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class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_strategy_after_Saratoga"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>American strategy after Saratoga</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_strategy_after_Saratoga-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skirmishes_around_New_York_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skirmishes_around_New_York_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Skirmishes around New York City</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skirmishes_around_New_York_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coastal_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coastal_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Coastal actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coastal_actions-sublist" 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id="toc-Raiding_in_the_valleys,_1778" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raiding_in_the_valleys,_1778"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Raiding in the valleys, 1778</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Raiding_in_the_valleys,_1778-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sullivan_expedition,_1779" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sullivan_expedition,_1779"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Sullivan expedition, 1779</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sullivan_expedition,_1779-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Raiding_continues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Raiding_continues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Raiding continues</span> </div> </a> <ul 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.stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Northern Theater after 1777</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg/300px-PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="198" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg/450px-PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg/600px-PenobscotExpeditionBySerres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="846" /></a></span><br /><i>Destruction of the American Fleet at Penobscot Bay, 14 August 1779</i>, <a href="/wiki/Dominic_Serres" title="Dominic Serres">Dominic Serres</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>1778–1782</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <p>Tactically Inconclusive </p><p>Strategic American victory </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> remains under British control for the rest of the war</li> <li>Hundreds of Native American villages are burnt down by American troops as retaliation</li></ul></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <p><span data-sort-value="Great Britain"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Great_Britain_%281707%E2%80%931800%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a></span><br /><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk nation">Mohawk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Seneca nation">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cayuga nation">Cayuga</a></li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <p><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281777%E2%80%931795%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></span><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United States</a><br /><span data-sort-value="France"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/23px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/35px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg/45px-Royal_Standard_of_the_King_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Vermont_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">Vermont Republic</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oneida nation">Oneida</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(American_War_of_Independence)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Clinton (American War of Independence)">Sir Henry Clinton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Haldimand" title="Frederick Haldimand">Frederick Haldimand</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Butler_(pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Butler (pioneer)">John Butler</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Walter_Butler_(Loyalist)" title="Walter Butler (Loyalist)">Walter Butler</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Collier" title="George Collier">Sir George Collier</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sayenqueraghta" title="Sayenqueraghta">Sayenqueraghta</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Cornplanter" title="Cornplanter">Cornplanter</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Clinton" title="James Clinton">James Clinton</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Klock_(colonel)" title="Jacob Klock (colonel)">Jacob Klock</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Ten_Broeck" title="Abraham Ten Broeck">Abraham Ten Broeck</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hartley" title="Thomas Hartley">Thomas Hartley</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_WarCampaigns_and_theaters" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American <br /> Revolutionary War</a><br />Campaigns and theaters</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern after Saratoga</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast_campaign" title="Gulf Coast campaign">Gulf Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>northern theater of the American Revolutionary War after <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></b> consisted of a series of battles between American revolutionaries and British forces, from 1778 to 1782 during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>. It is characterized by two primary areas of activity. The first set of activities was based around the British base of operations in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, where each side made probes and counterprobes against the other's positions that sometimes resulted in notable actions. The second was essentially a frontier war in <a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate New York</a> and rural northern <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a> that was largely fought by state militia companies and some Indian allies on the American side, and Loyalist companies supported by Indians, British Indian agents, and occasionally British <a href="/wiki/Regular_army" title="Regular army">regulars</a>. The notable exception to significant <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> participation on the frontier was the 1779 <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a>, in which General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> led an army expedition that drove the Iroquois out of New York. The warfare amongst the splinters of the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois Six Nations</a> were particularly brutal, turning much of the Indian population into refugees. </p><p>The only other notable actions occurred in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>. A combined American-French attempt was made to drive the British out of <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport, Rhode Island</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a> ended badly when the French fleet abandoned the effort; the failure did some damage to American–French relations. In 1779, the British established a base on the <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_River" title="Penobscot River">Penobscot River</a> in the <a href="/wiki/District_of_Maine" title="District of Maine">District of Maine</a> with the intent of establishing a Loyalist presence there. The state of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a> responded with the amphibious <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a>, which ended in complete disaster. </p><p>The British continued a process of raiding the New England coastal communities. One such raid led to a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freetown" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Freetown">skirmish at Freetown, Massachusetts</a>, while others descended on <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_raid" title="Grey's raid">Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">Connecticut</a> coastal communities. In the 1781 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">Battle of Groton Heights</a>, the British were led by Connecticut native <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>, who did substantial damage to the town. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="British_strategy_after_Saratoga">British strategy after Saratoga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: British strategy after Saratoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">John Burgoyne</a> surrendered his army following the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battles of Saratoga</a> in October 1777 France entered the war, recognizing the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and entering into a military alliance. France dispatched a fleet and army across the Atlantic to aid the Americans fighting for independence, in addition to pursuing military operations in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. France also applied pressure on <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> to enter the war; although this did not happen until 1779, Spanish actions in other theaters further stretched British military resources. </p><p>These strategic changes forced the British to shift their attention away from North America, moving troops, ships and resources to defend the West Indies, India and other colonial possessions, as well as guarding against the threat of a French invasion of Great Britain itself. In North America, the British withdrew from <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia" title="Philadelphia">Philadelphia</a> in 1778, and made <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> the headquarters for the North American theater of war. They then embarked on a southern strategy, in which they sought to gain control over the colonies of <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, where they believed <a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalist</a> sentiment to be strong. This activity formed the bulk of military activity in North America for the remainder of the war, but actions and forays occurred from British strongholds in <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>. </p><p>Following their consolidation after the Saratoga disaster, the British began recruiting American Loyalists and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native allies</a> in great numbers to make up for their lack of army troops, and dispatched them on what were essentially raiding expeditions against <a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriot</a> settlements on the frontiers. Using their naval supremacy the British also launched raids and amphibious actions against the <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> coastline. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="American_strategy_after_Saratoga">American strategy after Saratoga</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: American strategy after Saratoga"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>American military strategy widened to some extent following entry of France into the war. The states were still dominated by the larger British army, which kept the Continental Army on the defensive outside Philadelphia and New York. The British began withdrawing from Philadelphia early in 1778, and the arrival of a French fleet off Philadelphia in July increased prospects for offensive action. While these large-scale actions occupied the army, militia and settlers on the northern and west frontiers of New York and Pennsylvania had to contend with incursions by Indians and Loyalists organized by the British out of posts in Quebec. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Skirmishes_around_New_York_City">Skirmishes around New York City</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Skirmishes around New York City"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Whaleboat_War" title="Whaleboat War">Whaleboat War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forage_War" title="Forage War">Forage War</a></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_City_area_after_1777" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_New_York_City_area_1778%E2%80%931781" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: New York City area 1778–1781"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_New_York_City_area_1778%E2%80%931781" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: New York City area 1778–1781"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_New_York_City_area_1778%E2%80%931781" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: New York City area 1778–1781"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_City_area_after_1777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New York City area <br /> after 1777</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baylor_Massacre" title="Baylor Massacre">Baylor Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Edgar%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Edgar's Lane">Edgar's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paulus_Hook" title="Battle of Paulus Hook">Paulus Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Young's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms (NJ)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_7_June_1780" title="Action of 7 June 1780">1st Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield_(1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Springfield (1780)">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bull%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Bull's Ferry">Bull's Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pine%27s_Bridge" title="Battle of Pine's Bridge">Pine's Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_5_September_1782" title="Action of 5 September 1782">2nd Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_15_September_1782" title="Action of 15 September 1782">Delaware Bay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>Each side made probes or diversionary movements designed to keep the other side on edge and uncertain of its intentions. General Clinton sent troops to "clean out that nest of Rebel Pirates" at <a href="/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Little Egg Harbor">Little Egg Harbor</a>, New Jersey. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chestnut_Neck" title="Battle of Chestnut Neck">Battle of Chestnut Neck</a> on October 6, 1778 the British destroyed some American supplies, and on the 15th surprised <a href="/wiki/Pulaski%27s_Legion" title="Pulaski's Legion">Pulaski's Legion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Little_Egg_Harbor_massacre" class="mw-redirect" title="Little Egg Harbor massacre">Little Egg Harbor massacre</a>. Apparently as a diversion to draw attention away from that raid, Clinton also sent troops into northern New Jersey. During those movements, 12 companies of British light infantry led by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Grey,_1st_Earl_Grey" title="Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey">Charles Grey</a> surprised and slaughtered a sleeping company of American dragoons in the <a href="/wiki/Baylor_Massacre" title="Baylor Massacre">Baylor Massacre</a> on September 27. </p><p>In May 1779 Clinton captured the outpost at <a href="/wiki/Stony_Point,_New_York" title="Stony Point, New York">Stony Point, New York</a>, which guarded one side of a major crossing point on the Hudson River. When he weakened this force to provide troops for <a href="/wiki/William_Tryon" title="William Tryon">William Tryon</a>'s coastal raids, Washington devised an attack to regain the position. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a> on July 16, the fort was stormed and captured by <a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Anthony Wayne</a>'s light infantry. Clinton later withdrew his forces back to New York as part of the planning for the invasion of the southern states. Later in 1779, <a href="/wiki/Light_Horse_Harry_Lee" class="mw-redirect" title="Light Horse Harry Lee">Light Horse Harry Lee</a> led American troops in a surprise raid on <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Paulus_Hook" title="Battle of Paulus Hook">Paulus Hook</a> in present-day <a href="/wiki/Jersey_City,_New_Jersey" title="Jersey City, New Jersey">Jersey City, New Jersey</a> that weakened British control of northern New Jersey. </p><p>In early 1780, a British attack against an American outpost in <a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester County, New York</a> resulted in about 50 American casualties and 75 captured in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Battle of Young's House</a>. The last notable action in the New York City area was an attempt by the British to regain control of northern New Jersey in June by attacking the main Continental Army camp at <a href="/wiki/Morristown,_New_Jersey" title="Morristown, New Jersey">Morristown</a>. The first British-Hessian thrust by <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Wilhelm von Knyphausen</a> was blocked at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Battle of Connecticut Farms</a> on June 7. A second offensive by Knyphausen on June 23 was halted in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield_(1780)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Springfield (1780)">Battle of Springfield</a> after stiff fighting when <a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Nathanael Greene</a> appeared on the scene with 2,000 troops. This put an end to British ambitions in New Jersey. </p><p>On 21 July 1780, Wayne with two Pennsylvania brigades and four cannons attacked a loyalist blockhouse at <a href="/wiki/Bulls_Ferry" title="Bulls Ferry">Bulls Ferry</a>, New Jersey. In the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bull%27s_Ferry" title="Battle of Bull's Ferry">Battle of Bull's Ferry</a>, the 70 Tories endured an artillery barrage and repelled all American attacks, inflicting 15 killed and 49 wounded while suffering only 21 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Coastal_actions">Coastal actions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Coastal actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_coastal_theater" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_coast_1776%E2%80%931781" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern coast 1776–1781"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_coast_1776%E2%80%931781" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern coast 1776–1781"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_coast_1776%E2%80%931781" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern coast 1776–1781"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_coastal_theater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><span class="wrap">Northern coastal theater</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ridgefield" title="Battle of Ridgefield">Ridgefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Sag Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Machias_(1777)" title="Battle of Machias (1777)">2nd Machias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Setauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay_raids" title="Mount Hope Bay raids">Mount Hope Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_raid" title="Grey's raid">Grey's raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chestnut_Neck" title="Battle of Chestnut Neck">Chestnut Neck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Affair_at_Little_Egg_Harbor" title="Affair at Little Egg Harbor">Little Egg Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">Tryon's raid</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Norwalk" title="Battle of Norwalk">Norwalk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Fairfield_(1779)" title="Burning of Fairfield (1779)">Fairfield</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">Penobscot Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Cape_Split" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle off Cape Split">Cape Split</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Fort St. George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Annapolis_Royal_(1781)" title="Raid on Annapolis Royal (1781)">Annapolis Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_2_September_1781" title="Action of 2 September 1781">Cape Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">Groton Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Fort Slongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Lunenburg,_Nova_Scotia_(1782)" title="Raid on Lunenburg, Nova Scotia (1782)">Lunenburg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The northern coast did not see a great deal of military action after 1777, although the British executed a series of raids against the coastal communities of Connecticut and Massachusetts, and there was occasional skirmishing. </p><p>The arrival off New York of a French fleet in July 1778 caused a flurry of activity. Major General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> had earlier been sent to <a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a> to organize an attack on British-occupied <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Rhode_Island" title="Newport, Rhode Island">Newport</a>. The British <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay_raids" title="Mount Hope Bay raids">raided his supply caches</a>, as well as destroying military defenses and significantly damaging several communities on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Hope_Bay" title="Mount Hope Bay">Mount Hope Bay</a>. Sullivan's efforts became part of the first major attempt at Franco-American cooperation after the idea of an attack on New York was rejected. Marred by bad weather and poor communication, French troops arrived but were not used, and the Americans, while in retreat after a brief failed siege effort at Newport, fought an inconclusive battle with British forces in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rhode_Island" title="Battle of Rhode Island">Battle of Rhode Island</a>. General Clinton marshalled troops from New York intending to support the New York garrison, but he arrived off Newport after the Americans had been driven off. Clinton instead ordered these troops on <a href="/wiki/Grey%27s_raid" title="Grey's raid">a raid</a> (also led by General Grey) against <a href="/wiki/New_Bedford,_Massachusetts" title="New Bedford, Massachusetts">New Bedford, Massachusetts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Martha%27s_Vineyard" title="Martha's Vineyard">Martha's Vineyard</a> in September. He also ordered <a href="/wiki/Tryon%27s_raid" title="Tryon's raid">a series of raids</a> on the Connecticut coast led by William Tryon in 1779. The most devastating raid was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Groton_Heights" title="Battle of Groton Heights">against New London</a> in 1781, led by turncoat British General <a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Benedict Arnold</a>. </p><p>In the summer of 1778 British military planners in London began to develop plans for a new Loyalist settlement in <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Bay" title="Penobscot Bay">Penobscot Bay</a>. An expedition was organized in early 1779, and on May 30, a fleet carrying troops and supplies left <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>. Arriving about two weeks later, the British established a series of fortifications on the east side of the bay. The State of Massachusetts organized an expedition to drive the British out with minimal support from the Continental Congress. This <a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Expedition" title="Penobscot Expedition">expedition ended in disaster</a>, with the entire fleet destroyed and nearly half the expedition's men killed, captured, or wounded. It was the worst defeat of an American naval force until the 20th century. Failure of the expedition was attributed to a lack of well-defined command between the land and naval components, and Commodore <a href="/wiki/Dudley_Saltonstall" title="Dudley Saltonstall">Dudley Saltonstall</a>'s unwillingness to engage the British fleet that arrived in relief. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Frontier_war">Frontier war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Frontier war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Northern_frontier_after_1777" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1777" title="Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1777"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1777" title="Template talk:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1777"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_American_Revolutionary_War:_Northern_1777" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox American Revolutionary War: Northern 1777"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Northern_frontier_after_1777" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern frontier <br /> after 1777</a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">Cobleskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wyoming" title="Battle of Wyoming">Wyoming Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big_Runaway" title="Big Runaway">Big Runaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">Unadilla and Onaquaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid" title="Carleton's Raid">Carleton's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">Cherry Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink" title="Battle of Minisink">Minisink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush" title="Boyd and Parker ambush">Boyd and Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalton_Raid" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalton Raid">Royalton Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klock%27s_Field" title="Battle of Klock's Field">Klock's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johnstown" title="Battle of Johnstown">Johnstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expanded_Native_American_role"><span class="anchor" id="Burning_of_the_Valleys_(American_Revolution)"></span>Expanded Native American role</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Expanded Native American role"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the aftermath of the Saratoga campaign, a frontier war emerged. Before Burgoyne's campaign, Quebec's Governor <a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Guy Carleton</a> had previously restricted their use in Quebec territory (which at that time encompassed the Iroquois lands that are now western New York, Ohio, and northwestern Pennsylvania). Carleton was, however, ordered by Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Lord Sackville</a> (who harbored an intense political and personal hatred for Carleton, and had denied him the command given to Burgoyne) to expand recruitment. This Carleton did, encouraging and funding <a href="/wiki/John_Butler_(pioneer)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Butler (pioneer)">John Butler</a> at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Niagara" title="Fort Niagara">Fort Niagara</a> for the purpose. Some of these recruits joined Burgoyne, while others joined <a href="/wiki/Barry_St._Leger" title="Barry St. Leger">Barry St. Leger</a> on his equally unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a> in August 1777. The bloody <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a>, fought mainly between Native Americans on the British side and Tryon County militia accompanied by some <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneidas</a>, exposed fractures within the Iroquois Confederacy and marked the start of a bloody intra-Iroquois civil war. </p><p>Although there were still tribal interests that wanted to remain neutral, vocal advocates of war, including the Mohawk leader <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Joseph Brant</a>, and the continued persuasion of John Butler (which included many presents and the use of liquor to weakening Native resolve), convinced many of the Iroquois, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Seneca_people" title="Seneca people">Senecas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cayuga_people" title="Cayuga people">Cayugas</a> to take up arms for the British. These forces were principally led by war chiefs leaders <a href="/wiki/Cornplanter" title="Cornplanter">Cornplanter</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sayenqueraghta" title="Sayenqueraghta">Sayenqueraghta</a>, although Brant led a contingent of Mohawks and a small force of Loyalists known as <a href="/wiki/Brant%27s_Volunteers" title="Brant's Volunteers">Brant's Volunteers</a>. Brant's recruitment of Loyalists sometimes put him at odds with the Butlers, who were also recruiting Loyalists for their <a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Rangers" title="Butler's Rangers">ranger companies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raiding_in_the_valleys,_1778"><span id="Raiding_in_the_valleys.2C_1778"></span>Raiding in the valleys, 1778</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Raiding in the valleys, 1778"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These forces engaged in destructive raids on outlying settlements of New York and Pennsylvania in the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehanna_River" title="Susquehanna River">Susquehanna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Delaware_River" title="Delaware River">Delaware</a>, and upper <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a> valleys, known as the <i>Burning of the Valleys</i>. These raids aimed to destroy farms and crops and disrupt the flow of supplies to the American forces. These operations were primarily under the leadership of John Butler, his son <a href="/wiki/Walter_Butler_(Loyalist)" title="Walter Butler (Loyalist)">Walter</a>, or under the direction of one of the war chiefs. They were supplied by the British in Quebec and sympathetic Loyalist and Indian communities. These raids sometimes crossed into the territory of present-day <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a>, territory that was formally claimed by New York but had recently <a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republic" title="Vermont Republic">proclaimed independence</a> from New York after <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Grants" title="New Hampshire Grants">many years of dispute</a>. The frontier settlers organized militia to defend themselves, and were supported by a few Continental Army Regiments based at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Schuyler_(Rome)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort Schuyler (Rome)">Fort Schuyler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_(village),_New_York" title="Cherry Valley (village), New York">Cherry Valley</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Valley" title="Wyoming Valley">Wyoming Valley</a> (now part of Pennsylvania but then disputed between that state and <a href="/wiki/Connecticut" title="Connecticut">Connecticut</a>). These defenses were largely ineffective at preventing the raiders from acting, but communities were sometimes warned of impending attacks by friendly <a href="/wiki/Oneida_people" title="Oneida people">Oneidas</a>, most of whom sided with the Americans. </p><p>In 1778, Brant recruited <a href="/wiki/Brant%27s_Volunteers" title="Brant's Volunteers">a mixed force</a> of Loyalists and Iroquois, and started his frontier raids with an <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cobleskill_(village),_New_York" title="Cobleskill (village), New York">Cobleskill, New York</a> in May 1778, and the Senecas operated in the Susquehanna River valley, driving settlers out of present-day <a href="/wiki/Lycoming_County,_Pennsylvania" title="Lycoming County, Pennsylvania">Lycoming County, Pennsylvania</a> in a series of actions that became known as the <a href="/wiki/Big_Runaway" title="Big Runaway">Big Runaway</a>. The Butlers and Senecas joined forces in early July to <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wyoming" title="Battle of Wyoming">attack the Wyoming Valley</a>. Although Brant was not present, atrocities claimed to have been committed there contributed to his reputation as a "monster", and the Seneca were outraged at false accusations that they had committed atrocities. </p><p>Brant joined forces with some of <a href="/wiki/Butler%27s_Rangers" title="Butler's Rangers">Butler's Rangers</a> to <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">attack German Flatts</a> in early September. New York authorities responded to Brant's activities by <a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">destroying</a> the Indian towns of <a href="/wiki/Unadilla_(village),_New_York" title="Unadilla (village), New York">Unadilla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Onaquaga" title="Onaquaga">Onaquaga</a> in October; those towns had been used by Brant and the Butlers as bases of operation. Brant, the Butlers and some Senecas joined forces to take revenge by participating in <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">a major attack</a> on <a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_(village),_New_York" title="Cherry Valley (village), New York">Cherry Valley</a> in early November in which as many as 30 non-combatants were slaughtered in the aftermath. British forces from the <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> area led by Major <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Carleton" title="Christopher Carleton">Christopher Carleton</a> <a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid_(1778)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carleton's Raid (1778)">raided</a> communities in the upper Hudson River valley in October. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sullivan_expedition,_1779"><span id="Sullivan_expedition.2C_1779"></span>Sullivan expedition, 1779</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sullivan expedition, 1779"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The brutal frontier warfare led to calls in the Continental Congress for the army to take an active role. In 1779, Washington sent General <a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">John Sullivan</a> on <a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">a punitive expedition</a> to suppress Indian attacks. Sullivan and his troops systematically destroyed evacuated Iroquois villages, successfully driving the Iroquois north into Quebec. In the only major action in that expedition, Sullivan's forces defeated those of the Butlers and Brant in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Battle of Newtown</a>. Brant led raids that specifically targeted the villages of the Oneida and the <a href="/wiki/Tuscarora_people" title="Tuscarora people">Tuscarora</a>, who also supported the American cause. This destruction of Indian villages on both sides effectively depopulated much of the Iroquois territory as the survivors of the raids became refugees, but Sullivan's expedition failed in its objective of stopping or reducing the frequency of frontier attacks. In April, a few months prior to the Sullivan Expedition, American <a href="/wiki/Goose_Van_Schaick" title="Goose Van Schaick">Colonel Van Schaick</a> led an expedition of over 500 soldiers against the <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_Indians" class="mw-redirect" title="Onondaga Indians">Onondagas</a>, destroying several villages.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Raiding_continues">Raiding continues</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Raiding continues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2009</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Butlers continued to attack New York frontier areas while Brant became more active on the <a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">western front</a>. In early April 1782, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Hupp" title="Anne Hupp">Anne Hupp</a> defended the fort of Miller's Blockhouse against a <a href="/wiki/Shawnee" title="Shawnee">Shawnee</a> Indian attack,<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for over 24 hours in 1782 while eight months pregnant,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> after her husband was murdered and scalped.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Even after preliminary peace was agreed in 1782, Brant tried to continue the war, but was forced to abandon the effort when the British stopped supplying him. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBoatner1994" class="citation book cs1">Boatner, Mark M. III (1994). <i>Encyclopedia of the American Revolution</i>. Mechanicsburg, Pa.: Stackpole Books. pp. 119–120. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8117-0578-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8117-0578-1"><bdi>0-8117-0578-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+American+Revolution&rft.place=Mechanicsburg%2C+Pa.&rft.pages=119-120&rft.pub=Stackpole+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8117-0578-1&rft.aulast=Boatner&rft.aufirst=Mark+M.+III&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nps.gov/fost/historyculture/the-van-schaick-expedition-april-1779.htm">"The van Schaick Expedition - April 1779 - Fort Stanwix National Monument (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+van+Schaick+Expedition+-+April+1779+-+Fort+Stanwix+National+Monument+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Ffost%2Fhistoryculture%2Fthe-van-schaick-expedition-april-1779.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlfred_Creigh1871" class="citation book cs1">Alfred Creigh (1871). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwashing00crei"><i>History of Washington County</i></a>. B. Singerly. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofwashing00crei/page/49">49</a>. <q>ann hupp indian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Washington+County&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=B.+Singerly&rft.date=1871&rft.au=Alfred+Creigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofwashing00crei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=AI4NAAAAIBAJ&sjid=CHADAAAAIBAJ&pg=3366,590125&dq=ann-hupp">"Tracking down settlers' forts"</a>. <i>Pittsburgh Post Gazette</i>. July 22, 1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Post+Gazette&rft.atitle=Tracking+down+settlers%27+forts&rft.date=1998-07-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DAI4NAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DCHADAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D3366%2C590125%26dq%3Dann-hupp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.D._AlbertThomas_Lynch_MontgomeryHenry_Melchior_Muhlenberg_RichardsJohn_M._Buckalew1916" class="citation book cs1">G.D. Albert; Thomas Lynch Montgomery; Henry Melchior Muhlenberg Richards; John M. Buckalew; Sheldon Reynolds; Jay Gilfillan Weiser; George Dallas Albert (1916). Thomas Lynch Montgomery (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Aqk0AQAAMAAJ"><i>Report of the Commission to Locate the Site of the Frontier Forts of Pennsylvania: The frontier forts of western Pennsylvania</i></a>. W.S. Ray, state printer. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_Aqk0AQAAMAAJ/page/n457">413</a>. <q>ann hupp indian.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+of+the+Commission+to+Locate+the+Site+of+the+Frontier+Forts+of+Pennsylvania%3A+The+frontier+forts+of+western+Pennsylvania&rft.pages=413&rft.pub=W.S.+Ray%2C+state+printer&rft.date=1916&rft.au=G.D.+Albert&rft.au=Thomas+Lynch+Montgomery&rft.au=Henry+Melchior+Muhlenberg+Richards&rft.au=John+M.+Buckalew&rft.au=Sheldon+Reynolds&rft.au=Jay+Gilfillan+Weiser&rft.au=George+Dallas+Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_Aqk0AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_CrawfordHenry_JollyLydia_Boggs_Shepherd_CrugerJared_Lobdell1992" class="citation book cs1">John Crawford; Henry Jolly; Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger; <a href="/wiki/Jared_Lobdell" title="Jared Lobdell">Jared Lobdell</a>; Lyman Copeland Draper; Draper Society (1992). Jared Lobdell (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_mvfFUJTUSUC&q=%22ann+hupp%22+indian&pg=PP1"><i>Indian warfare in western Pennsylvania and north west Virginia at the time of the American Revolution: including the narrative of Indian and Tory depredations by John Crawford, the military reminiscences of Captain Henry Jolly, and the narrative of Lydia Boggs Shepherd Cruger</i></a>. Heritage Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55613-653-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55613-653-5"><bdi>978-1-55613-653-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Indian+warfare+in+western+Pennsylvania+and+north+west+Virginia+at+the+time+of+the+American+Revolution%3A+including+the+narrative+of+Indian+and+Tory+depredations+by+John+Crawford%2C+the+military+reminiscences+of+Captain+Henry+Jolly%2C+and+the+narrative+of+Lydia+Boggs+Shepherd+Cruger&rft.pub=Heritage+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-55613-653-5&rft.au=John+Crawford&rft.au=Henry+Jolly&rft.au=Lydia+Boggs+Shepherd+Cruger&rft.au=Jared+Lobdell&rft.au=Lyman+Copeland+Draper&rft.au=Draper+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_mvfFUJTUSUC%26q%3D%2522ann%2Bhupp%2522%2Bindian%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANorthern+theater+of+the+American+Revolutionary+War+after+Saratoga" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War_after_Saratoga&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100608052643/http://www.history.army.mil/reference/revbib/northo.htm">Bibliography of Operations in the Northern Theater</a> compiled by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Center_of_Military_History" title="United States Army Center of Military History">United States Army Center of Military History</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_Revolutionary_War" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_Revolutionary_War" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Origins_of_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Origins of the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Philosophy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Enlightenment" title="American Enlightenment">American Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Locke" title="John Locke">John Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_the_United_States" title="Liberalism in the United States">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_the_United_States" title="Freedom of religion in the United States">Freedom of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Englishmen" title="Rights of Englishmen">Rights of Englishmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/No_taxation_without_representation" title="No taxation without representation">No taxation without representation</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_%2776_(sentiment)" title="Spirit of '76 (sentiment)">Spirit of '76</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/All_men_are_created_equal" title="All men are created equal">All men are created equal</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Life,_Liberty_and_the_pursuit_of_Happiness" title="Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness">Life, Liberty and the pursuit of Happiness</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Consent_of_the_governed" title="Consent of the governed">Consent of the governed</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expansionism" title="Expansionism">Expansionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settler_colonialism" title="Settler colonialism">Settler colonialism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Royalists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitt%E2%80%93Newcastle_ministry" title="Pitt–Newcastle ministry">Pitt–Newcastle ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bute_ministry" title="Bute ministry">Bute ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenville_ministry" title="Grenville ministry">Grenville ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Rockingham_ministry" title="First Rockingham ministry">First Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatham_ministry" title="Chatham ministry">Chatham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grafton_ministry" title="Grafton ministry">Grafton ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_ministry" title="North ministry">North ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Rockingham_ministry" title="Second Rockingham ministry">Second Rockingham ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shelburne_ministry" title="Shelburne ministry">Shelburne ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox%E2%80%93North_coalition" title="Fox–North coalition">Fox–North coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Loyalist" title="Black Loyalist">Black Loyalist</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Related British<br />Acts of Parliament</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Navigation_Acts" title="Navigation Acts">Navigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Act" title="Iron Act">Iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molasses_Act" title="Molasses Act">Molasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sugar_Act" title="Sugar Act">Sugar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Currency_Act" title="Currency Act">Currency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartering_Acts" title="Quartering Acts">Quartering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp</a> up i.p.o</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaratory_Act" title="Declaratory Act">Declaratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townshend_Acts" title="Townshend Acts">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Act" title="Tea Act">Tea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_Act" title="Quebec Act">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intolerable_Acts" title="Intolerable Acts">Intolerable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conciliatory_Resolution" title="Conciliatory Resolution">Conciliatory Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restraining_Acts_1775" title="Restraining Acts 1775">Restraining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Rebellion" title="Proclamation of Rebellion">Proclamation of Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitory_Act" title="Prohibitory Act">Prohibitory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyal_Nine" title="Loyal Nine">Loyal Nine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_Rights_and_Grievances" title="Declaration of Rights and Grievances">Declaration of Rights and Grievances</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Association" title="Virginia Association">Virginia Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughters_of_Liberty" title="Daughters of Liberty">Daughters of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(American_Revolution)" title="Patriot (American Revolution)">Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Patriot" title="Black Patriot">Black Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committees_of_correspondence" title="Committees of correspondence">Committees of correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_safety_(American_Revolution)" title="Committee of safety (American Revolution)">Committees of safety</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Letters_from_a_Farmer_in_Pennsylvania" title="Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania">Letters from a Farmer in Pennsylvania</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Circular_Letter" title="Massachusetts Circular Letter">Massachusetts Circular Letter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_Resolves" title="Suffolk Resolves">Suffolk Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Continental_Congress" title="First Continental Congress">First Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Association" title="Continental Association">Continental Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minutemen" title="Minutemen">Minutemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provincial_Congress" title="Provincial Congress">Provincial Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Continental_Congress" title="Second Continental Congress">Second Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olive_Branch_Petition" title="Olive Branch Petition">Olive Branch Petition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_the_Causes_and_Necessity_of_Taking_Up_Arms" title="Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms">Declaration of the Causes and Necessity of Taking Up Arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_of_Secret_Correspondence" title="Committee of Secret Correspondence">Committee of Secret Correspondence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halifax_Resolves" title="Halifax Resolves">Halifax Resolves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Resolution" title="Lee Resolution">Lee Resolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Declaration_of_Independence" title="United States Declaration of Independence">Declaration of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_Treaty" title="Model Treaty">Model Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Articles_of_Confederation" title="Articles of Confederation">Articles of Confederation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Perpetual_Union" title="Perpetual Union">Perpetual Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congress_of_the_Confederation" title="Congress of the Confederation">Confederation Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/French_and_Indian_War" title="French and Indian War">French and Indian War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris (1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_credit_crisis_of_1772%E2%80%931773" title="British credit crisis of 1772–1773">British credit crisis of 1772–1773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hutchinson_letters_affair" title="Hutchinson letters affair">Hutchinson letters affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Tea_Party" title="Boston Tea Party">Boston Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Tea_Party" title="Philadelphia Tea Party">Philadelphia Tea Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powder_Alarm" title="Powder Alarm">Powder Alarm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Combatants_*_Campaigns_*_Theaters_*_Battles_*_Events_*_Colonies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Combatants</li> <li>Campaigns</li> <li>Theaters</li> <li>Battles</li> <li>Events</li> <li>Colonies</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Combatants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/United_Colonies" title="United Colonies">United Colonies</a>/<a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Navy" title="Continental Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Marines" title="Continental Marines">Marines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Kingdom of Great Britain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Army#Early_British_Empire" title="British Army">British Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy#1707–1815" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#European_allies_of_Britain" title="Germans in the American Revolution">European allies of King George III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/France_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="France in the American Revolutionary War">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Alliance_(1778)" title="Treaty of Alliance (1778)">Franco-American Treaty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Navy" title="French Navy">Navy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roderigue_Hortalez_and_Company" title="Roderigue Hortalez and Company">Hortalez et Cie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_the_American_Revolution#American_and_European_supporters_of_Congress" title="Germans in the American Revolution">German supporters of Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Campaigns and<br />theaters</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boston_campaign" title="Boston campaign">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Invasion of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Nova Scotia in the American Revolution">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_campaign" title="Philadelphia campaign">Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Northern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Northern</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Northern after Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Southern theater of the American Revolutionary War">Southern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_theater_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Western theater of the American Revolutionary War">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorktown_campaign" title="Yorktown campaign">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_battles_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Naval battles of the American Revolutionary War">Naval battles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Major <a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Revolutionary_War_battles" title="List of American Revolutionary War battles">battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Lexington and Concord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Boston" title="Siege of Boston">Boston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bunker_Hill" title="Battle of Bunker Hill">Bunker Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Quebec_(1775)" title="Battle of Quebec (1775)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Fort Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Trenton" title="Battle of Trenton">Trenton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Assunpink_Creek" title="Battle of the Assunpink Creek">Assunpink Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Princeton" title="Battle of Princeton">Princeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brandywine" title="Battle of Brandywine">Brandywine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Germantown" title="Battle of Germantown">Germantown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monmouth" title="Battle of Monmouth">Monmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Lucia" title="Battle of St. Lucia">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grenada" title="Battle of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Savannah" title="Siege of Savannah">Savannah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Siege_of_Gibraltar" title="Great Siege of Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1780)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1780)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Charleston" title="Siege of Charleston">Charleston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Connecticut_Farms" title="Battle of Connecticut Farms">Connecticut Farms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Springfield" title="Battle of Springfield">Springfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Camden" title="Battle of Camden">Camden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kings_Mountain" title="Battle of Kings Mountain">Kings Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cowpens" title="Battle of Cowpens">Cowpens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pensacola" title="Siege of Pensacola">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guilford_Court_House" title="Battle of Guilford Court House">Guilford Court House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochry%27s_Defeat" title="Lochry's Defeat">Lochry's Defeat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chesapeake" title="Battle of the Chesapeake">Chesapeake</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Yorktown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Saintes" title="Battle of the Saintes">The Saintes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sint_Eustatius#"First_Salute"" title="Sint Eustatius">"First Salute"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington%27s_crossing_of_the_Delaware_River" title="George Washington's crossing of the Delaware River">Washington's crossing of the Delaware River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conway_Cabal" title="Conway Cabal">Conway Cabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valley_Forge" title="Valley Forge">Valley Forge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franco-American_alliance" title="Franco-American alliance">Entry of France into war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle_Peace_Commission" title="Carlisle Peace Commission">Carlisle Peace Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Riots" title="Gordon Riots">Gordon Riots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Line_Mutiny" title="Pennsylvania Line Mutiny">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1781</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Sint_Eustatius" title="Capture of Sint Eustatius">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cherokee%E2%80%93American_wars" title="Cherokee–American wars">Cherokee–American wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Fourth Anglo-Dutch War">Fourth Anglo-Dutch War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Involvement <span class="nobold">(by <br />colony or location)</span></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Rebel colonies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut#The_American_Revolution_(1775–1789)" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_Line" title="Delaware Line">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Georgia in the American Revolution">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Maryland in the American Revolution">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts#Revolutionary_Massachusetts:_1760s–1780s" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire#Revolution:_1775–1815" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_in_the_American_Revolution" title="New Jersey in the American Revolution">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York in the American Revolution">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="North Carolina in the American Revolution">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Pennsylvania in the American Revolution">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_in_the_American_Revolution#Revolutionary_era_1775-1790" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhode Island in the American Revolution">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_in_the_American_Revolution" title="South Carolina in the American Revolution">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Revolution#American_Revolution" title="Virginia in the American Revolution">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Loyal colonies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Florida" title="East Florida">East Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia#17th_and_18th_centuries" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Quebec_(1763%E2%80%931791)" title="Province of Quebec (1763–1791)">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Florida" title="West Florida">West Florida</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Leaders" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Leaders</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">British</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariot_Arbuthnot" title="Mariot Arbuthnot">Arbuthnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Brant" title="Joseph Brant">Brant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgoyne" title="John Burgoyne">Burgoyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_of_Strachur" title="John Campbell, of Strachur">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Carleton,_1st_Baron_Dorchester" title="Guy Carleton, 1st Baron Dorchester">Carleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clinton_(British_Army_officer,_born_1730)" title="Henry Clinton (British Army officer, born 1730)">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Cornwallis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Fraser_of_Lovat" title="Simon Fraser of Lovat">Fraser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gage" title="Thomas Gage">Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Graves,_1st_Baron_Graves" title="Thomas Graves, 1st Baron Graves">Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Howe,_1st_Earl_Howe" title="Richard Howe, 1st Earl Howe">Richard Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howe,_5th_Viscount_Howe" title="William Howe, 5th Viscount Howe">William Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_von_Knyphausen" title="Wilhelm von Knyphausen">Knyphausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rodney,_1st_Baron_Rodney" title="George Rodney, 1st Baron Rodney">Rodney</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">King George III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffery_Amherst,_1st_Baron_Amherst" title="Jeffery Amherst, 1st Baron Amherst">Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barrington,_2nd_Viscount_Barrington" title="William Barrington, 2nd Viscount Barrington">Barrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Germain,_1st_Viscount_Sackville" title="George Germain, 1st Viscount Sackville">Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_North,_Lord_North" title="Frederick North, Lord North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Watson-Wentworth,_2nd_Marquess_of_Rockingham" title="Charles Watson-Wentworth, 2nd Marquess of Rockingham">Rockingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Montagu,_4th_Earl_of_Sandwich" title="John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich">Sandwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Petty,_2nd_Earl_of_Shelburne" title="William Petty, 2nd Earl of Shelburne">Shelburne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Alexander,_Lord_Stirling" title="William Alexander, Lord Stirling">Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethan_Allen" title="Ethan Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(naval_officer)" title="John Barry (naval officer)">Barry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Claghorn" title="George Claghorn">Claghorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Rogers_Clark" title="George Rogers Clark">Clark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Leb%C3%A8gue_Duportail" title="Louis Lebègue Duportail">Duportail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathanael_Greene" title="Nathanael Greene">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esek_Hopkins" title="Esek Hopkins">Hopkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johann_de_Kalb" title="Johann de Kalb">de Kalb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Knox" title="Henry Knox">Knox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Lafayette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lee_(general)" title="Charles Lee (general)">Charles Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Lincoln" title="Benjamin Lincoln">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Mercer" title="Hugh Mercer">Mercer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Montgomery" title="Richard Montgomery">Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Nicholson" title="Samuel Nicholson">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Putnam" title="Israel Putnam">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caesar_Rodney" title="Caesar Rodney">Rodney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_St._Clair" title="Arthur St. Clair">St. Clair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Schuyler" title="Philip Schuyler">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Wilhelm_von_Steuben" title="Friedrich Wilhelm von Steuben">von Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sullivan_(general)" title="John Sullivan (general)">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artemas_Ward" title="Artemas Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Wayne" title="Anthony Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Civilian</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Adams" title="Samuel Adams">Samuel Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Carroll_of_Carrollton" title="Charles Carroll of Carrollton">Carroll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dickinson" title="John Dickinson">Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin" title="Benjamin Franklin">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Hancock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hanson" title="John Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Henry" title="Patrick Henry">Henry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Huntington_(Connecticut_politician)" title="Samuel Huntington (Connecticut politician)">Huntington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jay" title="John Jay">Jay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Laurens" title="Henry Laurens">Laurens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Henry_Lee" title="Richard Henry Lee">Richard Henry Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_McKean" title="Thomas McKean">McKean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Morris_(financier)" title="Robert Morris (financier)">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Revere" title="Paul Revere">Revere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Rush" title="Benjamin Rush">Rush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Witherspoon" title="John Witherspoon">Witherspoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Colonial allies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="French" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">French</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Beaumarchais" title="Pierre Beaumarchais">Beaumarchais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Henri_Hector,_Count_of_Estaing" title="Charles Henri Hector, Count of Estaing">d'Estaing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Joseph_Paul_de_Grasse" title="François Joseph Paul de Grasse">de Grasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luc_Urbain_du_Bou%C3%ABxic,_comte_de_Guichen" title="Luc Urbain du Bouëxic, comte de Guichen">de Guichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne-C%C3%A9sar_de_La_Luzerne" title="Anne-César de La Luzerne">Luzerne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Baptiste_Donatien_de_Vimeur,_comte_de_Rochambeau" title="Jean-Baptiste Donatien de Vimeur, comte de Rochambeau">de Rochambeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Andr%C3%A9_de_Suffren" title="Pierre André de Suffren">Suffren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Gravier,_comte_de_Vergennes" title="Charles Gravier, comte de Vergennes">Vergennes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="Aftermath" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Aftermath</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_the_Cincinnati" title="Society of the Cincinnati">Society of the Cincinnati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">Evacuation Day (1783)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratification_Day_(United_States)" title="Ratification Day (United States)">Ratification Day (1784)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Convention_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Convention (United States)">Constitutional Convention</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_United_States" title="Constitution of the United States">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27s_Rebellion" title="Shays's Rebellion">Shays's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jay_Treaty" title="Jay Treaty">Jay Treaty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div id="*_Related_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li>Related topics</li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_(submersible)" title="Turtle (submersible)">The <i>Turtle</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Political</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomacy_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Diplomacy in the American Revolutionary War">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Tree" title="Liberty Tree">Liberty Tree</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yankee_Doodle" title="Yankee Doodle">Yankee Doodle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Timeline of the American Revolution">Timeline of the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Americans_in_the_Revolutionary_War" title="African Americans in the Revolutionary War">African Americans in the Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogs_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Dogs in the American Revolutionary War">Dogs in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_American_Revolution" title="Women in the American Revolution">Women in the American Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_costs_of_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Financial costs of the American Revolutionary War">Financial costs of the war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_currency_banknotes" title="Continental currency banknotes">Continental currency banknotes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Currency_dollar_coin" title="Continental Currency dollar coin">Continental Currency dollar coin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertas_Americana" title="Libertas Americana">Libertas Americana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commemoration_of_the_American_Revolution" title="Commemoration of the American Revolution">Commemoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_films_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of films about the American Revolution">film</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_series_and_miniseries_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of television series and miniseries about the American Revolution">television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plays_and_musicals_about_the_American_Revolution" title="List of plays and musicals about the American Revolution">theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Day_(United_States)" title="Independence Day (United States)">Independence Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriots%27_Day" title="Patriots' Day">Patriots' Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Pulaski_Memorial_Day" title="General Pulaski Memorial Day">Pulaski Memorial Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidents%27_Day" title="Presidents' Day">Washington's Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson%27s_Birthday" title="Jefferson's Birthday">Jefferson's Birthday</a></li> <li><a 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