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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Early career</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Austro-Daimler" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austro-Daimler"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Austro-Daimler</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austro-Daimler-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Founding_of_Porsche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Founding_of_Porsche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Founding of Porsche</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Founding_of_Porsche-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Founding of Porsche subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Founding_of_Porsche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Volkswagen_Beetle_and_government_commission" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Volkswagen_Beetle_and_government_commission"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Volkswagen Beetle and government commission</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Volkswagen_Beetle_and_government_commission-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Auto_Union_racing_car" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Auto_Union_racing_car"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Auto Union racing car</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Auto_Union_racing_car-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_vehicles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_vehicles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Military vehicles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_vehicles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Return_to_Stuttgart" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Return_to_Stuttgart"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Return to Stuttgart</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Return_to_Stuttgart-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Views_on_labour" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Views_on_labour"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Views on labour</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Views_on_labour-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversy_in_Porsche's_birthplace" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_in_Porsche's_birthplace"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Controversy in Porsche's birthplace</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_in_Porsche's_birthplace-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ferdinand Porsche</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 60 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-60" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">60 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87" title="فرديناند بورشه – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فرديناند بورشه" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Por%C5%9Fe" title="Ferdinand Porşe – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ferdinand Porşe" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D1%8D" title="Фердынанд Поршэ – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фердынанд Поршэ" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фердинанд Порше – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фердинанд Порше" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CF%81%CF%83%CE%B5" title="Φέρντιναντ Πόρσε – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φέρντιναντ Πόρσε" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%87" title="فردیناند پورشه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فردیناند پورشه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%98%EB%A5%B4%EB%94%94%EB%82%9C%ED%8A%B8_%ED%8F%AC%EB%A5%B4%EC%85%B0" title="페르디난트 포르셰 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="페르디난트 포르셰" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%96%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A4_%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B7%D5%A5" title="Ֆերդինանդ Պորշե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ֆերդինանդ Պորշե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%A0%D7%93_%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%94" title="פרדיננד פורשה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פרדיננד פורשה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A4%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93_%E1%83%9E%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A8%E1%83%94" title="ფერდინანდ პორშე – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფერდინანდ პორშე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фердинанд Порше – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Фердинанд Порше" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinands_Por%C5%A1e" title="Ferdinands Porše – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ferdinands Porše" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%87" title="फर्डिनांड पोर्शे – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="फर्डिनांड पोर्शे" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%87" title="فارديناند بورشيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="فارديناند بورشيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фердинанд Порше – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фердинанд Порше" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%83%AB%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%83%8A%E3%83%B3%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9D%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%82%A7" title="フェルディナント・ポルシェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェルディナント・ポルシェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B1%DA%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%88_%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DB%92" title="فرڈینینڈ پورشے – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فرڈینینڈ پورشے" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5,_%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4" title="Порше, Фердинанд – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Порше, Фердинанд" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фердинанд Порше – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фердинанд Порше" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD" title="แฟร์ดีนันท์ พอร์เชอ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แฟร์ดีนันท์ พอร์เชอ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4_%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%88%D0%B5" title="Фердинанд Порше – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фердинанд Порше" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E6%97%B6%E6%8D%B7" title="斐迪南·保时捷 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="斐迪南·保时捷" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E4%BF%9D%E6%99%82%E6%8D%B7" title="斐迪南·保時捷 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="斐迪南·保時捷" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Ferdinand Porsche" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferdinand_Por%C5%A1e" title="Ferdinand Porše – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Ferdinand Porše" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bohemian-German automotive engineer and inventor (1875–1951)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the founder of <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a> automobiles. For other people, see <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Ferdinand Porsche (disambiguation)">Ferdinand Porsche (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ferdinand Porsche</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21019,_Ferdinand_Porsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21019%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21019%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-B21019%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="263" data-file-height="345" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1875-09-03</span>)</span>3 September 1875<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Maffersdorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Maffersdorf">Maffersdorf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bohemia" title="Kingdom of Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a><br /><span style="font-size:85%;">(now <a href="/wiki/Vratislavice_nad_Nisou" title="Vratislavice nad Nisou">Vratislavice nad Nisou</a>, Czechia)</span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 January 1951<span style="display:none">(1951-01-30)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citizenship</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> (1875–1918) <br /> <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovakia</a> (1918–1934) <br /><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (1934–1951)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Engineer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">Founding and leading the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche AG">Porsche AG</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data">Aloisia Johanna Kaes (1878–1959)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Louise Piëch">Louise Piëch</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Anton_Ernst_Porsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche">Ferry Porsche</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Anton Porsche (father)</li><li>Anna Ehrlich (mother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Engineering career</b></td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Projects</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SSK" title="Mercedes-Benz SSK">Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tiger_II" title="Tiger II">Tiger II</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/German_National_Prize_for_Art_and_Science" title="German National Prize for Art and Science">German National Prize for Art and Science</a> <small>(1938)</small><br /><a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">SS-Ehrenring</a><br /><a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Exner_Medal" title="Wilhelm Exner Medal">Wilhelm Exner Medal</a>, 1936</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="infobox-signature skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png/150px-Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png/225px-Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Ferdinand_Porsche_autograph_1940s.png 2x" data-file-width="288" data-file-height="140" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ferdinand Porsche</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (3 September 1875 – 30 January 1951) was an Austrian-Bohemian-German <a href="/wiki/Automotive_engineering" title="Automotive engineering">automotive engineer</a> and founder of the <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche AG</a>. He is best known for creating the first <a href="/wiki/Petrol_engine" title="Petrol engine">gasoline</a>–<a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric</a> <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">hybrid vehicle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_racing_cars" title="Auto Union racing cars">Auto Union racing cars</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SSK" title="Mercedes-Benz SSK">Mercedes-Benz SS/SSK</a>, and several other important developments and Porsche automobiles. </p><p>An important contributor to the German war effort during <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porsche was involved in the production of advanced tanks such as the <a href="/wiki/VK_45.01_(P)" title="VK 45.01 (P)">VK 45.01 (P)</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant">Elefant</a> (initially called "Ferdinand") self-propelled gun, and the <a href="/wiki/Panzer_VIII_Maus" title="Panzer VIII Maus">Panzer VIII Maus</a> super-heavy tank, as well as other weapon systems, including the <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bomb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mondediplo_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondediplo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porsche was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> and an officer of the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">Schutzstaffel</a> (SS).<sup id="cite_ref-Hiott_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiott-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Diel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Diel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was a recipient of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Prize_for_Art_and_Science" title="German National Prize for Art and Science">German National Prize for Art and Science</a>, the <a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">SS-Ehrenring</a> and the <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a>. </p><p>Porsche was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Motorsports Hall of Fame">International Motorsports Hall of Fame</a> in 1996 and was named the <a href="/wiki/Car_Engineer_of_the_Century" title="Car Engineer of the Century">Car Engineer of the Century</a> in 1999. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Porsche_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche family">Porsche family</a></div> <p>Ferdinand Porsche was born to Anna Porsche (née Ehrlich) and Anton Porsche, in Maffersdorf (Vratislavice nad Nisou) in northern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a> at that time, and today part of the <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ferdinand was his parents' third child. His father was a <a href="/wiki/Panel_beater" title="Panel beater">master panel-beater</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AMuS041014_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AMuS041014-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ferdinand showed a great aptitude for technology and was especially intrigued by electricity from a young age. He was already attending classes at the Imperial Polytechnical College in <a href="/wiki/Liberec" title="Liberec">Reichenberg</a> (<a href="/wiki/Czech_language" title="Czech language">Czech</a>: <i lang="cs">Liberec</i> - some 5 km (3 mi) from his home)<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at night, while still helping his father in his mechanical shop by day. Thanks to a referral, Porsche landed a job with the Béla Egger & Co. Electrical company in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> (later <a href="/wiki/Brown,_Boveri_%26_Cie" title="Brown, Boveri & Cie">Brown Boveri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> now <a href="/wiki/ABB" title="ABB">ABB</a>), and moved there in 1893, at age 18.<sup id="cite_ref-NGHung_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NGHung-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While working in Vienna, he enrolled as a part-time student at what is now the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna University of Technology">Vienna University of Technology</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and went there whenever he could after work. Besides attending classes there, Porsche did not complete any formal engineering education. During his five years with <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Egger" title="Béla Egger">Béla Egger</a>, he built their first electric <a href="/wiki/Hub_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Hub motor">wheel-hub motor</a>, the concept for which had been developed by American inventor Wellington Adams, and Porsche also raced it, in 1897.<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_(3).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg/220px-Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg/330px-Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg/440px-Ferdinand_Porsche_Vratislavice_%283%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3021" data-file-height="2266" /></a><figcaption>Birth house of Ferdinand Porsche in Vratislavice nad Nisou</figcaption></figure> <p>After the breakup of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he chose <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak</a> citizenship.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1934, either <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> or <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> made Porsche a naturalized German citizen.<sup id="cite_ref-Flink_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lohner_Porsche.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/220px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/330px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lohner_Porsche.jpg/440px-Lohner_Porsche.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1530" data-file-height="1021" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a> Mixte Hybrid</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1897<sup id="cite_ref-Biography_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or 1898, Porsche joined the Vienna-based factory <a href="/wiki/Lohner-Werke" class="mw-redirect" title="Lohner-Werke">Jakob Lohner & Company</a>, which produced coaches for Emperor <a href="/wiki/Franz_Joseph_I_of_Austria" title="Franz Joseph I of Austria">Franz Joseph I of Austria</a> as well as for the monarchs of the UK, Sweden, and Romania.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jakob Lohner had begun construction of automobiles in 1896 under <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Lohner" title="Ludwig Lohner">Ludwig Lohner</a> in the trans-<a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danubian</a> suburb of <a href="/wiki/Floridsdorf" title="Floridsdorf">Floridsdorf</a>. Their first design — unveiled in Vienna, Austria, on 26 June 1898 — was the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche P1">Egger–Lohner vehicle</a> (also referred to as the C.2 Phaeton). </p><p>The Egger–Lohner was a carriage-like car driven by two <a href="/wiki/Electric_motor" title="Electric motor">electric motors</a> within the front wheel hubs, powered by batteries. This drivetrain construction was easily expanded to <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a>, by mounting two more electric motors to the rear wheels, and a four-motor example was ordered by Englishman E. W. Hart in 1900. In December that year, the car was displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Exposition_Universelle_(1900)" title="Exposition Universelle (1900)">Paris World Exhibition</a> under the name Toujours-Contente. Even though this one-off vehicle<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> had been commissioned for the purposes of racing and record-breaking, its 1,800 kg (4,000 lb) of <a href="/wiki/Lead%E2%80%93acid_battery" title="Lead–acid battery">lead–acid batteries</a> was a severe shortcoming. Though it "showed wonderful speed when it was allowed to sprint",<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> the weight of the batteries rendered it slow to climb hills. It also suffered from limited range due to limited battery life. </p><p>Still employed by Lohner, Porsche introduced the "<a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a> Mixte Hybrid" in 1901: instead of a massive battery-pack, an <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> built by the German firm <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft">Daimler</a> drove a <a href="/wiki/Electric_generator" title="Electric generator">generator</a> which in turn drove the electric <a href="/wiki/Wheel_hub_motor" title="Wheel hub motor">wheel hub motors</a>. As a backup a small battery pack was fitted. This is the first <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_electric_vehicle" title="Hybrid electric vehicle">petroleum-electric hybrid vehicle</a> on record. Since sufficiently reliable gears and couplings were not available at the time, he chose to make it a <a href="/wiki/Series-hybrid" class="mw-redirect" title="Series-hybrid">series-hybrid</a>, an arrangement now more common in <a href="/wiki/Diesel%E2%80%93electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Diesel–electric transmission">diesel–electric</a> or <a href="/wiki/Turbo-electric_transmission" class="mw-redirect" title="Turbo-electric transmission">turbo-electric</a> railway locomotives than in automobiles. </p><p>Though over 300 Lohner–Porsche chassis were sold up to 1906, most of them were two-wheel drive; either front- or rear-wheel driven trucks, buses and fire-engines. Some four wheel drive buses were produced, but no four wheel drive automobiles. </p><p>The vehicles achieved speeds of up to 56 kilometres per hour (35 mph), broke several Austrian speed records, and also won the Exelberg Rally in 1901, with Porsche himself driving a front-wheel drive hybrid. It was later upgraded with more powerful engines from <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Motoren-Gesellschaft">Daimler</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panhard" title="Panhard">Panhard</a>, which proved to be enough to gain more speed records. In 1905 Porsche was awarded the <i><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6tting" title="Pötting">Pötting</a> prize</i> as Austria's most outstanding automotive engineer. </p><p>In 1902, he was drafted into military service. He served as a chauffeur to <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand</a>, the heir presumptive to the Austro-Hungarian throne whose assassination has been credited with contributing to the start of WWI.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong20026_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong20026-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Austro-Daimler">Austro-Daimler</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Austro-Daimler"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1906, <a href="/wiki/Austro-Daimler" title="Austro-Daimler">Austro-Daimler</a> recruited Ferdinand Porsche as their chief designer. Porsche's best known Austro-Daimler car was designed for the <a href="/wiki/Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt" title="Prinz-Heinrich-Fahrt">Prince Henry Trial</a> in 1910, named after <a href="/wiki/William_II,_German_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="William II, German Emperor">Wilhelm II</a>'s younger brother <a href="/wiki/Prince_Heinrich_of_Prussia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Heinrich of Prussia">Prince Heinrich of Prussia</a>. Examples of this streamlined, 85 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> (63 kW) car won the first three places, and the car is still better known by the nickname "Prince Henry" than by its model name "Modell 27/80". He also created a 30 <a href="/wiki/Horsepower" title="Horsepower">horsepower</a> model called the Maja, named after <a href="/wiki/Mercedes_Jellinek" class="mw-redirect" title="Mercedes Jellinek">Mercedes Jellinek</a>'s younger sister, Andrée Maja (or Maia) Jellinek. </p><p>Porsche had advanced to managing director by 1916 and received an <a href="/wiki/Honorary_doctorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary doctorate">honorary doctorate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Vienna_University_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Vienna University of Technology">Vienna University of Technology</a> in 1916: the title "Dr. Ing. h.c." is an abbreviation of "<i>Doktor Ingenieur <a href="/wiki/Honoris_Causa" class="mw-redirect" title="Honoris Causa">Honoris Causa</a></i>".<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Porsche successfully continued to construct racing cars, winning 43 out of 53 races with his 1922 design. In 1923, Porsche left Austro-Daimler after differences ensued about the future direction of car development. </p><p>A few months later <a href="/wiki/Daimler_Motoren_Gesellschaft" title="Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft">Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft</a> hired Porsche to serve as Technical Director in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, which was already a major center for the German automotive industry. In 1924, he received another honorary doctorate from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Stuttgart" title="University of Stuttgart">Stuttgart Technical University</a> for his work at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft in Stuttgart and was later given the honorary title of Professor.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While at Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft he came up with several very successful race car designs. The series of models equipped with superchargers that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SSK" title="Mercedes-Benz SSK">Mercedes-Benz SSK</a> dominated its class of motor racing in the 1920s. </p><p>In 1926, Daimler Motoren Gesellschaft and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">Benz & Cie</a> merged into <a href="/wiki/Daimler-Benz" class="mw-redirect" title="Daimler-Benz">Daimler-Benz</a>, with their joint products beginning to be called <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a>. However, Porsche's ideas for a small, light-weight Mercedes-Benz car was not popular with Daimler-Benz's board. He left in 1929 for <a href="/wiki/Steyr_Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Steyr Automobile">Steyr Automobile</a>, but due to the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> Porsche ended up being made redundant. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Founding_of_Porsche">Founding of Porsche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Founding of Porsche"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Special:EditPage/Ferdinand Porsche">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734,_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-H06734%2C_Grundsteinlegung_f%C3%BCr_Werk_des_KdF-Wagens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Adolf Hitler laying the foundation stone of the KDF-Wagen (Volkswagen) factory near Fallersleben (Wolfsburg) on 26 May 1938. Ferdinand Porsche at far right.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16,_Nordfrankreich,_Panzer_VI_(Tiger_I).2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg/170px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg/255px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg/340px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-299-1805-16%2C_Nordfrankreich%2C_Panzer_VI_%28Tiger_I%29.2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="435" /></a><figcaption>Porsche was heavily involved in the production of advanced tanks, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger I</a> tank.</figcaption></figure> <p>In April 1931, Porsche returned to Stuttgart and founded his consulting firm <i>Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche GmbH, Konstruktionen und Beratungen für Motoren und Fahrzeugbau</i> (designs and consulting services for motors and vehicles). With financial backing from his son-in-law the Austrian attorney <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Anton Piëch">Anton Piëch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Rosenberger" title="Adolf Rosenberger">Adolf Rosenberger</a>, Porsche successfully recruited several former co-workers he had befriended at his former places of employment, including <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rabe" title="Karl Rabe">Karl Rabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Komenda" title="Erwin Komenda">Erwin Komenda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Reimspiess" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Xaver Reimspiess">Franz Xaver Reimspiess</a>, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Anton_Ernst_Porsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche">Ferry Porsche</a>. </p><p>Their first project was the design of a middle class car for <a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanderer (car)">Wanderer</a>. Other commissioned designs followed. As the business grew, Porsche decided to work on his own design as well, which was a development of the small car concept from his days at Daimler-Benz in Stuttgart. He financed the project with a loan on his life insurance. Later <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCndapp" title="Zündapp">Zündapp</a> decided to help sponsor the project, but lost interest after their success with motorcycles. <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="NSU Motorenwerke AG">NSU</a> then took over the sponsorship, but also lost interest due to the high tooling costs. </p><p>With car commissions scarce due to the depressed economic climate, Porsche founded a subsidiary company, <i>Hochleistungs Motor GmbH (High Performance Engines Ltd.),</i> to develop a <a href="/wiki/Racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Racing car">racing car</a> for which he had no customer. Based on <a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Wagner_(automotive_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Wagner (automotive designer) (page does not exist)">Max Wagner's</a> <a href="/wiki/Mid-engined" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-engined">mid-engined</a> layout the <i><a href="/wiki/Karl_Benz#Benz_Söhne_(1906–1923)Benz_Söhne_(1906–1923)" class="mw-redirect" title="Karl Benz">1923 Benz Tropfenwagen</a></i>, or "Teardrop" aerodynamic design, the experimental <a href="/wiki/P-Wagen_project" class="mw-redirect" title="P-Wagen project">P-Wagen project</a> racing car (P stood for Porsche) was designed according to the regulations of the 750 kg formula. The main regulation of this formula was that the weight of the car without driver, fuel, oil, water and tires was not allowed to exceed 750 kg (1,650 lb). </p><p>In 1932, <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union Gmbh</a> was formed, consisting of struggling auto manufacturers <a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a>, <a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wanderer (car)">Wanderer</a>. The chairman of the Board of Directors, Baron <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Oertzen" title="Klaus von Oertzen">Klaus von Oertzen</a> wanted a showpiece project, so at fellow director Adolf Rosenberger's insistence, von Oertzen met with Porsche, who had done work for him before. </p><p>Despite Rosenberger's contribution to the development of German automobiles and German auto racing, when Hitler came to power in Germany, Rosenberger, a Jew, was arrested for "Rassenschande" (racial crimes), and imprisoned at KZ Schloss Kislau near Karlsruhe and forced to forfeit his stake in the company. He was released, by the goodwill of a colleague, Hans Baron Veyder Mahlberg who bribed Gestapo agents, but he was forced to leave Germany immediately. </p><p>At the 1933 Berlin Motor Show <a href="/wiki/German_Chancellor" class="mw-redirect" title="German Chancellor">German Chancellor</a> Adolf Hitler announced his intention to motorize the nation, with every German owning either a car or a <a href="/wiki/Tractor" title="Tractor">tractor</a> in the future, and unveiled two new programs: the "people's car", and a state-sponsored motor racing programme to develop a "high speed German automotive industry"; to facilitate this, <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz" title="Mercedes-Benz">Mercedes-Benz</a> were to be given an annual grant of 500,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volkswagen_Beetle_and_government_commission">Volkswagen Beetle and government commission</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Volkswagen Beetle and government commission"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426,_Ferdinand_Porsche,_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-E01426%2C_Ferdinand_Porsche%2C_Heinrich_George_mit_VW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="592" /></a><figcaption>German Press Ball, January 1939.<br />Dr. Ferdinand Porsche, fourth from the left, presents the Volkswagen tombola prize to Mrs. Elsa Ellinghausen, the lucky winner.</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a></div> <p>In June 1934, Porsche received a contract from Hitler to design a people's car (or <i>"<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a>"</i>), following on from his previous designs such as the 1931 Type 12 car designed for <a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCndapp" title="Zündapp">Zündapp</a>. The first two prototypes were completed in 1935. These were followed by several further pre-production batches during 1936 to 1939. The car was similar to the contemporary designs of <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ledwinka" title="Hans Ledwinka">Hans Ledwinka</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatra (car)">Tatra</a>, in particular the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_V570" title="Tatra V570">Tatra V570</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tatra_97" title="Tatra 97">Tatra 97</a>. This resulted in a lawsuit against Porsche claiming infringement of Tatra's patents regarding air-cooling of the rear engine. The suit was interrupted by the <a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="German occupation of Czechoslovakia">German invasion of Czechoslovakia</a>: several years after World War II <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> paid a settlement. </p><p>Since being engaged by the National-Socialist authorities in building the <i>Volksauto</i>, Porsche was praised as the <i>Great German Engineer</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiott_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiott-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hitler considered Czechs <a href="/wiki/Untermensch" title="Untermensch">subhuman</a><sup id="cite_ref-Flink_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Flink-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Porsche was urged to apply for German citizenship in 1934.<sup id="cite_ref-Hiott_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hiott-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few days later, he indeed filed a declaration giving up the Czechoslovak citizenship at a Czechoslovak consulate in <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-idnes_dec27_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-idnes_dec27-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1937, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a><sup id="cite_ref-Rieger_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rieger-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (becoming member no. 5,643,287<sup id="cite_ref-Reuss_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuss-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) as well as the <a href="/wiki/Schutzstaffel" title="Schutzstaffel">SS</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-François_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-François-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By 1938, he was using the SS as security personnel and drivers at his factory, and later set up a special unit called <i>SS Sturmwerk Volkswagen</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Reuss_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reuss-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1942, he reached the rank of <i><a href="/wiki/SS-Oberf%C3%BChrer" class="mw-redirect" title="SS-Oberführer">SS-Oberführer</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-reradovich_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-reradovich-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and during the war, he was further decorated with the <a href="/wiki/SS-Ehrenring" title="SS-Ehrenring">SS-Ehrenring</a> and awarded the <a href="/wiki/War_Merit_Cross" title="War Merit Cross">War Merit Cross</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-denik_nov22_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-denik_nov22-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the war progressed his proposed solutions to new developments became more complex and he gained a reputation in certain circles as a "mad scientist" especially with <a href="/wiki/Albert_Speer" title="Albert Speer">Albert Speer</a> (mainly due to his newfound affinity for "pointy" designs).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A new city, "Stadt des KdF-Wagens" was founded near <a href="/wiki/Fallersleben" title="Fallersleben">Fallersleben</a> for the Volkswagen factory, but wartime production concentrated almost exclusively on the military <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Schwimmwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwimmwagen">Schwimmwagen</a> variants. Mass production of the car, which later became known as the Beetle, began after the end of the war. The city is named <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> today and is still the headquarters of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Auto_Union_racing_car">Auto Union racing car</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Auto Union racing car"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union racing car">Auto Union racing car</a></div> <p>German racing driver <a href="/wiki/Hans_Stuck" title="Hans Stuck">Hans Stuck</a> had met Hitler before he became Chancellor, and not being able to gain a seat at Mercedes, accepted the invitation of Rosenberger to join him, von Oertzen and Porsche in approaching the Chancellor. In a meeting in the <a href="/wiki/Reich_Chancellery" title="Reich Chancellery">Reich Chancellery</a>, Hitler agreed with Porsche that for the glory of Germany, it would be better for two companies to take part in the racing car project, resulting in Hitler agreeing to split the money between Mercedes and Auto Union with 250,000 <a href="/wiki/Reichsmark" title="Reichsmark">ℛ︁ℳ︁</a> to each company. This highly annoyed Mercedes, who had already developed their <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W25" title="Mercedes-Benz W25">Mercedes-Benz W25</a>, and resulted in a heated exchange both on and off the racing track between the two companies for the period until World War II. </p><p>Having obtained state funds, Auto Union bought <i>Hochleistungs Motor GmbH</i> and hence the P-Wagen Project for 75,000 ℛ︁ℳ︁, relocating the company to <a href="/wiki/Chemnitz" title="Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a>. As Porsche became more involved with the construction of the Wolfsburg factory, he handed over his racing projects to his son, Ferry. The dominance of the <i><a href="/wiki/Silver_Arrows" title="Silver Arrows">Silver Arrows</a></i> of both brands was only stopped by the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> in 1939. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_vehicles">Military vehicles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Military vehicles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porsche produced a heavy tank design in 1942, the <a href="/wiki/VK4501" class="mw-redirect" title="VK4501">VK4501</a> also known as "Tiger (P)". Due to the complex nature of the drive system, a competing design from <a href="/wiki/Henschel" class="mw-redirect" title="Henschel">Henschel</a> was chosen for production instead. Ninety chassis that had already been built were converted into self-propelled anti-tank guns; these were put into service in 1943 as the <a href="/wiki/Elefant" title="Elefant"><i>Panzerjäger Tiger</i> (P)</a> and known by the nickname "Ferdinand".<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ferdinand was driven by a hybrid electric powertrain, and was armed with a long barrel development of the 88mm anti-aircraft gun. The most common reason for losses was because the vehicle became stuck or broke down, and so the crews often had to destroy their own vehicles to avoid allowing them to be captured. It had a kill ratio of nearly 10:1, but as with most German wartime vehicles, lack of supplies made maintenance a serious problem, reducing the effectiveness of the vehicles, and forcing crews to destroy many otherwise operational vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 1945, Porsche was asked to continue the design of the Volkswagen in France and to move the factory equipment there as part of <a href="/wiki/War_reparations" title="War reparations">war reparations</a>. Whilst in France, Porsche was also asked to consult on the design/manufacture of the upcoming <a href="/wiki/Renault_4CV" title="Renault 4CV">Renault 4CV</a>, which led to serious conflict with the recently appointed head of Renault, the former resistance hero, <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Lefaucheux" title="Pierre Lefaucheux">Pierre Lefaucheux</a>. Differences within the French government and objections from the French automotive industry put a halt to the Volkswagen project before it had even begun. On 15 December 1945, French authorities arrested Porsche, <a href="/wiki/Anton_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Anton Piëch">Anton Piëch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferry_Porsche" title="Ferry Porsche">Ferry Porsche</a> as <a href="/wiki/War_criminal" class="mw-redirect" title="War criminal">war criminals</a>. While Ferry was freed after six months, Ferdinand and Anton were imprisoned first in Baden-Baden and then in Paris and Dijon.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While his father was in captivity, Ferry worked diligently to keep the company in business, developing a division for the repair of automobiles, water pumps, and <a href="/wiki/Winch" title="Winch">winches</a>. A contract with <a href="/wiki/Piero_Dusio" title="Piero Dusio">Piero Dusio</a> was completed for a <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix motor racing</a> car, the <i><a href="/wiki/Porsche_360" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche 360">Type 360</a> <a href="/wiki/Cisitalia" title="Cisitalia">Cisitalia</a></i>. The innovative 4WD design never raced. </p><p>The legal basis of Piëch and Porsche's imprisonment was principally Ferdinand Porsche's contribution to his country's war effort and personal friendship with Hitler. In the Porsche family's own account, the affair was a thinly-veiled attempt at extorting money and forcing them to collaborate with Renault.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But the family was deceptive about the use of <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labor</a> and the size of their wartime operation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was later shown that approximately 300 forced laborers were employed, including Poles and Russians.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war, it was common practice for German factories of this size (about 1000 workers) to use what was essentially slave labor, often with Slavic prisoners of war, who were frequently worked to death. The post-war French government required a payment of one million francs, variously described as ransom or bail, for the release of Piëch and Porsche. Initially unable to obtain this amount of money, the family eventually raised it through their contract with Cisitalia. During a trial, witnesses were brought forward to testify that no French prisoners had been imported to work at the plant.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to its work with Cisitalia, the company also started on a new design, the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_356" title="Porsche 356">Porsche 356</a>, the first car to carry the Porsche brand name. The company had relocated from Stuttgart to <a href="/wiki/Gm%C3%BCnd,_Carinthia" title="Gmünd, Carinthia">Gmünd</a> in <a href="/wiki/Carinthia_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Carinthia (state)">Carinthia</a> to avoid Allied bombing. The company started manufacturing the Porsche 356 in an old saw mill in Gmünd. The Gmünd factory made only 49 cars, entirely by hand. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Return_to_Stuttgart">Return to Stuttgart</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Return to Stuttgart"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Porsche family returned to Stuttgart in 1949 not knowing how to restart their business. While the banks would not give them credit, as the company's plant was still under American embargo and could not serve as collateral, they did still possess considerable resources. So Ferry Porsche took one of the limited series 356 models from Gmünd and visited Volkswagen dealers to raise some orders. He asked the dealers to pay for the ordered cars in advance.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The series production version made in Stuttgart had a <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> body, welded to the central-tube platform chassis, instead of the <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a> body used in the initial limited Gmünd-made series. When Ferry Porsche resurrected the company he counted on series production figures of about 1,500. More than 78,000 Porsche 356s were manufactured in the following 17 years. </p><p>Porsche was later contracted by Volkswagen for additional consulting work and received a <a href="/wiki/Royalties" class="mw-redirect" title="Royalties">royalty</a> on every <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a> manufactured. This provided Porsche with a comfortable income as more than 20 million Type I were built. </p><p>In November 1950, Porsche visited the Wolfsburg Volkswagen factory for the first time since the end of World War II. Porsche spent his visit chatting with Volkswagen president <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> about the future of VW Beetles, which were already being produced in large numbers. </p><p>A few weeks later, Porsche suffered a <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>. He did not fully recover, and died on 30 January 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1996, Porsche was inducted into the <a href="/wiki/International_Motorsports_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Motorsports Hall of Fame">International Motorsports Hall of Fame</a> and in 1999 posthumously won the award of <a href="/wiki/Car_Engineer_of_the_Century" title="Car Engineer of the Century">Car Engineer of the Century</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Views_on_labour">Views on labour</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Views on labour"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Porsche visited <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>'s operation in <a href="/wiki/Detroit" title="Detroit">Detroit</a> many times where he learned the importance of productivity. There he learned to monitor work. He was also surprised at how the workers and the managers treated each other as equals; even he, as a visiting dignitary, had to carry his own tray in the cafeteria and eat with the workers.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallWonder_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallWonder-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The need to increase productivity became a primary interest of Porsche's. Conventional methods for increasing productivity included longer working hours, a faster rate of work, and new labour-saving techniques. Originally, the Volkswagen project was to be a collaboration of the existing German auto manufacturers, but they bowed out of the project, and a complete workforce was needed.<sup id="cite_ref-SmallWonder_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmallWonder-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Volkswagen plant was completed in 1938 after Italian labour was brought in. Volkswagen, under Ferdinand Porsche, profited from <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a>. This included a large number of Soviets. By early 1945, German nationals only made up 10% of Volkswagen's workforce.<sup id="cite_ref-mondediplo_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mondediplo-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Controversy_in_Porsche's_birthplace"><span id="Controversy_in_Porsche.27s_birthplace"></span>Controversy in Porsche's birthplace</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Controversy in Porsche's birthplace"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following protests from local World War II survivors that Porsche's birthplace Maffersdorf in Austrian Bohemia, now Czech <a href="/wiki/Vratislavice_nad_Nisou" title="Vratislavice nad Nisou">Vratislavice nad Nisou</a>, was promoting Nazism by displaying signs commemorating its native son, in 2013 the town authorities removed the signs and changed the content of a local exhibition so that it would cover not only his automotive achievements, but also his Nazi party and SS membership, and the importance of his work for the Nazi war cause. The move was criticized by the local association of Porsche car owners as silly and intent on smearing the name of Porsche.<sup id="cite_ref-bloomberg_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bloomberg-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Moreover, Porsche AG removed cars that it had previously provided for the museum.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The name Porsche is pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="de-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Standard_German" title="Help:IPA/Standard German">[ˈpɔʁʃə]</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cc\/De-Porsche.ogg\/De-Porsche.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"De-Porsche.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/De-Porsche.ogg/De-Porsche.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:De-Porsche.ogg" title="File:De-Porsche.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span> in German and <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9f\/En-uk-Porsche.ogg\/En-uk-Porsche.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-uk-Porsche.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9f/En-uk-Porsche.ogg/En-uk-Porsche.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-uk-Porsche.ogg" title="File:En-uk-Porsche.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">POR</span>-shə</i></a> in English, with an audible <a href="/wiki/Schwa" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwa">schwa</a>. However, the realization <span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="'p' in 'pie'">p</span><span title="/ɔːr/: 'ar' in 'war'">ɔːr</span><span title="/ʃ/: 'sh' in 'shy'">ʃ</span></span>/</a></span> <span class="noprint"><span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/45\/En-us-Porsche.ogg\/En-us-Porsche.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Porsche.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/45/En-us-Porsche.ogg/En-us-Porsche.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Porsche.ogg" title="File:En-us-Porsche.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">PORSH</span></i></a> is also common in English.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Constantin_Krebs" title="Arthur Constantin Krebs">Arthur Constantin Krebs</a>, managing director of Panhard with whom Ferdinand Porsche designed a hybrid car.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.express.co.uk/news/world/868430/Porsche-founder-Ferdinand-Adolf-Hitler-Nazi">"Porsche founder made fortune from closeness to Adolf Hitler"</a> <i>Sunday Express</i>. Allan Hall. 19/10/17. Retrieved: 27/05/18</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mondediplo-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mondediplo_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mondediplo_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mondediplo.com/1998/01/11volkswag">"Volkswagen's history of forced labour"</a>. <i>Le Monde diplomatique - English edition</i>. Mondediplo.com. 28 November 1947<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Le+Monde+diplomatique+-+English+edition&rft.atitle=Volkswagen%27s+history+of+forced+labour&rft.date=1947-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmondediplo.com%2F1998%2F01%2F11volkswag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hiott-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hiott_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiott_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hiott_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiott2012" class="citation book cs1">Hiott, Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTBx13OJ9msC&q=ferdinand+porsche+german+citizenship&pg=PA121"><i>Thinking Small: The Long, Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle</i></a>. Random House LLC. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780345521446" title="Special:BookSources/9780345521446"><bdi>9780345521446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Small%3A+The+Long%2C+Strange+Trip+of+the+Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.pub=Random+House+LLC&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780345521446&rft.aulast=Hiott&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTBx13OJ9msC%26q%3Dferdinand%2Bporsche%2Bgerman%2Bcitizenship%26pg%3DPA121&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Diel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Diel_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiel2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Diel, Juliane (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=L5JuOTFvXGkC&q=ferdinand+porsche+nsdap&pg=PA19"><i>"Du bist Deutschland!" - eine Kampagne in der Kritik - Weblogs als kritische Meinungsführer</i></a> (in German). GRIN Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783638006354" title="Special:BookSources/9783638006354"><bdi>9783638006354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Du+bist+Deutschland%21%22+-+eine+Kampagne+in+der+Kritik+-+Weblogs+als+kritische+Meinungsf%C3%BChrer&rft.pub=GRIN+Verlag&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9783638006354&rft.aulast=Diel&rft.aufirst=Juliane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL5JuOTFvXGkC%26q%3Dferdinand%2Bporsche%2Bnsdap%26pg%3DPA19&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-02-26/porsche-founder-s-legacy-hits-nazi-past-in-czech-hometown.html">Porsche Founder’s Legacy Hits Nazi Past in Czech Hometown</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Nitske1958" class="citation web cs1">Robert Nitske, W. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0JESAQAAMAAJ&q=%22where+in+1871+he+married+Anna+Ehrlich%22">"The Amazing Porsche and Volkswagen Story"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Amazing+Porsche+and+Volkswagen+Story&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Robert+Nitske&rft.aufirst=W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0JESAQAAMAAJ%26q%3D%2522where%2Bin%2B1871%2Bhe%2Bmarried%2BAnna%2BEhrlich%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AMuS041014-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AMuS041014_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Sensations-Fund: Der erste Porche [....Elektroauto P1...]". <i>Auto, Motor und Sport</i>. 04 2014. Stuttgart: Motor Presse Stuttgart GmbH & Co: 135. 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Auto%2C+Motor+und+Sport&rft.atitle=Sensations-Fund%3A+Der+erste+Porche+%5B....Elektroauto+P1...%5D&rft.volume=04+2014&rft.pages=135&rft.date=2014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Biography-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Biography_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biography.com/business-figure/ferdinand-porsche">Ferdinand Porsche - Cars, Life & Facts | Biography.com</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NGHung-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NGHung_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612152844/http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=3027">"Ferdinand Porsche, a 'Bogár' atyja"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Magazine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Geographic Magazine">National Geographic</a> Hungarian ed.</i> (in Hungarian). 3 September 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographic.hu/index.php?act=napi&id=3027">the original</a> on 12 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Hungarian+ed.&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Porsche%2C+a+%27Bog%C3%A1r%27+atyja&rft.date=2004-09-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographic.hu%2Findex.php%3Fact%3Dnapi%26id%3D3027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiott2012" class="citation book cs1">Hiott, Andrea (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yTBx13OJ9msC&pg=PA49"><i>Thinking Small: The Long, Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle</i></a>. Random House. p. 49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0345521446" title="Special:BookSources/978-0345521446"><bdi>978-0345521446</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Small%3A+The+Long%2C+Strange+Trip+of+the+Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.pages=49&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0345521446&rft.aulast=Hiott&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyTBx13OJ9msC%26pg%3DPA49&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Flink-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flink_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flink_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlink1990" class="citation book cs1">Flink, James J. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7WtKH-9ha4MC&q=subhuman&pg=PA263"><i>The Automobile Age</i></a>. MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0262560559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0262560559"><bdi>978-0262560559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Automobile+Age&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0262560559&rft.aulast=Flink&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7WtKH-9ha4MC%26q%3Dsubhuman%26pg%3DPA263&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Blaine (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lxmspSG-MrsC&pg=PA33"><i>Volkswagen Military Vehicles of the Third Reich: An Illustrated History</i></a>. Da Capo Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306813130" title="Special:BookSources/0306813130"><bdi>0306813130</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Military+Vehicles+of+the+Third+Reich%3A+An+Illustrated+History&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0306813130&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Blaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlxmspSG-MrsC%26pg%3DPA33&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErwin_Steinböck1984" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Erwin Steinböck (1984), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mpxIAAAAYAAJ"><i>Lohner zu Land, zu Wasser und in der Luft: die Geschichte eines industriellen Familienunternehmens von 1823-1970</i></a> (in German), H. Weishaupt, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783900310080" title="Special:BookSources/9783900310080"><bdi>9783900310080</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lohner+zu+Land%2C+zu+Wasser+und+in+der+Luft%3A+die+Geschichte+eines+industriellen+Familienunternehmens+von+1823-1970&rft.pub=H.+Weishaupt&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=9783900310080&rft.au=Erwin+Steinb%C3%B6ck&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmpxIAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.carkeys.co.uk/features/classichistoric/2938.asp">Lohner–Porsche: The Real Story</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070928031141/http://www.carkeys.co.uk/features/classichistoric/2938.asp">Archived</a> 28 September 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong20026-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong20026_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2002">Long 2002</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Oo1S_GwV4JAC&pg=PA5"><i>The VW Beetle: A Production History of the World's Most Famous Car, 1936-1967</i></a>. Penguin. 2003. p. 5. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1557884218" title="Special:BookSources/1557884218"><bdi>1557884218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+VW+Beetle%3A+A+Production+History+of+the+World%27s+Most+Famous+Car%2C+1936-1967&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1557884218&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOo1S_GwV4JAC%26pg%3DPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrange2008" class="citation book cs1">Grange, William (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ml0vw27DphMC&pg=PA173"><i>Cultural Chronicle of the Weimar Republic</i></a>. Scarecrow Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780810859678" title="Special:BookSources/9780810859678"><bdi>9780810859678</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Chronicle+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780810859678&rft.aulast=Grange&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dml0vw27DphMC%26pg%3DPA173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-idnes_dec27-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-idnes_dec27_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.idnes.cz/ferdinand-porsche-vratislavice-hitler-dyc-/auto_ojetiny.aspx?c=A131223_224610_auto_ojetiny_fdv">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"Čech" Ferdinand Porsche chtěl stavět auta, bez Hitlera by to nesvedl"</a> (in Czech). idnes.cz. 27 December 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%22%C4%8Cech%22+Ferdinand+Porsche+cht%C4%9Bl+stav%C4%9Bt+auta%2C+bez+Hitlera+by+to+nesvedl&rft.date=2013-12-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fauto.idnes.cz%2Fferdinand-porsche-vratislavice-hitler-dyc-%2Fauto_ojetiny.aspx%3Fc%3DA131223_224610_auto_ojetiny_fdv&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rieger-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rieger_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEberhard2013" class="citation book cs1">Eberhard, Rieger (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jhLSsVcce9YC&q=ferdinand+porsche+nsdap&pg=PT205"><i>The People's Car: a global history of the Volkswagen Beetle</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674075757" title="Special:BookSources/9780674075757"><bdi>9780674075757</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Car%3A+a+global+history+of+the+Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9780674075757&rft.aulast=Eberhard&rft.aufirst=Rieger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjhLSsVcce9YC%26q%3Dferdinand%2Bporsche%2Bnsdap%26pg%3DPT205&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reuss-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reuss_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reuss_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBernhard2008" class="citation book cs1">Bernhard, Reuss (2008). <i>Hitler's Motor Racing Battles: The Silver Arrows Under the Swastika</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%27s+Motor+Racing+Battles%3A+The+Silver+Arrows+Under+the+Swastika&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Bernhard&rft.aufirst=Reuss&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-François-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-François_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">François, Etienne (2009). <i>Deutsche Erinnerungsorte</i> (in German). C.H.Beck.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Deutsche+Erinnerungsorte&rft.pub=C.H.Beck&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Fran%C3%A7ois&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-reradovich-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-reradovich_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Preradovich2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Preradovich, Nicolas (2004). <i>Die Schutzstaffel der NSDAP: eine Dokumentation</i> (in German). Druffel & Vowinckel-Verlag.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Schutzstaffel+der+NSDAP%3A+eine+Dokumentation&rft.pub=Druffel+%26+Vowinckel-Verlag&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=von+Preradovich&rft.aufirst=Nicolas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-denik_nov22-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-denik_nov22_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.denik.cz/liberecky-kraj/slavny-porsche-mizi-z-tabuli-v-severoceskych-vratislavicich-byl-nacista-20131122.html">"Slavný Porsche mizí z tabulí ve Vratislavicích. Byl nacista"</a> (in Czech). denik.cz. 22 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Slavn%C3%BD+Porsche+miz%C3%AD+z+tabul%C3%AD+ve+Vratislavic%C3%ADch.+Byl+nacista&rft.date=2013-11-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.denik.cz%2Fliberecky-kraj%2Fslavny-porsche-mizi-z-tabuli-v-severoceskych-vratislavicich-byl-nacista-20131122.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-08376-1331-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-08376-1331-4">978-08376-1331-4</a> “Porsche: Origin of the species” Karl Ludvigsen</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140218103749/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerkampfwagen-vi-tiger-p-vk4501p-porsche-typ-101.htm">"Panzerkampfwagen VI Tiger (P)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerkampfwagen-vi-tiger-p-vk4501p-porsche-typ-101.htm">the original</a> on 18 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 August</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panzerkampfwagen+VI+Tiger+%28P%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achtungpanzer.com%2Fpanzerkampfwagen-vi-tiger-p-vk4501p-porsche-typ-101.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512184816/http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerjager-tiger-ferdinand-elephant.htm">"Panzerjäger Tiger(P) – Ferdinand – Elephant"</a>. Achtungpanzer.com. 3 May 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.achtungpanzer.com/panzerjager-tiger-ferdinand-elephant.htm">the original</a> on 12 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Panzerj%C3%A4ger+Tiger%28P%29+%E2%80%93+Ferdinand+%E2%80%93+Elephant&rft.pub=Achtungpanzer.com&rft.date=2010-05-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.achtungpanzer.com%2Fpanzerjager-tiger-ferdinand-elephant.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudviggsen1977" class="citation book cs1">Ludviggsen, Karl (1977). <i>Porsche Excellence Was Expected</i>. New Jersey: Princeton Publishing Inc. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-525-10117-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-525-10117-9"><bdi>0-525-10117-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+Excellence+Was+Expected&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Princeton+Publishing+Inc&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-525-10117-9&rft.aulast=Ludviggsen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKandell1998" class="citation web cs1">Kandell, Jonathan (28 March 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/03/28/business/ferdinand-porsche-creator-of-the-sports-car-that-bore-his-name-is-dead-at-88.html">"Ferdinand Porsche, Creator of the Sports Car That Bore His Name, Is Dead at 88"</a>. <i>www.nytimes.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.nytimes.com&rft.atitle=Ferdinand+Porsche%2C+Creator+of+the+Sports+Car+That+Bore+His+Name%2C+Is+Dead+at+88&rft.date=1998-03-28&rft.aulast=Kandell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F03%2F28%2Fbusiness%2Fferdinand-porsche-creator-of-the-sports-car-that-bore-his-name-is-dead-at-88.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlawitter" class="citation news cs1">Klawitter, Nils. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/porsche-s-past-the-dark-pre-history-of-the-world-s-favorite-sports-car-a-652371.html">"Porsche's Past: The Dark Pre-History of the World's Favorite Sports Car"</a>. <i>Der Spiegel</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Der+Spiegel&rft.atitle=Porsche%27s+Past%3A+The+Dark+Pre-History+of+the+World%27s+Favorite+Sports+Car&rft.aulast=Klawitter&rft.aufirst=Nils&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fgermany%2Fporsche-s-past-the-dark-pre-history-of-the-world-s-favorite-sports-car-a-652371.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/culture/1.5348608">"Details of Porsche's Nazi ties spoil centennial bash"</a>. <i>Haaretz</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Haaretz&rft.atitle=Details+of+Porsche%27s+Nazi+ties+spoil+centennial+bash&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fisrael-news%2Fculture%2F1.5348608&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://heacockclassic.com/articles/after-the-winds-of-war-porsches-early-days-part-1/">"After The Winds of War - Porsche's Early Days (Part I) - Heacock Classic Insurance"</a>. <i>heacockclassic.com/</i>. 1 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=heacockclassic.com%2F&rft.atitle=After+The+Winds+of+War+-+Porsche%27s+Early+Days+%28Part+I%29+-+Heacock+Classic+Insurance&rft.date=2019-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fheacockclassic.com%2Farticles%2Fafter-the-winds-of-war-porsches-early-days-part-1%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://auto.howstuffworks.com/porsche-356-history3.htm">Howstuffworks "Porsche Takes Root"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.porsche.com/middle-east/_uae_/accessoriesandservice/classic/philosophyandclassicworld/world/tradition/ferdinand/">"Ferdinand Porsche - Porsche Tradition - Classic World - Dr. Ing. h.c. F. Porsche AG"</a>. Porsche.com<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 May</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ferdinand+Porsche+-+Porsche+Tradition+-+Classic+World+-+Dr.+Ing.+h.c.+F.+Porsche+AG&rft.pub=Porsche.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.porsche.com%2Fmiddle-east%2F_uae_%2Faccessoriesandservice%2Fclassic%2Fphilosophyandclassicworld%2Fworld%2Ftradition%2Fferdinand%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SmallWonder-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SmallWonder_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SmallWonder_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1967" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Walter (1967). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smallwonderamazi00nels_0"><i>Small Wonder</i></a></span>. Little, Brown & Company. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/smallwonderamazi00nels_0/page/333">333</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780837601472" title="Special:BookSources/9780837601472"><bdi>9780837601472</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wonder&rft.pages=333&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown+%26+Company&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=9780837601472&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsmallwonderamazi00nels_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bloomberg-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-bloomberg_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-11-26/porsche-s-nazi-past-prompts-protest-in-czech-birthplace.html">"Porsche's Nazi Past Prompts Protest in Czech Birthplace"</a>. <i>Bloomberg</i>. Bloomberg. 26 November 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg&rft.atitle=Porsche%27s+Nazi+Past+Prompts+Protest+in+Czech+Birthplace&rft.date=2013-11-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2F2013-11-26%2Fporsche-s-nazi-past-prompts-protest-in-czech-birthplace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJan_Mikulička2013" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Jan Mikulička (16 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://liberec.idnes.cz/porsche-petice-nacista-ss-nsdap-muzeum-pamatnik-zid-fhx-/liberec-zpravy.aspx?c=A131216_123742_liberec-zpravy_ddt">"Porsche si odvezlo z Vratislavic svá vystavená auta. Už je sem nevrátí - iDNES.cz"</a> (in Czech). Liberec.idnes.cz<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 April</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Porsche+si+odvezlo+z+Vratislavic+sv%C3%A1+vystaven%C3%A1+auta.+U%C5%BE+je+sem+nevr%C3%A1t%C3%AD+-+iDNES.cz&rft.pub=Liberec.idnes.cz&rft.date=2013-12-16&rft.au=Jan+Mikuli%C4%8Dka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fliberec.idnes.cz%2Fporsche-petice-nacista-ss-nsdap-muzeum-pamatnik-zid-fhx-%2Fliberec-zpravy.aspx%3Fc%3DA131216_123742_liberec-zpravy_ddt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong2002" class="citation book cs1">Long, Brian (2002). <i>Porsche 356</i>. Veloce Publishing Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781903706480" title="Special:BookSources/9781903706480"><bdi>9781903706480</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+356&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing+Ltd&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9781903706480&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span> <small>- Total pages: 160 </small></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Barber, Chris (2003). <i>Birth of the Beetle: The Development of the Volkswagen by Ferdinand Porsche</i>. Haynes Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85960-959-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85960-959-7">1-85960-959-7</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrankenberg1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_von_Frankenberg" title="Richard von Frankenberg">Frankenberg, Richard von</a> (1973). <i>Porsche: the Man and his Cars</i> (revised ed.). Henley-on-Thames, Oxfordshire, UK: G.T. Foulis & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0854290907" title="Special:BookSources/0854290907"><bdi>0854290907</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche%3A+the+Man+and+his+Cars&rft.place=Henley-on-Thames%2C+Oxfordshire%2C+UK&rft.edition=revised&rft.pub=G.T.+Foulis+%26+Co.&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0854290907&rft.aulast=Frankenberg&rft.aufirst=Richard+von&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hiott, Andrea: "Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip of the Volkswagen Beetle." Random House, 2012, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0345521420" title="Special:BookSources/0345521420">0345521420</a>.</li> <li>Ludvigsen, Karl E. (2008). <i>Porsche: Excellence Was Expected – The Comprehensive History of the Company, Its Cars and Its Racing Heritage.</i> Brooklands Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8376-0235-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8376-0235-6">978-0-8376-0235-6</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigsen2018" class="citation book cs1">———————— (2018). <i>Professor Porsche's Wars: The Secret Life of Ferdinand Porsche, the Legendary Engineer Who Armed Two Belligerents Through Four Decades</i>. Barnsley, South Yorkshire, UK: Pen & Sword Military. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781526726797" title="Special:BookSources/9781526726797"><bdi>9781526726797</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Professor+Porsche%27s+Wars%3A+The+Secret+Life+of+Ferdinand+Porsche%2C+the+Legendary+Engineer+Who+Armed+Two+Belligerents+Through+Four+Decades&rft.place=Barnsley%2C+South+Yorkshire%2C+UK&rft.pub=Pen+%26+Sword+Military&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9781526726797&rft.aulast=Ludvigsen&rft.aufirst=Karl+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFerdinand+Porsche" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hans Mommsen; Manfred Grieger: <i>Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich</i>, ECON Verlag, Düsseldorf 1996, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-430-16785-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-430-16785-X">3-430-16785-X</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Peter Müller: <i>Ferdinand Porsche. Der Vater des Volkswagens</i>, 4. Aufl., 1998 <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li> <li>Martin Pfundner: <i>Austro Daimler und Steyr. Rivalen bis zur Fusion. Die frühen Jahre des Ferdinand Porsche</i>. Böhlau, Wien 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77639-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-205-77639-0">978-3-205-77639-0</a> <span class="languageicon">(in German)</span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Ferdinand_Porsche" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/88106876">Ferdinand Porsche</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051126230204/http://mysite.wanadoo-members.co.uk/tramways/Articles/Cedes.htm">West Ham's Cedes Stoll Trolleybus</a> Porsche design</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060521034704/http://www.autohistory.org/feature_6.html">Website of the Society of Automotive Historians about him</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hybrid-vehicle.org">Hybrid-Vehicle.org: The Lohner–Porsche</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210224200045/http://www.hybrid-vehicle.org/">Archived</a> 24 February 2021 at the <a 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title="Horch">Horch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugatti_Automobiles" title="Bugatti Automobiles">Bugatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ducati" title="Ducati">Ducati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Porsche_vehicles" title="List of Porsche vehicles">Cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_718_Boxster_and_Cayman_(982)" title="Porsche 718 Boxster and Cayman (982)">718 Boxster/Cayman (982)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(992)" title="Porsche 911 (992)">911 (992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Cayenne" title="Porsche Cayenne">Cayenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Macan" title="Porsche Macan">Macan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Panamera" title="Porsche Panamera">Panamera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Taycan" title="Porsche Taycan">Taycan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Past models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_356/2" title="Porsche 356/2">356/2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_356" title="Porsche 356">356</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_597" title="Porsche 597">597</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911" title="Porsche 911">911</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(classic)" title="Porsche 911 (classic)">classic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(930)" title="Porsche 911 (930)">930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(964)" title="Porsche 911 (964)">964</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(993)" title="Porsche 911 (993)">993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(996)" title="Porsche 911 (996)">996</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(997)" title="Porsche 911 (997)">997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_(991)" title="Porsche 911 (991)">991</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_GT1" title="Porsche 911 GT1">GT1 Straßenversion</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_912" title="Porsche 912">912</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_914" title="Porsche 914">914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_918_Spyder" title="Porsche 918 Spyder">918 Spyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_924" title="Porsche 924">924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_928" title="Porsche 928">928</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_944" title="Porsche 944">944</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_959" title="Porsche 959">959</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_968" title="Porsche 968">968</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman">Boxster</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_(986)" title="Porsche Boxster (986)">986</a>/<a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(987)" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (987)">987</a>/<a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(981)" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (981)">981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_GT" title="Porsche Carrera GT">Carrera GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman">Cayman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(987)" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (987)">987</a>/<a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(981)" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (981)">981</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Porsche_concept_vehicles" title="List of Porsche concept vehicles">Concepts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_P1" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche P1">P1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohner%E2%80%93Porsche" title="Lohner–Porsche">Lohner–Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Type_12" title="Porsche Type 12">Type 12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_114" title="Porsche 114">114</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_356/1" title="Porsche 356/1">356/1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_356#530" title="Porsche 356">530</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_542" title="Porsche 542">542</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Typ_754_T7" title="Porsche Typ 754 T7">Typ 754 T7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_901" title="Porsche 901">901</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Tapiro" title="Porsche Tapiro">Tapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_969" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche 969">969</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_984" title="Porsche 984">984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_989" title="Porsche 989">989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_C88" title="Porsche C88">C88</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(987)#Boxster_E" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (987)">Boxster E Prototype</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Panamericana" title="Porsche Panamericana">Panamericana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Taycan" title="Porsche Taycan">Mission E</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Vision_Gran_Turismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Vision Gran Turismo">Vision Gran Turismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Mission_R" title="Porsche Mission R">Mission R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Mission_X" title="Porsche Mission X">Mission X</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Tractors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Junior" title="Porsche Junior">Junior</a></li> <li>Standard</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Super" title="Porsche Super">Super</a></li> <li>Master</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_in_motorsport" title="Porsche in motorsport">Motorsport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup" title="Porsche Carrera Cup">Carrera Cup</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Supercup" title="Porsche Supercup">Porsche Supercup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Carrera_Cup_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian Carrera Cup Championship">Australian Carrera Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup_Germany" title="Porsche Carrera Cup Germany">Carrera Cup Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup_Great_Britain" title="Porsche Carrera Cup Great Britain">Carrera Cup Great Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup_North_America" title="Porsche Carrera Cup North America">Carrera Cup North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup_Scandinavia" title="Porsche Carrera Cup Scandinavia">Carrera Cup Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Carrera_Cup_France" title="Porsche Carrera Cup France">Carrera Cup France</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Racing cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_64" title="Porsche 64">64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisitalia_Grand_Prix" title="Cisitalia Grand Prix">360</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_356SL" title="Porsche 356SL">356SL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_550" title="Porsche 550">550</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_645" title="Porsche 645">645</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_718" title="Porsche 718">718</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_718_Boxster_and_Cayman_(982)#718_Cayman_GT4_Clubsport" title="Porsche 718 Boxster and Cayman (982)">718 GT4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_787" title="Porsche 787">787</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_804" title="Porsche 804">804</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_904" title="Porsche 904">904</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_906" title="Porsche 906">906</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_907" title="Porsche 907">907</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_908" title="Porsche 908">908</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_909_Bergspyder" title="Porsche 909 Bergspyder">909</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_910" title="Porsche 910">910</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_GT1" title="Porsche 911 GT1">911 GT1 (9R1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_GT2#Motorsports" title="Porsche 911 GT2">911 GT2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_911_GT3#Motorsport" title="Porsche 911 GT3">911 GT3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_914-6_GT" title="Porsche 914-6 GT">914-6 GT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_917" title="Porsche 917">917</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_919_Hybrid" title="Porsche 919 Hybrid">919 (9R9)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_934" title="Porsche 934">934</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_935" title="Porsche 935">935</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_936" title="Porsche 936">936</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_953" title="Porsche 953">953</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_956" title="Porsche 956">956</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_961" title="Porsche 961">961</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_962" title="Porsche 962">962</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_963" title="Porsche 963">963 (9R0)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spark_SRT05e" title="Spark SRT05e">99X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Boxster_and_Cayman_(981)#Cayman_GT4_Clubsport" title="Porsche Boxster and Cayman (981)">Cayman GT4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_LMP2000" title="Porsche LMP2000">LMP2000 (9R3)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_RS_Spyder" title="Porsche RS Spyder">RS Spyder (9R6)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_WSC-95" title="Porsche WSC-95">WSC-95</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_in_motorsport#Factory_drivers" title="Porsche in motorsport">Drivers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Junioren" title="Porsche Junioren">Porsche Junioren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines and <br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Porsche_engines" title="List of Porsche engines">List of Porsche engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">Boxer engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiptronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Tiptronic">Tiptronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dual-clutch_transmission#Porsche_(VW_GROUP)" title="Dual-clutch transmission">PDK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VarioCam" title="VarioCam">VarioCam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VarioRam" title="VarioRam">VarioRam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche family">Porsche family</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Louise Piëch">Louise Piëch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Ferdinand Piëch">Ferdinand Piëch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Anton_Ernst_Porsche" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdinand Anton Ernst Porsche">Ferry Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Alexander_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Alexander Porsche">F. A. Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Porsche" title="Wolfgang Porsche">Wolfgang Porsche</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">CEOs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Fuhrmann" title="Ernst Fuhrmann">Ernst Fuhrmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Schutz" title="Peter Schutz">Peter Schutz</a></li> <li>Arno Bohn</li> <li>Heinz Branitzki</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendelin_Wiedeking" title="Wendelin Wiedeking">Wendelin Wiedeking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Macht" title="Michael Macht">Michael Macht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthias_M%C3%BCller_(businessman)" title="Matthias Müller (businessman)">Matthias Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Blume" title="Oliver Blume">Oliver Blume</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulrich_Bez" title="Ulrich Bez">Ulrich Bez</a></li> <li>Helmuth Bott</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_D%C3%BCrheimer" title="Wolfgang Dürheimer">Wolfgang Dürheimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eberan_von_Eberhorst" title="Robert Eberan von Eberhorst">Robert Eberan von Eberhorst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Huschke_von_Hanstein" title="Fritz Huschke von Hanstein">Fritz Huschke von Hanstein</a></li> <li>Holger Härter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al_Holbert" title="Al Holbert">Al Holbert</a></li> <li>Uwe Hück</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Komenda" title="Erwin Komenda">Erwin Komenda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harm_Lagaay" title="Harm Lagaay">Harm Lagaay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Linge" title="Herbert Linge">Herbert Linge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pinky_Lai" title="Pinky Lai">Pinky Lai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mauer" title="Michael Mauer">Michael Mauer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Mezger" title="Hans Mezger">Hans Mezger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rabe" title="Karl Rabe">Karl Rabe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Xaver_Reimspiess" class="mw-redirect" title="Franz Xaver Reimspiess">Franz Xaver Reimspiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Rosenberger" title="Adolf Rosenberger">Adolf Rosenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norbert_Singer" title="Norbert Singer">Norbert Singer</a></li> <li>Hans von Veyder-Malberg</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_SE" title="Porsche SE">Porsche SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Holding" title="Porsche Holding">Porsche Holding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Engineering" title="Porsche Engineering">Porsche Engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Museum,_Stuttgart" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche Museum, Stuttgart">Porsche Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Rennsport_Reunion" title="Porsche Rennsport Reunion">Porsche Rennsport Reunion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Design" title="Porsche Design">Porsche Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche-Arena" title="Porsche-Arena">Porsche-Arena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Club_of_America" title="Porsche Club of America">Porsche Club of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_type_numbers" title="Porsche type numbers">Porsche type numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_VIN_numbers" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche VIN numbers">Porsche VIN numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highly_Innovative_Fuels_Australia" title="Highly Innovative Fuels Australia">Highly Innovative Fuels Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autodromo_di_Franciacorta" title="Autodromo di Franciacorta">Porsche Experience Center Franciacorta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_Formula_E_Team" title="Porsche Formula E Team">Porsche Formula E Team</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Porsche_vehicles" title="Category:Porsche vehicles">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volkswagen_Group" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template:Volkswagen Group"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template talk:Volkswagen Group"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen Group"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volkswagen_Group" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ownership</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_SE" title="Porsche SE">Porsche SE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">State of Lower Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar_Investment_Authority" title="Qatar Investment Authority">Qatar Holding LLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Group_Companies" title="Capital Group Companies">Capital Group Companies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Divisions and<br />subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Passenger cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi" title="Audi">Audi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Audi_Sport_GmbH" title="Audi Sport GmbH">Audi Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bentley" title="Bentley">Bentley</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/H._J._Mulliner_%26_Co." title="H. J. Mulliner & Co.">Mulliner</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamborghini" title="Lamborghini">Lamborghini</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scout_(automobile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scout (automobile)">Scout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT" title="SEAT">SEAT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cupra_(marque)" title="Cupra (marque)">Cupra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto" title="Škoda Auto">Škoda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_R" title="Volkswagen R">VW R</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sehol_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sehol (marque)">Sehol</a> (<abbr title="Joint venture">JV</abbr> with <a href="/wiki/JAC_Group" title="JAC Group">JAC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jetta_(marque)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetta (marque)">Jetta</a> (JV with <a href="/wiki/FAW_Group" title="FAW Group">FAW</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commercial vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traton" title="Traton">Traton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAN_Truck_%26_Bus" title="MAN Truck & Bus">MAN Truck & Bus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Motors" title="International Motors">International Motors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_AB" title="Scania AB">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Truck_%26_Bus" title="Volkswagen Truck & Bus">Volkswagen Truck & Bus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Commercial_Vehicles" title="Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles">Volkswagen Commercial Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorcycles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ducati_Motor_Holding" class="mw-redirect" title="Ducati Motor Holding">Ducati</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MAN_Energy_Solutions" title="MAN Energy Solutions">MAN Energy Solutions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electrify_America" title="Electrify America">Electrify America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrify_Canada" title="Electrify Canada">Electrify Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italdesign_Giugiaro" title="Italdesign Giugiaro">Italdesign Giugiaro</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Auto_Volkswagen_India" title="Škoda Auto Volkswagen India">Škoda Auto Volkswagen India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen Group of America</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/VW_Electronics_Research_Laboratory" title="VW Electronics Research Laboratory">Electronics Research Laboratory</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Argentina" title="Volkswagen Argentina">Volkswagen Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AutoLatina" title="AutoLatina">AutoLatina</a> (defunct)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_China" title="Volkswagen Group China">Volkswagen Group China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_de_M%C3%A9xico" title="Volkswagen de México">Volkswagen de México</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_Rus" title="Volkswagen Group Rus">Volkswagen Group Rus</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_of_South_Africa" title="Volkswagen of South Africa">Volkswagen of South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Shareholdings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SAIC_Volkswagen" title="SAIC Volkswagen">SAIC Volkswagen</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/FAW-Volkswagen" title="FAW-Volkswagen">FAW-Volkswagen</a> (40%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Anhui" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Anhui">Volkswagen Anhui</a> (75%)</li> <li>Anhui Jianghuai Automobile Group Holdings (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAV" class="mw-redirect" title="IAV">IAV</a> (50%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Here_Technologies" title="Here Technologies">Here</a> (33.3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argo_AI" title="Argo AI">Argo AI</a> (42%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinotruk_(Hong_Kong)" title="Sinotruk (Hong Kong)">Sinotruk (Hong Kong)</a> (25%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hino_Motors#History" title="Hino Motors">Hino and Traton Global Procurement</a> (51%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Products and<br />technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_platforms" title="List of Volkswagen Group platforms">Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_vehicles" title="Category:Volkswagen vehicles">Vehicles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group engines">Engines</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Diesel:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines">current</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines">discontinued</a></li> <li><i>Petrol:</i> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines">current</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines">discontinued</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Volkswagen_engines" title="List of North American Volkswagen engines">North America</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BlueMotion" title="BlueMotion">BlueMotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digifant_engine_management_system" title="Digifant engine management system">Digifant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Direct-shift_gearbox" title="Direct-shift gearbox">DSG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ETKA" title="ETKA">ETKA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gasoline_direct_injection" title="Gasoline direct injection">FSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_injector" title="Unit injector">Pumpe Düse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattro_(four-wheel-drive_system)" title="Quattro (four-wheel-drive system)">Quattro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SDI_(engine)" title="SDI (engine)">SDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TDI_(engine)" title="TDI (engine)">TDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VAG-COM" class="mw-redirect" title="VAG-COM">VAG-COM</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DKW" title="DKW">DKW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horch" title="Horch">Horch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wanderer_(company)" title="Wanderer (company)">Wanderer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Autostadt" title="Autostadt">Autostadt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehra-Lessien" title="Ehra-Lessien">Ehra-Lessien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_factories" title="List of Volkswagen Group factories">Factories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group_people" title="Category:Volkswagen Group people">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ferdinand Porsche</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Hahn" title="Carl Hahn">Carl Hahn</a> (Chairman Emeritus)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hirst" title="Ivan Hirst">Ivan Hirst</a> (Former Managing Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Leiding" title="Rudolf Leiding">Rudolf Leiding</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_Lotz" title="Kurt Lotz">Kurt Lotz</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> (Former Managing Director)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Pi%C3%ABch" title="Ferdinand Piëch">Ferdinand Piëch</a> (Former Chairman of the Supervisory Board, former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Pischetsrieder" title="Bernd Pischetsrieder">Bernd Pischetsrieder</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Dieter_P%C3%B6tsch" title="Hans Dieter Pötsch">Hans Dieter Pötsch</a> (Chairman of the Supervisory Board)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Schm%C3%BCcker" title="Toni Schmücker">Toni Schmücker</a> (Former CEO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Winterkorn" title="Martin Winterkorn">Martin Winterkorn</a> (Former Chairman of the Board of Management)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche-Pi%C3%ABch_family" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche-Piëch family">Porsche Family</a> (owner)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Motorsport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Teams: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Motorsport" title="Volkswagen Motorsport">Rally Teams</a></li> <li>Series: <a href="/wiki/Formula_Vee" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Super_Vee" title="Formula Super Vee">Formula Super Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Volkswagen_Germany" title="Formula Volkswagen Germany">Formula Volkswagen Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_TDI_Cup" title="Volkswagen Jetta TDI Cup">Jetta TDI Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco_R-Cup" title="Volkswagen Scirocco R-Cup">Scirocco R Cup</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">Volkswagen Emissions Scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_currywurst" title="Volkswagen currywurst">Volkswagen Currywurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_worker_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen worker organizations">Volkswagen worker organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Group" title="Category:Volkswagen Group">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="The_Grand_Prix_Silver_Arrows" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#C0C0C0;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Silver_Arrows" title="Template:Silver Arrows"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Silver_Arrows" title="Template talk:Silver Arrows"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Silver_Arrows" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Silver Arrows"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="The_Grand_Prix_Silver_Arrows" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">The <a href="/wiki/Grand_Prix_motor_racing" title="Grand Prix motor racing">Grand Prix</a> <a href="/wiki/Silver_Arrows" title="Silver Arrows">Silver Arrows</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C0C0C0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union" title="Auto Union">Auto Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0;"><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_racing_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union racing car">Cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_Type_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union Type A">Type A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_Type_B" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union Type B">Type B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_Type_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union Type C">Type C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Union_Type_D" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto Union Type D">Type D</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0;">Drivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ulrich_Bigalke&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ulrich Bigalke (page does not exist)">Bigalke</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ernst_Burggaller&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ernst Burggaller (page does not exist)">Burggaller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_von_Delius" title="Ernst von Delius">von Delius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Fagioli" title="Luigi Fagioli">Fagioli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Hasse" title="Rudolf Hasse">Hasse</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rudolf_Heydel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rudolf Heydel (page does not exist)">Heydel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kautz" title="Christian Kautz">Kautz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewald_Kluge" title="Ewald Kluge">Kluge</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Prince_Hermann_Viktor_Maximilian_of_Leiningen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prince Hermann Viktor Maximilian of Leiningen (page does not exist)">Leiningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Meier" title="Georg Meier">Meier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Momberger" title="August Momberger">Momberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Paul_M%C3%BCller" title="Hermann Paul Müller">Müller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tazio_Nuvolari" title="Tazio Nuvolari">Nuvolari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Pietsch" title="Paul Pietsch">Pietsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernd_Rosemeyer" title="Bernd Rosemeyer">Rosemeyer</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Sebastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Sebastian (page does not exist)">Sebastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Stuck" title="Hans Stuck">Stuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Achille_Varzi" title="Achille Varzi">Varzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0;">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eberan_von_Eberhorst" title="Robert Eberan von Eberhorst">von Eberhorst</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(engine designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Feuereissen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Feuereissen (page does not exist)">Feuereissen</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(team manager)</span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Porsche</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolf_Rosenberg_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adolf Rosenberg (designer) (page does not exist)">Rosenberg</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhelm_Sebastian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhelm Sebastian (page does not exist)">Sebastian</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(technical racing manager)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oskar_Siebler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oskar Siebler (page does not exist)">Siebler</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Werner_Strobel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Werner Strobel (page does not exist)">Strobel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Willy_Walb&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Willy Walb (page does not exist)">Walb</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(team manager)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C0C0C0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_in_motorsport" title="Mercedes-Benz in motorsport">Mercedes-Benz</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W25" title="Mercedes-Benz W25">W25</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W125" title="Mercedes-Benz W125">W125</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Stromlinienwagen" title="Mercedes-Benz Stromlinienwagen">Stromlinienwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W154" title="Mercedes-Benz W154">W154</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_W165" title="Mercedes-Benz W165">W165</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0">Drivers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Walter_B%C3%A4umer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Walter Bäumer (page does not exist)">Bäumer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manfred_von_Brauchitsch" title="Manfred von Brauchitsch">von Brauchitsch</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heinz_Brendel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heinz Brendel (page does not exist)">Brendel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Caracciola" title="Rudolf Caracciola">Caracciola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Chiron" title="Louis Chiron">Chiron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Fagioli" title="Luigi Fagioli">Fagioli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hanns_Geier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hanns Geier (page does not exist)">Geier</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hans_Hartmann&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hans Hartmann (page does not exist)">Hartmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Jakob_Henne" title="Ernst Jakob Henne">Henne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Kautz" title="Christian Kautz">Kautz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Lang" title="Hermann Lang">Lang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Seaman" title="Richard Seaman">Seaman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Zehender" title="Goffredo Zehender">Zehender</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#C0C0C0">Personnel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Heefi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Heefi (page does not exist)">Heefi</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(engine designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Albert_Hee%C3%9F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albert Heeß (page does not exist)">Heeß</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Neubauer" title="Alfred Neubauer">Neubauer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(team manager)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Nallinger" title="Fritz Nallinger">Nallinger</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(engineer)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Nibel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hans Nibel">Nibel</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(engineer/technical director)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Sailer" title="Max Sailer">Sailer</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otto_Schilling_(designer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otto Schilling (designer) (page does not exist)">Schilling</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(engine designer)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Uhlenhaut" title="Rudolf Uhlenhaut">Uhlenhaut</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer/technical director)</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Max_Wagner_(automotive_designer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Max Wagner (automotive designer) (page does not exist)">Wagner</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(designer)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#C0C0C0;;width:1%">Miscellaneous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Motor_Corps" title="National Socialist Motor Corps">NSKK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_H%C3%BChnlein" title="Adolf Hühnlein">Hühnlein</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57249#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q57249#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, 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style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118595881">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50023206">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969059x">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11969059x">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00621311">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=xx0002652&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1729088">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p072083468">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810582395405606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007462860805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500084751">ULAN</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rkd.nl/en/explore/artists/324899">RKD Artists</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.moma.org/artists/24864">Museum of Modern Art</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118595881.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118595881">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/110274407">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fp70cb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&oldid=1256425329">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ferdinand_Porsche&oldid=1256425329</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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