kingdom of Lan Xang ('million elephants'), which was founded in the 13th century by a Lao prince, <a href="/wiki/Fa_Ngum" title="Fa Ngum">Fa Ngum</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Coedes_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coedes-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 223">: 223 </span></sup> whose father had his family exiled from the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Empire" title="Khmer Empire">Khmer Empire</a>. Fa Ngum, with 10,000 <a href="/wiki/Khmer_people" title="Khmer people">Khmer</a> troops, conquered some Lao principalities in the <a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a> river basin, culminating in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>. Ngum was descended from a line of Lao kings that traced back to Khoun Boulom.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He made <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada Buddhism</a> the state religion. His ministers, unable to tolerate his ruthlessness, forced him into exile to what is later the Thai province of <a href="/wiki/Nan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Nan Province">Nan</a> in 1373,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he died. Fa Ngum's eldest son, Oun Heuan, ascended to the throne under the name <a href="/wiki/Samsenethai" title="Samsenethai">Samsenethai</a> and reigned for 43 years. Lan Xang became a trade centre during Samsenthai's reign, and after his death in 1421 it collapsed into warring factions for nearly a century.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1520, <a href="/wiki/Photisarath" title="Photisarath">Photisarath</a> came to the throne and moved the capital from <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> to Vientiane to avoid a Burmese invasion. <a href="/wiki/Setthathirath" title="Setthathirath">Setthathirath</a> became king in 1548, after his father was killed, and ordered the construction of <a href="/wiki/Pha_That_Luang" title="Pha That Luang">That Luang</a>. Settathirath disappeared in the mountains on his way back from a military expedition into <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, and Lan Xang fell into more than 70 years of "instability", involving Burmese invasion and civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1637, when <a href="/wiki/Sourigna_Vongsa" title="Sourigna Vongsa">Sourigna Vongsa</a> ascended the throne, Lan Xang further expanded its frontiers. When he died without an heir, the kingdom split into 3 principalities. Between 1763 and 1769, Burmese armies overran northern Laos and annexed <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champasak</a> eventually came under Siamese <a href="/wiki/Suzerainty" title="Suzerainty">suzerainty</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Anouvong" title="Anouvong">Chao Anouvong</a> was installed as a vassal king of Vientiane by the Siamese. He encouraged a renaissance of Lao fine arts and literature and improved relations with Luang Phrabang. Under Vietnamese pressure, <a href="/wiki/Lao_rebellion_(1826%E2%80%931828)" title="Lao rebellion (1826–1828)">he rebelled against the Siamese in 1826</a>. The rebellion failed, and Vientiane was ransacked.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anouvong was taken to <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> as a prisoner, where he died.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a time period where the acquisition of humans was a priority over the ownership of land, the warfare of pre-modern Southeast Asia revolved around the seizing of people and resources from its enemies. A Siamese military campaign in Laos in 1876 was described by a British observer as having been "transformed into <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_Asia" title="Slavery in Asia">slave-hunting raids</a> on a large scale".<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="French_Laos_(1893–1953)"><span id="French_Laos_.281893.E2.80.931953.29"></span>French Laos (1893–1953)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: French Laos (1893–1953)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate of Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png/220px-Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png/330px-Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png/440px-Local_Lao_in_the_French_Colonial_guard.png 2x" data-file-width="674" data-file-height="386" /></a><figcaption>Local Lao soldiers in the French Colonial guard, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1900</span></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 19th century, Luang Prabang was ransacked by the Chinese <a href="/wiki/Black_Flag_Army" title="Black Flag Army">Black Flag Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> France rescued King <a href="/wiki/Oun_Kham" title="Oun Kham">Oun Kham</a> and added Luang Phrabang to the protectorate of <a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">French Indochina</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Kingdom of Champasak</a> and the territory of Vientiane were added to the protectorate. King <a href="/wiki/Sisavangvong" class="mw-redirect" title="Sisavangvong">Sisavangvong</a> of Luang Phrabang became ruler of a unified Laos, and Vientiane once again became the capital.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laos produced <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, rubber, and coffee, and never accounted for more than 1% of French Indochina's exports. By 1940, around 600 French citizens lived in Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under French rule, the Vietnamese were encouraged to migrate to Laos, which was seen by the French colonists as a rational solution to a labour shortage within the confines of an Indochina-wide colonial space.<sup id="cite_ref-SørenIvarsson_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SørenIvarsson-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1943, the Vietnamese population stood at nearly 40,000, forming the majority in some cities of Laos and having the right to elect its own leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinStuart-FoxA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, 53% of the population of Vientiane, 85% of <a href="/wiki/Thakhek" title="Thakhek">Thakhek</a>, and 62% of <a href="/wiki/Pakse" title="Pakse">Pakse</a> were Vietnamese, with the exception of <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> where the population was predominantly Lao.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinStuart-FoxA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As late as 1945, the French drew up a plan to move a number of Vietnamese to 3 areas, i.e., the Vientiane Plain, <a href="/wiki/Savannakhet_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannakhet Province">Savannakhet region</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Bolaven_Plateau" title="Bolaven Plateau">Bolaven Plateau</a>, which was derailed by the Japanese invasion of Indochina.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinStuart-FoxA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otherwise, according to <a href="/wiki/Martin_Stuart-Fox" title="Martin Stuart-Fox">Martin Stuart-Fox</a>, the Lao might well have lost control over their own country.<sup id="cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MartinStuart-FoxA-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/French_Protectorate_of_Laos#Laos_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="French Protectorate of Laos">World War II in Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a> occupied Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 9 March 1945, a nationalist group declared Laos once more independent, with <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> as its capital, and on 7 April 1945 2 battalions of Japanese troops occupied the city.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Country_Study:_Laos_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Country_Study:_Laos-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese attempted to force <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vong" title="Sisavang Vong">Sisavang Vong</a> (the king of Luang Phrabang) to declare Laotian independence, and on 8 April he instead declared an end to Laos's status as a French protectorate. The king then secretly sent Prince <a href="/wiki/Kindavong" title="Kindavong">Kindavong</a> to represent Laos to the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allied forces</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana" title="Sisavang Vatthana">Prince Sisavang</a> as representative to the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-A_Country_Study:_Laos_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-A_Country_Study:_Laos-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Japan surrendered, some Lao nationalists (including Prince <a href="/wiki/Phetsarath_Ratanavongsa" title="Phetsarath Ratanavongsa">Phetsarath</a>) declared Laotian independence, and by 1946, French troops had reoccupied the country and conferred autonomy on Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Indochinese_Communist_Party" title="Indochinese Communist Party">Indochinese Communist Party</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> independence organisation. The Pathet Lao began a war against the French colonial forces with the aid of the Vietnamese independence organisation, the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a>. In 1950, the French were forced to give Laos semi-autonomy as an "associated state" within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. France remained in de facto control until 22 October 1953, when Laos gained full independence as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Independence_and_communist_rule_(1953–)"><span id="Independence_and_communist_rule_.281953.E2.80.93.29"></span>Independence and communist rule (1953–)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Independence and communist rule (1953–)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_since_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos since 1945">History of Laos since 1945</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FrenchLaos1953.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/220px-FrenchLaos1953.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/330px-FrenchLaos1953.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/FrenchLaos1953.png/440px-FrenchLaos1953.png 2x" data-file-width="2517" data-file-height="2257" /></a><figcaption>French general <a href="/wiki/Raoul_Salan" title="Raoul Salan">Raoul Salan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana" title="Sisavang Vatthana">Prince Sisavang Vatthana</a> in Luang Prabang, 4 May 1953</figcaption></figure> <p>The First Indochina War took place across French Indochina and eventually led to French defeat and the signing of a peace accord for Laos at the <a href="/wiki/1954_Geneva_Conference" title="1954 Geneva Conference">Geneva Conference of 1954</a>. In 1960, amidst a series of rebellions in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a>, fighting broke out between the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Lao_Army" title="Royal Lao Army">Royal Lao Army</a> (RLA) and the communist <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnamese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>-backed Pathet Lao guerillas. A second Provisional Government of National Unity formed by Prince <a href="/wiki/Souvanna_Phouma" title="Souvanna Phouma">Souvanna Phouma</a> in 1962 was unsuccessful, and the situation turned into <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">civil war</a> between the Royal Laotian government and the Pathet Lao. The Pathet Lao were backed militarily by the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Army_of_Vietnam" title="People's Army of Vietnam">People's Army of Vietnam</a> (PAVN) and the <a href="/wiki/Viet_Cong" title="Viet Cong">Viet Cong</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/220px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/330px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG/440px-Muang_Khoun_-_Laos_-_01.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Ruins of <a href="/wiki/Khoune_district" title="Khoune district">Muang Khoun</a>, former capital of <a href="/wiki/Xiangkhouang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangkhouang Province">Xiangkhouang province</a>, destroyed by the <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">American bombing of Laos</a> in the 1960s</figcaption></figure> <p>Laos was a part of the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a> since parts of Laos were <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">invaded and occupied</a> by <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a> since 1958 for use as a supply route for its war against <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>. In response, the United States initiated a bombing campaign against the PAVN positions, supported regular and irregular anti-communist forces in Laos, and supported <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Laos" title="CIA activities in Laos">incursions into Laos</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Republic_of_Vietnam" title="Army of the Republic of Vietnam">Army of the Republic of Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Aerial bombardments against the PAVN/<a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> forces were carried out by the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> to prevent the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a> central government, and to deny the use of the <a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh Trail</a> to attack US forces in <a href="/wiki/South_Vietnam" title="South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1964 and 1973, the US dropped 2 million tons of bombs on Laos, nearly equal to the 2.1 million tons of bombs the US dropped on Europe and Asia during all of World War II, making Laos the most heavily bombed country in history relative to the size of its population; <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> notes this was "nearly a ton for every person in Laos".<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some 80 million bombs failed to explode and remain scattered throughout the country. <a href="/wiki/Unexploded_ordnance" title="Unexploded ordnance">Unexploded ordnance</a> (UXO), including <a href="/wiki/Cluster_munitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster munitions">cluster munitions</a> and mines, kill or maim approximately 50 Laotians every year.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the impact of cluster bombs during this war, Laos was an advocate of the <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_Cluster_Munitions" title="Convention on Cluster Munitions">Convention on Cluster Munitions</a> to ban the weapons and was host to the First Meeting of States Parties to the convention in November 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vientianne1973.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/220px-Vientianne1973.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/330px-Vientianne1973.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Vientianne1973.jpg/440px-Vientianne1973.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="1822" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> soldiers in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1975, the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> overthrew the royalist government, forcing King <a href="/wiki/Sisavang_Vatthana" title="Sisavang Vatthana">Savang Vatthana</a> to abdicate on 2 December 1975. He later died in a <a href="/wiki/Re-education_camp_(Vietnam)" title="Re-education camp (Vietnam)">re-education camp</a>. Between 20,000 and 62,000 Laotians died during the civil war.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 2 December 1975, after taking control of the country, the Pathet Lao government under <a href="/wiki/Kaysone_Phomvihane" title="Kaysone Phomvihane">Kaysone Phomvihane</a> renamed the country as the <i>Lao People's Democratic Republic</i> and signed agreements giving Vietnam the right to station armed forces and to appoint advisers to assist in overseeing the country. The ties between Laos and <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> were formalised via a treaty signed in 1977, which has since provided direction for Lao foreign policy, and provides the basis for Vietnamese involvement at levels of Lao political and economic life.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martin_Stuart-Fox_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos was requested in 1979 by <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> to end relations with the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">People's Republic of China</a>, leading to isolation in trade by <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and other countries.<sup id="cite_ref-DamienKingsbury_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DamienKingsbury-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1979, there were 50,000 PAVN troops stationed in Laos and as many as 6,000 civilian Vietnamese officials including 1,000 directly attached to the ministries in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Savada_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Savada-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Prayaga_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Prayaga-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">conflict</a> between <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> rebels and Laos <a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">continued in areas</a> of Laos, including in Saysaboune Closed Military Zone, Xaisamboune Closed Military Zone near Vientiane Province and <a href="/wiki/Xiangkhouang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangkhouang Province">Xiangkhouang Province</a>. From 1975 to 1996, the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> resettled some <a href="/wiki/Indochina_refugee_crisis" title="Indochina refugee crisis">250,000 Lao refugees</a> from Thailand, including 130,000 Hmong.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 27 May 2016, the <a href="/wiki/8th_Government_of_Laos" title="8th Government of Laos">8th Government of Laos</a> banned the exports of timber, with an express aim to help control the country's high deforestation rates and boost the country's domestic wood production industry. </p><p>On 3 December 2021, the 422-kilometre <a href="/wiki/Boten-Vientiane_railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Boten-Vientiane railway">Boten-Vientiane railway</a>, a flagship of the <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> (BRI), was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Geography of Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mekong_River_(Luang_Prabang).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg/220px-Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg/330px-Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg/440px-Mekong_River_%28Luang_Prabang%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> flowing through <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laos_ricefields.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Laos_ricefields.JPG/220px-Laos_ricefields.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Laos_ricefields.JPG/330px-Laos_ricefields.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Laos_ricefields.JPG/440px-Laos_ricefields.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paddy_fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddy fields">Paddy fields</a> in Laos</figcaption></figure> <p>Laos is the only landlocked country in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a>, and it lies mostly between latitudes <a href="/wiki/14th_parallel_north" title="14th parallel north">14°</a> and <a href="/wiki/23rd_parallel_north" title="23rd parallel north">23°N</a> (an area is south of 14°), and longitudes <a href="/wiki/100th_meridian_east" title="100th meridian east">100°</a> and <a href="/wiki/108th_meridian_east" title="108th meridian east">108°E</a>. Its forested landscape consists mostly of mountains, the highest of which is <a href="/wiki/Phou_Bia" title="Phou Bia">Phou Bia</a> at 2,818 metres (9,245 ft), with some plains and plateaus. The Mekong River forms a part of the western boundary with Thailand, where the mountains of the <a href="/wiki/Annamite_Range" title="Annamite Range">Annamite Range</a> form most of the eastern border with Vietnam and the <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang_Range" title="Luang Prabang Range">Luang Prabang Range</a> the northwestern border with the <a href="/wiki/Thai_highlands" title="Thai highlands">Thai highlands</a>. There are 2 plateaus, the <a href="/wiki/Xiangkhoang_Plateau" title="Xiangkhoang Plateau">Xiangkhoang</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Bolaven_Plateau" title="Bolaven Plateau">Bolaven Plateau</a> at the southern end. Laos can be considered to consist of 3 geographical areas: north, central, and south.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos had a 2019 <a href="/wiki/Forest_Landscape_Integrity_Index" title="Forest Landscape Integrity Index">Forest Landscape Integrity Index</a> mean score of 5.59/10, ranking it 98th globally out of 172 countries.<sup id="cite_ref-FLII-Supplementary_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FLII-Supplementary-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1993, the Laos government set aside 21% of the nation's land area for <a href="/wiki/Habitat_conservation" title="Habitat conservation">habitat conservation</a> preservation.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country is 1 of 4 in the opium poppy growing region known as the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Triangle_(Southeast_Asia)" title="Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)">Golden Triangle</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the October 2007 UNODC fact book <i>Opium Poppy Cultivation in South East Asia</i>, the poppy cultivation area was 15 square kilometres (5.8 sq mi), down from 18 square kilometres (6.9 sq mi) in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_LAO_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1290" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption>Köppen climate classification map of Laos</figcaption></figure> <p>The climate is mostly tropical savanna and influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Monsoon" title="Monsoon">monsoon</a> pattern.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is a rainy season from May to October, followed by a dry season from November to April. Local tradition holds that there are 3 seasons (rainy, cool and hot) as the latter 2 months of the climatologically defined dry season are hotter than the earlier 4 months.<sup id="cite_ref-climate_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-climate-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wildlife">Wildlife</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Wildlife"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Laos" title="Wildlife of Laos">Wildlife of Laos</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Administrative divisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Laos" title="Administrative divisions of Laos">Administrative divisions of Laos</a></div> <p>Laos is divided into 17 <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Laos" title="Provinces of Laos">provinces</a> (<i>khoueng</i>) and one prefecture (<i>kampheng nakhon</i>), which includes the capital city Vientiane (<i>Nakhon Louang Viangchan</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A province, <a href="/wiki/Xaisomboun_province" title="Xaisomboun province">Xaisomboun province</a>, was established on 13 December 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Provinces are divided into <a href="/wiki/Districts_of_Laos" title="Districts of Laos">districts</a> (<i>muang</i>) and then villages (<i>ban</i>). An "urban" village is essentially a [town].<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated3_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table style="float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td> <table class="sortable wikitable" style="text-align:left; font-size:90%;"> <tbody><tr style="font-size:100%; text-align:right;"> <th scope="col">No. </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Laos" title="Provinces of Laos">Subdivisions</a> </th> <th scope="col">Capital </th> <th scope="col">Area (km<sup>2</sup>) </th> <th scope="col">Population </th></tr> <tr> <th>1 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Attapeu_province" title="Attapeu province">Attapeu</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Attapeu" title="Attapeu">Attapeu</a> (Samakkhixay district)</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,320</td> <td style="text-align:right">114,300 </td></tr> <tr> <th>2 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bokeo_province" title="Bokeo province">Bokeo</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Houayxay" title="Houayxay">Houayxay</a> (Houayxay district)</td> <td style="text-align:right">6,196</td> <td style="text-align:right">149,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th>3 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Bolikhamxai_province" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolikhamxai province">Bolikhamsai</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Paksan" class="mw-redirect" title="Paksan">Paksan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paksane_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Paksane District">Paksane District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">14,863</td> <td style="text-align:right">214,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th>4 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Champasak_province" title="Champasak province">Champasak</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pakse" title="Pakse">Pakse</a> (Pakse District)</td> <td style="text-align:right">15,415</td> <td style="text-align:right">575,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>5 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Houaphanh_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Houaphanh Province">Houaphanh</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua" title="Xam Neua">Xam Neua</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xam_Neua_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xam Neua District">Xamneua District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,500</td> <td style="text-align:right">322,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th>6 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Khammouane_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khammouane Province">Khammouane</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thakhek" title="Thakhek">Thakhek</a> (<a href="/wiki/Thakhek_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Thakhek District">Thakhek District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,315</td> <td style="text-align:right">358,800 </td></tr> <tr> <th>7 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Luang Namtha Province">Luang Namtha</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luang_Namtha" title="Luang Namtha">Luang Namtha</a> (<a href="/wiki/Namtha_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Namtha District">Namtha District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">9,325</td> <td style="text-align:right">150,100 </td></tr> <tr> <th>8 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang_province" title="Luang Prabang province">Luang Prabang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a> (Luang Prabang district)</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,875</td> <td style="text-align:right">408,800 </td></tr> <tr> <th>9 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Oudomxay_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Oudomxay Province">Oudomxay</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muang_Xay" title="Muang Xay">Muang Xay</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xay_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xay District">Xay District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">15,370</td> <td style="text-align:right">275,300 </td></tr> <tr> <th>10 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Phongsaly_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly Province">Phongsaly</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phongsali" title="Phongsali">Phongsali</a> (<a href="/wiki/Phongsaly_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Phongsaly District">Phongsaly District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,270</td> <td style="text-align:right">199,900 </td></tr> <tr> <th>11 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainyabuli_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sainyabuli Province">Sainyabuli</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sainyabuli" title="Sainyabuli">Sayabouly</a> (<a href="/wiki/Xayabury_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Xayabury District">Xayabury District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">16,389</td> <td style="text-align:right">382,200 </td></tr> <tr> <th>12 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Salavan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Salavan Province">Salavan</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salavan_(city)" title="Salavan (city)">Salavan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Saravane_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Saravane District">Salavan District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">10,691</td> <td style="text-align:right">336,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>13 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannakhet_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Savannakhet Province">Savannakhet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Savannakhet" title="Savannakhet">Savannakhet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khanthaboury_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Khanthaboury District">Khanthabouly District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">21,774</td> <td style="text-align:right">721,500 </td></tr> <tr> <th>14 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekong_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sekong Province">Sekong</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sekong" title="Sekong">Sekong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lam_Mam_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Lam Mam District">Lamarm District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">7,665</td> <td style="text-align:right">83,600 </td></tr> <tr> <th>15 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vientiane_Prefecture" title="Vientiane Prefecture">Vientiane Prefecture</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a> (Chanthabouly district)</td> <td style="text-align:right">3,920</td> <td style="text-align:right">1,001,477 </td></tr> <tr> <th>16 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Vientiane_province" title="Vientiane province">Vientiane Province</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phonhong" class="mw-redirect" title="Phonhong">Phonhong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muang_Phon-Hong" class="mw-redirect" title="Muang Phon-Hong">Phonhong District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">15,927</td> <td style="text-align:right">373,700 </td></tr> <tr> <th>17 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Xiangkhouang_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiangkhouang Province">Xiengkhouang</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Phonsavan" title="Phonsavan">Phonsavan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pek_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Pek District">Pek District</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">15,880</td> <td style="text-align:right">229,521 </td></tr> <tr> <th>18 </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Xaisomboun_province" title="Xaisomboun province">Xaisomboun</a></td> <td>Anouvong (<a href="/wiki/Anouvong_district" title="Anouvong district">Anouvong district</a>)</td> <td style="text-align:right">8,300</td> <td style="text-align:right">82,000 </td></tr></tbody></table> </td> <th>An updated map of Lao provinces (from 2014)<br /><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces-Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Provinces-Laos.svg/390px-Provinces-Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="390" height="459" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Provinces-Laos.svg/585px-Provinces-Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Provinces-Laos.svg/780px-Provinces-Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1961" data-file-height="2307" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Politics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics of Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Foreign relations of Laos</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:158px;max-width:158px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:210px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Thongloun_Sisoulith_(2019-05-30).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Thongloun Sisoulith" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thongloun_Sisoulith_%282019-05-30%29.jpg/156px-Thongloun_Sisoulith_%282019-05-30%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="156" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Thongloun_Sisoulith_%282019-05-30%29.jpg/234px-Thongloun_Sisoulith_%282019-05-30%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/88/Thongloun_Sisoulith_%282019-05-30%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="410" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">general secretary of the LPRP</a> and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">president</a> since 2021</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:150px;max-width:150px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:210px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sonexay_Siphandone_(2023)_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sonexay Siphandone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sonexay_Siphandone_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/148px-Sonexay_Siphandone_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="148" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sonexay_Siphandone_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg/222px-Sonexay_Siphandone_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/29/Sonexay_Siphandone_%282023%29_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="364" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sonexay_Siphandone" title="Sonexay Siphandone">Sonexay Siphandone</a>,<br /><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">prime minister</a> since 2022</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The Lao PDR is one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a> openly endorsing <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>. The only legal political party is the <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a> (LPRP). With the <a href="/wiki/One-party_state" title="One-party state">one-party state</a> status of Laos, the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Party_leader" title="Party leader">party leader</a>) holds ultimate power and authority over state and government and serves as the supreme leader.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 22 March 2021<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, the head of state is <a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a>. He has been <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a>, a position making him the <i>de facto</i> leader of Laos, since January 2021.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laos's first French-written and monarchical constitution was promulgated on 11 May 1947, and declared Laos an independent state within the <a href="/wiki/French_Union" title="French Union">French Union</a>. The revised constitution of 11 May 1957 omitted reference to the French Union, while educational, health and technical ties with the former colonial power persisted. The 1957 document was abrogated in December 1975, when a communist people's republic was proclaimed. A constitution was adopted in 1991 and enshrined a "leading role" for the LPRP.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_49-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/220px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/330px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg/440px-Flag_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Flag of the ruling <a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="Lao People's Revolutionary Party">Lao People's Revolutionary Party</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Foreign relations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Foreign relations of Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg/440px-Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_and_ASEAN_heads_of_state_and_government_at_the_Rashtrapati_Bhavan_in_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Thongloun_Sisoulith" title="Thongloun Sisoulith">Thongloun Sisoulith</a> with Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">ASEAN</a> heads of state in New Delhi on 25 January 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>The foreign relations of Laos after the takeover by the <a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a> in December 1975 were characterised by a hostile posture toward the West, with the government of the Lao PDR aligning itself with the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Bloc">Soviet Bloc</a>, maintaining ties with the Soviet Union<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and depending on the Soviets for most of its foreign assistance.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laos's emergence from <a href="/wiki/International_isolation" title="International isolation">international isolation</a> has been marked through expanded relations with other countries including <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Trade relations with the United States</a> were normalised in November 2004 through Congress approved legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos was admitted into the <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Association of Southeast Asian Nations</a> (ASEAN) in July 1997 and acceded to the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> in 2016.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2005, it attended the inaugural <a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hmong_conflict">Hmong conflict</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Hmong conflict"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a> groups fought as <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>-backed units on the royalist side in the <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a>. After the Pathet Lao took over the country in 1975, the conflict continued in isolated pockets. In 1977, a communist newspaper promised the party would hunt down the "American collaborators" and their families "to the last root".<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline2006_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesonline2006-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As many as 200,000 Hmong went into exile in <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, with some ending up in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a>. Other Hmong fighters hid out in mountains in Xiangkhouang Province for years, with a remnant emerging from the jungle in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-timesonline2006_76-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timesonline2006-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_High_Commissioner_for_Refugees" title="United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees">United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees</a> (UNHCR), with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>, instituted the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Comprehensive Plan of Action">Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, a programme to stem the tide of Indochinese refugees from Laos, Vietnam, and Cambodia. Under the plan, refugee status was evaluated through a screening process. Recognised asylum seekers were given resettlement opportunities, while the remaining refugees were to be repatriated under guarantee of safety. After talks with the UNHCR and the Thai government, Laos agreed to repatriate the 60,000 Lao refugees living in Thailand, including several thousand Hmong people. Some of the Lao refugees were willing to return voluntarily.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pressure to resettle the refugees grew as the Thai government worked to close its remaining refugee camps. While some Hmong people returned to Laos voluntarily, with development assistance from UNHCR, allegations of forced repatriation surfaced.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of those Hmong who did return to Laos, some escaped back to Thailand, describing discrimination and brutal treatment at the hands of Lao authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg/170px-Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg/255px-Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg/340px-Hmong_girls_in_Laos_1973_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="523" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Hmong girls in Laos, 1973</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1993, Vue Mai, a former Hmong soldier and leader of the largest Hmong refugee camp in Thailand, who had been recruited by the US Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a> to return to Laos as proof of the repatriation programme's success, disappeared in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a>. According to the US Committee for Refugees, he was arrested by Lao security forces and was never seen again.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the Vue Mai incident, debate over the Hmong's planned repatriation to Laos intensified, including in the United States, where it drew opposition from American conservatives and some human rights advocates. In a 23 October 1995 <i><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></i> article, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Johns_(policy_analyst)" title="Michael Johns (policy analyst)">Michael Johns</a> labelled the Hmong's repatriation a <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">Clinton administration</a> "betrayal", describing the Hmong as a people "who have spilled their blood in defence of American geopolitical interests".<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In their opposition of the repatriation plans, Democratic and Republican Members of Congress challenged the Clinton administration's position that the government of Laos was not systematically violating Hmong human rights. US Representative <a href="/wiki/Steve_Gunderson" title="Steve Gunderson">Steve Gunderson</a>, for instance, told a Hmong gathering: "I do not enjoy standing up and saying to my government that you are not telling the truth, but if that is necessary to defend truth and justice, I will do that."<sup id="cite_ref-web.archive.org_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-web.archive.org-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While some accusations of forced repatriation were denied,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> thousands of Hmong people refused to return to Laos. In 1996 as the deadline for the closure of Thai refugee camps approached, and under mounting political pressure, the United States agreed to resettle Hmong refugees who passed a screening process.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 5,000 Hmong people who were not resettled at the time of the camp closures sought asylum at <a href="/wiki/Wat_Tham_Krabok" title="Wat Tham Krabok">Wat Tham Krabok</a>, a Buddhist monastery in central Thailand where more than 10,000 Hmong refugees had already been living. The Thai government attempted to repatriate these refugees, and the Wat Tham Krabok Hmong refused to leave and the Lao government refused to accept them, claiming they were involved in the <a href="/wiki/Illegal_drug_trade" title="Illegal drug trade">illegal drug trade</a> and were of non-Lao origin.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following threats of forcible removal by the Thai government, the United States, in a victory for the Hmong, agreed to accept 15,000 of the refugees in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several thousand Hmong people, fearing forced repatriation to Laos if they were not accepted for resettlement in the United States, fled the camp to live elsewhere within Thailand where a sizeable Hmong population has been present since the 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004 and 2005, thousands of Hmong fled from the jungles of Laos to a temporary refugee camp in the Thai province of <a href="/wiki/Phetchabun_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Phetchabun Province">Phetchabun</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lending further support to earlier claims that the government of Laos was persecuting the Hmong, filmmaker Rebecca Sommer documented first-hand accounts in her documentary, <i>Hunted Like Animals</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in a comprehensive report that includes summaries of refugee claims, which was submitted to the UN in May 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-EU@UN_91-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU@UN-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> UNHCHR, and international groups have since spoken out about the forced repatriation.<sup id="cite_ref-EU@UN_91-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EU@UN-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Thai foreign ministry has said that it will halt deportation of Hmong refugees held in Detention Centres in <a href="/wiki/Nong_Khai" title="Nong Khai">Nong Khai</a>, while talks are underway to resettle them in Australia, Canada, the Netherlands and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans to resettle additional Hmong refugees in the United States were stalled by provisions of President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> and <a href="/wiki/Real_ID_Act" title="Real ID Act">Real ID Act</a>, under which Hmong veterans of the Secret War, who fought on the side of the United States, are classified as terrorists because of their historical involvement in armed conflict.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights">Human rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Human rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Human rights in Laos</a></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Democracy_Index" class="mw-redirect" title="Democracy Index">Democracy Index</a> 2016</i> Laos was classified as an "authoritarian regime", ranking lowest of the 9 <a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a> nations included in the study.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Civil society advocates, human rights defenders, political and religious dissidents, and Hmong refugees have disappeared at the hands of Lao military and security forces.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ostensibly, the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution of Laos</a> that was promulgated in 1991 and amended in 2003 contains safeguards for human rights. For example, Article 8 makes it clear that Laos is a <a href="/wiki/Multinational_state" title="Multinational state">multinational state</a> and is committed to equality between ethnic groups. The constitution contains provisions for <a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">gender equality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and freedom of press and assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 25 September 2009, Laos ratified the <a href="/wiki/International_Covenant_on_Civil_and_Political_Rights" title="International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights">International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights</a>, 9 years after signing the treaty. The stated policy objectives of the Lao government and international donors remain focused upon achieving sustainable economic growth and poverty reduction.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An organisation raised concerns in relation to freedom of expression, prison conditions, restrictions on freedom of religions, protection of refugees and asylum-seekers, and the death penalty.<sup id="cite_ref-Amnesty_International_103-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Amnesty_International-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos has been cited as an origin country for human trafficking.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of citizens, primarily women and girls from ethnic groups and foreigners, have been victims of <a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">sex trafficking in Laos</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Economy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Economy of Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg/220px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg/330px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg/440px-GDP_per_capita_development_in_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>GDP per capita development in Laos</figcaption></figure> <p>The Lao economy depends on investment and trade with its neighbours, Thailand, Vietnam, and, especially in the north, China. <a href="/wiki/Pakse" title="Pakse">Pakxe</a> has experienced growth based on cross-border trade with Thailand and Vietnam. In 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> in the US declared Laos was no longer a Marxist–Leninist state and lifted bans on Laotian companies receiving financing from the <a href="/wiki/Export%E2%80%93Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" title="Export–Import Bank of the United States">US Export-Import Bank</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2016, China was the biggest foreign investor in the Laotian economy, having invested US$5.395 billion since 1989, according to the Laos Ministry of Planning and Investment's 1989–2014 report. Thailand (invested US$4.489 billion) and Vietnam (invested US$3.108 billion) are the second and third largest investors respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Subsistence_agriculture" title="Subsistence agriculture">Subsistence agriculture</a> accounts for half of the GDP and provides 80% of employment. 4% of the country is arable land and 0.3% used as permanent crop land,<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the lowest percentage in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Mekong_Subregion" title="Greater Mekong Subregion">Greater Mekong Subregion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The irrigated areas account for 28% of the total area under cultivation which, in turn, represents 12% of all of the agricultural land in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rice dominates agriculture, with about 80% of the arable land area used for growing rice.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 77% of Lao farm households are self-sufficient in rice.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos may have the greatest number of rice varieties in the Greater Mekong Subregion. The Lao government has been working with the <a href="/wiki/International_Rice_Research_Institute" title="International Rice Research Institute">International Rice Research Institute</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> to collect seed samples of each of the thousands of rice varieties found in Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laos imports petroleum and gas. <a href="/wiki/Metallurgy" title="Metallurgy">Metallurgy</a> is an industry, and the government hopes to attract foreign investment to develop the deposits of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bauxite" title="Bauxite">bauxite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper" title="Copper">copper</a>, and other metals. The <a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Laos" title="Mining industry of Laos">mining industry of Laos</a> has received attention with foreign direct investments. More than 540 mineral deposits of gold, copper, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lead" title="Lead">lead</a> and other minerals have been identified, explored and mined.<sup id="cite_ref-Kyophilvong_117-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kyophilvong-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The country's water resources and mountainous terrain enable it to produce and export quantities of hydroelectric energy.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of the potential capacity of approximately 18,000 megawatts, around 8,000 megawatts have been committed for export to Thailand and Vietnam.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2021, Laos continues to rely on fossil fuels, coal in particular, in domestic electricity production.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2018, the country <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">ranked 139th</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">Human Development Index</a> (HDI), indicating medium development.<sup id="cite_ref-UNDP_121-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNDP-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the <a href="/wiki/Global_Hunger_Index" title="Global Hunger Index">Global Hunger Index</a> (2018), Laos ranks as the 36th hungriest nation in the world out of the list of the 52 nations with the worst hunger situation(s).<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2019, the UN Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights conducted an official visit to Laos and found that the country's top-down approach to economic growth and poverty alleviation "is all too often counterproductive, leading to impoverishment and jeopardising the rights of the poor and marginalised."<sup id="cite_ref-OHCHR_March_2019_123-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OHCHR_March_2019-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A product, <a href="/wiki/Beerlao" title="Beerlao">Beerlao</a>, was exported in 2017 to more than 20 countries worldwide. It is produced by the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Brewery_Company" title="Lao Brewery Company">Lao Brewery Company</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Tourism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Laos" title="Tourism in Laos">Tourism in Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ViewFromWatPhu.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ViewFromWatPhu.JPG/220px-ViewFromWatPhu.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ViewFromWatPhu.JPG/330px-ViewFromWatPhu.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/ViewFromWatPhu.JPG/440px-ViewFromWatPhu.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Near the sanctuary on the upper level of <a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a>, looking back towards the <a href="/wiki/Mekong_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Mekong River">Mekong River</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>The tourism sector has grown from 80,000 international visitors in 1990, to 1.876 million in 2010,<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when tourism had been expected to rise to US$1.5857 billion by 2020. In 2010, 1 in every 11 jobs was in the tourism sector. Export earnings from international visitors and tourism goods are expected to generate 16% of total exports or US$270.3 million in 2010, growing in nominal terms to US$484.2 million (12.5% of the total) in 2020.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The European Council on Trade and Tourism awarded the country the "World Best Tourist Destination" designation for 2013 for architecture and history.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lao National Tourism Administration, related government agencies and the private sector are working together to realise the vision put forth in the country's National Ecotourism Strategy and Action Plan. This includes decreasing the environmental and cultural impact of tourism; increasing awareness in the importance of ethnic groups and biological diversity; providing a source of income to conserve, sustain and manage the Lao protected area network and cultural heritage sites; and emphasizing the need for tourism zoning and management plans for sites that will be developed as <a href="/wiki/Ecotourism" title="Ecotourism">ecotourism</a> destinations.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transportation">Transportation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Transportation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Transport in Laos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Telecommunications in Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nam_ou_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nam_ou_1.jpg/220px-Nam_ou_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nam_ou_1.jpg/330px-Nam_ou_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Nam_ou_1.jpg/440px-Nam_ou_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1568" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption>Rivers are a means of transport in Laos.</figcaption></figure> <p>The mountainous <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">geography of Laos</a> had impeded Laos's ground transportation development throughout the 20th century. Its first railway line, a 3-km long <a href="/wiki/Metre-gauge" class="mw-redirect" title="Metre-gauge">metre-gauge</a> railway that connects <a href="/wiki/Thanaleng_railway_station" title="Thanaleng railway station">southern Vientiane</a> to Thailand, opened in 2009. In December 2021, the 414-km long <a href="/wiki/Boten%E2%80%93Vientiane_railway" title="Boten–Vientiane railway">Boten–Vientiane railway</a> that runs from the capital <a href="/wiki/Vientiane_railway_station" title="Vientiane railway station">Vientiane</a> to <a href="/wiki/Boten_railway_station" title="Boten railway station">Boten</a> at the northern border with China and was built as part of China's <a href="/wiki/Belt_and_Road_Initiative" title="Belt and Road Initiative">Belt and Road Initiative</a> was opened.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is external and internal telecommunication. 93% of households have a telephone, either fixed line or mobile.<sup id="cite_ref-LSIS-II_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSIS-II-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> Electricity is available to 93% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-LSIS-II_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSIS-II-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 8">: 8 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Water_supply">Water supply</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Water supply"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Laos" title="Water supply and sanitation in Laos">Water supply and sanitation in Laos</a></div> <p>According to the World Bank data conducted in 2014, Laos has met the Millennium Development Goal (MDG) targets on water and sanitation regarding the UNICEF/WHO Joint Monitoring Programme. As of 2018, there are approximately 1.9 million of Lao's population who could not access an improved water supply and 2.4 million people without access to improved sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-:8_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:8-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Laos has made progress increasing access to <a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">sanitation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_132-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1990 8% of the rural population had access to improved sanitation.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_132-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Access rose from 10% in 1995 to 38% in 2008. Between 1995 and 2008 approximately 1,232,900 more people had access to improved sanitation in rural areas.<sup id="cite_ref-ODI1_132-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ODI1-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The authorities in Laos have developed an innovative regulatory framework for public–private partnership contracts signed with enterprises, in parallel with more conventional regulation of state-owned water enterprises.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Demographics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Demographics of Laos</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnicity">Ethnicity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Ethnicity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The people of Laos are categorised by their distribution by <a href="/wiki/Elevation" title="Elevation">elevation</a> (lowlands, midlands and upper high lands), as this somewhat correlates with ethnic groupings. More than half of the nation's population is ethnic Lao—the principal lowland inhabitants.<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks_134-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Lao belong to the <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai</a> linguistic group<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who began migrating south from China in the first millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 10% belong to other "lowland" groups, which together with the Lao people make up the <a href="/wiki/Lao_Loum" title="Lao Loum">Lao Loum</a> (lowland people).<sup id="cite_ref-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks_134-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the central and southern mountains, <a href="/wiki/Mon-Khmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Mon-Khmer">Mon-Khmer</a>-speaking groups, known as <a href="/wiki/Lao_Theung" title="Lao Theung">Lao Theung</a> or mid-slope Laotians, predominate. Other terms are Khmu, Khamu (Kammu) or Kha as the Lao Loum refer to them to indicate their <a href="/wiki/Austroasiatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Austroasiatic">Austroasiatic</a> language affiliation. The latter is considered pejorative, meaning 'slave'. They were the indigenous inhabitants of northern Laos. Some <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people" title="Vietnamese people">Vietnamese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laotian_Chinese" title="Laotian Chinese">Laotian Chinese</a><sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Thai_people" title="Thai people">Thai</a> minorities remain, particularly in the towns, and some left after independence in the 1940s, some of whom relocated either to Vietnam, Hong Kong, or to France. Lao Theung constitute about 30% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Hill_people" title="Hill people">Hill people</a> and minority cultures of Laos such as the <a href="/wiki/Hmong_people" title="Hmong people">Hmong</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Yao (Mien)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a>), <a href="/wiki/Yao_people" title="Yao people">Dao</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shan_people" title="Shan people">Shan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tibeto-Burman_languages" title="Tibeto-Burman languages">Tibeto-Burman</a> speaking peoples have lived in isolated regions of Laos for years. Mountain/hill tribes of mixed ethno/cultural-linguistic heritage are found in northern Laos, which include the <a href="/wiki/Lua_people" title="Lua people">Lua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khmu_people" title="Khmu people">Khmu people</a> who are indigenous to Laos. Collectively, they are known as <a href="/wiki/Lao_Sung" title="Lao Sung">Lao Soung</a> or highland Laotians. Lao Soung account for about 10% of the population.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Languages"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The official language is <a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>, a language of the <a href="/wiki/Tai_languages" title="Tai languages">Tai-Kadai</a> language family. More than half of the population speaks Lao natively. The remainder, particularly in rural areas, speak ethnic minority languages. The <a href="/wiki/Lao_alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Lao alphabet">Lao alphabet</a>, which evolved sometime between the 13th and 14th centuries, was derived from the <a href="/wiki/Khmer_script" title="Khmer script">Khmer script</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Languages like <a href="/wiki/Khmu_language" title="Khmu language">Khmu</a> (Austroasiatic) and <a href="/wiki/Hmong_language" title="Hmong language">Hmong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hmong%E2%80%93Mien_languages" title="Hmong–Mien languages">Hmong-Mien</a>) are spoken by minorities, particularly in the midland and highland areas. A number of <a href="/wiki/Laotian_sign_languages" title="Laotian sign languages">Laotian sign languages</a> are used in areas with higher rates of congenital deafness.<sup id="cite_ref-britannica_48-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> is used in government and commerce, and Laos is a member of the French-speaking organisation of <a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">La Francophonie</a>. The organisation estimated in 2010 that there were 173,800 French speakers in Laos.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the language of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (<a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a>), has become increasingly studied in years.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Religion in Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg/220px-Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg/330px-Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg/440px-Vat_Nong_Sikhounmuang.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Wat Nong Sikhounmuang pagoda in <a href="/wiki/Luang_Prabang" title="Luang Prabang">Luang Prabang</a></figcaption></figure> <p>66% of Laotians were <a href="/wiki/Theravada" title="Theravada">Theravada</a> Buddhist, 1.5% Christian, 0.1% Muslim, 0.1% Jewish, and 32.3% were other or traditional (mostly practitioners of <a href="/wiki/Tai_folk_religion" title="Tai folk religion">Satsana Phi</a>) in 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-globalReligion_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-globalReligion-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_142-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Health"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Laos" title="Health in Laos">Health in Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VientianeHospital.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VientianeHospital.jpg/220px-VientianeHospital.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VientianeHospital.jpg/330px-VientianeHospital.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/VientianeHospital.jpg/440px-VientianeHospital.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3647" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mahosot_Hospital" title="Mahosot Hospital">Mahosot Hospital</a> in Vientiane</figcaption></figure> <p>Male <a href="/wiki/Life_expectancy_at_birth" class="mw-redirect" title="Life expectancy at birth">life expectancy at birth</a> was at 62.6 years and female life expectancy was at 66.7 years in 2017.<sup id="cite_ref-cia.gov_142-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Healthy life expectancy was 54 years in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_143-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government expenditure on health is about 4% of GDP,<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_143-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> about US$18 (PPP) in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_143-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Education in Laos</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Laos" title="National Library of Laos">National Library of Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:National_University_of_Laos(NUOL)%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/220px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/330px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg/440px-National_University_of_Laos%28NUOL%29%E0%BA%A1.%E0%BA%8A_-_panoramio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_University_of_Laos" title="National University of Laos">National University of Laos</a> in Vientiane</figcaption></figure> <p>The adult <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a> rate for women in 2017 was 62.9%; for adult men, 78.1%.<sup id="cite_ref-LSIS-II_130-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSIS-II-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 39–40">: 39–40 </span></sup> </p><p>In 2004 the net primary enrollment rate was 84%.<sup id="cite_ref-hdrstats.undp.org_143-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hdrstats.undp.org-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Laos was ranked 111st in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Culture of Laos</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lao_art" title="Lao art">Lao art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dance_and_theatre_of_Laos" title="Dance and theatre of Laos">Dance and theatre of Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laotian_society" title="Laotian society">Laotian society</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Laos" title="List of festivals in Laos">List of festivals in Laos</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Music of Laos</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Nagas_Feast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3_Nagas_Feast.jpg/220px-3_Nagas_Feast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3_Nagas_Feast.jpg/330px-3_Nagas_Feast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/3_Nagas_Feast.jpg/440px-3_Nagas_Feast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>An example of <a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Lao cuisine</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Phuan_Girls.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Phuan_Girls.JPG/220px-Phuan_Girls.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Phuan_Girls.JPG/330px-Phuan_Girls.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Phuan_Girls.JPG/440px-Phuan_Girls.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="2240" /></a><figcaption>Lao women wearing <i><a href="/wiki/Sinh_(clothing)" title="Sinh (clothing)">sinhs</a></i> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lao_New_Year,_dancers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/220px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/330px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg/440px-Lao_New_Year%2C_dancers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Lao dancers during the <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> celebration </figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Glutinous_rice" title="Glutinous rice">Sticky rice</a> is a staple food. There are traditions and rituals associated with rice production in environments and among ethnic groups. For example, Khammu farmers in Luang Prabang plant the rice variety <i>khao kam</i> in quantities near the farm house in memory of dead parents, or at the edge of the rice field to indicate that parents are still alive.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Cinema"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Laos" title="Cinema of Laos">Cinema of Laos</a></div> <p>The first feature-length film made after the monarchy was abolished is <i>Gun Voice from the Plain of Jars</i> directed by Somchith Pholsena in 1983 and its release was prevented by a censorship board.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commercial feature-length film was <i><a href="/wiki/Sabaidee_Luang_Prabang" title="Sabaidee Luang Prabang">Sabaidee Luang Prabang</a></i>, made in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 2017 documentary feature film <i><a href="/wiki/Blood_Road_(film)" title="Blood Road (film)">Blood Road</a></i> was predominantly shot and produced in Laos with assistance from the Lao government. It was recognised with a <a href="/wiki/News_%26_Documentary_Emmy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="News & Documentary Emmy Award">News and Documentary Emmy Award</a> in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian filmmaker Kim Mordount's first feature film was made in Laos and features a Laotian cast speaking their native language. Entitled <i><a href="/wiki/The_Rocket_(2013_film)" title="The Rocket (2013 film)">The Rocket</a></i>, the film appeared at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Melbourne_International_Film_Festival" title="Melbourne International Film Festival">Melbourne International Film Festival</a> and won 3 awards at the Berlin International Film Festival.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of Lao feature films that have received international recognition include Lao New Wave Cinema's <i>At the Horizon</i>, directed by Anysay Keola, which was screened at the OzAsia Film Festival,<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Lao Art Media's <i><a href="/wiki/Chanthaly" title="Chanthaly">Chanthaly</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: ຈັນທະລີ), directed by <a href="/wiki/Mattie_Do" title="Mattie Do">Mattie Do</a>, which was screened at the 2013 <a href="/wiki/Fantastic_Fest" title="Fantastic Fest">Fantastic Fest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In September 2017, Laos submitted <i><a href="/wiki/Dearest_Sister" title="Dearest Sister">Dearest Sister</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: ນ້ອງຮັກ), Mattie Do's second feature film, to the <a href="/wiki/90th_Academy_Awards" title="90th Academy Awards">90th Academy Awards</a> (or the Oscars) for consideration for <a href="/wiki/List_of_submissions_to_the_90th_Academy_Awards_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" title="List of submissions to the 90th Academy Awards for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a>, marking the country's first submission for the Oscars.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As of 2018, Laos has 3 theatres dedicated to showing films.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Festivals">Festivals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are some public holidays, festivities and ceremonies in Laos. </p> <ul><li>Hmong New Year (Nopejao)</li> <li>Bun Pha Wet</li> <li>Magha Puja</li> <li>Chinese New Year</li> <li>Boun Khoun Khao</li> <li>Boun Pimai</li> <li>Boun Bang Fai (Rocket festival)</li> <li>Visakha Puja</li> <li>Pi Mai/Songkran (Lao New Year)</li> <li>Khao Phansaa</li> <li>Haw Khao Padap Din</li> <li>Awk Phansaa</li> <li>Bun Nam</li> <li>Lao National Day (2 December)<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Lao government controls media channels to prevent critique of its actions.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lao citizens who have criticised the government have been subjected to enforced disappearances, arrests and torture.<sup id="cite_ref-state_158-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-state-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-atimes_159-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-atimes-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Polygamy">Polygamy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Polygamy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Polygamy" title="Polygamy">Polygamy</a> is officially a crime in Laos. The constitution and Family Code bar the legal recognition of polygamous marriages, stipulating that <a href="/wiki/Monogamy" title="Monogamy">monogamy</a> is the principal form of marriage in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-160" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Polygamy is customary among some Hmong people.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2017, 3.5% of women and 2.1% of men between the ages of 15–49 were in a polygamous union.<sup id="cite_ref-LSIS-II_130-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LSIS-II-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 19">: 19 </span></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sport">Sport</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Sport"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Stadenat-vientiane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Stadenat-vientiane.jpg/220px-Stadenat-vientiane.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Stadenat-vientiane.jpg/330px-Stadenat-vientiane.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ea/Stadenat-vientiane.jpg/440px-Stadenat-vientiane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/New_Laos_National_Stadium" title="New Laos National Stadium">New Laos National Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vientiane" title="Vientiane">Vientiane</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The martial art of <a href="/wiki/Muay_Lao" title="Muay Lao">muay Lao</a>, the national sport,<sup id="cite_ref-162" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a form of kickboxing similar to Thailand's <a href="/wiki/Muay_Thai" title="Muay Thai">muay Thai</a>, Burmese <a href="/wiki/Lethwei" title="Lethwei">Lethwei</a> and Cambodian <a href="/wiki/Pradal_Serey" class="mw-redirect" title="Pradal Serey">Pradal Serey</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/32px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/48px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/64px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Laos portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asia_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/28px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/42px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/56px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drug_policy_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Drug policy in Laos">Drug policy in Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos_Memorial" title="Laos Memorial">Laos Memorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Laos" title="Outline of Laos">Outline of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Energy in Laos</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Including <a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="List of ethnic groups in Laos">over 100 smaller ethnic groups</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people."<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/aʊ/: 'ou' in 'mouth'">aʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/6\/69\/En-us-Laos.ogg\/En-us-Laos.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Laos.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/6/69/En-us-Laos.ogg/En-us-Laos.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Laos.ogg" title="File:En-us-Laos.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span>, <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/ɑː/: 'a' in 'father'">ɑː</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>,<span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/eɪ/: 'a' in 'face'">eɪ</span><span title="/ɒ/: 'o' in 'body'">ɒ</span><span title="'s' in 'sigh'">s</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">LOWSS</span>, <span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span>-ohss, <span style="font-size:90%">LAH</span>-oss, <span style="font-size:90%">LAY</span>-oss</i></a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Lao</a>: <span lang="lo">ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ</span> (<span title="Lao-language text"><span lang="lo">ສປປ ລາວ</span></span>)</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.studycountry.com/guide/LA-language.htm">"The Languages spoken in Laos"</a>. <i>Studycountry</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225003905/https://www.studycountry.com/guide/LA-language.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Studycountry&rft.atitle=The+Languages+spoken+in+Laos&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.studycountry.com%2Fguide%2FLA-language.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Census2015-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Census2015_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf">"Results of Population and Housing Census 2015"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Lao Statistics Bureau. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308153132/https://lao.unfpa.org/sites/default/files/pub-pdf/PHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Results+of+Population+and+Housing+Census+2015&rft.pub=Lao+Statistics+Bureau&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flao.unfpa.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fpub-pdf%2FPHC-ENG-FNAL-WEB_0.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Laos_2003.pdf?lang=en">"Lao People's Democratic Republic's Constitution of 1991 with Amendments through 2003"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>constituteproject.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171210232122/https://constituteproject.org/constitution/Laos_2003.pdf?lang=en">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 10 December 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 October</span> 2017</span>. <q>Article 9: The State respects and protects all lawful activities of Buddhists and of followers of other religions, [and] mobilises and encourages Buddhist monks and novices as well as the priests of other religions to participate in activities that are beneficial to the country and people.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=constituteproject.org&rft.atitle=Lao+People%27s+Democratic+Republic%27s+Constitution+of+1991+with+Amendments+through+2003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconstituteproject.org%2Fconstitution%2FLaos_2003.pdf%3Flang%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-globalReligion-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-globalReligion_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-globalReligion_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">"Global Religious Landscape; Table: Religious Composition by Country"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Pew Research</i>. 2010. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180323215031/http://assets.pewresearch.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2012/12/globalReligion-tables.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 23 March 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 April</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pew+Research&rft.atitle=Global+Religious+Landscape%3B+Table%3A+Religious+Composition+by+Country&rft.pages=47&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pewresearch.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fsites%2F11%2F2012%2F12%2FglobalReligion-tables.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CIA_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos">"Laos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a></i> (2024 ed.). <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 March</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2F2023-24_HDR%2FHDR23-24_Statistical_Annex_HDI_Table.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Laos">"Laos"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225194143/https://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Laos">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 July</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Laos+approves+Xayaburi+%27mega%27+dam+on+Mekong&rft.date=2012-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-20203072&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/lao/overview">"Lao PDR [Overview]"</a>. <i>World Bank</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">7 October</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Cambridge+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Meaning+of+Laos+in+English&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.cambridge.org%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2Flaos&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/laos">"Laos – definition and synonyms"</a>. <i>Macmillan Dictionary</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308155501/https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/british/laos">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437904">"Anatomically modern human in Southeast Asia (Laos) by 46 ka"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences</i>. <b>109</b> (36): 14375–14380. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10914375D">2012PNAS..10914375D</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1208104109">10.1073/pnas.1208104109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0027-8424">0027-8424</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3437904">3437904</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22908291">22908291</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences&rft.atitle=Anatomically+modern+human+in+Southeast+Asia+%28Laos%29+by+46+ka&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=36&rft.pages=14375-14380&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437904%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10914375D&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22908291&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1208104109&rft.issn=0027-8424&rft.aulast=Demeter&rft.aufirst=F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3437904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhiteLewisBouasisengpaseuthMarwick2009" class="citation journal cs1">White, J.C.; Lewis, H.; Bouasisengpaseuth, B.; Marwick, B.; Arrell, K (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/white/">"Archaeological Investigations in northern Laos: New contributions to Southeast Asian prehistory"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>83</b> (319). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010191403/http://antiquity.ac.uk/projgall/white/">Archived</a> from the original on 10 October 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Archaeological+Investigations+in+northern+Laos%3A+New+contributions+to+Southeast+Asian+prehistory&rft.volume=83&rft.issue=319&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=White&rft.aufirst=J.C.&rft.au=Lewis%2C+H.&rft.au=Bouasisengpaseuth%2C+B.&rft.au=Marwick%2C+B.&rft.au=Arrell%2C+K&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fantiquity.ac.uk%2Fprojgall%2Fwhite%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarwickBouasisengpaseuth2017" class="citation book cs1">Marwick, Ben; Bouasisengpaseuth, Bounheung (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/75zhc/">"History and Practice of Archaeology in Laos"</a>. In Habu, Junko; Lape, Peter; Olsen, John (eds.). <i>Handbook of East and Southeast Asian Archaeology</i>. Springer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190706125232/https://osf.io/preprints/socarxiv/75zhc/">Archived</a> from the original on 6 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=History+and+Practice+of+Archaeology+in+Laos&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+East+and+Southeast+Asian+Archaeology&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Marwick&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Bouasisengpaseuth%2C+Bounheung&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fosf.io%2Fpreprints%2Fsocarxiv%2F75zhc%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PittayawatPittayaporn-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PittayawatPittayaporn_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627063518/http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities</i>, Special Issue No 20: 47–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coedes-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Coedes_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoedès1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Coed%C3%A8s" class="mw-redirect" title="George Coedès">Coedès, George</a> (1968). Walter F. Vella (ed.). <i>The Indianized States of Southeast Asia</i>. trans. Susan Brown Cowing. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8248-0368-1"><bdi>978-0-8248-0368-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Indianized+States+of+Southeast+Asia&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1968&rft.isbn=978-0-8248-0368-1&rft.aulast=Coed%C3%A8s&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fa-Ngum">"Fa Ngum"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308050252/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Fa-Ngum">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Fa+Ngum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FFa-Ngum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100308201136/http://www.history.com/topics/fa-ngum">"Fa Ngum"</a>. History.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/fa-ngum">the original</a> on 8 March 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fa+Ngum&rft.pub=History.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Ftopics%2Ffa-ngum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanda Simms, ch. 3, "Through Chaos to a New Order", in <i>The Kingdoms of Laos</i> (London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136863370" title="Special:BookSources/9781136863370">9781136863370</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sanda Simms, ch. 6, "Seventy Years of Anarchy", in <i>The Kingdoms of Laos</i> (London: Taylor & Francis, 2013). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136863370" title="Special:BookSources/9781136863370">9781136863370</a>; see also P.C. Sinha, ed., <i>Encyclopaedia of South East and Far East Asia</i>, vol. 3 (Anmol, 2006).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAskew,_Marc.2010" class="citation book cs1">Askew, Marc. (2010) [2007]. <i>Vientiane : transformations of a Lao landscape</i>. Logan, William Stewart, 1942–, Long, Colin, 1966–. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59662-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-59662-6"><bdi>978-0-415-59662-6</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/68416667">68416667</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vientiane+%3A+transformations+of+a+Lao+landscape&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F68416667&rft.isbn=978-0-415-59662-6&rft.au=Askew%2C+Marc.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101126004328/http://www.asianewsnet.net/home/news.php?id=15718&sec=3">"Let's hope Laos hangs on to its identity"</a>. Asianewsnet.net. Archived from the original on 26 November 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Let%27s+hope+Laos+hangs+on+to+its+identity&rft.pub=Asianewsnet.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asianewsnet.net%2Fhome%2Fnews.php%3Fsec%3D3%26id%3D15718&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShowalter2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Showalter" title="Dennis Showalter">Showalter, Dennis</a>, ed. 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Culturalprofiles.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.culturalprofiles.net/laos/Directories/Laos_Cultural_Profile/-1064.html">the original</a> on 18 July 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laos%3A+Laos+under+the+French&rft.pub=Culturalprofiles.net&rft.date=2006-08-11&rft.au=Librios+Semantic+Environment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturalprofiles.net%2Flaos%2FDirectories%2FLaos_Cultural_Profile%2F-1064.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Carine Hahn, <i>Le Laos</i>, Karthala, 1999, pp. 69–72</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225100345/https://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/history">"History of Laos"</a>. <i>Lonely Planet</i>. 9 August 1960. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lonelyplanet.com/laos/history">the original</a> on 25 February 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=History+of+Laos&rft.date=1960-08-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Flaos%2Fhistory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SørenIvarsson-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SørenIvarsson_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ivarsson, Søren (2008). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FsXjlJF_fokC&pg=PA102">Creating Laos: The Making of a Lao Space Between Indochina and Siam, 1860–1945</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410140148/https://books.google.com/books?id=FsXjlJF_fokC&pg=PA102">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. NIAS Press, p. 102. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-776-94023-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-776-94023-2">978-8-776-94023-2</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MartinStuart-FoxA-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-MartinStuart-FoxA_45-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart-Fox, Martin (1997). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC&dq=A+History+of+Laos&pg=PA51">A History of Laos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230405045254/https://books.google.com/books?id=8VvvevRkX-EC&dq=A+History+of+Laos&pg=PA51">Archived</a> 5 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Cambridge University Press, p. 51. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59746-3">978-0-521-59746-3</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul Lévy, <i>Histoire du Laos</i>, PUF, 1974.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-A_Country_Study:_Laos-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-A_Country_Study:_Laos_47-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-A_Country_Study:_Laos_47-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Savada, Andrea Matles (editor) (1994). "Events in 1945". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/latoc.html"><i>A Country Study: Laos</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150721090309/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/latoc.html">Archived</a> 21 July 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britannica-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britannica_48-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/330219/Laos/52500/People?anchor=ref509292">"Laos – Overview"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110511175031/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/330219/Laos/52500/People?anchor=ref509292">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 January</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Laos+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F330219%2FLaos%2F52500%2FPeople%3Fanchor%3Dref509292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_49-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15355605">"Laos profile"</a>. 9 January 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210308064338/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-pacific-15355605">Archived</a> from the original on 8 March 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 April</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Laos+profile&rft.date=2018-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-asia-pacific-15355605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiernanOwen2015" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ben_Kiernan" title="Ben Kiernan">Kiernan, Ben</a>; Owen, Taylor (26 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">"Making More Enemies than We Kill? Calculating U.S. Bomb Tonnages Dropped on Laos and Cambodia, and Weighing Their Implications"</a>. <i>The Asia-Pacific Journal</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301041322/http://apjjf.org/2015/13/16/Ben-Kiernan/4313.html">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal&rft.atitle=Making+More+Enemies+than+We+Kill%3F+Calculating+U.S.+Bomb+Tonnages+Dropped+on+Laos+and+Cambodia%2C+and+Weighing+Their+Implications&rft.date=2015-04-26&rft.aulast=Kiernan&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Owen%2C+Taylor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2015%2F13%2F16%2FBen-Kiernan%2F4313.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright2016" class="citation web cs1">Wright, Rebecca (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'My friends were afraid of me': What 80 million unexploded US bombs did to Laos"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNN" title="CNN">CNN</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190117203916/https://www.cnn.com/2016/09/05/asia/united-states-laos-secret-war/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 September</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=%27My+friends+were+afraid+of+me%27%3A+What+80+million+unexploded+US+bombs+did+to+Laos&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2016%2F09%2F05%2Fasia%2Funited-states-laos-secret-war%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">"Disarmament"</a>. <i>The United Nations Office at Geneva</i>. United Nations. November 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130921060643/http://www.unog.ch/80256EE600585943/(httpPages)/B3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7?OpenDocument">Archived</a> from the original on 21 September 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 September</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+United+Nations+Office+at+Geneva&rft.atitle=Disarmament&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unog.ch%2F80256EE600585943%2F%28httpPages%29%2FB3F3E37A2838630FC125772E0050F4F7%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObermeyerMurrayGakidou2008" class="citation journal cs1">Obermeyer, Ziad; Murray, Christopher J. L.; Gakidou, Emmanuela (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">"Fifty years of violent war deaths from Vietnam to Bosnia: analysis of data from the world health survey programme"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/BMJ" class="mw-redirect" title="BMJ">BMJ</a></i>. <b>336</b> (7659): 1482–1486. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.a137">10.1136/bmj.a137</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2440905">2440905</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18566045">18566045</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Fifty+years+of+violent+war+deaths+from+Vietnam+to+Bosnia%3A+analysis+of+data+from+the+world+health+survey+programme&rft.volume=336&rft.issue=7659&rft.pages=1482-1486&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18566045&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.a137&rft.aulast=Obermeyer&rft.aufirst=Ziad&rft.au=Murray%2C+Christopher+J.+L.&rft.au=Gakidou%2C+Emmanuela&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2440905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span> See Table 3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Martin_Stuart-Fox-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Martin_Stuart-Fox_54-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stuart-Fox, Martin (1980). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908403?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">LAOS: The Vietnamese Connection</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211013074847/https://www.jstor.org/stable/27908403?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents">Archived</a> 13 October 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. In Suryadinata, L (Ed.), <i>Southeast Asian Affairs</i> (1980). Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Stuides, pg. 191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DamienKingsbury-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-DamienKingsbury_55-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kingsbury, Damien (2016). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Politics in Contemporary Southeast Asia: Authority, Democracy and Political Change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410140218/https://books.google.com/books?id=8CQlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA50">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Taylor & Francis;<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49628-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-49628-1">978-1-317-49628-1</a>, pg. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Savada-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Savada_56-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Savada, Andrea M. (1995). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/Laos%20-%20a%20country%20study.pdf">Laos: a country study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419183125/http://www.public-library.uk/dailyebook/Laos%20-%20a%20country%20study.pdf">Archived</a> 19 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>. Federal Research Division, Library of Congress, p. 271. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8444-0832-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8444-0832-8">0-8444-0832-8</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Prayaga-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Prayaga_57-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Prayaga, M. (2005). <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103010/8/08_chapter-iv.pdf">Renovation in Vietnam since 1988 a study in political, economic and social change</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180419122734/http://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/103010/8/08_chapter-iv.pdf">Archived</a> 19 April 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (PhD thesis)</i>. Sri Venkateswara University. Chapter IV: The Metamorphosed Foreign Relations, pg. 154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2770.htm">Laos (04/09)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201024185208/https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2770.htm">Archived</a> 24 October 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. U.S. Department of State.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (January 2021)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/the-completed-china-laos-railway/">"The Completed China-Laos Railway"</a>. <i>ASEAN Business News</i>. 21 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220512130726/https://www.aseanbriefing.com/news/the-completed-china-laos-railway/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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London: <a href="/wiki/Overseas_Development_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Overseas Development Institute">Overseas Development Institute</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaponche,_Bernard2008" class="citation web cs1">Laponche, Bernard; et al. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.afd.fr/lang/en/home/publications/travaux-de-recherche/publications-scientifiques/focales">"Focales n° 8. Energy Efficiency Retrofitting of Buildings – Challenges and Methods"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. afd.fr. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170809195444/http://www.afd.fr/lang/en/home/publications/travaux-de-recherche/publications-scientifiques/focales">Archived</a> from the original on 9 August 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Focales+n%C2%B0+8.+Energy+Efficiency+Retrofitting+of+Buildings+%E2%80%93+Challenges+and+Methods&rft.pub=afd.fr&rft.date=2008&rft.au=Laponche%2C+Bernard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.afd.fr%2Flang%2Fen%2Fhome%2Fpublications%2Ftravaux-de-recherche%2Fpublications-scientifiques%2Ffocales&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks-134"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks_134-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-UN_Demographic_Yearbooks_134-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001">"UN Demographic Yearbooks"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161227194033/http://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic/products/dyb/dyb2.htm#2001">Archived</a> from the original on 27 December 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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The Tai-Kadai Languages</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410140148/https://books.google.com/books?id=0lmQAgAAQBAJ&dq=kra%3DKadai&pg=PA6">Archived</a> 10 April 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>Routledge (2004)</i>, pp. 5–6. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1135791163" title="Special:BookSources/1135791163">1135791163</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Pittayaporn, Pittayawat (2014). Layers of Chinese Loanwords in Proto-Southwestern Tai as Evidence for the Dating of the Spread of Southwestern Tai</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150627063518/http://www.manusya.journals.chula.ac.th/files/essay/Pittayawat%2047-68.pdf">Archived</a> 27 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <i>MANUSYA: Journal of Humanities,</i> Special Issue No 20: 47–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110104195124/http://www.ocac.gov.tw/english/public/public.asp?selno=1163&no=1163&level=B">":: Overseas Compatriot Affairs Commission, R.o.c. ::"</a>. 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La Francophonie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210518191146/https://www.francophonie.org/laos-968">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 July</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Languages+of+Laos&rft.pub=Laval+University&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tlfq.ulaval.ca%2FAXL%2Fasie%2FLaos.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cia.gov-142"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_142-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-cia.gov_142-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/">Laos</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210307193820/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/laos/">Archived</a> 7 March 2021 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CIA – The World Factbook. Cia.gov. 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Unlocking the Promise of Social Entrepreneurship</i></a>. Geneva. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.34667%2Ftind.50062">10.34667/tind.50062</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-805-3681-2"><bdi>978-92-805-3681-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624002018/https://www.britannica.com/place/Thailand/Sports-and-recreation">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thailand+%E2%80%93+Sports+and+recreation&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fplace%2FThailand%2FSports-and-recreation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALaos" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Laos&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects"><span id="sister-projects">sister projects</span></a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><span class="sister-logo"><span class="mw-valign-middle" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A5%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%A7" class="extiw" title="c:ປະເທດລາວ">Media</a> from Commons</span></li><li><span 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data-file-height="193" /></span></span></span><span class="sister-link"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Laos" class="extiw" title="voy:Laos">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</span></li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tourismlaos.org/">Official Laos tourism site</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laos_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Laos_topics" title="Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Laos_topics" title="Template talk:Laos topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Laos_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Laos topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laos_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos" title="History of Laos">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peopling_of_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Peopling of Laos">Peopling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khun_Borom" title="Khun Borom">Khun Borom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_people" title="Lao people">Lao people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_peoples" title="Tai peoples">Tai peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lan_Xang" title="Lan Xang">Lan Xang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vat_Phou" title="Vat Phou">Vat Phou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang" title="Kingdom of Luang Phrabang">Luang Phrabang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Vientiane" title="Kingdom of Vientiane">Vientiane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Champasak" title="Kingdom of Champasak">Champasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muang_Phuan" title="Muang Phuan">Muang Phuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">French protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Japanese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luang_Prabang_(Japanese_puppet_state)" title="Kingdom of Luang Prabang (Japanese puppet state)">Japanese puppet state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Issara" title="Lao Issara">Lao Issara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Kingdom of Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indochina_Wars" title="Indochina Wars">Indochina Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh_trail" title="Ho Chi Minh trail">Ho Chi Minh trail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathet_Lao" title="Pathet Lao">Pathet Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laotian_Civil_War" title="Laotian Civil War">Laotian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnamese_invasion_of_Laos" title="North Vietnamese invasion of Laos">Vietnamese invasion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Agreement_on_the_Neutrality_of_Laos" title="International Agreement on the Neutrality of Laos">Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_to_1945" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Laos to 1945">History until 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Laos_(1945%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Laos (1945–present)">History since 1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Laos" title="Insurgency in Laos">Insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2007_Laotian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_conspiracy_allegation" title="2007 Laotian coup d'état conspiracy allegation">2007 coup attempt</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Ancient_emblem_of_Laos" title="Ancient emblem of Laos"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/60px-Airavata_emblem_white.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/90px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Airavata_emblem_white.png/120px-Airavata_emblem_white.png 2x" data-file-width="173" data-file-height="298" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Laos" title="Geography of Laos">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:Borders_of_Laos" title="Template:Borders of Laos">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deforestation_in_Laos" title="Deforestation in Laos">Deforestation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecoregions_in_Laos" title="List of ecoregions in Laos">Ecoregions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong" title="Mekong">Mekong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phou_Bia" title="Phou Bia">Phou Bia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Laos" title="List of rivers of Laos">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Biodiversity_Conservation_Area" title="National Biodiversity Conservation Area">Protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Laos" title="List of cities in Laos">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Laos" title="Wildlife of Laos">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Laos" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Laos">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Laos" title="Politics of Laos">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Laos" title="Administrative divisions of Laos">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Laos" title="Constitution of Laos">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Laos" title="Elections in Laos">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Laos" title="Foreign relations of Laos">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Lao_People%27s_Revolutionary_Party" title="General Secretary of the Lao People's Revolutionary Party">General Secretary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Laos" title="Human rights in Laos">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Laos">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Laos" title="Law of Laos">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Public_Security_(Laos)" title="Ministry of Public Security (Laos)">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_People%27s_Armed_Forces" title="Lao People's Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Laos)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Assembly (Laos)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Laos" title="President of the National Assembly of Laos">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Laos" title="List of political parties in Laos">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Laos" title="President of Laos">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Laos" title="Vice President of Laos">Vice President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Laos" title="Prime Minister of Laos">Prime Minister</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Laos" title="Economy of Laos">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Laos" title="Agriculture in Laos">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Lao_P.D.R." title="Bank of the Lao P.D.R.">Central bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_kip" title="Lao kip">Kip <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Laos" title="Energy in Laos">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing in Laos">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_Securities_Exchange" title="Lao Securities Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Laos" title="Tourism in Laos">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Laos" title="Trade unions in Laos">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Laos" title="Transport in Laos">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Laos" title="Category:Society of Laos">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Laos" title="Crime in Laos">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Laos" title="Demographics of Laos">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Laos" title="Education in Laos">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_groups_in_Laos" title="List of ethnic groups in Laos">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Laos" title="Health in Laos">Health</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_Laos" title="HIV/AIDS in Laos">HIV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Laos" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Laos">COVID-19</a> and <a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Delta_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant">Delta</a><a href="/wiki/SARS-CoV-2_Omicron_variant" title="SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant">cron</a> hybrid variant</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_language" title="Lao language">Language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Laos" title="Prostitution in Laos">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Laos" title="Religion in Laos">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_trafficking_in_Laos" title="Sex trafficking in Laos">Sex trafficking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Laos" title="Women in Laos">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Laos" title="Culture of Laos">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pheng_Xat_Lao" title="Pheng Xat Lao">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lao_cuisine" title="Lao cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_and_theatre_of_Laos" title="Dance and theatre of Laos">Dramatic arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Laos" title="Emblem of Laos">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Laos" title="List of festivals in Laos">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Laos" title="Flag of Laos">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Laos" title="Literature of Laos">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Laos" title="Music of Laos">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Laos" title="Public holidays in Laos">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Laos" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport in Laos">Sports</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Laos" title="Outline of Laos">Outline</a></span></li><li><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Laos-related_topics" title="List of Laos-related topics">Index</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laos" title="Category:Laos">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portal:Laos" title="Portal:Laos">Portal</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Links_to_related_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Links_to_related_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Links to related articles</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_and_territories_of_Southeast_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries and territories of Southeast Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_territories_in_Southeast_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries and territories in <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a><sup>1</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br />recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a><sup>2</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent<br />territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a><sup>2</sup> (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative<br />regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><sup>1</sup> Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li><sup>2</sup> Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Socialism_by_country" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Socialism_by_state" title="Template talk:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism_by_state" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Socialism by state"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Socialism_by_country" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">Socialism</a> by country</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Argentina" title="Socialism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Australia" title="Socialism in Australia">Australia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Australia" title="New Australia">New Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Bangladesh" title="Socialism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Brazil" title="Socialism in Brazil">Brazil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lulism" title="Lulism">Lulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Canada" title="Socialism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li>China <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ideology_of_the_Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Ideology of the Chinese Communist Party">Communist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">since 1978</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_ideology_of_the_Kuomintang" title="Socialist ideology of the Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Socialism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Estonia" title="Socialism in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Finland" title="Socialism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Left" title="French Left">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Greece" title="Socialism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_India" title="Socialism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Iran" title="Socialism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Italy" title="Socialism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Socialism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_New_Zealand" title="Socialism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Pakistan" title="Socialism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Socialism in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Tunisia" title="Socialism in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_left" title="British left">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Left" title="American Left">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_socialism" title="African-American socialism">African-American</a></li></ul></li> <li>Venezuela <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chavismo" title="Chavismo">Chavismo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_in_Vietnam" title="Socialism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of the socialist movement in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_socialist_movement_in_the_United_States" title="History of the socialist movement in the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_socialism" title="African socialism">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_socialism" title="Arab socialism">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britain%27s_Road_to_Socialism" title="Britain's Road to Socialism">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Way_to_Socialism" title="Burmese Way to Socialism">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">European</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labor_Zionism" title="Labor Zionism">Israeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanesian_socialism" title="Melanesian socialism">Melanesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandinista_ideology" title="Sandinista ideology">Nicaraguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ujamaa" title="Ujamaa">Tanzanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivarian_Revolution" title="Bolivarian Revolution">Venezuelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist-oriented_market_economy" title="Socialist-oriented market economy">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current and historical<br /><a href="/wiki/Socialist_state" title="Socialist state">socialist states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Angola" title="People's Republic of Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Burkina_Faso#Burkina_Faso" title="History of Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Egypt_under_Gamal_Abdel_Nasser" title="History of Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser">Egypt</a></li> <li>Ethiopia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Derg" title="Derg">1974–1987</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Democratic_Republic_of_Ethiopia" title="People's Democratic Republic of Ethiopia">1987–1991</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guinea#Sékou_Touré's_rule_(1958–1984)" title="History of Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Madagascar" title="Democratic Republic of Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Mozambique" title="People's Republic of Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_rule_in_Seychelles" title="One-party rule in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Democratic_Republic" title="Somali Democratic Republic">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Sudan" title="Democratic Republic of Sudan">Sudan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Revolutionary_Government_(Grenada)" title="People's Revolutionary Government (Grenada)">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Chile" title="Socialist Republic of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junta_of_National_Reconstruction" title="Junta of National Reconstruction">Nicaragua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_the_Union_of_Burma" title="Socialist Republic of the Union of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li>Cambodia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Democratic Kampuchea">1975–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">1979–1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_Government_of_Democratic_Kampuchea" title="Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea">1982–1992</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ba%27athist_Iraq" title="Ba'athist Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Mongolian People's Republic">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yemen" title="South Yemen">South Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvan_People%27s_Republic" title="Tuvan People's Republic">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_People%27s_Government" title="Azerbaijan People's Government">Azerbaijan People's Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Turkestan_Republic" title="Second East Turkestan Republic">East Turkestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far_Eastern_Republic" title="Far Eastern Republic">Far East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fujian_People%27s_Government" title="Fujian People's Government">Fujian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Persian Socialist Soviet Republic">Gilan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_Mongolian_People%27s_Republic" title="Inner Mongolian People's Republic">Inner Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Soviet_Republic" title="Chinese Soviet Republic">Jiangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kuwait" title="Republic of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mahabad" title="Republic of Mahabad">Kurdish Republic of Mahabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="Provisional People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1946–1947)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Committee_of_North_Korea" title="People's Committee of North Korea">North Korea (1947–1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Revolutionary_Government_of_the_Republic_of_South_Vietnam" title="Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam">South Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Socialist_Republic_of_Albania" title="People's Socialist Republic of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Socialist_Republic" title="Czech Socialist Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Slovak Socialist Republic">Slovakia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_People%27s_Republic" title="Hungarian People's Republic">Hungary (1949–1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Romania" title="Socialist Republic of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Short-lived</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/November_1918_insurgency_in_Alsace-Lorraine" class="mw-redirect" title="November 1918 insurgency in Alsace-Lorraine">Alsace-Lorraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banat_Republic" title="Banat Republic">Banat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian%E2%80%93Hungarian_Baranya%E2%80%93Baja_Republic" title="Serbian–Hungarian Baranya–Baja Republic">Baranya–Baja</a></li> <li>Bavaria <ul><li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_State_of_Bavaria" title="People's State of Bavaria">1918–1919</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Bavarian Soviet Republic">1919</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessarabian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Bessarabian Soviet Socialist Republic">Bessarabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Soviet_Republic_of_Byelorussia" title="Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia">Byelorussia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen_Soviet_Republic" title="Bremen Soviet Republic">Bremen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biha%C4%87_Republic" title="Bihać Republic">Bihać</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Socialist_Soviet_Republic" title="Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic">Crimea (1919)</a></li> <li>Finland <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Socialist_Workers%27_Republic" title="Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic">1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Democratic_Republic" title="Finnish Democratic Republic">1939–1940</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commune_of_the_Working_People_of_Estonia" title="Commune of the Working People of Estonia">Estonia (1918–1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galician_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Galician Soviet Socialist Republic">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Soviet_Republic" title="Hungarian Soviet Republic">Hungary (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_soviets" title="Irish soviets">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naissaar#History" title="Naissaar">Naissaar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxony_in_the_German_Revolution_(1918%E2%80%931919)" title="Saxony in the German Revolution (1918–1919)">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Soviet_Republic" title="Slovak Soviet Republic">Slovakia (1919)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Tarnobrzeg" title="Republic of Tarnobrzeg">Tarnobrzeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_U%C5%BEice" title="Republic of Užice">Užice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C3%BCrzburg_Soviet_Republic" title="Würzburg Soviet Republic">Würzburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Soldiers%27_Council" title="Brussels Soldiers' Council">Brussels Soldiers' Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/History_of_socialism" title="History of socialism">History of socialism</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Template talk:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations_(ASEAN)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Charter" title="ASEAN Charter">Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#The_Common_Effective_Preferential_Tariff_(CEPT)_scheme" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">Customs union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Declaration" title="ASEAN Declaration">Founding document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organisations_associated_with_the_ASEAN" title="Organisations associated with the ASEAN">Organisations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secretary_General_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary General of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Secretary General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Amity_and_Cooperation_in_Southeast_Asia" title="Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia">Treaty of Amity and Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_ASEAN_members" title="Visa policy of ASEAN members">Visa policies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_ASEAN_Way" title="The ASEAN Way">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Emblem of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Song_of_Unity" title="ASEAN Song of Unity">Hymn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Association_of_Southeast_Asian_Nations" class="mw-redirect" title="Member states of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Membership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_ASEAN" title="Enlargement of ASEAN">Observers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_East_Timor_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of East Timor to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Papua_New_Guinea_to_ASEAN" title="Accession of Papua New Guinea to ASEAN">status</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Summit" title="ASEAN Summit">ASEAN Summit</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2017_ASEAN_Summits" title="2017 ASEAN Summits">2017</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Republic_of_Korea_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Commemorative_Summit" title="ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit">ASEAN–India Commemorative Summit</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area#ASEAN_Plus_Three" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Plus Three</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Regional_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="ASEAN Regional Forum">ASEAN Regional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93Europe_Meeting" title="Asia–Europe Meeting">Asia–Europe Meeting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">Sports</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asian_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Southeast Asian Games">SEA Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_University_Games" title="ASEAN University Games">University Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_School_Games" title="ASEAN School Games">School Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Para_Games" title="ASEAN Para Games">Para Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Football_Federation" title="ASEAN Football Federation">Football Federation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AFF_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="AFF Championship">Football Championship</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Armies_Rifle_Meet" title="ASEAN Armies Rifle Meet">Armies Rifle Meet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Economy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_Monetary_Unit" title="Asian Monetary Unit">Asian Monetary Unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Mai_Initiative" title="Chiang Mai Initiative">Chiang Mai Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership_for_East_Asia" title="Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia">Comprehensive Economic Partnership for East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Comprehensive_Economic_Partnership" title="Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership">Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN Free Trade Area">ASEAN Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93China_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–China Free Trade Area">ASEAN–China Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93India_Free_Trade_Area" title="ASEAN–India Free Trade Area">ASEAN–India Free Trade Area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93Australia_Development_Cooperation_Program" title="ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program">ASEAN–Australia Development Cooperation Program</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Initiatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Centre_for_Biodiversity" title="ASEAN Centre for Biodiversity">Centre for Biodiversity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Asean_Regional_Forum_Disaster_Relief_Exercise" class="mw-redirect" title="The Asean Regional Forum Disaster Relief Exercise">Disaster Relief Exercise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Smart_Cities_Network" title="ASEAN Smart Cities Network">Smart Cities Network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commissions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Intergovernmental_Commission_on_Human_Rights" title="ASEAN Intergovernmental Commission on Human Rights">Human Rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Human_Rights_Declaration" title="ASEAN Human Rights Declaration">ASEAN Human Rights Declaration</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Commission_on_the_Promotion_and_Protection_of_the_Rights_of_Women" title="ASEAN Commission on the Promotion and Protection of the Rights of Women">Rights of Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Common_Time" title="ASEAN Common Time">Common Time</a></li> <li>'<a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Rise" title="ASEAN Rise">ASEAN Rise</a>'</li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="ASEAN–European Union relations">EU relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN_Outstanding_Scientist_and_Technologist_Award" title="ASEAN Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award">Outstanding Scientist and Technologist Award</a></li> <li>Lists <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_busiest_airports_in_Southeast_Asia" title="List of the busiest airports in Southeast Asia">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_banks_in_ASEAN" title="List of largest banks in ASEAN">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_ASEAN_by_population" title="List of cities in ASEAN by population">Cities by population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN countries by GDP">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_HDI" title="List of ASEAN countries by HDI">HDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_and_subdivisions_by_minimum_wage" title="List of ASEAN countries and subdivisions by minimum wage">Minimum wage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Southeast_Asian_mountains" title="List of Southeast Asian mountains">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Top_reviewed_places_in_ASEAN&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Top reviewed places in ASEAN (page does not exist)">Places</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_countries_by_medal_count_at_International_Science_Olympiad" title="List of ASEAN countries by medal count at International Science Olympiad">Science Olympiad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_stock_exchanges_by_market_capitalization" title="List of ASEAN stock exchanges by market capitalization">Stock exchanges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ASEAN_country_subdivisions_by_GDP" title="List of ASEAN country subdivisions by GDP">Subdivisions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rankings_of_universities_in_ASEAN" title="Rankings of universities in ASEAN">Universities</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Template talk:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:East Asia Summit (EAS)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="East_Asia_Summit_(EAS)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a> (EAS)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight: bold;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_East_Asia_Summit" title="First East Asia Summit">1st</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_East_Asia_Summit" title="Second East Asia Summit">2nd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_East_Asia_Summit" title="Third East Asia Summit">3rd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourth East Asia Summit">4th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifth East Asia Summit">5th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixth East Asia Summit">6th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventh East Asia Summit">7th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighth East Asia Summit">8th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Ninth East Asia Summit">9th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Tenth East Asia Summit">10th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleventh_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eleventh East Asia Summit">11th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twelfth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Twelfth East Asia Summit">12th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Thirteenth East Asia Summit">13th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fourteenth East Asia Summit">14th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Fifteenth East Asia Summit">15th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Sixteenth East Asia Summit">16th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventeenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Seventeenth East Asia Summit">17th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Eighteenth East Asia Summit">18th</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nineteenth_East_Asia_Summit" title="Nineteenth East Asia Summit">19th</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left; padding-left:0.3em;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 12em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Francophonie" title="Template talk:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Francophonie" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Francophonie"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Organisation internationale de la Francophonie</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Member states of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Members</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra" title="Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi" title="Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde" title="Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea" title="Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia" title="North Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova" title="Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda" title="Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles" title="Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">National/regional members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Community_of_Belgium" title="French Community of Belgium">French Community of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Associate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia" title="Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania" title="Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Suspended members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_parlementaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie">Assemblée parlementaire de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_de_Coop%C3%A9ration_Culturelle_et_Technique" title="Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique">Agence de Coopération Culturelle et Technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agence_universitaire_de_la_Francophonie" title="Agence universitaire de la Francophonie">Agence universitaire de la Francophonie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UN_French_Language_Day" title="UN French Language Day">UN French Language Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Francophonie_Day" title="International Francophonie Day">International Francophonie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeux_de_la_Francophonie" title="Jeux de la Francophonie">Jeux de la Francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prix_des_cinq_continents_de_la_francophonie" title="Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie">Prix des cinq continents de la francophonie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembl%C3%A9e_des_francophones_fonctionnaires_des_organisations_internationales" title="Assemblée des francophones fonctionnaires des organisations internationales">AFFOI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TV5Monde" title="TV5Monde">TV5Monde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_La_Francophonie" title="LGBT rights in La Francophonie">LGBT rights</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Francophone_economy" title="Francophone economy">Francophone economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senghor_University" title="Senghor University">Senghor University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Organisation_internationale_de_la_Francophonie" title="Category:Organisation internationale de la Francophonie">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="French_overseas_empire" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:French_overseas_empire" title="Template:French overseas empire"><abbr title="View this 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Africa and the Indian Ocean"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Africa_and_the_Indian_Ocean" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Africa and the Indian Ocean</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">North Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Algeria" title="French Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_in_Morocco" title="French protectorate in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Tunisia" title="French protectorate of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa" title="French West Africa">West Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Ivory_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="French Ivory Coast">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Dahomey" title="French Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Sudan" title="French Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Guinea" title="French Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_Mauritania" title="Colonial Mauritania">Mauritania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arguin" title="Arguin">Arguin Island</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colony_of_Niger" title="Colony of Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="French Senegal">Senegal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Communes" title="Four Communes">Four Communes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Upper_Volta" title="French Upper Volta">Upper Volta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Togoland" title="French Togoland">Togoland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunta_Kinteh_Island" title="Kunta Kinteh Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albreda" title="Albreda">Albreda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Equatorial_Africa" title="French Equatorial Africa">Equatorial Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Chad" title="French Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Gabon" class="mw-redirect" title="French Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Congo" title="French Congo">Middle Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubangi-Shari" title="Ubangi-Shari">Ubangi-Shari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Cameroons" class="mw-redirect" title="French Cameroons">Cameroons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Comoros" class="mw-redirect" title="French Comoros">Comoros</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan" title="Anjouan">Anjouan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore" title="Grande Comore">Grande Comore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li" title="Mohéli">Mohéli</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;text-align:left;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland" title="French Somaliland">Somaliland (Djibouti)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Madagascar" title="French Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isle_de_France_(Mauritius)" title="Isle de France (Mauritius)">Isle de France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in the Americas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> <a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">French North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_(New_France)" title="Louisiana (New France)">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Terre Neuve</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Florida" title="French Florida">French Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_Texas" title="French colonization of Texas">French Texas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Indies" title="French West Indies">French Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dominica" title="Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenadines" title="Grenadines">The Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint-Domingue" title="Saint-Domingue">Saint-Domingue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ha%C3%AFti" class="mw-redirect" title="Haïti">Haïti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Era_de_Francia" title="Era de Francia">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_%26_Nevis" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Kitts & Nevis">Saint Kitts & Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_(island)" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Vincent (island)">Saint Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobago" title="Tobago">Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the British Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Equinoctial_France" title="Equinoctial France">Equinoctial France</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berbice" title="Berbice">Berbice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_Antarctique" title="France Antarctique">France Antarctique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inini" title="Inini">Inini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="French colonization of the Americas">French colonization of the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_India_Company" title="French West India Company">French West India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Template talk:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Former French colonies in Asia and Oceania"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Former_French_colonies_in_Asia_and_Oceania" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">Former French colonies</a> in Asia and Oceania</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French India</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chandannagar" title="Chandannagar">Chandernagor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coromandel_Coast" title="Coromandel Coast">Coromandel Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Chennai" title="History of Chennai">Madras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puducherry" title="History of Puducherry">Pondichéry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karaikal" title="Karaikal">Karaikal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yanam" title="Yanam">Yanaon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina" title="French Indochina">Indochinese Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Cambodia" title="French protectorate of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_protectorate_of_Laos" title="French protectorate of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li>Vietnam<sup>[<a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A1p_thu%E1%BB%99c" class="extiw" title="vi:Pháp thuộc">vi</a>]</sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Cochinchina" title="French Cochinchina">Cochinchina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annam_(French_protectorate)" title="Annam (French protectorate)">Annam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonkin_(French_protectorate)" title="Tonkin (French protectorate)">Tonkin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Kouang-Tchéou-Wan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Mandate for Syria<br />and the Lebanon</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Syria_(1925%E2%80%931930)" title="State of Syria (1925–1930)">State of Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Aleppo" title="State of Aleppo">Aleppo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">Damascus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alawite_State" title="Alawite State">Alawite State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Lebanon" title="Greater Lebanon">Greater Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jabal_Druze_State" title="Jabal Druze State">Jabal al-Druze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Alexandretta" title="Sanjak of Alexandretta">Sanjak of Alexandretta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vanuatu" title="History of Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanto-Bordelaise_Company" title="Nanto-Bordelaise Company">Port Louis-Philippe (Akaroa)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93Asia_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="France–Asia relations">France–Asia relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_East_India_Company" title="French East India Company">French East India Company</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Overseas_France" title="Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Overseas_France" title="Template talk:Overseas France"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas_France" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Overseas France"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Overseas_France" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_France" title="Overseas France">Overseas France</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Inhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">Overseas<wbr /> regions</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Guiana" title="French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadeloupe" title="Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinique" title="Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9union" title="Réunion">Réunion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_collectivity" title="Overseas collectivity">Overseas<wbr /> collectivities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_Polynesia" title="French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Saint Barthélemy">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin" title="Collectivity of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wallis_and_Futuna" title="Wallis and Futuna">Wallis and Futuna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sui_generis" title="Sui generis">Sui generis</a><wbr /> collectivity</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Uninhabited_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Uninhabited territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">North Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clipperton_Island" title="Clipperton Island">Clipperton Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Overseas_territory_(France)" title="Overseas territory (France)">Overseas territory</a><wbr /> (<a href="/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands" title="French Southern and Antarctic Lands">French Southern<wbr /> and Antarctic Lands</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ad%C3%A9lie_Land" title="Adélie Land">Adélie Land</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crozet_Islands" title="Crozet Islands">Crozet Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_domains_of_Saint_Helena" title="French domains of Saint Helena">French domains of Saint Helena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=French_domains_of_the_Holy_Land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="French domains of the Holy Land (page does not exist)">French domains of the Holy Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands" title="Kerguelen Islands">Kerguelen Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Saint-Paul" title="Île Saint-Paul">Saint Paul</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C3%8Ele_Amsterdam" title="Île Amsterdam">Amsterdam Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Scattered_Islands_in_the_Indian_Ocean" title="Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean">Scattered Islands in<wbr /> the Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bassas_da_India" title="Bassas da India">Bassas da India</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Europa_Island" title="Europa Island">Europa Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glorioso_Islands" title="Glorioso Islands">Glorioso Islands</a><sup><small>2, 3</small></sup> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Banc_du_Geyser" title="Banc du Geyser">Banc du Geyser</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_de_Nova_Island" title="Juan de Nova Island">Juan de Nova Island</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromelin_Island" title="Tromelin Island">Tromelin Island</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Also known as <a href="/wiki/Overseas_departments_and_regions_of_France" title="Overseas departments and regions of France">overseas departments</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Claimed by the <a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Claimed by <a href="/wiki/Mauritius" title="Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q819#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404998314">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/122772641">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1210322/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJhxrKHVvQQHCWG3XrVwG3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4034571-3">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n80128712">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932228w">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11932228w">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00569296">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35755455">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Laos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge129766&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4575500">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007559626305171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/c81cb1f4-0858-3f28-9082-c06e2ce24bea">MusicBrainz area</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/7ca16ebe-d8d6-4e79-92cc-47ba5be3fae5">KulturNav</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/mg6jlLo6">UK Parliament</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/028193431">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003418">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10035723">NARA</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=53209">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Laos&params=18_N_105_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">18°N</span> <span class="longitude">105°E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">18°N 105°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">18; 105</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos&oldid=1259810241">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Laos&oldid=1259810241</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Laos" title="Category:Laos">Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1949_establishments_in_Laos" title="Category:1949 establishments in Laos">1949 establishments in Laos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Communist_states" title="Category:Communist states">Communist states</a></li><li><a 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