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class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Denitrification</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denitrification-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ammonia_removal_from_mine_water" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ammonia_removal_from_mine_water"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Ammonia removal from mine water</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ammonia_removal_from_mine_water-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Phosphorus_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Phosphorus_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Phosphorus removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Phosphorus_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biomass_plants_incorporation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biomass_plants_incorporation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Biomass plants incorporation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biomass_plants_incorporation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metals_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metals_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Metals removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metals_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mine_water—Acid_drainage_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mine_water—Acid_drainage_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>Mine water—Acid drainage removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mine_water—Acid_drainage_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pathogen_removal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pathogen_removal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Pathogen removal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pathogen_removal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Types and design considerations</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_design_considerations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and design considerations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Subsurface_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsurface_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Subsurface flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsurface_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.1</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Design_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Design_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.2</span> <span>Design considerations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Design_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_and_maintenance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_and_maintenance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.3</span> <span>Operation and maintenance</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_and_maintenance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparisons_with_other_types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.4</span> <span>Comparisons with other types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comparisons_with_other_types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1.5</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Surface_flow" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Surface_flow"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Surface flow</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Surface_flow-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hybrid_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hybrid_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Hybrid systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hybrid_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Integrated_constructed_wetland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Integrated_constructed_wetland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Integrated constructed wetland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Integrated_constructed_wetland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_design_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_design_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Other design aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_design_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Plants_and_other_organisms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants_and_other_organisms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Plants and other organisms</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Plants_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Plants and other organisms subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Plants_and_other_organisms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Plants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Plants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Plants</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Plants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Animals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Costs_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Costs_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Costs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Costs_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Constructed wetland</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B6%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%B7%D8%A8%D8%A9" title="معالجة الأراضي الرطبة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معالجة الأراضي الرطبة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ko%C5%99enov%C3%A1_%C4%8Dist%C3%ADrna_odpadn%C3%ADch_vod" title="Kořenová čistírna odpadních vod – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kořenová čistírna odpadních vod" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pflanzenkl%C3%A4ranlage" title="Pflanzenkläranlage – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pflanzenkläranlage" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tehism%C3%A4rgala" title="Tehismärgala – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tehismärgala" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitotratamiento" title="Fitotratamiento – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fitotratamiento" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%A8_%D8%B3%D8%A7%D8%AE%D8%AA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="تالاب ساخته‌شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تالاب ساخته‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lagunage" title="Lagunage – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lagunage" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitodepurazione" title="Fitodepurazione – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fitodepurazione" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A7" title="אגן ירוק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אגן ירוק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Helofytenfilter" title="Helofytenfilter – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Helofytenfilter" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wetland_(tratamento_de_esgoto)" title="Wetland (tratamento de esgoto) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Wetland (tratamento de esgoto)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anlagd_v%C3%A5tmark" title="Anlagd våtmark – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Anlagd våtmark" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D1%96_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Біоінженерні ставки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біоінженерні ставки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%B9%BF%E5%9C%B0" title="人工湿地 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="人工湿地" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1376406#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> 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searchaux" style="display:none">Artificial wetland to treat wastewater, greywater or stormwater runoff</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/220px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/330px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg/440px-Flintenbreite_constructed_wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Constructed wetland in an ecological settlement in Flintenbreite near <a href="/wiki/L%C3%BCbeck" title="Lübeck">Lübeck, Germany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>constructed wetland</b> is an artificial <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetland</a> to treat <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">sewage</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a> runoff or <a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">industrial wastewater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It may also be designed for land reclamation after <a href="/wiki/Mining" title="Mining">mining</a>, or as a <a href="/wiki/Flood_mitigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flood mitigation">mitigation</a> step for natural areas lost to <a href="/wiki/Land_development" title="Land development">land development</a>. Constructed wetlands are engineered systems that use the natural functions of <a href="/wiki/Vegetation" title="Vegetation">vegetation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">soil</a>, and organisms to provide <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> to <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a>. The design of the constructed wetland has to be adjusted according to the type of wastewater to be treated. Constructed wetlands have been used in both centralized and <a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">decentralized wastewater systems</a>. Primary treatment is recommended when there is a large amount of suspended solids or soluble organic matter (measured as <a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">biochemical oxygen demand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">chemical oxygen demand</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similar to natural wetlands, constructed wetlands also act as a <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilter</a> and/or can remove a range of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutants</a> (such as organic matter, <a href="/wiki/Nutrient_pollution" title="Nutrient pollution">nutrients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pathogen" title="Pathogen">pathogens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_(chemistry)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metal (chemistry)">heavy metals</a>) from the water. Constructed wetlands are designed to remove water pollutants such as suspended solids, organic matter and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All types of pathogens (i.e., bacteria, viruses, <a href="/wiki/Protozoa" title="Protozoa">protozoans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_worm" title="Parasitic worm">helminths</a>) are expected to be removed to some extent in a constructed wetland. Subsurface wetlands provide greater pathogen removal than surface wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There are two main types of constructed wetlands: subsurface flow and surface flow. The planted vegetation plays an important role in contaminant removal. The filter bed, consisting usually of <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>, has an equally important role to play.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some constructed wetlands may also serve as a <a href="/wiki/Habitat" title="Habitat">habitat</a> for native and migratory <a href="/wiki/Wildlife" title="Wildlife">wildlife</a>, although that is not their main purpose. Subsurface flow constructed wetlands are designed to have either horizontal flow or vertical flow of water through the gravel and sand bed. Vertical flow systems have a smaller space requirement than horizontal flow systems. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Terminology">Terminology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Terminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many terms are used to denote constructed wetlands, such as <a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">reed beds</a>, soil infiltration beds, treatment wetlands, engineered wetlands, man-made or artificial wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">biofilter</a> has some similarities with a constructed wetland, but is usually without plants. </p><p>The term of constructed wetlands can also be used to describe restored and recultivated land that was destroyed in the past through draining and converting into farmland, or mining. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he,_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_(3252520051).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg/220px-Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg/330px-Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg/440px-Hamburg-Allerm%C3%B6he%2C_effluent_from_constructed_wetland_%283252520051%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2016" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Effluent from a constructed wetland for <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> treatment at an ecological housing estate in Hamburg-Allermöhe, Germany</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_(4113800865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg/220px-Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg/330px-Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg/440px-Constructed_wetland_Bayawan_City_%284113800865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="537" /></a><figcaption>Constructed wetland for domestic wastewater treatment in Bayawan City, <a href="/wiki/Negros_Oriental" title="Negros Oriental">Negros Oriental</a> <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_the_Philippines" title="Provinces of the Philippines">province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> </figcaption></figure> <p>A constructed wetland is an engineered sequence of water bodies designed to treat <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">storm water runoff</a>. </p><p>Vegetation in a wetland provides a substrate (roots, stems, and leaves) upon which <a href="/wiki/Microorganism" title="Microorganism">microorganisms</a> can grow as they break down organic materials. This community of microorganisms is known as the <a href="/wiki/Periphyton" title="Periphyton">periphyton</a>. The periphyton and natural chemical processes are responsible for approximately 90 percent of <a href="/wiki/Pollutant" title="Pollutant">pollutant</a> removal and waste breakdown.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plants remove about seven to ten percent of pollutants, and act as a <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> source for the microbes when they decay. Different species of <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_plant" title="Aquatic plant">aquatic plants</a> have different rates of heavy metal uptake, a consideration for plant selection in a constructed wetland used for water treatment. Constructed wetlands are of two basic types: subsurface flow and surface flow wetlands. </p><p>Constructed wetlands are one example of <a href="/wiki/Nature-based_solutions" title="Nature-based solutions">nature-based solutions</a> and of <a href="/wiki/Phytoremediation" title="Phytoremediation">phytoremediation</a>. </p><p>Constructed wetland systems are highly controlled environments that intend to mimic the occurrences of soil, flora, and microorganisms in natural wetlands to aid in treating wastewater. They are constructed with flow regimes, micro-biotic composition, and suitable plants in order to produce the most efficient treatment process. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Uses">Uses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands can be used to treat raw sewage, storm water, agricultural and <a href="/wiki/Industrial_effluent" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial effluent">industrial effluent</a>. Constructed wetlands mimic the functions of natural wetlands to capture stormwater, reduce nutrient loads, and create diverse wildlife habitat. Constructed wetlands are used for <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> or for <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> treatment.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many regulatory agencies list treatment wetlands as one of their recommended "<a href="/wiki/Best_management_practice_for_water_pollution" title="Best management practice for water pollution">best management practices</a>" for controlling <a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">urban runoff</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Removal_of_contaminants">Removal of contaminants</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Removal of contaminants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Physical, chemical, and biological processes combine in wetlands to remove contaminants from wastewater. An understanding of these processes is fundamental not only to designing wetland systems but to understanding the fate of chemicals once they enter the wetland. Theoretically, <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> within a constructed wetland occurs as it passes through the wetland medium and the plant <a href="/wiki/Rhizosphere_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhizosphere (ecology)">rhizosphere</a>. A thin film around each root hair is <a href="/wiki/Oxygen" title="Oxygen">aerobic</a> due to the leakage of oxygen from the <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Root" title="Root">roots</a>, and rootlets.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_organism" title="Aerobic organism">Aerobic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anaerobic_organism" title="Anaerobic organism">anaerobic</a> micro-organisms facilitate decomposition of organic matter. Microbial <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a> releases <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen" title="Nitrogen">nitrogen</a> as gas to the <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere" title="Atmosphere">atmosphere</a>. <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> is <a href="/wiki/Coprecipitation" title="Coprecipitation">coprecipitated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a> compounds located in the root-bed medium.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Suspended_solids" title="Suspended solids">Suspended solids</a> filter out as they settle in the water column in surface flow wetlands or are physically filtered out by the medium within subsurface flow wetlands. Harmful <a href="/wiki/Bacteria" title="Bacteria">bacteria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fungus" title="Fungus">fungi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Virus" title="Virus">viruses</a> are reduced by filtration and adsorption by <a href="/wiki/Biofilm" title="Biofilm">biofilms</a> on the gravel or sand media in subsurface flow and vertical flow systems.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nitrogen_removal">Nitrogen removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Nitrogen removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The dominant forms of nitrogen in wetlands that are of importance to <a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">wastewater</a> treatment include <a href="/wiki/Organic_nitrogen" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic nitrogen">organic nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonium" title="Ammonium">ammonium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nitrate" title="Nitrate">nitrate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nitrite" title="Nitrite">nitrite</a>. Total nitrogen refers to all nitrogen <a href="/wiki/Chemical_species" title="Chemical species">species</a>. Wastewater nitrogen removal is important because of ammonia's toxicity to fish if discharged into watercourses. Excessive nitrates in drinking water is thought to cause <a href="/wiki/Methemoglobinemia" title="Methemoglobinemia">methemoglobinemia</a> in infants, which decreases the blood's oxygen transport ability. Moreover, excess input of N from point and non-point sources to surface water promotes eutrophication in rivers, lakes, estuaries, and coastal oceans which causes several problems in aquatic ecosystems e.g. toxic algal blooms, oxygen depletion in water, fish mortality, loss of aquatic biodiversity.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ammonia removal occurs in constructed wetlands – if they are designed to achieve biological nutrient removal – in a similar ways as in <a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">sewage treatment</a> plants, except that no external, energy-intensive addition of air (oxygen) is needed.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is a two-step process, consisting of <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> followed by <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">denitrification</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_cycle" title="Nitrogen cycle">nitrogen cycle</a> is completed as follows: ammonia in the wastewater is converted to ammonium ions; the aerobic bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrosomonas" title="Nitrosomonas">Nitrosomonas</a></i> sp. oxidizes ammonium to nitrite; the bacterium <i><a href="/wiki/Nitrobacter" title="Nitrobacter">Nitrobacter</a></i> sp. then converts nitrite to nitrate. Under anaerobic conditions, nitrate is reduced to relatively harmless nitrogen gas that enters the atmosphere.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Nitrification">Nitrification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Nitrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">Nitrification</a></div> <p>Nitrification is the biological conversion of organic and inorganic nitrogenous compounds from a reduced state to a more oxidized state, based on the action of two different bacteria types.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetzel-1983_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetzel-1983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nitrification is strictly an aerobic process in which the end product is nitrate (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). The process of nitrification oxidizes ammonium (from the wastewater) to nitrite (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), and then nitrite is oxidized to nitrate (<span class="chemf nowrap">NO<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">−</sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">3</sub></span></span></span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denitrification">Denitrification</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Denitrification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Denitrification" title="Denitrification">Denitrification</a></div> <p>Denitrification is the biochemical reduction of oxidized nitrogen anions, nitrate and nitrite to produce the gaseous products nitric oxide (NO), <a href="/wiki/Nitrous_oxide" title="Nitrous oxide">nitrous oxide</a> (<span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>) and nitrogen gas (<span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>), with concomitant oxidation of organic matter.<sup id="cite_ref-Wetzel-1983_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wetzel-1983-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The end product, <span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span></span>, and to a lesser extent the intermediary by product, <span class="chemf nowrap">N<span class="nowrap"><span style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:-0.3em;vertical-align:-0.4em;line-height:1em;font-size:80%;text-align:left"><sup style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline"></sup><br /><sub style="font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit;vertical-align:baseline">2</sub></span></span>O</span>, are gases that re-enter the atmosphere. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ammonia_removal_from_mine_water">Ammonia removal from mine water</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ammonia removal from mine water"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands have been used to remove ammonia and other nitrogenous compounds from contaminated <a href="/wiki/Mine_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Mine water">mine water</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including cyanide and nitrate. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Phosphorus_removal">Phosphorus removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Phosphorus removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Phosphorus" title="Phosphorus">Phosphorus</a> occurs naturally in both organic and inorganic forms. The analytical measure of biologically available <a href="/wiki/Phosphate" title="Phosphate">orthophosphates</a> is referred to as soluble reactive phosphorus (SR-P). Dissolved organic phosphorus and insoluble forms of organic and inorganic phosphorus are generally not biologically available until transformed into soluble inorganic forms.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitsch-Gosselink-1986_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitsch-Gosselink-1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In freshwater <a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">aquatic ecosystems</a> phosphorus is typically the major limiting nutrient. Under undisturbed natural conditions, phosphorus is in short supply. The natural scarcity of phosphorus is demonstrated by the explosive growth of <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> in water receiving heavy discharges of phosphorus-rich wastes. Because phosphorus does not have an atmospheric component, unlike nitrogen, the <a href="/wiki/Phosphorus_cycle" title="Phosphorus cycle">phosphorus cycle</a> can be characterized as closed. The removal and storage of phosphorus from wastewater can only occur within the constructed wetland itself. Phosphorus may be sequestered within a wetland system by: </p> <ol><li>The binding of phosphorus in organic matter as a result of incorporation into living biomass,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precipitation_(chemistry)" title="Precipitation (chemistry)">Precipitation</a> of insoluble phosphates with <a href="/wiki/Ferric" title="Ferric">ferric</a> iron, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> found in wetland soils.<sup id="cite_ref-Mitsch-Gosselink-1986_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mitsch-Gosselink-1986-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Biomass_plants_incorporation">Biomass plants incorporation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Biomass plants incorporation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Aquatic vegetation may play an important role in phosphorus removal and, if harvested, extend the life of a system by postponing phosphorus saturation of the sediments.<sup id="cite_ref-gunten89_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gunten89-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plants create a unique environment at the biofilm's attachment surface. Certain plants transport oxygen which is released at the biofilm/root interface, adding oxygen to the wetland system. Plants also increase soil or other root-bed medium hydraulic conductivity. As roots and <a href="/wiki/Rhizome" title="Rhizome">rhizomes</a> grow they are thought to disturb and loosen the medium, increasing its porosity, which may allow more effective fluid movement in the rhizosphere. When roots decay they leave behind ports and channels known as macropores which are effective in channeling water through the soil. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metals_removal">Metals removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Metals removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands have been used extensively for the removal of dissolved metals and <a href="/wiki/Metalloids" class="mw-redirect" title="Metalloids">metalloids</a>. Although these contaminants are prevalent in mine drainage, they are also found in <a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">stormwater</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">landfill leachate</a> and other sources (e.g., leachate or FDG washwater<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> at <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel_power_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuel power plant">coal-fired power plants</a>), for which treatment wetlands have been constructed for mines.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mine_water—Acid_drainage_removal"><span id="Mine_water.E2.80.94Acid_drainage_removal"></span>Mine water—Acid drainage removal</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mine water—Acid drainage removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands can also be used for treatment of <a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">acid mine drainage</a> from coal mines.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pathogen_removal">Pathogen removal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pathogen removal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Constructed wetlands are not designed for pathogen removal, but have been designed to remove other water quality constituents such as suspended solids, organic matter (biochemical oxygen demand and chemical oxygen demand) and nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus).<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>All types of pathogens are expected to be removed in a constructed wetland; however, greater pathogen removal is expected to occur in a subsurface wetland. In a free water surface flow wetland one can expect 1 to 2 <a href="/wiki/Common_logarithm" title="Common logarithm">log10</a> reduction of pathogens; however, bacteria and virus removal may be less than 1 log10 reduction in systems that are heavily planted with vegetation.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is because constructed wetlands typically include vegetation which assists in removing other pollutants such as nitrogen and phosphorus. Therefore, the importance of sunlight exposure in removing viruses and bacteria is minimized in these systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Removal in a properly designed and operated free water surface flow wetland is reported to be less than 1 to 2 log10 for bacteria, less than 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 1 to 2 log10 for protozoa, and 1 to 2 log10 for helminths.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In subsurface flow wetlands, the expected removal of pathogens is reported to be 1 to 3 log10 for bacteria, 1 to 2 log10 for viruses, 2 log10 for protozoa, and 2 log10 for helminths.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The log10 removal efficiencies reported here can also be understood in terms of the common way of reporting removal efficiencies as percentages: 1 log10 removal is equivalent to a removal efficiency of 90%; 2 log10 = 99%; 3 log10 = 99.9%; 4 log10 = 99.99% and so on.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_design_considerations">Types and design considerations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Types and design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg/220px-SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg/330px-SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg/440px-SchemConstructedWetlandSewage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="675" data-file-height="410" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Process_flow_diagram" title="Process flow diagram">Process flow diagram</a> for a sewage treatment plant with subsurface flow constructed wetlands.</figcaption></figure> <p>Constructed wetland systems can be surface flow systems with only free-floating <a href="/wiki/Macrophytes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrophytes">macrophytes</a>, floating-leaved macrophytes, or submerged macrophytes; however, typical free water surface systems are usually constructed with emergent macrophytes.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsurface flow-constructed wetlands with a vertical or a horizontal flow regime are also common and can be integrated into urban areas as they require relatively little space.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The main three broad types of constructed wetlands include:<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Subsurface flow constructed wetland – this wetland can be either with vertical flow (the effluent moves vertically, from the planted layer down through the substrate and out) or with horizontal flow (the effluent moves horizontally, parallel to the surface)</li> <li>Surface flow constructed wetland (this wetland has horizontal flow)</li> <li>Floating treatment wetland</li></ul> <p>The former types are placed in a basin with a substrate to provide a surface area upon which large amounts of waste degrading biofilms form, while the latter relies on a flooded treatment basin upon which aquatic plants are held in flotation till they develop a thick mat of roots and rhizomes upon which biofilms form. In most cases, the bottom is lined with either a polymer <a href="/wiki/Geomembrane" title="Geomembrane">geomembrane</a>, concrete or clay (when there is appropriate clay type) in order to protect the water table and surrounding grounds. The substrate can be either <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a>—generally limestone or pumice/volcanic rock, depending on local availability, <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> or a mixture of various sizes of media (for vertical flow constructed wetlands).<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Constructed wetlands can be used after a <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a> for primary treatment (or other types of systems) in order to separate the solids from the liquid effluent. Some constructed wetland designs however do not use upfront primary treatment. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subsurface_flow">Subsurface flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Subsurface flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/220px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/330px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/440px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Vertical_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland: Effluent flows through pipes on the subsurface of the ground through the root zone to the ground.<sup id="cite_ref-eawag.ch_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eawag.ch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/220px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/330px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/440px-Tilley_et_al_2014_Schematic_of_the_Horizontal_Subsurface_Flow_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of the Horizontal Subsurface Flow Constructed Wetland: Effluent flows horizontally through the bed.<sup id="cite_ref-eawag.ch_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-eawag.ch-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_(aqua).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg/220px-Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg/330px-Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg/440px-Vertical_subsurface_flow_constructed_wetland_%28aqua%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1575" /></a><figcaption>Vertical flow type of constructed wetlands (subsurface flow)</figcaption></figure> <p>In subsurface flow constructed wetlands the flow of wastewater occurs between the roots of the plants and there is no water surfacing (it is kept below gravel). As a result, the system is more efficient, does not attract mosquitoes, is less odorous and less sensitive to winter conditions. Also, less area is needed to purify water. A downside to the system are the intakes, which can clog or <a href="/wiki/Bioclogging" title="Bioclogging">bioclog</a> easily, although some larger sized gravel will often solve this problem. </p><p>Subsurface flow wetlands can be further classified as horizontal flow or vertical flow constructed wetlands. In the vertical flow constructed wetland, the effluent moves vertically from the planted layer down through the substrate and out (requiring air pumps to aerate the bed).<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the horizontal flow constructed wetland the effluent moves horizontally via gravity, parallel to the surface, with no surface water thus avoiding mosquito breeding. Vertical flow constructed wetlands are considered to be more efficient with less area required compared to horizontal flow constructed wetlands. However, they need to be interval-loaded and their design requires more know-how while horizontal flow constructed wetlands can receive wastewater continuously and are easier to build.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the increased efficiency a vertical flow subsurface constructed wetland requires only about 3 square metres (32 sq ft) of space per <a href="/wiki/Population_equivalent" title="Population equivalent">person equivalent</a>, down to 1.5 square metres in hot climates.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "French System" combines primary and secondary treatment of raw wastewater. The effluent passes various filter beds whose grain size is getting progressively smaller (from gravel to sand).<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Applications">Applications</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsurface flow wetlands can treat a variety of different wastewaters, such as household wastewater, agricultural, paper mill wastewater, mining <a href="/wiki/Runoff_(water)" class="mw-redirect" title="Runoff (water)">runoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanning_(leather)" title="Tanning (leather)">tannery</a> or <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a> processing wastes, <a href="/wiki/Storm_water" class="mw-redirect" title="Storm water">storm water</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The quality of the effluent is determined by the design and should be customized for the intended reuse application (like irrigation or toilet flushing) or the disposal method. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Design_considerations">Design considerations</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Design considerations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Depending on the type of constructed wetlands, the wastewater passes through a gravel and more rarely <a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand</a> medium on which plants are rooted.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A <a href="/wiki/Gravel" title="Gravel">gravel</a> medium (generally limestone or volcanic rock <a href="/wiki/Lava_filter" title="Lava filter">lavastone</a>) can be used as well (the use of lavastone will allow for a surface reduction of about 20% over limestone) is mainly deployed in horizontal flow systems though it does not work as efficiently as sand (but sand will clog more readily).<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Constructed subsurface flow wetlands are meant as <a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">secondary treatment</a> systems which means that the effluent needs to first pass a primary treatment which effectively removes solids. Such a primary treatment can consist of sand and grit removal, grease trap, <a href="/wiki/Compost" title="Compost">compost</a> filter, <a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">septic tank</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a>, anaerobic baffled reactor or <a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket" class="mw-redirect" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket">upflow anaerobic sludge blanket</a> (UASB) reactor.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The following treatment is based on different biological and physical processes like filtration, adsorption or nitrification. Most important is the biological filtration through a biofilm of <a href="/wiki/Aerobic_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerobic bacteria">aerobic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Facultative_bacteria" class="mw-redirect" title="Facultative bacteria">facultative bacteria</a>. Coarse sand in the filter bed provides a surfaces for microbial growth and supports the adsorption and filtration processes. For those microorganisms the oxygen supply needs to be sufficient. </p><p>Especially in warm and dry climates the effects of evapotranspiration and precipitation are significant. In cases of water loss, a vertical flow constructed wetland is preferable to a horizontal because of an unsaturated upper layer and a shorter retention time, although vertical flow systems are more dependent on an external energy source. Evapotranspiration (as is rainfall) is taken into account in designing a horizontal flow system.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The effluent can have a yellowish or brownish colour if <a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">domestic wastewater</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> is treated. Treated <a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">greywater</a> usually does not tend to have a colour. Concerning pathogen levels, treated greywater meets the standards of pathogen levels for safe discharge to surface water.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Treated domestic wastewater might need a tertiary treatment, depending on the intended reuse application.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Plantings of <a href="/wiki/Reedbed" class="mw-redirect" title="Reedbed">reedbeds</a> are popular in European constructed subsurface flow wetlands, although at least twenty other plant species are usable. Many fast growing timer plants can be used, as well for example as <i>Musa</i> spp., <i>Juncus</i> spp., cattails (<i><a href="/wiki/Typha" title="Typha">Typha</a></i> spp.) and <a href="/wiki/Cyperaceae" title="Cyperaceae">sedges</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Operation_and_maintenance">Operation and maintenance</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Operation and maintenance"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Overloading peaks should not cause performance problems while continuous overloading lead to a loss of treatment capacity through too much suspended solids, sludge or fats. </p><p>Subsurface flow wetlands require the following maintenance tasks: regular checking of the pretreatment process, of pumps when they are used, of influent loads and distribution on the filter bed.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comparisons_with_other_types">Comparisons with other types</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Comparisons with other types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Subsurface wetlands are less hospitable to <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitoes</a> compared to surface flow wetlands, as there is no water exposed to the surface. Mosquitos can be a problem in surface flow constructed wetlands. Subsurface flow systems have the advantage of requiring less land area for water treatment than surface flow. However, surface flow wetlands can be more suitable for wildlife habitat. </p><p>For urban applications the area requirement of a subsurface flow constructed wetland might be a limiting factor compared to conventional municipal <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plants" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plants">wastewater treatment plants</a>. High rate aerobic treatment processes like <a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">activated sludge</a> plants, trickling filters, rotating discs, submerged aerated filters or <a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">membrane bioreactor</a> plants require less space. The advantage of subsurface flow constructed wetlands compared to those technologies is their operational robustness which is particularly important in developing countries. The fact that constructed wetlands do not produce secondary sludge (<a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">sewage sludge</a>) is another advantage as there is no need for <a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">sewage sludge treatment</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, primary sludge from primary settling tanks does get produced and needs to be removed and treated. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Costs">Costs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The costs of subsurface flow constructed wetlands mainly depend on the costs of sand with which the bed has to be filled.<sup id="cite_ref-Dotro_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another factor is the cost of land. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Surface_flow">Surface flow</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Surface flow"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/220px-Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/330px-Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/440px-Schematic_of_the_Free_Water_Surface_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="730" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Schematic of a free-water surface constructed wetland: It aims to replicate the naturally occurring processes, where particles settle, pathogens are destroyed, and organisms and plants utilize the nutrients.</figcaption></figure> <p>Surface flow wetlands, also known as free water surface constructed wetlands, can be used for tertiary treatment or polishing of effluent from <a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">wastewater treatment</a> plants.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They are also suitable to treat stormwater drainage. </p><p>Surface flow constructed wetlands always have horizontal flow of wastewater across the roots of the plants, rather than vertical flow. They require a relatively large area to purify water compared to subsurface flow constructed wetlands and may have increased smell and lower performance in winter. </p><p>Surface flow wetlands have a similar appearance to ponds for wastewater treatment (such as "<a href="/wiki/Waste_stabilization_pond" title="Waste stabilization pond">waste stabilization ponds</a>") but are in the technical literature not classified as ponds.<sup id="cite_ref-tilley_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tilley-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pathogens are destroyed by natural decay, predation from higher organisms, sedimentation and UV irradiation since the water is exposed to direct sunlight.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil layer below the water is anaerobic but the roots of the plants release oxygen around them, this allows complex biological and chemical reactions.<sup id="cite_ref-surfwet.ch_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-surfwet.ch-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Surface flow wetlands can be supported by a wide variety of soil types including <a href="/wiki/Bay_mud" title="Bay mud">bay mud</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Silt" title="Silt">silty</a> <a href="/wiki/Clay" title="Clay">clays</a>. </p><p>Plants such as water hyacinth (<i><a href="/wiki/Eichhornia_crassipes" class="mw-redirect" title="Eichhornia crassipes">Eichhornia crassipes</a></i>) and <i><a href="/wiki/Pontederia" title="Pontederia">Pontederia</a></i> spp. are used worldwide (although <i>Typha</i> and <i>Phragmites</i> are highly invasive). </p><p>However, surface flow constructed wetlands may encourage mosquito breeding. They may also have high algae production that lowers the effluent quality and due to open water surface mosquitos and odours, it is more difficult to integrate them in an urban neighbourhood. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newly planted constructed wetland"><img alt="Newly planted constructed wetland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg/200px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg/300px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg/400px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newly planted constructed wetland</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Same constructed wetland, two years later"><img alt="Same constructed wetland, two years later" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/200px-Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/300px-Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg/400px-Mature_Constructed_Wetland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Same constructed wetland, two years later</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hybrid_systems">Hybrid systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Hybrid systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A combination of different types of constructed wetlands is possible to use the specific advantages of each system.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Integrated_constructed_wetland">Integrated constructed wetland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Integrated constructed wetland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An integrated constructed wetland is an unlined free surface flow constructed wetland with emergent vegetated areas and local soil material. Its objectives is not only to treat wastewater from farmyards and other wastewater sources, but also to integrate the wetland infrastructure into the landscape and enhancing its <a href="/wiki/Biodiversity" title="Biodiversity">biological diversity</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Scholz07b_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz07b-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Integrated constructed wetland facilitates may be more robust treatment systems compared to other constructed wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Mustafa09_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mustafa09-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz07a_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz07a-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Scholz07b_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Scholz07b-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is due to the greater biological complexity and generally relatively larger land area use and associated longer hydraulic <a href="/wiki/Residence_time_(fluid_dynamics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Residence time (fluid dynamics)">residence time</a> of integrated constructed wetland compared to conventional constructed wetlands.<sup id="cite_ref-Carty08_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty08-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Integrated constructed wetlands are used in <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> since about 2007. Farm constructed wetlands, which are a subtype of integrated constructed wetlands, are promoted by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Environment_Protection_Agency" title="Scottish Environment Protection Agency">Scottish Environment Protection Agency</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> <a href="/wiki/Environment_Agency" title="Environment Agency">Environment Agency</a> since 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-Carty08_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carty08-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_design_aspects">Other design aspects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Other design aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The design of a constructed wetland can greatly effect the surrounding environment. A wide range of skills and knowledge is needed in the construction and can easily be detrimental to the site if not done correctly. A long list of professions ranging from civil engineers to <a href="/wiki/Hydrologists" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrologists">hydrologists</a> to wildlife biologists to <a href="/wiki/Landscape_architect" title="Landscape architect">landscape architects</a> are needed in this design process. The landscape architect can utilize a wide range of skills to help accomplish the task of constructing a wetland that may not be thought of by other professions. Ecological landscape architects are also qualified to create wetland restoration designs in coordination with wetland scientists that increase the community value and appreciation of a project through well designed access, interpretation, and views of the project.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Landscape architecture has a long history of engagement with the aesthetic dimension of wetlands. Landscape architects also guide through the laws and regulations associated with constructing a wetland.<sup id="cite_ref-:12_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:12-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Plants_and_other_organisms">Plants and other organisms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Plants and other organisms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Organisms_used_in_water_purification" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisms used in water purification">Organisms used in water purification</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Plants">Plants</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Plants"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Typhas</i> and <i>Phragmites</i> are the main species used in constructed wetland due to their effectiveness, even though they can be <a href="/wiki/Invasive_species" title="Invasive species">invasive</a> outside their native range. </p><p>In North America, cattails (<i><a href="/wiki/Typha_latifolia" title="Typha latifolia">Typha latifolia</a></i>) are common in constructed wetlands because of their widespread abundance, ability to grow at different water depths, ease of transport and transplantation, and broad tolerance of water composition (including pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen and contaminant concentrations). Elsewhere, Common Reed (<i><a href="/wiki/Phragmites_australis" title="Phragmites australis">Phragmites australis</a></i>) are common (both in blackwater treatment but also in <a href="/wiki/Greywater_treatment" class="mw-redirect" title="Greywater treatment">greywater treatment</a> systems to purify wastewater). </p><p>Plants are usually <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_(ecology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous (ecology)">indigenous</a> in that location for <a href="/wiki/Ecology" title="Ecology">ecological</a> reasons and optimum workings. </p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_(3110372910).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Newly planted constructed wetland for blackwater treatment (Lima, Peru)"><img alt="Newly planted constructed wetland for blackwater treatment (Lima, Peru)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg/200px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg/300px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg/400px-Newly_planted_constructed_wetland_-_details_%283110372910%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Newly planted constructed wetland for <a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">blackwater</a> treatment (Lima, Peru)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Constructed_wetland_(5547294390).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The large roots of this uprooted plant growing in a constructed wetlands indicate a healthy plant (Lima, Peru)"><img alt="The large roots of this uprooted plant growing in a constructed wetlands indicate a healthy plant (Lima, Peru)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg/155px-Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="155" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg/232px-Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg/310px-Constructed_wetland_%285547294390%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1404" data-file-height="1359" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The large roots of this uprooted plant growing in a constructed wetlands indicate a healthy plant (Lima, Peru)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flowform.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A hybrid system using Flowforms in a treatment pond, in Norway."><img alt="A hybrid system using Flowforms in a treatment pond, in Norway." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flowform.jpg/200px-Flowform.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flowform.jpg/300px-Flowform.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Flowform.jpg/400px-Flowform.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A hybrid system using Flowforms in a treatment pond, in <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a>.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Animals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Locally grown non-<a href="/wiki/Predator" class="mw-redirect" title="Predator">predatory</a> <a href="/wiki/Fish" title="Fish">fish</a> can be added to surface flow constructed wetlands to eliminate or reduce <a href="/wiki/Pest_(organism)" title="Pest (organism)">pests</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Mosquito" title="Mosquito">mosquitos</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> wetlands provide habitat for amphibians but the pollutants they accumulate can affect the survival of larval stages, potentially making them function as "<a href="/wiki/Ecological_trap" title="Ecological trap">ecological traps</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Costs_2">Costs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Costs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since constructed wetlands are self-sustaining their lifetime costs are significantly lower than those of conventional treatment systems. Often their capital costs are also lower compared to conventional treatment systems.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They do take up significant space, and are therefore not preferred where real estate costs are high. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Primary clarifier effluent was discharged directly to natural <a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">wetlands</a> for decades before environmental regulations discouraged the practice.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Subsurface flow constructed wetlands with sand filter beds have their origin in China and are now used in Asia in small cities.<sup id="cite_ref-hoffmann_4-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Examples">Examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total number of constructed wetlands in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a> is 5,450 (in 2015).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to legal requirements (nitrification), only vertical flow constructed wetlands are implemented in Austria as they achieve better <a href="/wiki/Nitrification" title="Nitrification">nitrification</a> performance than horizontal flow constructed wetlands. Only about 100 of these constructed wetlands have a design size of 50 <a href="/wiki/Population_equivalent" title="Population equivalent">population equivalents</a> or more. The remaining 5,350 treatment plants are smaller than that.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the remediation efforts to remove contamination from <a href="/wiki/CFB_Goose_Bay" title="CFB Goose Bay">CFB Goose Bay</a>, one of the waste dumps was transformed into an engineered wetland. <sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output 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typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Constructed_wetlands" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Constructed wetlands">Constructed wetlands</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_engineering" title="Ecological engineering">Ecological engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecological_sanitation" title="Ecological sanitation">Ecological sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floodplain_restoration" title="Floodplain restoration">Floodplain restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_constructed_wetland" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated constructed wetland">Integrated constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passive_treatment_system" title="Passive treatment system">Passive treatment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitation" title="Sanitation">Sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetative_treatment_system" title="Vegetative treatment system">Vegetative treatment system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-sensitive_urban_design" title="Water-sensitive urban design">Water-sensitive urban design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Wetland classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_Constru%C3%ADdos" title="Wetlands Construídos">Wetlands Construídos</a> (a company in Brazil)</li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/42px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/21px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/32px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg/42px-Aegopodium_podagraria1_ies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Environment" title="Portal:Environment">Environment</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output 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Lansing, MI, UNESCO. <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY-SA_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/CC_BY-SA_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY-SA_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a></span> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported</a> license.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hoffmann-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hoffmann_4-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hoffmann, H., Platzer, C., von Münch, E., Winker, M. (2011): <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.susana.org/en/resources/library/details/930">Technology review of constructed wetlands – Subsurface flow constructed wetlands for greywater and domestic wastewater treatment</a>. Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH, Eschborn, Germany</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbdelhakeemAboulroosKamel2016" class="citation journal cs1">Abdelhakeem, Sara G.; Aboulroos, Samir A.; Kamel, Mohamed M. (2016-09-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jare.2015.12.002">"Performance of a vertical subsurface flow constructed wetland under different operational conditions"</a>. <i>Journal of Advanced Research</i>. <b>7</b> (5): 803–814. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jare.2015.12.002">10.1016/j.jare.2015.12.002</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2090-1232">2090-1232</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Advanced+Research&rft.atitle=Performance+of+a+vertical+subsurface+flow+constructed+wetland+under+different+operational+conditions&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=803-814&rft.date=2016-09-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jare.2015.12.002&rft.issn=2090-1232&rft.aulast=Abdelhakeem&rft.aufirst=Sara+G.&rft.au=Aboulroos%2C+Samir+A.&rft.au=Kamel%2C+Mohamed+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jare.2015.12.002&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+wetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dotro-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dotro_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDotroLangergraberMolleNivala2017" class="citation book cs1">Dotro, G.; Langergraber, G.; Molle, P.; Nivala, J.; Puigagut Juárez, J.; Stein, O. R.; von Sperling, M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iwapublishing.com/open-access-ebooks/3567">"Treatment wetlands"</a>. <i>Volume 7. Biological Wastewater Treatment Series</i>. 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"Stormwater wetlands can function as ecological traps for urban frogs". <i>Ecological Applications</i>. <b>28</b> (4): 1106–1115. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Feap.1714">10.1002/eap.1714</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10072%2F382029">10072/382029</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29495099">29495099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ecological+Applications&rft.atitle=Stormwater+wetlands+can+function+as+ecological+traps+for+urban+frogs&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1106-1115&rft.date=2018-06&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10072%2F382029&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29495099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Feap.1714&rft.aulast=Sievers&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Parris%2C+Kirsten+M.&rft.au=Swearer%2C+Stephen+E.&rft.au=Hale%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+wetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itrcweb.org/GuidanceDocuments/WTLND-1.pdf">Technical and Regulatory Guidance Document for Constructed Treatment Wetlands</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (Report). Washington, D.C.: Interstate Technology & Regulatory Council. December 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=Technical+and+Regulatory+Guidance+Document+for+Constructed+Treatment+Wetlands&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Interstate+Technology+%26+Regulatory+Council&rft.date=2003-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itrcweb.org%2FGuidanceDocuments%2FWTLND-1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+wetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLangergraberWeissenbacher2017" class="citation journal cs1">Langergraber, Guenter; Weissenbacher, Norbert (2017-05-25). "Survey on number and size distribution of treatment wetlands in Austria". <i>Water Science and Technology</i>. <b>75</b> (10): 2309–2315. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2166%2Fwst.2017.112">10.2166/wst.2017.112</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0273-1223">0273-1223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28541938">28541938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Water+Science+and+Technology&rft.atitle=Survey+on+number+and+size+distribution+of+treatment+wetlands+in+Austria&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=2309-2315&rft.date=2017-05-25&rft.issn=0273-1223&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28541938&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2166%2Fwst.2017.112&rft.aulast=Langergraber&rft.aufirst=Guenter&rft.au=Weissenbacher%2C+Norbert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+wetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarker" class="citation web cs1">Barker, Jacob. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220629215746/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/south-escarpment-work-goose-bay-1.4233395">"Turning an old dump into new wetland in Happy Valley-Goose Bay"</a>. <i>Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/newfoundland-labrador/south-escarpment-work-goose-bay-1.4233395">the original</a> on 2022-06-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.atitle=Turning+an+old+dump+into+new+wetland+in+Happy+Valley-Goose+Bay&rft.aulast=Barker&rft.aufirst=Jacob&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbc.ca%2Fnews%2Fcanada%2Fnewfoundland-labrador%2Fsouth-escarpment-work-goose-bay-1.4233395&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstructed+wetland" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constructed_wetland&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link 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href="/wiki/Template:Wetlands" title="Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wetlands" title="Template talk:Wetlands"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wetlands"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wetlands" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wetland" title="Wetland">Wetlands</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types and landforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Natural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backswamp" title="Backswamp">Backswamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bayou" title="Bayou">Bayou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beach_meadow" title="Beach meadow">Beach meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_river" title="Blackwater river">Blackwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bofedales" title="Bofedales">Bofedales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog" title="Bog">Bog</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blanket_bog" title="Blanket bog">Blanket bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cataract_bog" title="Cataract bog">Cataract bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Coastal bog">Coastal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kermi_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermi bog">Kermi bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plateau_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Plateau bog">Plateau bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Polygonal bog">Polygonal bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raised_bog" title="Raised bog">Raised bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_bog" title="String bog">String bog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upland_bog" class="mw-redirect" title="Upland bog">Upland bog</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callows" title="Callows">Callows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carr_(landform)" title="Carr (landform)">Carr</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alder_carr" title="Alder carr">Alder carr</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ci%C3%A9nega" title="Ciénega">Ciénega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearwater_river_(river_type)" title="Clearwater river (river type)">Clearwater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cypress_dome" title="Cypress dome">Cypress dome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dambo" title="Dambo">Dambo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fen" title="Fen">Fen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fen-meadow" title="Fen-meadow">Fen-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poor_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Poor fen">Poor fen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_fen" class="mw-redirect" title="Rich fen">Rich fen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flark" title="Flark">Flark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood-meadow" title="Flood-meadow">Flood-meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flooded_grasslands_and_savannas" title="Flooded grasslands and savannas">Flooded grasslands and savannas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grass_valley" title="Grass valley">Grass valley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelta" title="Guelta">Guelta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamun" title="Hamun">Hamun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igap%C3%B3" title="Igapó">Igapó</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ings" title="Ings">Ings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interdunal_wetland" title="Interdunal wetland">Interdunal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertidal_wetland" title="Intertidal wetland">Intertidal wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kettle_(landform)" title="Kettle (landform)">Kettle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lagg_(landform)" title="Lagg (landform)">Lagg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh" title="Marsh">Marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brackish_marsh" title="Brackish marsh">Brackish marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_marsh" title="Freshwater marsh">Freshwater marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_salt_marsh" title="Inland salt marsh">Inland salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh" title="Salt marsh">Salt marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidal_marsh" title="Tidal marsh">Tidal marsh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_marsh" title="High marsh">High marsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Low_marsh" title="Low marsh">Low marsh</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mere_(lake)" title="Mere (lake)">Mere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misse" title="Misse">Misse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moorland" title="Moorland">Moorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudflat" title="Mudflat">Mudflat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muskeg" title="Muskeg">Muskeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oasis" title="Oasis">Oasis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakihi" title="Pakihi">Pakihi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">Palsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palustrine_wetland" title="Palustrine wetland">Palustrine wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peatland" title="Peatland">Peatland, mire, and quagmire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocosin" title="Pocosin">Pocosin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond" title="Pond">Pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pothole_(landform)" title="Pothole (landform)">Pothole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reed_bed" title="Reed bed">Reed bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_pannes_and_pools" title="Salt pannes and pools">Salt pannes and pools</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slough_(hydrology)" title="Slough (hydrology)">Slough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swamp" title="Swamp">Swamp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coniferous_swamp" title="Coniferous swamp">Coniferous swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_swamp_forest" title="Freshwater swamp forest">Freshwater swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangrove_forest" title="Mangrove forest">Mangrove forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myristica_swamp" title="Myristica swamp"><i>Myristica</i> swamp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peat_swamp_forest" title="Peat swamp forest">Peat swamp forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrub_swamp" title="Shrub swamp">Shrub swamp</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wet_meadow" title="Wet meadow">Wet meadow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1rzea_forest" title="Várzea forest">Várzea forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vernal_pool" title="Vernal pool">Vernal pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whitewater_river_(river_type)" title="Whitewater river (river type)">Whitewater river</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ya%C3%A9r%C3%A9" title="Yaéré">Yaéré</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artificial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bog_garden" title="Bog garden">Bog garden</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Converted_wetland" title="Converted wetland">Converted wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swale_(landform)" title="Swale (landform)">Swale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water-meadow" title="Water-meadow">Water-meadow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wetland_plants" title="List of wetland plants">List of wetland plants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fen_plants" title="List of fen plants">List of fen plants</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sphagnum" title="Sphagnum">Sphagnum</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Soil mechanics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acrotelm" title="Acrotelm">Acrotelm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Histosol" title="Histosol">Histosol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peat" title="Peat">Peat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sapric" title="Sapric">Sapric or muck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropical_peat" title="Tropical peat">Tropical peat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydric_soil" title="Hydric soil">Hydric soil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_gas" title="Marsh gas">Marsh gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ombrotrophic" title="Ombrotrophic">Ombrotrophic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Processes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Halosere" title="Halosere">Halosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrosere" title="Hydrosere">Hydrosere</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paludification" title="Paludification">Paludification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_dieback" title="Salt marsh dieback">Salt marsh dieback</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_classification" title="Wetland classification">Classifications</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Directory_of_Important_Wetlands_in_Australia" title="A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia">A Directory of Important Wetlands in Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Wetlands_Inventory" title="National Wetlands Inventory">National Wetlands Inventory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Classification_System_for_Wetland_Type" class="mw-redirect" title="Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type">Ramsar Classification System for Wetland Type</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wetland_conservation" title="Wetland conservation">Conservation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clean_Water_Act" title="Clean Water Act">Clean Water Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenhouse_gas_emissions_from_wetlands" title="Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands">Greenhouse gas emissions from wetlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsh_organ" title="Marsh organ">Marsh organ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_Convention" title="Ramsar Convention">Ramsar Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramsar_site" title="Ramsar site">Ramsar site</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ramsar_Wetlands_of_International_Importance" title="List of Ramsar Wetlands of International Importance">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salt_marsh_die-off" title="Salt marsh die-off">Salt marsh die-off</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetland_indicator_status" title="Wetland indicator status">Wetland indicator status</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh_Haor_and_Wetland_Development_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board">Bangladesh Haor and Wetland Development Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Waterfowl_Foundation" title="Delta Waterfowl Foundation">Delta Waterfowl Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducks_Unlimited" title="Ducks Unlimited">Ducks Unlimited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Peatland_Conservation_Council" title="Irish Peatland Conservation Council">Irish Peatland Conservation Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meadowview_Biological_Research_Station" title="Meadowview Biological Research Station">Meadowview Biological Research Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Wetland_Scientists" title="Society of Wetland Scientists">Society of Wetland Scientists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wetlands_International" title="Wetlands International">Wetlands International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildfowl_%26_Wetlands_Trust" title="Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust">Wildfowl & Wetlands Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquatic_ecosystem" title="Aquatic ecosystem">Aquatic ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_body" title="Bog body">Bog body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_butter" title="Bog butter">Bog butter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog_iron" title="Bog iron">Bog iron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bog-wood" title="Bog-wood">Bog-wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bogs" title="List of bogs">List of bogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Drainage basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estuary" title="Estuary">Estuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riparian_zone" title="Riparian zone">Riparian zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/River_delta" title="River delta">River delta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telmatology" title="Telmatology">Telmatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbary" title="Turbary">Turbary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will-o%27-the-wisp" title="Will-o'-the-wisp">Will-o'-the-wisp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/16px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/24px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg/32px-Atchafalaya_Basin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1001" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wetlands" title="Portal:Wetlands">Wetlands portal</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Wetlands" title="Category:Wetlands">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Stormwater_management_structures" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Stormwater_structures" title="Template:Stormwater structures"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Stormwater_structures" title="Template talk:Stormwater structures"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Stormwater_structures" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Stormwater structures"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Stormwater_management_structures" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Stormwater" title="Stormwater">Stormwater</a> management structures</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Treatment / Containment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biofilter" title="Biofilter">Biofilter</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_basin" title="Detention basin">Detention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_roof" title="Green roof">Green roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_filter" title="Media filter">Media filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil-grit_separator" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil-grit separator">Oil-grit separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retention_basin" title="Retention basin">Retention basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater_detention_vault" title="Stormwater detention vault">Stormwater detention vault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stormwater_harvesting" title="Stormwater harvesting">Stormwater harvesting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Flow control</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Continuous_monitoring_and_adaptive_control_(stormwater_management)" title="Continuous monitoring and adaptive control (stormwater management)">Continuous monitoring and adaptive control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flood_control_channel" title="Flood control channel">Flood control channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_control_structure" title="Flow control structure">Flow control structure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydrodynamic_separator" title="Hydrodynamic separator">Hydrodynamic separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storm_drain" title="Storm drain">Storm drain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Infiltration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioretention" title="Bioretention">Bioretention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioswale" title="Bioswale">Bioswale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_well" title="Dry well">Dry well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percolation_trench" title="Percolation trench">Percolation trench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permeable_paving" title="Permeable paving">Permeable paving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semicircular_bund" title="Semicircular bund">Semicircular bund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Wastewater" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Wastewater" title="Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Wastewater" title="Template talk:Wastewater"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Wastewater"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Wastewater" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater" title="Wastewater">Wastewater</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acid_mine_drainage" title="Acid mine drainage">Acid mine drainage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballast_water_discharge_and_the_environment" title="Ballast water discharge and the environment">Ballast water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathroom" title="Bathroom">Bathroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(coal)" title="Blackwater (coal)">Blackwater (coal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackwater_(waste)" title="Blackwater (waste)">Blackwater (waste)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boiler_blowdown" title="Boiler blowdown">Boiler blowdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brine" title="Brine">Brine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooling_tower#Wet_cooling_tower_material_balance" title="Cooling tower">Cooling tower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Cooling water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greywater" title="Greywater">Greywater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration/Inflow" title="Infiltration/Inflow">Infiltration/Inflow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment#Sources_of_industrial_wastewater" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange#Regeneration_wastewater" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leachate" title="Leachate">Leachate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentrated_animal_feeding_operation" title="Concentrated animal feeding operation">Manure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_paper#Water_pollution" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental effects of paper">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Produced_water" title="Produced water">Produced water</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Return_flow" title="Return flow">Return flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis#Waste_stream_considerations" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">Sanitary sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septage" class="mw-redirect" title="Septage">Septage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage" title="Sewage">Sewage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge" title="Sewage sludge">Sewage sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toilet" title="Toilet">Toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urban_runoff" title="Urban runoff">Urban runoff</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_quality_indicators" title="Wastewater quality indicators">Quality indicators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adsorbable_organic_halides" title="Adsorbable organic halides">Adsorbable organic halides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biochemical_oxygen_demand" title="Biochemical oxygen demand">Biochemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_oxygen_demand" title="Chemical oxygen demand">Chemical oxygen demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coliform_index" title="Coliform index">Coliform index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxygen_saturation" title="Oxygen saturation">Oxygen saturation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavy_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Heavy metals">Heavy metals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">Salinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperature" title="Temperature">Temperature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_dissolved_solids" title="Total dissolved solids">Total dissolved solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_suspended_solids" title="Total suspended solids">Total suspended solids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbidity" title="Turbidity">Turbidity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_surveillance" title="Wastewater surveillance">Wastewater surveillance</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment" title="Wastewater treatment">Treatment options</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activated_sludge" title="Activated sludge">Activated sludge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerated_lagoon" title="Aerated lagoon">Aerated lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agricultural_wastewater_treatment" title="Agricultural wastewater treatment">Agricultural wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/API_oil%E2%80%93water_separator" title="API oil–water separator">API oil–water separator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carbon_filtering" title="Carbon filtering">Carbon filtering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_chlorination" title="Water chlorination">Chlorination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarifier" title="Clarifier">Clarifier</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constructed wetland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralized_wastewater_system" title="Decentralized wastewater system">Decentralized wastewater system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extended_aeration" title="Extended aeration">Extended aeration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facultative_lagoon" title="Facultative lagoon">Facultative lagoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fecal_sludge_management" title="Fecal sludge management">Fecal sludge management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filtration" title="Filtration">Filtration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imhoff_tank" title="Imhoff tank">Imhoff tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_wastewater_treatment" title="Industrial wastewater treatment">Industrial wastewater treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_exchange" title="Ion exchange">Ion exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Membrane_bioreactor" title="Membrane bioreactor">Membrane bioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reverse_osmosis" title="Reverse osmosis">Reverse osmosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotating_biological_contactor" title="Rotating biological contactor">Rotating biological contactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_treatment" title="Secondary treatment">Secondary treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sedimentation_(water_treatment)" title="Sedimentation (water treatment)">Sedimentation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Septic_tank" title="Septic tank">Septic tank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Settling_basin" title="Settling basin">Settling basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_sludge_treatment" title="Sewage sludge treatment">Sewage sludge treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewage_treatment" title="Sewage treatment">Sewage treatment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewer_mining" title="Sewer mining">Sewer mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stabilization_pond" class="mw-redirect" title="Stabilization pond">Stabilization pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trickling_filter" title="Trickling filter">Trickling filter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraviolet_germicidal_irradiation" title="Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation">Ultraviolet germicidal irradiation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upflow_anaerobic_sludge_blanket_digestion" title="Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket digestion">UASB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermifilter" title="Vermifilter">Vermifilter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wastewater_treatment_plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Wastewater treatment plant">Wastewater treatment plant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Disposal options</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Combined_sewer" title="Combined sewer">Combined sewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evaporation_pond" title="Evaporation pond">Evaporation pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groundwater_recharge" title="Groundwater recharge">Groundwater recharge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infiltration_basin" title="Infiltration basin">Infiltration basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Injection_well" title="Injection well">Injection well</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_dumping" class="mw-redirect" title="Marine 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