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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pre-colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dutch_and_British_colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dutch_and_British_colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Dutch and British colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dutch_and_British_colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Province_of_New_York_(1664–1776)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Province_of_New_York_(1664–1776)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Province of New York (1664–1776)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Province_of_New_York_(1664–1776)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li 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href="#New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>New York in the American Civil War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_the_Civil_War_to_1901" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_the_Civil_War_to_1901"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>End of the Civil War to 1901</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_the_Civil_War_to_1901-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1901_through_the_Great_Depression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1901_through_the_Great_Depression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>1901 through the Great Depression</span> </div> </a> <ul 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century_(2001–present_day)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>21st century (2001–present day)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century_(2001–present_day)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Bibliography subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Regions_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regions_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">16.1</span> <span>Regions and cities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regions_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">17</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the history of the State of New York. For a history of the city, see <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a>. For the book by Washington Irving, see <a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New York</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"New York history" redirects here. Not to be confused with "New York History", a publication of the <a href="/wiki/Fenimore_Art_Museum" title="Fenimore Art Museum">Fenimore Art Museum</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg/220px-Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg/330px-Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg/440px-Halve_Maen_approaching_Manhattan_28_June_2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3480" data-file-height="2088" /></a><figcaption>A historical juxtaposition: a replica of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>'s 17th-century <a href="/wiki/Half_Moon_(ship)" class="mw-redirect" title="Half Moon (ship)"><i>Halve Maen</i></a> passes modern-day lower Manhattan where the original ship would have sailed while investigating <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>history of New York</b> begins around 10,000 B.C. when the first people arrived. By 1100 A.D. two main cultures had become dominant as the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquoian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> developed. European discovery of New York was led by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a> in 1524 followed by the first land claim in 1609 by the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Republic" title="Dutch Republic">Dutch</a>. As part of <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a>, the colony was important in the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> and eventually became an <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agricultural</a> resource thanks to the <a href="/wiki/Patroon" title="Patroon">patroon system</a>. In 1626, the Dutch thought they had bought the island of Manhattan from Native Americans.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1664, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">England</a> renamed the colony New York, after the <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">Duke of York and Albany</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">King Charles II</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> gained prominence in the 18th century as a major trading port in the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a> played a pivotal role during the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">war</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a> in 1765 brought together representatives from across the Thirteen Colonies to form a unified response to British policies. The <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> were active in New York City to challenge British authority. After a major loss at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Continental_Army" title="Continental Army">Continental Army</a> suffered a series of additional defeats that forced a retreat from the New York City area, leaving the strategic port and harbor to the British army and navy as their North American base of operations for the rest of the war. The <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a> was the turning point of the war in favor of the Americans, convincing France to formally ally with them. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">New York's constitution</a> was adopted in 1777, and strongly influenced the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. New York City was the national capital at various times between 1788 and 1790, where the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">Bill of Rights</a> was drafted. <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> became the permanent <a href="/wiki/List_of_capitals_in_the_United_States" title="List of capitals in the United States">state capital</a> in 1797. In 1787, New York became the eleventh state to ratify the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. </p><p>New York hosted significant transportation advancements in the 19th century, including the first <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> line in 1807, the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> in 1825, and America's <a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="History of rail transport in the United States">first regularly scheduled rail service</a> in 1831. These advancements led to the expanded settlement of western New York and trade ties to the Midwest settlements around the Great Lakes. </p><p>Due to New York City's trade ties to the South, there were numerous southern sympathizers in the early days of the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> and the mayor proposed secession. Far from any of the battles, New York ultimately sent the most soldiers and money to support the Union cause. Thereafter, the state helped create the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_age" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial age">industrial age</a> and consequently was home to some of the first <a href="/wiki/Labor_union" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor union">labor unions</a>. </p><p>During the 19th century, New York City became the main entry point for European immigrants to the United States, beginning with a wave of Irish during their <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine</a>. Millions came through <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a> before <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> opened in 1892 to welcome millions more, increasingly from eastern and southern Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Liberty" title="Statue of Liberty">Statue of Liberty</a> opened in 1886 and became a symbol of hope. New York boomed during the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street Crash of 1929</a>, and skyscrapers expressed the energy of the city. New York City was the site of <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tallest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the tallest buildings in the world">successive tallest buildings in the world</a> from 1913 to 1974. </p><p>The buildup of defense industries for <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> turned around the state's economy from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, as hundreds of thousands worked to defeat the Axis powers. Following the war, the state experienced significant <a href="/wiki/Suburbanization" title="Suburbanization">suburbanization</a> around all the major cities, and most central cities shrank. The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">Thruway system</a> opened in 1956, signaling another era of transportation advances. </p><p>Following a period of near-<a href="/wiki/Bankruptcy" title="Bankruptcy">bankruptcy</a> in the late 1970s, New York City renewed its stature as a cultural center, attracted more immigration, and hosted the development of new music styles. The city developed from publishing to become a media capital over the second half of the 20th century, hosting most national news channels and broadcasts. Some of its newspapers became nationally and globally renowned. The state's manufacturing base eroded with the restructuring of industry, and the state transitioned into <a href="/wiki/Service_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Service industry">service industries</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prehistory">Prehistory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prehistory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_New_York_(state)" title="Indigenous peoples of New York (state)">Indigenous peoples of New York (state)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of New York showing Algonquian tribes in the eastern and southern portions and Iroquoian tribes to the western and northern portions." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg/220px-Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg/330px-Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg/440px-Early_Localization_Native_Americans_NY_-_Red-Green_Coloring.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="766" /></a><figcaption>New York was dominated by <a href="/wiki/Iroquoian" class="mw-redirect" title="Iroquoian">Iroquoian</a> (green) and <a href="/wiki/Algonquian_peoples" title="Algonquian peoples">Algonquian</a> (red) <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Indian tribes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The first peoples of New York are estimated to have arrived around 10,000 BC. Around AD 800, <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> ancestors moved into the area from the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian region">Appalachian region</a>. The people of the <a href="/wiki/Point_Peninsula_complex" title="Point Peninsula complex">Point Peninsula complex</a> were the predecessors of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Algonquian" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Algonquian">Algonquian</a> peoples of New York.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxx_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By around 1100, the distinct Iroquoian-speaking and Algonquian-speaking cultures that would eventually be encountered by Europeans had developed.<sup id="cite_ref-klein3_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The five nations of the Iroquois League developed a powerful confederacy about the 15th century that controlled territory throughout present-day New York, into Pennsylvania around the Great Lakes. For centuries, the Mohawk cultivated maize fields in the lowlands of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-spafford_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-spafford-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which were later taken over by Dutch settlers at <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady, New York</a> when they bought this territory. The Iroquois nations to the west also had well-cultivated areas and orchards. </p><p>The Iroquois established dominance over the <a href="/wiki/Fur_trade" title="Fur trade">fur trade</a> throughout their territory, bargaining with European colonists. Other New York tribes were more subject to either European destruction or assimilation within the <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquoian confederacy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klein6-7_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein6-7-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Situated at major Native trade routes in the Northeast and positioned between French and English zones of settlement, the Iroquois were intensely caught up with the onrush of Europeans, which is also to say that the settlers, whether Dutch, French or English, were caught up with the Iroquois as well.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Algonquian tribes were less united among their tribes; they typically lived along rivers, streams, or the <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="East Coast of the United States">Atlantic Coast</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-klein7_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein7-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But, both groups of natives were well-established peoples with highly sophisticated cultural systems; these were little understood or appreciated by the European colonists who encountered them. The natives had "a complex and elaborate native economy that included hunting, gathering, manufacturing, and farming...[and were] a mosaic of Native American tribes, nations, languages, and political associations."<sup id="cite_ref-klein3_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein3-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Iroquois usually met at an <a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a> in Northern New York, which changed every century or so, where they would coordinate policies on how to deal with Europeans and strengthen the bond between the Five Nations. </p><p>Tribes who have managed to call New York home have been the Iroquois, Mohawk, <a href="/wiki/Mohican" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohican">Mohican</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susquehannock" title="Susquehannock">Susquehannock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petun" title="Petun">Petun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neutral_Nation" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutral Nation">Chonnonton</a>, Ontario<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Nanticoke_people" title="Nanticoke people">Nanticoke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pre-colonial_period">Pre-colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pre-colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1524, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>, an Italian explorer in the service of the French crown, explored the Atlantic coast of North America between the Carolinas and Newfoundland, including New York Harbor and <a href="/wiki/Narragansett_Bay" title="Narragansett Bay">Narragansett Bay</a>. On April 17, 1524, Verrazzano entered New York Bay, by way of the Strait now called <a href="/wiki/The_Narrows" title="The Narrows">the Narrows</a>. He described "a vast coastline with a deep delta in which every kind of ship could pass" and he adds: "that it extends inland for a league and opens up to form a beautiful lake. This vast sheet of water swarmed with native boats". He landed on the tip of Manhattan and perhaps on the furthest point of Long Island.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1535, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cartier" title="Jacques Cartier">Jacques Cartier</a>, a French explorer, became the first European to describe and map the <a href="/wiki/Saint_Lawrence_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Saint Lawrence River">Saint Lawrence River</a> from the Atlantic Ocean, sailing as far upriver as the site of Montreal.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dutch_and_British_colonial_period">Dutch and British colonial period</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Dutch and British colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></div> <p>On April 4, 1609, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Hudson" title="Henry Hudson">Henry Hudson</a>, in the employ of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, departed Amsterdam in command of the ship <i>Halve Maen</i> (Half Moon). On September 3 he reached the estuary of the Hudson River.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sailed up the Hudson River to about Albany near the confluence of the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_River" title="Mohawk River">Mohawk River</a> and the Hudson. His voyage was used to establish Dutch claims to the region and to the fur trade that prospered there after a trading post was established at Albany in 1614. </p><p>In 1614, the Dutch under the command of Hendrick Christiaensen, built <a href="/wiki/Fort_Nassau_(North_River)" title="Fort Nassau (North River)">Fort Nassau</a> (now Albany) the first Dutch settlement in North America and the first European settlement in what would become New York.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was replaced by nearby <a href="/wiki/Fort_Orange_(New_Netherland)" title="Fort Orange (New Netherland)">Fort Orange</a> in 1624.<sup id="cite_ref-Chronicles_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Chronicles-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1625, <a href="/wiki/Fort_Amsterdam" title="Fort Amsterdam">Fort Amsterdam</a> was built on the southern tip of Manhattan Island to defend the <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River" title="Hudson River">Hudson River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This settlement grew to become the city <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a>. </p><p>The British conquered New Netherland in 1664;<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lenient terms of surrender most likely kept local resistance to a minimum. The <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">colony</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Amsterdam" title="New Amsterdam">New Amsterdam</a> were both renamed <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> (and "Beverwijck" was renamed Albany) after its new proprietor, <a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James II</a> later King of England, Ireland and Scotland, who was at the time <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The population of New Netherland at the time of English takeover was 7,000–8,000.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxx_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxx-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-eb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Province_of_New_York_(1664–1776)"><span id="Province_of_New_York_.281664.E2.80.931776.29"></span>Province of New York (1664–1776)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Province of New York (1664–1776)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nycolony.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nycolony.png/220px-Nycolony.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nycolony.png/330px-Nycolony.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Nycolony.png/440px-Nycolony.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="897" /></a><figcaption>Map of the <a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Thousands of poor German farmers, chiefly from the Palatine region of Germany, migrated to upstate districts after 1700. They kept to themselves, married their own, spoke German, attended Lutheran churches, and retained their own customs and foods. They emphasized farm ownership. Some mastered English to become conversant with local legal and business opportunities. They ignored the Indians and tolerated slavery (although few were rich enough to own a slave).<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large <a href="/wiki/Manorialism" title="Manorialism">manors</a> were developed along the Hudson River by elite colonists during the 18th century, including <a href="/wiki/Livingston_Manor" title="Livingston Manor">Livingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Cortlandt_Manor" title="Van Cortlandt Manor">Cortlandt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philipsburg_Manor" title="Philipsburg Manor">Philipsburg</a>, and Rensselaerswyck.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The manors represented more than half of the colony's undeveloped land. The Province of New York thrived during this time, its economy strengthened by <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a> agriculture, in conjunction with trade and artisanal activity at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port of New York and New Jersey">Port of New York</a>; the colony was a <a href="/wiki/Breadbasket" title="Breadbasket">breadbasket</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lumberyard" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumberyard">lumberyard</a> for the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Caribbean#Impact_of_colonialism_on_the_Caribbean" title="History of the Caribbean">British sugar colonies</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a>. New York's population grew substantially during this century: from the first colonial census (1698) to the last (1771), the province grew ninefold, from 18,067 to 168,007. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution">New York in the American Revolution</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: New York in the American Revolution"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/John_Peter_Zenger" title="John Peter Zenger">John Peter Zenger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prisoners_of_war_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War">Prisoners of war in the American Revolutionary War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Intelligence_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War">Intelligence in the American Revolutionary War</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1987" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Trumbull" title="John Trumbull">John Trumbull</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_General_Burgoyne" title="Surrender of General Burgoyne">Surrender of General Burgoyne</a></i> stylizes the American win at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Saratoga" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Saratoga">Saratoga</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>New York played a pivotal role in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">Revolutionary War</a>. The colony verged on revolt following the <a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_1765" title="Stamp Act 1765">Stamp Act of 1765</a>, advancing the New York City–based <a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a> to the forefront of New York politics. The Act exacerbated the depression the province experienced after unsuccessfully invading Canada in 1760.<sup id="cite_ref-klein202_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-klein202-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Even though New York City merchants lost out on lucrative military contracts, the group sought common ground between the King and the people; however, compromise became impossible as of April 1775 <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Lexington_and_Concord" title="Battles of Lexington and Concord">Battles of Lexington and Concord</a>. In that aftermath the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Provincial_Congress" title="New York Provincial Congress">New York Provincial Congress</a> on June 9, 1775, for five pounds sterling for each hundredweight of gunpowder delivered to each county's committee.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two powerful families had for decades assembled colony-wide coalitions of supporters. With few exceptions, members long associated with the DeLancey faction went along when its leadership decided to support the crown, while members of the Livingston faction became Patriots.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York's strategic central location and port made it key to controlling the colonies. The British assembled the century's largest fleet: at one point 30,000 <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Military history of the United Kingdom">British sailors and soldiers</a> anchored off <a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Staten Island</a>. General <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> barely escaped New York City with his army in November 1776; General <a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Howe">Sir William Howe</a> was successful in <a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">driving Washington out</a>, but erred by expanding into <a href="/wiki/New_Jersey" title="New Jersey">New Jersey</a>. By January 1777, he retained only a few outposts near New York City. The British held the city for the duration, using it as a base for expeditions against other targets. </p><p>In October 1777, American General <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Gates" title="Horatio Gates">Horatio Gates</a> won the <a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Saratoga</a>, later regarded as the war's turning point. Had Gates not held, the rebellion might well have broken down: losing Saratoga would have cost the entire Hudson–Champlain corridor, which would have separated New England from the rest of the colonies and split the future union.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxixxii_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxixxii-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Statehood_to_the_Civil_War">Statehood to the Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Statehood to the Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_Albany_City_Hall.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Old_Albany_City_Hall.png/220px-Old_Albany_City_Hall.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Old_Albany_City_Hall.png/330px-Old_Albany_City_Hall.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Old_Albany_City_Hall.png/440px-Old_Albany_City_Hall.png 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="1272" /></a><figcaption>The <i><a href="/wiki/Stadt_Huys" class="mw-redirect" title="Stadt Huys">Stadt Huys</a></i> in <a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> became the state's <a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">seat of government</a> when Albany became the permanent <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Capitol" title="New York State Capitol">capitol</a> in 1797.</figcaption></figure><p> Upon war's end, New York's borders became well–defined: the counties east of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Champlain" title="Lake Champlain">Lake Champlain</a> became <a href="/wiki/Vermont" title="Vermont">Vermont</a> and the state's western borders were settled by 1786. </p><p>Many Iroquois supported the British (typically fearing future American ambitions). Many were killed during the war; others went into exile with the British. Those remaining lived on twelve <a href="/wiki/Indian_reservation" title="Indian reservation">reservations</a>; by 1826 only eight reservations remained, all of which survived into the 21st century. </p><p>The state adopted <a href="/wiki/New_York_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Constitution">its constitution</a> in April 1777, creating a strong executive and strict <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>. It strongly influenced the federal constitution a decade later. Debate over the federal constitution in 1787 led to formation of the groups known as <a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalists</a>—mainly "downstaters" (those who lived in or near New York City) who supported a strong national government—and <a href="/wiki/Antifederalist" class="mw-redirect" title="Antifederalist">Antifederalists</a>—mainly upstaters (those who lived to the city's north and west) who opposed large national institutions. In 1787, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton" title="Alexander Hamilton">Alexander Hamilton</a>, a leading Federalist from New York and signatory to the Constitution, wrote the first essay of the <i><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Papers" class="mw-redirect" title="Federalist Papers">Federalist Papers</a></i>. He published and wrote most of the series in New York City newspapers in support of the proposed <a href="/wiki/United_States_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Constitution">United States Constitution</a>. Antifederalists were not swayed by the arguments, but the state ratified it in 1788.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxii_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxii-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1785, New York City became the national capital and continued as such on and off until 1790; George Washington was <a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_George_Washington" title="First inauguration of George Washington">inaugurated</a> as the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> in front of <a href="/wiki/Federal_Hall" title="Federal Hall">Federal Hall</a> in 1789.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxii_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxii-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Bill_of_Rights" title="United States Bill of Rights">United States Bill of Rights</a> was drafted there, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Supreme Court">United States Supreme Court</a> sat for the first time. From <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._states_by_date_of_admission_to_the_Union" title="List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union">statehood</a> to 1797, the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Legislature" title="New York State Legislature">Legislature</a> frequently moved the state capital between Albany, <a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poughkeepsie,_New_York" title="Poughkeepsie, New York">Poughkeepsie</a>, and New York City. Thereafter, Albany retained that role.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NewYork1814.pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NewYork1814.pdf/page1-220px-NewYork1814.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NewYork1814.pdf/page1-330px-NewYork1814.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/NewYork1814.pdf/page1-440px-NewYork1814.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3181" data-file-height="2543" /></a><figcaption>Map of New York dated 1814.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the early 19th century, New York became a center for advancement in transportation. In 1807, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Fulton" title="Robert Fulton">Robert Fulton</a> initiated a <a href="/wiki/Steamboat" title="Steamboat">steamboat</a> line from New York to Albany, the first successful enterprise of its kind.<sup id="cite_ref-mceneny92_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mceneny92-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1815, Albany was the state's <a href="/wiki/Toll_road" title="Toll road">turnpike</a> center,<sup id="cite_ref-mceneny75_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mceneny75-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which established the city as the hub for pioneers migrating west to <a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan Territory</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb-alb_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-alb-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1825 the <a href="/wiki/Erie_Canal" title="Erie Canal">Erie Canal</a> opened, securing the state's economic dominance. Its impact was enormous: one source stated, "Linking the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes, the canal was an act of political will that joined the regions of the state, created a vast economic <a href="/wiki/Hinterland" title="Hinterland">hinterland</a> for New York City, and established a ready market for agricultural products from the state's interior." In that year western New York transitioned from "<a href="/wiki/Frontier" title="Frontier">frontier</a>" to settled area. By this time, all counties and most municipalities had incorporated, approximately matching the state's is organized today.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxii_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxii-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1831, the <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_and_Hudson_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk and Hudson Railroad">Mohawk and Hudson Railroad</a> started the country's first successful regularly–scheduled steam railroad service.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Advancing transportation quickly led to settlement of the fertile <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley" title="Mohawk Valley">Mohawk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Genesee_River" title="Genesee River">Genessee</a> valleys and the <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a>. Buffalo and <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a> became <a href="/wiki/Boomtown" title="Boomtown">boomtowns</a>. Significant migration of <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> "Yankees" (mainly of English descent) to the central and western parts of the state led to minor conflicts with the more settled "Yorkers" (mainly of German, Dutch, and Scottish descent). More than 15% of the state's 1850 population had been born in New England <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2017)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The western part of the state grew fastest at this time. By 1840, New York was home to seven of the nation's thirty largest cities.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During this period, towns established academies for education, including for girls. The western area of the state was a center of progressive causes, including support of <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionism</a>, temperance, and women's rights. Religious enthusiasms flourished and the <a href="/wiki/Latter_Day_Saint_movement" title="Latter Day Saint movement">Latter Day Saint movement</a> was founded in the area by <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Smith" title="Joseph Smith">Joseph Smith</a> and his vision. Some supporters of abolition participated in the <a href="/wiki/Underground_Railroad" title="Underground Railroad">Underground Railroad</a>, helping fugitive slaves reach freedom in Canada or in New York. </p><p>In addition, in the early 1840s the state legislature and Governor <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> expanded rights for free blacks and fugitive slaves in New York: in 1840 the legislature passed laws protecting the rights of African Americans against Southern slave-catchers.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One guaranteed alleged fugitive slaves the right of a jury trial in New York to establish whether they were slaves, and another pledged the aid of the state to recover free blacks kidnapped into slavery,<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (as happened to <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Northup" title="Solomon Northup">Solomon Northup</a> of Saratoga Springs in 1841, who did not regain freedom until 1853.) In 1841 Seward signed legislation to repeal a "nine-month law" that allowed slaveholders to bring their slaves into the state for a period of nine months before they were considered free. After this, slaves brought to the state were immediately considered freed, as was the case in some other free states. Seward also signed legislation to establish public education for all children, leaving it up to local jurisdictions as to how that would be supplied (some had segregated schools).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFinkelman212–213-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York culture bloomed in the first half of the 19th century: in 1809 <a href="/wiki/Washington_Irving" title="Washington Irving">Washington Irving</a> wrote the satirical <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_New_York" title="A History of New York">A History of New York</a></i> under the pen name Diedrich Knickerbocker, and in 1819 he based <i><a href="/wiki/Rip_Van_Winkle" title="Rip Van Winkle">Rip Van Winkle</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Legend_of_Sleepy_Hollow" title="The Legend of Sleepy Hollow">The Legend of Sleepy Hollow</a></i> in Hudson Valley towns.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Cole" title="Thomas Cole">Thomas Cole</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hudson_River_School" title="Hudson River School">Hudson River School</a> was established in the 1830s by showcasing dramatic landscapes of the Hudson Valley.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a> teams formed in New York City in the 1840s, including the <a href="/wiki/Knickerbocker_Base_Ball_Club_of_New_York" title="Knickerbocker Base Ball Club of New York">New York Knickerbockers</a>. Professional baseball later located its <a href="/wiki/National_Baseball_Hall_of_Fame_and_Museum" title="National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum">Hall of Fame</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cooperstown" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperstown">Cooperstown</a>. <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Race_Course" title="Saratoga Race Course">Saratoga Race Course</a>, an annual summer attraction in <a href="/wiki/Saratoga_Springs,_New_York" title="Saratoga Springs, New York">Saratoga Springs</a>, opened in 1847.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxiv_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxiv-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War">New York in the American Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: New York in the American Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York in the American Civil War</a></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">civil war</a> was not in the best interest of business, because New York had strong ties to the Deep South, both through the port of New York and manufacture of cotton goods in upstate textile mills. Half of New York City's exports were related to cotton before the war. Southern businessmen so frequently traveled to the city that they established favorite hotels and restaurants. Trade was based on moving <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">Southern</a> goods. The city's large <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democrat</a> community feared the impact of <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s <a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">election in 1860</a> and the mayor urged secession of New York. </p><p>By the time of the 1861 <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a>, such political differences decreased and the state quickly met Lincoln's request for soldiers and supplies. More soldiers fought from New York than any other <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Northern state</a>. While no battles were waged in New York, the state was not immune to <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate</a> conspiracies, including one to burn various New York cities and another to invade the state via Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc335337_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc335337-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1863, Lincoln issued the <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a>, which freed the slaves in states that were still in rebellion against the union. In March 1863, the federal draft law was changed so that male citizens between 20 and 35 and unmarried citizens to age 45 were subject to conscription. Those who could afford to hire a substitute or pay $300 were exempt. Antiwar newspaper editors attacked the law, and many immigrants and their descendants resented being drafted in place of people who could buy their way out. Democratic Party leaders raised the specter of a deluge of freed southern blacks competing with the white working class, then dominated by ethnic Irish and immigrants. On the lottery's first day, July 11, 1863, the first lottery draw was held. On Monday, July 13, 1863, five days of large-scale <a href="/wiki/New_York_Draft_Riots" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Draft Riots">riots</a> began, which were dominated by ethnic Irish, who targeted blacks in the city, their neighborhoods, and known abolitionist sympathizers.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, many blacks left Manhattan permanently, moving to Brooklyn or other areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_the_Civil_War_to_1901">End of the Civil War to 1901</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: End of the Civil War to 1901"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg/220px-Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg/330px-Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg/440px-Eastman_Kodak_HQ_1900.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4439" data-file-height="3409" /></a><figcaption>Companies such as <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> <i>(Rochester headquarters pictured ca. 1900)</i> epitomized New York's manufacturing economy in the late 19th century.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the following decades, New York strengthened its dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_United_States" title="Banking in the United States">financial and banking industries</a>. Manufacturing continued to rise: <a href="/wiki/Eastman_Kodak" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastman Kodak">Eastman Kodak</a> founded in 1888 in <a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_Electric" title="General Electric">General Electric</a> in <a href="/wiki/Schenectady" class="mw-redirect" title="Schenectady">Schenectady</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Endicott_Johnson_Corporation" title="Endicott Johnson Corporation">Endicott-Johnson Shoe Company</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Triple Cities">Triple Cities</a> are some of the well-known companies founded during this period. Buffalo and <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls" title="Niagara Falls">Niagara Falls</a> attracted numerous factories following the advent of <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectric_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydroelectric power">hydroelectric power</a> in the area.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxv_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With industry blooming, <a href="/wiki/Labor_history_of_the_United_States" title="Labor history of the United States">workers began to unite</a> in New York as early as the 1820s. By 1882, the <a href="/wiki/Knights_of_Labor" title="Knights of Labor">Knights of Labor</a> in New York City had 60,000 members. <a href="/wiki/Labor_unions_in_the_United_States" title="Labor unions in the United States">Trade unions</a> used political influence to limit working hours as early as 1867. At the same time, New York's agricultural output peaked. Focus changed from <a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture_in_the_United_States" title="History of agriculture in the United States">crop-based</a> to <a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming" title="Dairy farming">dairy-based</a> agriculture. The cheese industry became established in the Mohawk Valley. By 1881, the state had more than 241,000 farms.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxv_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same period, the area around <a href="/wiki/New_York_Harbor" title="New York Harbor">New York Harbor</a> became the world's <a href="/wiki/Oyster" title="Oyster">oyster</a> capital, retaining that title into the early twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv/220px--Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="211" data-mwtitle="Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b7/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv/Ellis_Island_immigration_footage.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption>Scenes showing immigrants arriving at the Immigration Depot at <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> in 1906</figcaption></figure> <p>Immigration increased throughout the latter half of the 19th century. Starting with refugees from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">Great Famine of Ireland</a> in the 1840s, New York became a prominent entry point for those seeking a new life in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxv_45-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1855 and 1890, an estimated 8 million immigrants passed through <a href="/wiki/Castle_Clinton" title="Castle Clinton">Castle Clinton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Battery_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Battery Park">Battery Park</a> in Manhattan.<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>Note 5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in this period, most immigrants came from Ireland and Germany. <a href="/wiki/Ellis_Island" title="Ellis Island">Ellis Island</a> opened in 1892,<sup id="cite_ref-ellis_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ellis-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and between 1880 and 1920, most immigrants were German and Eastern European Jews, Poles, and other Eastern and Southern Europeans, including many Italians. By 1925, New York City's population outnumbered that of <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, making it the most populous city in the world.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxv_45-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Arguably New York's most identifiable symbol, <i><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Enlightening_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberty Enlightening the World">Liberty Enlightening the World</a></i> (the Statue of Liberty), a gift from <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Centennial_Exposition" title="Centennial Exposition">American centennial</a>, was completed in 1886. By the early 20th century, the statue, designed by sculptor <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Auguste_Bartholdi" title="Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi">Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi</a>, was regarded as the "Mother of Exiles"—a symbol of hope to immigrants.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York's political pattern changed little after the mid–19th century. New York City and its metropolitan area was already heavily Democrat; Upstate was aligned with the Republican Party and was a center of abolitionist activists. In the 1850s, Democratic <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> became one of the most powerful and durable <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machines</a> in United States history. <a href="/wiki/William_Tweed" class="mw-redirect" title="William Tweed">Boss William Tweed</a> brought the organization to the forefront of city and then state politics in the 1860s. Based on its command of a large population, Tammany maintained influence until at least the 1930s. Outside the city, Republicans were able to influence the <a href="/wiki/Boundary_delimitation" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundary delimitation">redistricting process</a> enough to constrain New York City and capture control of the Legislature in 1894. Both parties have seen national political success: in the 39 <a href="/wiki/United_States_presidential_election" title="United States presidential election">presidential elections</a> between 1856 and 2010, Republicans won 19 times and Democrats 20 times.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxv_45-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxv-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="1901_through_the_Great_Depression">1901 through the Great Depression</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 1901 through the Great Depression"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg/220px-Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg/330px-Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg/440px-Old_timer_structural_worker2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2401" /></a><figcaption>A frameworker tightens bolts on the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in 1930; the recently completed <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> is seen in the background.</figcaption></figure> <p>By 1901, New York was the richest and most populous state. Two years prior, the <a href="/wiki/Five_boroughs_of_New_York_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Five boroughs of New York City">five boroughs of New York City</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1898%E2%80%931945)" title="History of New York City (1898–1945)">became</a> one city.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxvi_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxvi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within decades, the city's emblem had become the <a href="/wiki/Skyscraper" title="Skyscraper">skyscraper</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Woolworth_Building" title="Woolworth Building">Woolworth Building</a> was the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_tallest_buildings_in_the_world" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the tallest buildings in the world">tallest building in the world</a> from 1913, surpassed by <a href="/wiki/40_Wall_Street" title="40 Wall Street">40 Wall Street</a> in April 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a> in 1930, the <a href="/wiki/Empire_State_Building" title="Empire State Building">Empire State Building</a> in 1931, and the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a> in 1972 before losing the title in 1974.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The state was serviced by over a dozen major railroads and at the start of the 20th century and electric <a href="/wiki/Interurban" title="Interurban">Interurban</a> rail networks began to spring up around Syracuse, Rochester and other cities in New York during this period.<sup id="cite_ref-past-present_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-past-present-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-suburbcity_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-suburbcity-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg/150px-Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg/225px-Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg/300px-Theodore_Roosevelt_laughing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2849" data-file-height="3474" /></a><figcaption>Theodore Roosevelt</figcaption></figure> <p>In the late 1890s governor <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> and fellow Republicans such as <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Charles Evans Hughes</a> worked with many Democrats such as <a href="/wiki/Al_Smith" title="Al Smith">Al Smith</a> to promote <a href="/wiki/Progressivism_in_the_United_States" title="Progressivism in the United States">Progressivism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They battled trusts and monopolies (especially in the insurance industry), promoted efficiency, fought waste, and called for more democracy in politics. Democrats focused more on the benefits of progressivism for their own ethnic working class base and for labor unions.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Democratic political machines, especially <a href="/wiki/Tammany_Hall" title="Tammany Hall">Tammany Hall</a> in Manhattan, opposed woman suffrage because they feared that the addition of female voters would dilute the control they had established over groups of male voters. By the time of the New York State referendum on women's suffrage in 1917, however, some wives and daughters of Tammany Hall leaders were working for suffrage, leading it to take a neutral position that was crucial to the referendum's passage.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following a sharp but short-lived Depression at the beginning of the decade,<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> New York enjoyed a booming economy during the <a href="/wiki/Roaring_Twenties" title="Roaring Twenties">Roaring Twenties</a>. New York suffered during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, which began with the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Wall Street crash on Black Tuesday</a> in 1929. The <a href="/wiki/Securities_and_Exchange_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="Securities and Exchange Commission">Securities and Exchange Commission</a> opened in 1934 to regulate the stock market.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">Franklin Delano Roosevelt</a> was elected governor in 1928, and the state faced upwards of 25% unemployment. His Temporary Emergency Relief Agency, established in 1931, was the first <a href="/wiki/Work_relief_program" class="mw-redirect" title="Work relief program">work relief program</a> in the nation and influenced the national <a href="/wiki/Federal_Emergency_Relief_Administration" title="Federal Emergency Relief Administration">Federal Emergency Relief Administration</a>. Roosevelt was elected <a href="/wiki/1932_United_States_presidential_election" title="1932 United States presidential election">President</a> in 1932 in part because of his promises to extend New York–style relief programs across the country via his <a href="/wiki/New_Deal" title="New Deal">New Deal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxvi_51-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxvi-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid</a> was host to the <a href="/wiki/1932_Winter_Olympics" title="1932 Winter Olympics">III Olympic Winter Games</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_and_the_modern_era">World War II and the modern era</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War II and the modern era"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As the largest state, New York again supplied the most resources during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. New York manufactured 11 percent of total United States military armaments produced during the war<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and suffered 31,215 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The war affected the state both socially and economically. For example, to overcome discriminatory labor practices, Governor <a href="/wiki/Herbert_H._Lehman" title="Herbert H. Lehman">Herbert H. Lehman</a> created the Committee on Discrimination in Employment in 1941 and Governor <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Thomas E. Dewey</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Ives-Quinn_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Ives-Quinn Act">Ives-Quinn Act</a> in 1945, banning employment discrimination. The <a href="/wiki/G.I._Bill" title="G.I. Bill">G.I. Bill of 1944</a>, which offered returning soldiers the opportunity of affordable higher education, forced New York to create a <a href="/wiki/State_university_system" title="State university system">public university system</a> since its <a href="/wiki/List_of_private_colleges_and_universities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of private colleges and universities in New York">private universities</a> could not handle the influx; the <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York" title="State University of New York">State University of New York</a> was created by Governor Dewey in 1948.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc17261728_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc17261728-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II constituted New York's last great industrial era. At its conclusion, the defense industry shrank and the economy shifted towards producing services rather than goods. Returning soldiers disproportionately displaced female and minority workers who had entered the industrial workforce only when the war left employers no other choice.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc17261728_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc17261728-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Companies moved to the south and west, seeking lower taxes and a less costly, non–union workforce. Many workers followed the jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Middle_class_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle class in the United States">middle class</a> expanded and created <a href="/wiki/Suburb" title="Suburb">suburbs</a> such as the one on Long Island. The <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_automobile" title="History of the automobile">automobile</a> accelerated this decentralization; <a href="/wiki/Planned_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned communities">planned communities</a> like <a href="/wiki/Levittown,_New_York" title="Levittown, New York">Levittown</a> offered affordable middle-class housing.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Larger cities stopped growing around 1950. Growth resumed only in New York City, in the 1980s. Buffalo's population fell by half between 1950 and 2000. Reduced immigration and worker migration led New York State's population to decline for the first time between 1970 and 1980. <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> both surpassed it in population.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>New York entered its third era of massive transportation projects by building <a href="/wiki/Highway" title="Highway">highways</a>, notably the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Thruway" title="New York State Thruway">New York State Thruway</a>. The project was unpopular with New York City Democrats, who referred to it as "Dewey's ditch" and the "enemy of schools", because the Thruway disproportionately benefited upstate. The highway was based on the <a href="/wiki/German_Autobahn" class="mw-redirect" title="German Autobahn">German Autobahn</a> and was unlike anything seen at that point in the United States. It was within 30 miles (50 km) of 90% of the population at its conception. Costing $600 million, the full 427-mile (687 km) project opened in 1956.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc11001102_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc11001102-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Rockefeller" title="Nelson Rockefeller">Nelson Rockefeller</a> was governor from 1959 to 1973 and changed New York politics. He began as a liberal, but grew more conservative: he limited <a href="/wiki/SUNY" class="mw-redirect" title="SUNY">SUNY</a>'s growth, responded aggressively to the <a href="/wiki/Attica_Prison_riot" title="Attica Prison riot">Attica Prison riot</a>, and promulgated the uniquely severe <a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Drug_Laws" title="Rockefeller Drug Laws">Rockefeller Drug Laws</a>. The World Trade Center and other profligate projects nearly drove New York City into <a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City_(1946%E2%80%931977)#1970s" title="History of New York City (1946–1977)">bankruptcy</a> in 1975. The state took substantial budgetary control, which eventually led to improved fiscal prudence.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Executive_Mansion" title="New York State Executive Mansion">Executive Mansion</a> was retaken by Democrats in 1974 and remained under Democratic control for 20 years under <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Carey" title="Hugh Carey">Hugh Carey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mario_Cuomo" title="Mario Cuomo">Mario Cuomo</a>. Late–century Democrats became more centrist, including <a href="/wiki/US_Senator" class="mw-redirect" title="US Senator">US Senator</a> <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Patrick Moynihan</a> (1977–2001) and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="New York City Mayor">New York City Mayor</a> <a href="/wiki/Ed_Koch" title="Ed Koch">Ed Koch</a> (1978–1989), while state Republicans began to align themselves with the more conservative national party. They gained power through the elections of Senator <a href="/wiki/Alfonse_D%27Amato" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfonse D'Amato">Alfonse D'Amato</a> in 1980, Mayor <a href="/wiki/Rudolph_Giuliani" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolph Giuliani">Rudolph Giuliani</a> in 1993, and Governor <a href="/wiki/George_Pataki" title="George Pataki">George Pataki</a> in 1994. New York remained one of the most liberal states. In 1984, <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> was the last Republican to carry the state, although Republican <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bloomberg" title="Michael Bloomberg">Michael Bloomberg</a> served as New York City mayor in the early 21st century.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Last_decades_of_20th_century">Last decades of 20th century</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Last decades of 20th century"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the late 20th century, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunication industry">telecommunication</a> and <a href="/wiki/High_technology" class="mw-redirect" title="High technology">high technology</a> industries employed many New Yorkers. New York City was especially successful at this transition. <a href="/wiki/Entrepreneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Entrepreneur">Entrepreneurs</a> created many small companies, as industrial firms such as <a href="/wiki/Polaroid_Corporation" title="Polaroid Corporation">Polaroid</a> withered. This success drew many <a href="/wiki/Young_professional" title="Young professional">young professionals</a> into the still–dwindling cities. New York City was the exception and has continued to draw new residents. The energy of the city created attractions and new businesses. Some people believe that changes in <a href="/wiki/Broken_windows_theory" title="Broken windows theory">policing</a> created a less threatening environment; <a href="/wiki/Crime_rates" class="mw-redirect" title="Crime rates">crime rates</a> dropped, and <a href="/wiki/Urban_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban development">urban development</a> reduced <a href="/wiki/Urban_decay" title="Urban decay">urban decay</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This in turn led to a surge in culture. New York City became, once again, "the center for all things chic and trendy".<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/History_of_hip_hop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="History of hip hop music">Hip-hop</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rap" class="mw-redirect" title="Rap">rap</a> music, led by New York City, became the most popular pop <a href="/wiki/Genre" title="Genre">genre</a>. Immigration to both the city and state rose. New York City, with a large <a href="/wiki/Gay_community" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay community">gay and lesbian community</a>, suffered many deaths from <a href="/wiki/HIV/AIDS_in_the_United_States" title="HIV/AIDS in the United States">AIDS</a> beginning in the 1980s. <sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>New York City increased its already large share of <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> programming, home to the <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_Television_Networks" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Three Television Networks">network</a> news broadcasts, as well as two of the three major <a href="/wiki/United_States_cable_news" title="United States cable news">cable news networks</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Journal">Wall Street Journal</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> became two of the three "<a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_States_by_circulation" class="mw-redirect" title="List of newspapers in the United States by circulation">national</a>" newspapers, read throughout the country.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> New York also increased its dominance of the <a href="/wiki/Financial_services" title="Financial services">financial services</a> industry centered on <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street" title="Wall Street">Wall Street</a>, led by banking expansion, a rising <a href="/wiki/Stock_market" title="Stock market">stock market</a>, innovations in <a href="/wiki/Investment_banking" title="Investment banking">investment banking</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Junk_bond" class="mw-redirect" title="Junk bond">junk bond</a> trading and accelerated by the <a href="/wiki/Savings_and_loan_crisis" title="Savings and loan crisis">savings and loan crisis</a> that decimated competitors elsewhere in New York. </p><p>Upstate did not fare as well as downstate; the major industries that began to reinvigorate New York City did not typically spread to other regions. The number of farms in the state had fallen to 30,000 by 1997. City populations continued to decline while suburbs grew in area, but did not increase proportionately in population.<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High-tech industry grew in cities such as <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a> and Rochester. Overall New York entered the <a href="/wiki/3rd_millennium" title="3rd millennium">new millennium</a> "in a position of economic strength and optimism".<sup id="cite_ref-eb_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="21st_century_(2001–present_day)"><span id="21st_century_.282001.E2.80.93present_day.29"></span>21st century (2001–present day)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 21st century (2001–present day)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/170px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/255px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg/340px-North_face_south_tower_after_plane_strike_9-11.jpg 2x" data-file-width="717" data-file-height="824" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines_Flight_175" title="United Airlines Flight 175">United Airlines Flight 175</a> crashes into the South Tower of the World Trade Center during the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2001, New York entered a new era following the <a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-encycxxviii_66-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encycxxviii-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the worst terrorist attack ever to take place on American soil. Two of the four hijacked passenger jets crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center, destroying them, and killing almost 3,000 people. One flew into the Pentagon demolishing the walls. The final one was almost taken back over by the passengers aboard and crashed into an open grassland with 296 out of the 500 people dead.<sup id="cite_ref-encyc13951401_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyc13951401-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of New Yorkers volunteered their time to search the ruin for survivors and remains in the following weeks. </p><p> Following the attacks, plans were announced to rebuild the World Trade Center site. <a href="/wiki/7_World_Trade_Center" title="7 World Trade Center">7 World Trade Center</a> became the first World Trade Center skyscraper to be rebuilt in five years after the attacks. <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a>, four more office towers, and a <a href="/wiki/National_September_11_Memorial_%26_Museum" title="National September 11 Memorial & Museum">memorial to the casualties of the September 11 attacks</a> are under construction as of 2011. <a href="/wiki/One_World_Trade_Center" title="One World Trade Center">One World Trade Center</a> opened on November 3, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG/170px-Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG/255px-Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG/340px-Hurricane_Sandy_Flooding_Avenue_C_2012.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Flooding on <a href="/wiki/Avenue_C_(Manhattan)" title="Avenue C (Manhattan)">Avenue<span class="nowrap"> </span>C</a> in Lower Manhattan caused by <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>On October 29 and 30, 2012, <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Sandy" title="Hurricane Sandy">Hurricane Sandy</a> caused extensive destruction of the state's shorelines, ravaging portions of New York City, <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, and southern Westchester with record-high <a href="/wiki/Storm_surge" title="Storm surge">storm surge</a>, with severe flooding and high winds causing <a href="/wiki/Power_outage" title="Power outage">power outages</a> for hundreds of thousands of New Yorkers, and leading to <a href="/wiki/Gasoline" title="Gasoline">gasoline</a> shortages and disruption of <a href="/wiki/Mass_transit" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass transit">mass transit</a> systems. The storm and its profound effects have prompted the discussion of constructing <a href="/wiki/Seawall" title="Seawall">seawalls</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Coastal_management" title="Coastal management">coastal barriers</a> around the shorelines of New York City and Long Island to minimize the risk from another such future event. Such risk is considered highly probable due to <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sea_level_rise" title="Sea level rise">rising sea levels</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></span></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/31px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/47px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/62px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)" title="Outline of New York (state)">Historical outline of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_York_City" title="History of New York City">History of New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_mid-Atlantic_states" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the mid-Atlantic states">History of the mid-Atlantic states</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The takeover is commonly said to have been part of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Dutch_War" title="Second Anglo-Dutch War">Second Anglo-Dutch War</a>. But, this war was not officially declared until 1665; the Dutch and British were at peace when the attack was made.<sup id="cite_ref-encyclopedia1053_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-encyclopedia1053-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/James_II_of_England" title="James II of England">James Stuart</a> (1633–1701), brother and successor of <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a>, was both the <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Albany" title="Duke of Albany">Duke of Albany</a> before being crowned James II of England and James VII of Scotland in 1685.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Rensselaerswyck" is the <a href="/wiki/Anglicized" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglicized">Anglicized</a> form of the Dutch <i>Rensselaerswijck</i>. The patroonship was confirmed as an English manor by <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_England" title="Charles II of England">Charles II</a> in 1664.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">New York City (1st at 312,710), Brooklyn (7th at 36,233), Albany (9th at 33,721), Rochester (19th at 20,191), Troy (21st at 19,334), Buffalo (22nd at 18,213), Utica (29th at 12,782).<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">By comparison, New York's population in 1890 was just over 5 million.<sup id="cite_ref-census_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-census-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFIrwin_Richman2001" class="citation book cs1">Irwin Richman (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G30LGQS__yAC&pg=PA7"><i>Hudson River: From New York City to Albany</i></a>. Arcadia. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780738509143" title="Special:BookSources/9780738509143"><bdi>9780738509143</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hudson+River%3A+From+New+York+City+to+Albany&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Arcadia&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780738509143&rft.au=Irwin+Richman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG30LGQS__yAC%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycxx-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encycxx_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycxx_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstadt2005">Eisenstadt 2005</a>, p. xx</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein3-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-klein3_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-klein3_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2001">Klein 2001</a>, p. 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-spafford-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-spafford_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.schenectadyhistory.org/resources/spafford.html">Horatio Gates Spafford, LL.D. <i>A Gazetteer of the State of New-York</i></a>, Embracing an Ample Survey and Description of Its Counties, Towns, Cities, Villages, Canals, Mountains, Lakes, Rivers, Creeks and Natural Topography. Arranged in One Series, Alphabetically: With an Appendix… (1824), at Schenectady Digital History Archives, selected extracts, accessed 28 December 2014</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein6-7-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein6-7_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2001">Klein 2001</a>, pp. 6–7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nash, Gary B. <i>Red, White and Black: The Peoples of Early North America</i> Los Angeles 2015. Chapter 1, p. 8</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein7-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein7_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKlein2001">Klein 2001</a>, p. 7</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"EARLY INDIAN MIGRATION IN OHIO". GenealogyTrails.com. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Pritzker 441</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.verrazzano.org/en/index2.php?c=viaggioscoperte">Centro Studi Storici Verrazzano</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090415202640/http://www.verrazzano.org/en/index2.php?c=viaggioscoperte">Archived</a> 2009-04-15 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlashfield2002" class="citation cs2">Blashfield, Jean F (2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CnqewxxWnYUC&q=Jacques%20Cartier&pg=PA1"><i>Cartier: Jacques Cartier in search of the Northwest Passage</i></a>, Compass Point Books, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7565-0122-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7565-0122-9"><bdi>0-7565-0122-9</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cartier%3A+Jacques+Cartier+in+search+of+the+Northwest+Passage&rft.pub=Compass+Point+Books&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-7565-0122-9&rft.aulast=Blashfield&rft.aufirst=Jean+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCnqewxxWnYUC%26q%3DJacques%2520Cartier%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blog.insidetheapple.net/2008/09/new-yorks-many-911-anniversaries-staten.html">Nevius, Michelle and James, "New York's many 9/11 anniversaries: the Staten Island Peace Conference"</a>, <i>Inside the Apple: A Streetwise History of New York City</i>, 2008-09-08. Retrieved 2012-9-24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.albanyinstitute.org/albany-one-of-americas-first-cities.html">"One of America's First Cities: Colonial Albany"</a>. <i>Albany Institute of History and Art</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Lyon Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_XNU0AAAAIAAJ/page/n55">18</a>. <q>fort nassau albany.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albany+Chronicles%3A+A+History+of+the+City+Arranged+Chronologically&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=J.B.+Lyon+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Cuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_XNU0AAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodwin1897" class="citation book cs1">Goodwin, Maud Wilder (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fortamsterdamind00good"><i>Fort Amsterdam in the days of the Dutch</i></a>. New York: The Knickerbocker press. pp. 239–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fort+Amsterdam+in+the+days+of+the+Dutch&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=239-240&rft.pub=The+Knickerbocker+press&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Goodwin&rft.aufirst=Maud+Wilder&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffortamsterdamind00good&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encyclopedia1053-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encyclopedia1053_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstadt2005">Eisenstadt 2005</a>, p. 1053 (article: "New Netherland")</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/299989/James-II">"James II"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2011-01-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=James+II&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F299989%2FJames-II&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-eb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-eb_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-eb_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/412293/New-York">"New York"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica. 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-09-26</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=New+York&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2010&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F412293%2FNew-York&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Philip Otterness, <i>Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York</i> (2004)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds,_Cuyler1906" class="citation book cs1">Reynolds, Cuyler (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNU0AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA66"><i>Albany Chronicles: A History of the City Arranged Chronologically, From the Earliest Settlement to the Present Time</i></a>. Albany: J. B. Lyon Company. p. 66.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albany+Chronicles%3A+A+History+of+the+City+Arranged+Chronologically%2C+From+the+Earliest+Settlement+to+the+Present+Time&rft.place=Albany&rft.pages=66&rft.pub=J.+B.+Lyon+Company&rft.date=1906&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+Cuyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNU0AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA66&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein202-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-klein202_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein (2001), p. 202</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Middletown Times-Press, March 19, 1918, page 4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">N. E. H. Hull, Peter C. Hoffer and Steven L. Allen, "Choosing Sides: A Quantitative Study of the Personality Determinants of Loyalist and Revolutionary Political Affiliation in New York," <i>Journal of American History</i>, (1978) 65#2 pp. 344–366 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1894084">in JSTOR</a> esp. pp 347, 354, 365</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joyce D. Goodfriend, <i>Who Should Rule at Home?: Confronting the Elite in British New York City</i> (Cornell University Press, 2017).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycxxixxii-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-encycxxixxii_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstadt2005">Eisenstadt 2005</a>, pp. xxi–xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-encycxxii-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-encycxxii_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycxxii_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-encycxxii_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEisenstadt2005">Eisenstadt 2005</a>, p. xxii</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamb1886" class="citation book cs1">Lamb, Martha J., ed. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 2,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Skyscraper+Center&rft.atitle=One+World+Trade+Center&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fskyscrapercenter.com%2Fnew-york-city%2Fone-world-trade-center%2F98%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJeff_StoneMaria_Gallucci2014" class="citation web cs1">Jeff Stone & Maria Gallucci (October 29, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibtimes.com/hurricane-sandy-anniversary-2014-fortifying-new-york-how-well-armored-are-we-next-1711729">"Hurricane Sandy Anniversary 2014: Fortifying New York—How Well Armored Are We For The Next Superstorm?"</a>. <i>International Business Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200731200955/http://www.ibtimes.com/hurricane-sandy-anniversary-2014-fortifying-new-york-how-well-armored-are-we-next-1711729">Archived</a> from the original on July 31, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=International+Business+Times&rft.atitle=Hurricane+Sandy+Anniversary+2014%3A+Fortifying+New+York%E2%80%94How+Well+Armored+Are+We+For+The+Next+Superstorm%3F&rft.date=2014-10-29&rft.au=Jeff+Stone&rft.au=Maria+Gallucci&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibtimes.com%2Fhurricane-sandy-anniversary-2014-fortifying-new-york-how-well-armored-are-we-next-1711729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_S._Eshelman2012" class="citation web cs1">Robert S. Eshelman (November 15, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150702082031/http://www.eenews.net/stories/1059972561">"ADAPTATION: Political support for a sea wall in New York Harbor begins to form"</a>. E&E Publishing, LLC. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eenews.net/public/climatewire/2012/11/15/1">the original</a> on July 2, 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ADAPTATION%3A+Political+support+for+a+sea+wall+in+New+York+Harbor+begins+to+form&rft.pub=E%26E+Publishing%2C+LLC&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.au=Robert+S.+Eshelman&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eenews.net%2Fpublic%2Fclimatewire%2F2012%2F11%2F15%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York" title="Bibliography of New York">Bibliography of New York</a></div> <ul><li>Broxmeyer, Jeffrey D. <i>Electoral Capitalism: The Party System in New York's Gilded Age</i>. of Pennsylvania Press, 2020) covers city and state.</li> <li>Curran, Robert Emmett, ed. <i>Shaping American Catholicism: Maryland and New York, 1805–1915</i> (2012) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Shaping-American-Catholicism-Maryland-1805-1915/dp/0813219671/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Dearstyne, Bruce W., <i>The Spirit of New York: Defining Events in the Empire State's History</i> (Albany: Excelsior Editions, 2015). xxiv, 359 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEisenstadt2005" class="citation book cs1">Eisenstadt, Peter, ed. (2005). <i>The Encyclopedia of New York State</i>. Syracuse, New York: <a href="/wiki/Syracuse_University_Press" title="Syracuse University Press">Syracuse University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8156-0808-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8156-0808-X"><bdi>0-8156-0808-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+New+York+State&rft.place=Syracuse%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Syracuse+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-8156-0808-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEllis,_David_M.James_A._FrostHarold_C._SyrettHarry_J._Carman1967" class="citation book cs1">Ellis, David M.; James A. Frost; Harold C. Syrett; Harry J. Carman (1967) [1957]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nzQlAAAAMAAJ"><i>A History of New York State</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780801401183" title="Special:BookSources/9780801401183"><bdi>9780801401183</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/67020587">67020587</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+New+York+State&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=1967&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F67020587&rft.isbn=9780801401183&rft.au=Ellis%2C+David+M.&rft.au=James+A.+Frost&rft.au=Harold+C.+Syrett&rft.au=Harry+J.+Carman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnzQlAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Fox, Dixon Ryan. <i>The decline of aristocracy in the politics of New York</i> (1918) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924028859399/page/n12/mode/2up">online</a>.</li> <li>Ingalls, Robert P. <i>Herbert H. Lehman and New York's Little New Deal</i> (1975) on 1930s <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/herberthlehmanne00inga">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKammen,_Michael1996" class="citation book cs1">Kammen, Michael (1996) [1975]. <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/colonialnewyorkh00kamm_0"><i>Colonial New York: a History</i></a></span>. New York City: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-510779-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-510779-9"><bdi>0-19-510779-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Colonial+New+York%3A+a+History&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-19-510779-9&rft.au=Kammen%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcolonialnewyorkh00kamm_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2001" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Milton M. (ed.) and the <a href="/wiki/New_York_State_Historical_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="New York State Historical Association">New York State Historical Association</a> (2001). <i>The Empire State: A History of New York</i>. <a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca, New York</a>: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-3866-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-3866-7"><bdi>0-8014-3866-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Empire+State%3A+A+History+of+New+York&rft.place=Ithaca%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8014-3866-7&rft.au=Klein%2C+Milton+M.+%28ed.%29+and+the+New+York+State+Historical+Association&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Otterness, Philip. <i>Becoming German: The 1709 Palatine Migration to New York</i> (2004) 235 pp.</li> <li>Wesser, Robert F. <i>A response to progressivism : the Democratic Party and New York politics, 1902-1918</i> (1986) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/responsetoprogre00wess">online</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regions_and_cities">Regions and cities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Regions and cities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Burrows, Edwin G. and Mike Wallace. <i>Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898</i> (1998), 1300 of highly detailed scholarly history</li> <li>Goldman, Mark. <i>High Hopes: The Rise and Decline of Buffalo, New York</i> (Suny Press, 1983)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEneny2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_McEneny" title="John McEneny">McEneny, John</a> (2006). <i>Albany, Capital City on the Hudson: An Illustrated History</i>. Sun Valley, California: American Historical Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-892724-53-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-892724-53-7"><bdi>1-892724-53-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albany%2C+Capital+City+on+the+Hudson%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Sun+Valley%2C+California&rft.pub=American+Historical+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=1-892724-53-7&rft.au=McEneny%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHistory+of+New+York+%28state%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=History_of_New_York_(state)&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110714180255/http://www.newyorkhistoryreview.com/annualissues.html">New York History Review</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nyhistory.com/">New York History Net</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~nycoloni/">New Netherland and Beyond: Genealogy and History site for New Netherland and Colonial New York.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111210025358/http://www.scripophily.com/nybankhistorya.htm">New York Bank History</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7AICWljujdg/"><i>New Netherland 1614-1667</i>, Documentary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.churchofjesuschrist.org/article/historic-sites/new-york?lang=eng">New York Historic Sites</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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York</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a></b> (capital)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_New_York_(state)" title="Outline of New York (state)">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_New_York_(state)%E2%80%93related_articles" title="Index of New York (state)–related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of airports in New York (state)">Airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of New York (state)">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_New_York_(state)" title="Climate change in New York (state)">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_New_York_(state)" title="Crime in New York (state)">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Demographics of New York (state)">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_New_York_(state)" title="Economy of New York (state)">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_New_York_(state)" title="Education in New York (state)">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_New_York_(state)" title="Geography of New York (state)">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gun_laws_in_New_York" title="Gun laws in New York">Gun laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_New_York_(state)" title="Healthcare in New York (state)">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_New_York" title="Homelessness in New York">Homelessness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in New York (state)">LGBT rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_New_York_(state)" title="List of museums in New York (state)">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_New_York_(state)" title="Music of New York (state)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_State" title="Empire State">Nickname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_parks" title="List of New York state parks">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_New_York_(state)" title="List of people from New York (state)">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_New_York_(state)" title="Sports in New York (state)">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_New_York_state_symbols" title="List of New York state symbols">Symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_New_York_(state)" title="Transportation in New York (state)">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Tourist_attractions_in_New_York_(state)" title="Category:Tourist attractions in New York (state)">Tourist attractions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_New_York_(state)" title="Politics of New York (state)">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_New_York" title="Abortion in New York">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_New_York_(state)" title="Administrative divisions of New York (state)">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York%27s_congressional_districts" title="New York's congressional districts">Congressional districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_New_York" title="Constitution of New York">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_congressional_delegations_from_New_York" title="United States congressional delegations from New York">Delegations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_New_York" title="List of United States senators from New York">Senators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_New_York" title="List of United States representatives from New York">Representatives</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_New_York_(state)" title="Elections in New York (state)">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_York_(state)" title="Government of New York (state)">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_New_York_(state)" title="Law of New York (state)">Law</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_the_United_States#New_York" title="List of regions of the United States">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adirondack_Mountains" title="Adirondack Mountains">Adirondack Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Plateau" title="Allegheny Plateau">Allegheny Plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_District,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Capital District, New York">Capital District</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catskill_Mountains" title="Catskill Mountains">Catskill Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York_Region" title="Central New York Region">Central Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_New_York" title="Central New York">Central New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champlain_Valley" title="Champlain Valley">Champlain Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_metropolitan_area" title="New York metropolitan area">Tri-State area</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finger_Lakes" title="Finger Lakes">Finger Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phelps_and_Gorham_Purchase" title="Phelps and Gorham Purchase">Holland Purchase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Highlands" title="Hudson Highlands">Hudson Highlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Valley" title="Hudson Valley">Hudson Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Valley_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohawk Valley region">Mohawk Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_Frontier" title="Niagara Frontier">Niagara Frontier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Country_(New_York)" title="North Country (New York)">North Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ridge-and-Valley_Appalachians" title="Ridge-and-Valley Appalachians">Ridge and Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shawangunk_Ridge" title="Shawangunk Ridge">Shawangunks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ski_country" title="Ski country">Ski country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tier" title="Southern Tier">Southern Tier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southtowns" title="Southtowns">Southtowns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tech_Valley" title="Tech Valley">Tech Valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thousand_Islands" title="Thousand Islands">Thousand Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tug_Hill" title="Tug Hill">Tug Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upstate_New_York" title="Upstate New York">Upstate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_New_York" title="Western New York">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_statistical_areas" title="New York statistical areas">Metro areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany,_New_York" title="Albany, New York">Albany</a> / <a href="/wiki/Schenectady,_New_York" title="Schenectady, New York">Schenectady</a> / <a href="/wiki/Troy,_New_York" title="Troy, New York">Troy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binghamton,_New_York" title="Binghamton, New York">Binghamton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo,_New_York" title="Buffalo, New York">Buffalo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_New_York" title="Niagara Falls, New York">Niagara Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmira,_New_York" title="Elmira, New York">Elmira</a> / <a href="/wiki/Corning_(city),_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="Corning (city), New York">Corning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glens_Falls,_New_York" title="Glens Falls, New York">Glens Falls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ithaca,_New_York" title="Ithaca, New York">Ithaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_New_York" title="Jamestown, New York">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston,_New_York" title="Kingston, New York">Kingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rochester,_New_York" title="Rochester, New York">Rochester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_New_York" title="Syracuse, New York">Syracuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utica,_New_York" title="Utica, New York">Utica</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rome,_New_York" title="Rome, New York">Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watertown,_New_York" title="Watertown, New York">Watertown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_counties_in_New_York" title="List of counties in New York">Counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albany_County,_New_York" title="Albany County, New York">Albany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegany_County,_New_York" title="Allegany County, New York">Allegany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bronx" title="The Bronx">Bronx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broome_County,_New_York" title="Broome County, New York">Broome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cattaraugus_County,_New_York" title="Cattaraugus County, New York">Cattaraugus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayuga_County,_New_York" title="Cayuga County, New York">Cayuga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_County,_New_York" title="Chautauqua County, New York">Chautauqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemung_County,_New_York" title="Chemung County, New York">Chemung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chenango_County,_New_York" title="Chenango County, New York">Chenango</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_County,_New_York" title="Clinton County, New York">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Columbia_County,_New_York" title="Columbia County, New York">Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortland_County,_New_York" title="Cortland County, New York">Cortland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delaware_County,_New_York" title="Delaware County, New York">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutchess_County,_New_York" title="Dutchess County, New York">Dutchess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erie_County,_New_York" title="Erie County, New York">Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex_County,_New_York" title="Essex County, New York">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_County,_New_York" title="Franklin County, New York">Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_County,_New_York" title="Fulton County, New York">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genesee_County,_New_York" title="Genesee County, New York">Genesee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greene_County,_New_York" title="Greene County, New York">Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton_County,_New_York" title="Hamilton County, New York">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herkimer_County,_New_York" title="Herkimer County, New York">Herkimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_New_York" title="Jefferson County, New York">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brooklyn" title="Brooklyn">Kings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_County,_New_York" title="Lewis County, New York">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Livingston_County,_New_York" title="Livingston County, New York">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_New_York" title="Madison County, New York">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_County,_New_York" title="Monroe County, New York">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montgomery_County,_New_York" title="Montgomery County, New York">Montgomery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tryon_County,_New_York" title="Tryon County, New York">Tryon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nassau_County,_New_York" title="Nassau County, New York">Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan" title="Manhattan">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niagara_County,_New_York" title="Niagara County, New York">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_County,_New_York" title="Oneida County, New York">Oneida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onondaga_County,_New_York" title="Onondaga County, New York">Onondaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_County,_New_York" title="Ontario County, New York">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_County,_New_York" title="Orange County, New York">Orange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orleans_County,_New_York" title="Orleans County, New York">Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswego_County,_New_York" title="Oswego County, New York">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otsego_County,_New_York" title="Otsego County, New York">Otsego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putnam_County,_New_York" title="Putnam County, New York">Putnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queens" title="Queens">Queens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaer_County,_New_York" title="Rensselaer County, New York">Rensselaer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island" title="Staten Island">Richmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockland_County,_New_York" title="Rockland County, New York">Rockland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_County,_New_York" title="St. Lawrence County, New York">Saint Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_County,_New_York" title="Saratoga County, New York">Saratoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schenectady_County,_New_York" title="Schenectady County, New York">Schenectady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schoharie_County,_New_York" title="Schoharie County, New York">Schoharie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_County,_New_York" title="Schuyler County, New York">Schuyler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seneca_County,_New_York" title="Seneca County, New York">Seneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steuben_County,_New_York" title="Steuben County, New York">Steuben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk_County,_New_York" title="Suffolk County, New York">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_County,_New_York" title="Sullivan County, New York">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tioga_County,_New_York" title="Tioga County, New York">Tioga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tompkins_County,_New_York" title="Tompkins County, New York">Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_County,_New_York" title="Ulster County, New York">Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_County,_New_York" title="Warren County, New York">Warren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_New_York" title="Washington County, New York">Washington</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_County,_Province_of_New_York" title="Charlotte County, Province of New York">Charlotte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_County,_New_York" title="Wayne County, New York">Wayne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westchester_County,_New_York" title="Westchester County, New York">Westchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_County,_New_York" title="Wyoming County, New York">Wyoming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yates_County,_New_York" title="Yates County, New York">Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of places in New York">Places</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in New York">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_towns_in_New_York" title="List of towns in New York">Towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_Indian_Reservations_in_New_York_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of American Indian Reservations in New York (state)">Indian reservations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_villages_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="List of villages in New York">Villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census-designated_places_in_New_York" title="List of census-designated places in New York">Census-designated places</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lenape" title="Lenape">Lenape</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Netherland" title="New Netherland">New Netherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rensselaerswyck" title="Rensselaerswyck">Rensselaerswyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="History of slavery in New York">History of slavery in New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_New_York" title="Province of New York">Province of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada (1775)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_cessions" title="State cessions">State cessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="New York in the American Civil War">New York in the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9/11_attacks" class="mw-redirect" title="9/11 attacks">9/11 attacks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/32px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/48px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Flag_of_New_York.svg/64px-Flag_of_New_York.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="450" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_(state)" title="Portal:New York (state)">New York (state) portal</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="text-align:left;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Template talk:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:U.S._political_divisions_histories" title="Special:EditPage/Template:U.S. political divisions histories"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_the_United_States_by_polity" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States" title="History of the United States">History of the United States</a> by polity</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;">States</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alabama" title="History of Alabama">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Alaska" title="History of Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arizona" title="History of Arizona">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Arkansas" title="History of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_California" title="History of California">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Colorado" title="History of Colorado">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Connecticut" title="History of Connecticut">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delaware" title="History of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Florida" title="History of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="History of Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Hawaii" title="History of Hawaii">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Idaho" title="History of Idaho">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Illinois" title="History of Illinois">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indiana" title="History of Indiana">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iowa" title="History of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kansas" title="History of Kansas">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kentucky" title="History of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Louisiana" title="History of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maine" title="History of Maine">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Maryland" title="History of Maryland">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Massachusetts" title="History of Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Michigan" title="History of Michigan">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Minnesota" title="History of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Mississippi" title="History of Mississippi">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Missouri" title="History of Missouri">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Montana" title="History of Montana">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nebraska" title="History of Nebraska">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Nevada" title="History of Nevada">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Hampshire" title="History of New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Jersey" title="History of New Jersey">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_New_Mexico" title="History of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Carolina" title="History of North Carolina">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_North_Dakota" title="History of North Dakota">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Ohio" title="History of Ohio">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oklahoma" title="History of Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Oregon" title="History of Oregon">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Pennsylvania" title="History of Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Rhode_Island" title="History of Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Carolina" title="History of South Carolina">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_South_Dakota" title="History of South Dakota">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tennessee" title="History of Tennessee">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Texas" title="History of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Utah" title="History of Utah">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Vermont" title="History of Vermont">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington_(state)" title="History of Washington (state)">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_West_Virginia" title="History of West Virginia">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wisconsin" title="History of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wyoming" title="History of Wyoming">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_district" title="Federal district">Federal district</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Washington,_D.C." title="History of Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_Samoa" title="History of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Guam" title="History of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Northern Mariana Islands">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Puerto_Rico" title="History of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico </a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="History of the United States Virgin Islands">U.S. Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right; vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Minor_Outlying_Islands" title="United States Minor Outlying Islands">Outlying islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Baker_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Baker Island">Baker Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Howland_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Howland Island">Howland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Jarvis_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Jarvis Island">Jarvis Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Johnston_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Johnston Atoll">Johnston Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kingman_Reef" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Kingman Reef">Kingman Reef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Midway_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Midway Atoll">Midway Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Navassa_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Navassa Island">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Palmyra_Atoll" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Palmyra Atoll">Palmyra Atoll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Wake_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Wake Island">Wake Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Template talk:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:New_York_in_the_American_Revolutionary_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:New York in the American Revolutionary War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="New_York_in_the_American_Revolution" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Revolution">New York in the American Revolution</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1765</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sons_of_Liberty" title="Sons of Liberty">Sons of Liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_pole" title="Liberty pole">First Liberty poles erected</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stamp_Act_Congress" title="Stamp Act Congress">Stamp Act Congress</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1770</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill" title="Battle of Golden Hill">Battle of Golden Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1775</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Ticonderoga" title="Capture of Fort Ticonderoga">Capture of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Canada_(1775)" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Canada (1775)">Invasion of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1776</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_and_New_Jersey_campaign" title="New York and New Jersey campaign">New York and New Jersey campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Long_Island" title="Battle of Long Island">Battle of Long Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prison_Ship_Martyrs%27_Monument" title="Prison Ship Martyrs' Monument">New York Prison Ships begin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Turtle" class="mw-redirect" title="American Turtle">Submarine attack in New York Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staten_Island_Peace_Conference" title="Staten Island Peace Conference">Staten Island Peace Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Kip%27s_Bay" title="Landing at Kip's Bay">Landing at Kip's Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harlem_Heights" title="Battle of Harlem Heights">Battle of Harlem Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Fire_of_New_York_(1776)" title="Great Fire of New York (1776)">Great Fire of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Hale" title="Nathan Hale">Execution of Nathan Hale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valcour_Island" title="Battle of Valcour Island">Battle of Valcour Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pell%27s_Point" title="Battle of Pell's Point">Battle of Pell's Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Plains" title="Battle of White Plains">Battle of White Plains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Washington" title="Battle of Fort Washington">Battle of Fort Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1777</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meigs_Raid" title="Meigs Raid">Meigs Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratoga_campaign" title="Saratoga campaign">Saratoga campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Ticonderoga_(1777)" title="Siege of Fort Ticonderoga (1777)">Siege of Fort Ticonderoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Anne" title="Battle of Fort Anne">Battle of Fort Anne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Stanwix" title="Siege of Fort Stanwix">Siege of Fort Stanwix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oriskany" title="Battle of Oriskany">Battle of Oriskany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bennington" title="Battle of Bennington">Battle of Bennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Setauket" title="Battle of Setauket">Battle of Setauket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Staten_Island" title="Battle of Staten Island">Battle of Staten Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#First_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Freeman's_Farm_(Sept._19)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Freeman's Farm (1st Saratoga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Forts_Clinton_and_Montgomery" title="Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery">Battle of Forts Clinton and Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Saratoga#Second_Saratoga:_Battle_of_Bemis_Heights_(Oct._7)" title="Battles of Saratoga">Battle of Bemis Heights (2nd Saratoga)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1778</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culper_Ring" title="Culper Ring">Setauket Spy Ring launched</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cobleskill" title="Battle of Cobleskill">Battle of Cobleskill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy#History" title="United States Military Academy">West Point established</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_German_Flatts_(1778)" title="Attack on German Flatts (1778)">Attack on German Flatts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Unadilla_and_Onaquaga" title="Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga">Raid on Unadilla and Onaquaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleton%27s_Raid" title="Carleton's Raid">Carleton's Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherry_Valley_massacre" title="Cherry Valley massacre">Cherry Valley massacre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1779</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stony_Point" title="Battle of Stony Point">Battle of Stony Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Minisink" title="Battle of Minisink">Battle of Minisink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sullivan_Expedition" title="Sullivan Expedition">Sullivan Expedition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Newtown" title="Battle of Newtown">Battle of Newtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boyd_and_Parker_ambush" title="Boyd and Parker ambush">Boyd and Parker ambush</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1780</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Young%27s_House" title="Battle of Young's House">Battle of Young's House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Churchill" title="Elijah Churchill">First Purple Heart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Arnold" title="Benedict Arnold">Arnold</a>–<a href="/wiki/John_Andr%C3%A9" title="John André">André</a> <a href="/wiki/Patriot%27s_Park" title="Patriot's Park">conspiracy exposed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Klock%27s_Field" title="Battle of Klock's Field">Battle of Klock's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_St._George" title="Battle of Fort St. George">Battle of Fort St. George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1781</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Culloden_(1776)" title="HMS Culloden (1776)">HMS <i>Culloden</i> runs aground at Montauk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Washington calls off invasion of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Slongo" title="Battle of Fort Slongo">Battle of Fort Slongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Johnstown" title="Battle of Johnstown">Battle of Johnstown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1782</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington%27s_Headquarters_State_Historic_Site" title="Washington's Headquarters State Historic Site">Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_letter" title="Newburgh letter">Newburgh letter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">1783</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Newburgh_Conspiracy" title="Newburgh Conspiracy">Newburgh Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_Day_(New_York)" title="Evacuation Day (New York)">British evacuate New York</a></li> 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