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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_and_military_production:_1938–1945"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 World War II and military production: 1938–1945 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_and_military_production:_1938–1945-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-war_production_and_success:_1945–1970" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-war_production_and_success:_1945–1970"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Post-war production and success: 1945–1970 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-war_production_and_success:_1945–1970-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_end_of_West_German_production:_1970–1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_end_of_West_German_production:_1970–1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Decline and end of West German production: 1970–1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_end_of_West_German_production:_1970–1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Beetle_and_end_of_production:_1990–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Beetle_and_end_of_production:_1990–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Beetle_and_end_of_production:_1990–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Models_and_history_of_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Models_and_history_of_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Models and history of design </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Models_and_history_of_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Models and history of design subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Models_and_history_of_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Initial_and_successful_models:_1946–1974" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Initial_and_successful_models:_1946–1974"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Initial and successful models: 1946–1974 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Initial_and_successful_models:_1946–1974-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mid-life_and_declining_models:_1970–1986" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mid-life_and_declining_models:_1970–1986"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Mid-life and declining models: 1970–1986 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mid-life_and_declining_models:_1970–1986-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Final_models:_1986–2003" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Final_models:_1986–2003"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Final models: 1986–2003 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Final_models:_1986–2003-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Markets_and_assembly" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Markets_and_assembly"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Markets and assembly </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Markets_and_assembly-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Markets and assembly subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Markets_and_assembly-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Specific_markets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Specific_markets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Specific markets </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Specific_markets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mexico" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mexico"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 Mexico </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mexico-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.3 Australia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retrofit_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retrofit_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Retrofit program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retrofit_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Volkswagen Beetle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 57 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-57" aria-hidden="true" > 57 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%D9%83%D8%B3_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فولكس فاغن بيتل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فولكس فاغن بيتل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Typ_1" title="Volkswagen Typ 1 – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volkswagen Typ 1" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%A4fer" title="Volkswagen Käfer – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Volkswagen Käfer" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B8%D0%BF_1" title="Фолксваген Тип 1 – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фолксваген Тип 1" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%A4fer" title="Volkswagen Käfer – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Volkswagen Käfer" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Escarabat" title="Volkswagen Escarabat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volkswagen Escarabat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Brouk" title="Volkswagen Brouk – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Volkswagen Brouk" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_1" title="Volkswagen Type 1 – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Volkswagen Type 1" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_K%C3%A4fer" title="VW Käfer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="VW Käfer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%B8%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B9_(%CE%B1%CF%85%CF%84%CE%BF%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%BF)" title="Σκαθάρι (αυτοκίνητο) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Σκαθάρι (αυτοκίνητο)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tipo_1" title="Volkswagen Tipo 1 – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volkswagen Tipo 1" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Tipo_1" title="Volkswagen Tipo 1 – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Volkswagen Tipo 1" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86_%D9%82%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%BA%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C" title="فولکس‌واگن قورباغه‌ای – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فولکس‌واگن قورباغه‌ای" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Coccinelle_type_1" title="Volkswagen Coccinelle type 1 – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volkswagen Coccinelle type 1" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Escaravello" title="Volkswagen Escaravello – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volkswagen Escaravello" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8F%AD%EC%8A%A4%EB%B0%94%EA%B2%90_%EB%B9%84%ED%8B%80" title="폭스바겐 비틀 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="폭스바겐 비틀" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%B2" title="वोक्सवैगन बीटल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="वोक्सवैगन बीटल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Buba" title="Volkswagen Buba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Volkswagen Buba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_1_(Beetle)" title="Volkswagen Type 1 (Beetle) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Volkswagen Type 1 (Beetle)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen-bjalla" title="Volkswagen-bjalla – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Volkswagen-bjalla" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Maggiolino" title="Volkswagen Maggiolino – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Volkswagen Maggiolino" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F_%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="פולקסווגן חיפושית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פולקסווגן חיפושית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/VW_K%C3%A4fer" title="VW Käfer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="VW Käfer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Bog%C3%A1r" title="Volkswagen Bogár – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Volkswagen Bogár" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Фолксваген Кэфер – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Фолксваген Кэфер" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Kever" title="Volkswagen Kever – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Volkswagen Kever" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%AB%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B9%E3%83%AF%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%971" title="フォルクスワーゲン・タイプ1 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フォルクスワーゲン・タイプ1" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_1" title="Volkswagen Type 1 – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Volkswagen Type 1" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3_%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%B9%D9%84" title="فوکس ویگن بیٹل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="فوکس ویگن بیٹل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Garbus" title="Volkswagen Garbus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Volkswagen Garbus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Fusca" title="Volkswagen Fusca – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Volkswagen Fusca" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Broscu%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Volkswagen Broscuță – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Volkswagen Broscuță" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%A4fer" title="Volkswagen Käfer – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Volkswagen Käfer" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Chrob%C3%A1k" title="Volkswagen Chrobák – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Volkswagen Chrobák" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_hro%C5%A1%C4%8D" title="Volkswagen hrošč – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Volkswagen hrošč" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%DB%86%D9%84%DA%A9%D8%B3%DA%A4%D8%A7%DA%AF%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%AA%D9%84" title="فۆلکسڤاگن بیتل – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="فۆلکسڤاگن بیتل" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BA%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Фолксваген буба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фолксваген буба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Buba" title="Volkswagen Buba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Volkswagen Buba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Kupla" title="Volkswagen Kupla – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Volkswagen Kupla" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Typ_1" title="Volkswagen Typ 1 – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Volkswagen Typ 1" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9F%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5" title="ฟ็อลคส์วาเกิน บีเทิล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ฟ็อลคส์วาเกิน บีเทิล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%A4fer" title="Volkswagen Käfer – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Volkswagen Käfer" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle" title="Volkswagen Beetle – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Volkswagen Beetle" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E4%BC%97%E7%94%B2%E5%A3%B3%E8%99%AB" title="大众甲壳虫 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="大众甲壳虫" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A6%8F%E5%A3%AB%E7%94%B2%E8%9F%B2%E8%BB%8A" title="福士甲蟲車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="福士甲蟲車" 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Small family car (1938–2003)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original Volkswagen Beetle. For the 1997–2011 car, see <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Volkswagen New Beetle</a>. For the 2011–2019 car, see <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Volkswagen Beetle (A5)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Motor vehicle</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox hproduct"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="font-size:125%; background-color:#C0C0C0;color:inherit; padding:0.25em 1em; text-align:center;">Volkswagen Type 1 "Beetle"</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A front-three quarters view of a pale-yellow Volkswagen Käfer. It features 165/80R15 tires, which shod 15x4. 5" silver, circular wheels. The Käfer features a beetle-like body, and its window is open. The picture is taken with much greenery in the background, and the photo was edited to give it a more warmer tone." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg/280px-VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg/420px-VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg/560px-VW_K%C3%A4fer_Baujahr_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4317" data-file-height="2878" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">1965–1966 Volkswagen Käfer</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manufacturer</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Also called</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>Volkswagen 1200/1300/1302/1303/1500/1600</li><li>Käfer, Carocha, Coccinelle, Fusca, Vocho, Buba, Garbus, Bug</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Production</th><td class="infobox-data">1938–2003 21,529,464 produced</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Automotive_design" title="Automotive design">Designer</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Body and chassis</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_classification" title="Car classification">Class</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Small_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Small family car">Small family car</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Car_body_style" title="Car body style">Body style</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">saloon</a></li> <li>2-door <a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">convertible</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Powertrain_layout" title="Powertrain layout">Layout</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear-engine,_rear-wheel-drive_layout" title="Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive layout">Rear-engine, rear-wheel-drive</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Powertrain</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Engine" title="Engine">Engine</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petrol" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrol">Petrol</a>:</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine" title="Volkswagen air-cooled engine">1131 cc</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat-four_engine" title="Flat-four engine">H4</a></li> <li>1192 cc H4</li> <li>1285 cc H4</li> <li>1493 cc H4</li> <li>1584 cc H4</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Transmission_(mechanical_device)" title="Transmission (mechanical device)">Transmission</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>4-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual</a> transaxle</li> <li>4-speed <a href="/wiki/Saxomat" title="Saxomat">Saxomat</a> <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic</a></li> <li>3-speed <a href="/wiki/Autostick" title="Autostick">Autostick</a> semi-automatic</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Dimensions</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">Wheelbase</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2,400–2,420 mm (94.5–95.3 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Length</th><td class="infobox-data">4,079–4,140 mm (160.6–163.0 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Width</th><td class="infobox-data">1,539–1,585 mm (60.6–62.4 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Height</th><td class="infobox-data">1,500 mm (59.1 in)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Kerb_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerb weight">Kerb weight</a></th><td class="infobox-data">730–930 kg (1,610–2,050 lb)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #C0C0C0">Chronology</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk1">Volkswagen Golf Mk1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#First_generation_(''Typ''30,_1980)" title="Volkswagen Gol">Volkswagen Gol (G1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Volkswagen New Beetle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table> The Volkswagen Beetle, officially the Volkswagen Type 1,<a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Small_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Small family car">small family car</a> produced by the German company <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen</a> from 1938 to 2003.<a href="#cite_note-4">[b]</a> One of the most iconic cars in automotive history, the Beetle is noted for its distinctive shape. Its production period of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile,<a href="#cite_note-7">[c]</a> and its total production of over 21.5 million is the most of any car of a single <a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">platform</a>. The Beetle was conceived in the early 1930s. The leader of Nazi Germany, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, decided there was a need for a people's car—an inexpensive, simple, mass-produced car—to serve Germany's new road network, the <a href="/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Reichsautobahn</a>. The German engineer <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> and his design team began developing and designing the car in the early 1930s, but the fundamental design concept can be attributed to <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bar%C3%A9nyi" title="Béla Barényi">Béla Barényi</a> in 1925, predating Porsche's<a href="#cite_note-8">[d]</a> claims by almost ten years. The result was the Volkswagen Type 1 and the introduction of the Volkswagen brand. Volkswagen initially slated production for the late 1930s, but <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">the outbreak of war in 1939</a> meant that production was delayed until the war had ended. The car was originally called the Volkswagen Type 1 and marketed simply as the Volkswagen. It was not until 1968 that it was officially named the "Beetle". Volkswagen implemented designations for the Beetle in the 1960s, including 1200, 1300, 1500, 1600, 1302, and 1303. Volkswagen introduced a series of large luxury models throughout the 1960s and 1970s—comprising the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Type 4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K70" title="Volkswagen K70">K70</a>—to supplement the Beetle, but none of these models achieved the level of success that it did. Rapidly changing consumer preferences toward <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel_drive" title="Front-wheel drive">front-wheel drive</a> compact hatchbacks in Europe prompted Volkswagen's gradual shift away from rear-wheel drive, starting with the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a> in 1974. In the late 1970s and '80s, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Japan" title="Automotive industry in Japan">Japanese automakers</a> began to dominate the market, which contributed to the Beetle's declining popularity. Over its lifespan, the Beetle's design remained consistent, yet Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates. These modifications were often subtle, involving minor alterations to its exterior, interior, colours, and lighting. Some more noteworthy changes included the introduction of new engines, models and systems, such as improved technology or comfort. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="KdF-Wagen">KdF-Wagen</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: KdF-Wagen">edit</a>]</div> In May 1934, at a meeting at Berlin's <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Kaiserhof_(Berlin)" title="Hotel Kaiserhof (Berlin)">Kaiserhof Hotel</a>, the leader of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, insisted on the development of a vehicle that could accommodate two adults and three children while not using more than seven litres of fuel per 100 km (33.6 mpg US/40.4 mpg UK).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20033–5-9">[5]</a> All components were designed for a quick and inexpensive part exchange. As Hitler explained, the reason for choosing an <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled engine</a> was the lack of a garage for every country doctor.<a href="#cite_note-Spiegel331955-10">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECleaverCluteReidWhitehead1961133-11">[7]</a> On 22 June 1934, <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> received a development contract from the <a href="/wiki/Verband_der_Automobilindustrie" title="Verband der Automobilindustrie">Verband der Automobilindustrie</a> (German Association of the Automotive Industry) for the prototype of an inexpensive and economical passenger car after Hitler decided there was a need for a people's car—a car affordable and practical enough for lower-class people to own—to serve the country's new road network, the <a href="/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Reichsautobahn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMöser1997212-12">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDageför199743-13">[9]</a> Although the Volkswagen Beetle was primarily the conception of Porsche and Hitler, the idea of a "people's car" is much older than <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and has existed since the introduction of automotive mass-production.<a href="#cite_note-Jalopnik-14">[10]</a> Originally designated as the Type 60 by Porsche, the Beetle project involved a team of designers and engineers comprising <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Komenda" title="Erwin Komenda">Erwin Komenda</a>, who specialised in the bodywork; Josef Kales, responsible for the engine design; <a href="/wiki/Karl_Rabe" title="Karl Rabe">Karl Rabe</a>, serving as the chief engineer; and Josef Mickl and Franz Xaver Reimspiess, the latter credited for devising the iconic Volkswagen badge.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeene2022[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidSKZhEAAAQBAJpgPP14_14]-15">[11]</a> The project saw significant milestones in October 1935 with the completion of the first two Type-60 prototypes, identified as cars V1 (sedan) and V2 (convertible), denoted with a "V" (for Versuchs – "prototype") signifying their status as a <a href="/wiki/Development_mule" title="Development mule">test car</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b11-16">[12]</a> The testing of three additional V3 prototypes began on 11 July 1936, the first of which was driven to <a href="/wiki/Obersalzberg" title="Obersalzberg">Obersalzberg</a> and inspected by Hitler. Two V3s were delivered to Berlin in August for examination by other Nazi Party officials, who showed great interest in them. By June 1936, the V3s underwent over 50,000 km (31,000 mi) of testing across various terrains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b12-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShuler19969-18">[14]</a> A series of thirty W30 development models, commissioned by Porsche and manufactured by Daimler-Benz, underwent testing in early April 1937,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202016-19">[15]</a> covering a total distance of over 2,900,000 kilometres (1,800,000 mi).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl3t6DwAAQBAJpgPT21_21]-20">[16]</a> All vehicles featured the characteristic rounded design and included <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine" title="Volkswagen air-cooled engine">air-cooled</a>, rear-mounted <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">engines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202016-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201122-21">[17]</a> A further batch of 44 VW38 pre-production cars produced in 1938 introduced split rear windows,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b22-22">[18]</a> and subsequently, Volkswagen introduced fifty VW39 cars, completed in July 1939.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESloniger198028-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtzold1988b17-24">[20]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A,_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen,_Cabrio-Version_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white image of two black small convertibles driving on the Reichsautobahn" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A%2C_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen%2C_Cabrio-Version_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A%2C_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen%2C_Cabrio-Version_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="283" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A%2C_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen%2C_Cabrio-Version_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A%2C_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen%2C_Cabrio-Version_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1979-025-30A%2C_Reichsautobahn_mit_zwei_KdF-Wagen%2C_Cabrio-Version_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Two KdF cars on the <a href="/wiki/Reichsautobahn" title="Reichsautobahn">Reichsautobahn</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1943. Since the KdF was never delivered to the public,<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> it is likely that this was an advertisement photo.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Strength_Through_Joy" title="Strength Through Joy">Kraft durch Freude</a> (Strength Through Joy, a political organisation aimed at providing the populace with leisure activities) was in charge of this project. <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ley" title="Robert Ley">Robert Ley</a>, the Nazi official heading Kraft durch Freude (KdF), announced in 1938 that every German would own a Volkswagen within ten years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping200511-26">[22]</a> However, there were challenges. Gasoline prices in Germany were high due to taxes, making it expensive for private car ownership. Gasoline was also primarily used for the military in the Nazi regime. Despite that, the Nazi leaders saw the mass-produced car as a way to promote their system. It symbolised a shift from cars being a privilege for the wealthy to a dream that lower-class Germans could now fulfil. Hitler was particularly enthusiastic about it because the car could easily be adapted for military use.<a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> The KdF-Wagen was not <a href="/wiki/Mass_production" title="Mass production">series-produced</a> before <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War">the Second World War</a> because the Volkswagen plant at <a href="/wiki/Fallersleben" title="Fallersleben">Fallersleben</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>), founded in May 1938, was not yet finished. During the war, other German manufacturers were concurrently producing <a href="/wiki/Military_vehicle" title="Military vehicle">military vehicles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Armament" class="mw-redirect" title="Armament">armaments</a>, so the series production of the then-called Volkswagen car could not begin until peacetime; nevertheless, 210 KdF-Wagens were manufactured by the end of the war in May 1945.<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-29">[25]</a> Following the cessation of hostilities the <a href="/wiki/British_occupation_zone_in_Germany" title="British occupation zone in Germany">British occupying forces</a> brought the factory into operation and by the close of 1945, 1,785 Volkswagens had been built, delivered to the occupying powers and the <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Bundespost" title="Deutsche Bundespost">postal service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiley200261-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlammang199622-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bruce-29">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design">Design</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Design">edit</a>]</div> The Beetle featured a rear-located, air-cooled four-cylinder, <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engine</a> and rear-wheel drive in a two-door bodywork featuring a flat front windscreen, accommodating four passengers and providing luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seat, it had a drag coefficient of 0.48.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETerenna201258-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtzold1988a136-33">[29]</a> The bodywork attached with eighteen bolts to the Beetle's nearly flat <a href="/wiki/Platform_chassis" title="Platform chassis">platform chassis</a> featured a central structural tunnel.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI1c7AwAAQBAJpgPT201_201]-34">[30]</a> The front and rear suspension incorporated <a href="/wiki/Torsion_bar_suspension" title="Torsion bar suspension">torsion bars</a> and a front stabiliser bar, providing independent suspension at all wheels, albeit the front axle was designed with double longitudinal trailing arms, whereas the rear axle was a <a href="/wiki/Swing_axle" title="Swing axle">swing axle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobbitt200140–43-35">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Light_alloy" class="mw-redirect" title="Light alloy">Light alloy</a> forms the Beetle's engine, transmission, and cylinder heads.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher2012[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidI1c7AwAAQBAJpgPT201_201]-34">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Design_controversies">Design controversies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Design controversies">edit</a>]</div> German-Bohemian <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_Porsche" title="Ferdinand Porsche">Ferdinand Porsche</a> (1875–1951) and his team were generally known as the original designers of the Volkswagen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERieger20131900-36">[32]</a> However, there has been debate over whether he was the original designer. Rumours circulated, suggesting that other designers, such as <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Bar%C3%A9nyi" title="Béla Barényi">Béla Barényi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_Jaray" title="Paul Jaray">Paul Jaray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Josef_Ganz" title="Josef Ganz">Josef Ganz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ledwinka" title="Hans Ledwinka">Hans Ledwinka</a>, may have influenced its design. <dl><dt>Béla Barényi</dt></dl> In 1925, Austro-Hungarian automotive engineer Béla Barényi designed a car similarly shaped to the Beetle, more than five years before Porsche unveiled his initial "People's Car" design.<a href="#cite_note-37">[33]</a> Through a court ruling in 1953, Barényi successfully asserted his authorship and associated claims. He explained that he had previously elucidated the concept of the Beetle, which was already formulated in the 1920s, to Porsche in great detail. However, this concept was not protected sufficiently by <a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">patents</a>. Key elements of this concept included the air-cooled four-cylinder boxer engine at the rear, the transmission positioned in front of the rear axle, and the distinctive roundish shape. Dieter Landenberger, the head of Porsche's historical archive, later affirmed that Barényi played a "decisive role in the authorship of the later VW Beetle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeck201658–61-38">[34]</a> Since then, he has been known for conceiving the original car design.<a href="#cite_note-hof-39">[35]</a> <dl><dt>Paul Jaray</dt></dl> Many assume that Paul Jaray shaped the car's body design through his aerodynamics calculations.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> According to a November 2021 update of research mentioned in the fifteenth report by the German newspaper <a href="/wiki/Frankfurter_Allgemeine_Zeitung" title="Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung">Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung</a>, Jaray's findings influenced the design of "Hitler's streamlined KdF car", later known as the 'beetle', which became the best-selling car globally post-war.<a href="#cite_note-41">[37]</a> Jaray's research results in fluid mechanics for ground-bound vehicles extended beyond the VW Beetle, impacting the Tatra 77 and other vehicles. His initial patents and publications date back to the early 1920s. The engineer Christian Binnebesel scientifically presented Jaray's significant contribution to streamline form in his 2008 dissertation.<a href="#cite_note-42">[38]</a> <dl><dt>Josef Ganz</dt></dl> Josef Ganz's potential early contributions to the original Beetle's development remained controversial for years and lacked clear clarification. Research suggests that his idea and the concept of a compact car played a significant role in the VW Beetle's development and its prototypes.<a href="#cite_note-43">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a> Ganz personally drove a <a href="/wiki/Hanomag_2/10_PS" title="Hanomag 2/10 PS">Hanomag Kommissbrot</a> and a swing-axle Tatra—both featuring elements such as a central tubular frame, independent wheel suspension, and a rear/mid-engine design. Ganz incorporated these technical features into his proposed vehicle designs. Hitler reportedly saw cars designed by Josef Ganz at the 1933 <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Auto_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Berlin Auto Show">Berlin Auto Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[41]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Standard_Superior" title="Standard Superior">Standard Superior</a>, designed by Ganz for the Standard vehicle factory, featured an implied teardrop-shaped body on a central tubular frame with a rear swing axle, yet the engine was transversely installed in front of the axle, not longitudinally as a rear engine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcCarthy198618-46">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudvigsen200016-47">[43]</a> <dl><dt>Hans Ledwinka</dt></dl> The Austrian automobile designer <a href="/wiki/Hans_Ledwinka" title="Hans Ledwinka">Hans Ledwinka</a>, whom Porsche was a contemporary, worked at the Czechoslovakian company <a href="/wiki/Tatra_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatra (car)">Tatra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMargoliusHenry20165-48">[44]</a> In 1931, Tatra built the <a href="/wiki/Tatra_V570" title="Tatra V570">V570</a> prototype, which featured an <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled" class="mw-redirect" title="Air-cooled">air-cooled</a> <a href="/wiki/Flat-twin_engine" title="Flat-twin engine">flat-twin engine</a> mounted at the rear.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995214–215-49">[45]</a> Hitler and Porsche both were influenced by the Tatras.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995214–215-49">[45]</a> Hitler, an avid automotive enthusiast, rode in Tatras multiple times during political tours of Czechoslovakia and had frequent dinners with Ledwinka.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995214–215-49">[45]</a> Following one such tour, Hitler remarked to Porsche, "This is the car for my roads".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995214–215-49">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> From 1933 onwards, Ledwinka and Porsche met regularly to discuss their designs, and Porsche admitted, "Well, sometimes I looked over his shoulder, and sometimes he looked over mine" while designing the Volkswagen.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995214–215-49">[45]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tatra_97" title="Tatra 97">Tatra 97</a> of 1936 had a 1,749 cc, rear-located, rear-wheel drive, air-cooled four-cylinder <a href="/wiki/Boxer_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Boxer engine">boxer engine</a>. It accommodated five passengers in its compact four-door body, which provided luggage storage under the front bonnet and behind the rear seats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudvigsen200016-47">[43]</a> Just before the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, Tatra filed numerous legal claims against VW for patent infringement.<a href="#cite_note-51">[47]</a> Tatra launched a lawsuit, halted only by <a href="/wiki/Nazi_occupation_of_Czechoslovakia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi occupation of Czechoslovakia">Germany's invasion of Czechoslovakia</a> in 1938, leading to the Nazi administration of the Tatra factory in October. Hitler instructed Tatra to focus exclusively on heavy trucks and diesel engines, discontinuing all car models except the V8-engined <a href="/wiki/Tatra_87" title="Tatra 87">Tatra 87</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELudvigsen200016-47">[43]</a> The issue resurfaced post-World War II, and in 1965, Volkswagen paid Ringhoffer-Tatra 1,000,000 Deutsche Marks in an out-of-court settlement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmarbeck1990174-52">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tenure">Tenure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Tenure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II_and_military_production:_1938–1945">World War II and military production: 1938–1945</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: World War II and military production: 1938–1945">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Sand-coloured Volkswagen indoors." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg/220px-ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg/330px-ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg/440px-ATMS_52_-_Volkswagen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4381" data-file-height="3385" /></a><figcaption>Sand-coloured VW Type 82E — a Wehrmacht Beetle on the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen's</a> underpinnings.</figcaption></figure> The name Volkswagen was officially substituted by the term KdF (<a href="/wiki/Kraft_durch_Freude" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft durch Freude">Kraft durch Freude</a>; German for 'Strength Through Joy') derived from the Nazi organisation once Hitler ceremoniously laid the foundation stone for the Volkswagen factory on 26 May 1938.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEtzold198374-54">[50]</a> As part of this organisation, Volkswagen urged workers to "save five marks a week and get your car".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWelch200870-55">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Before the completion of the KdF factory, many Germans had already signed up for a savings plan to buy a car. At that time, Germany had fewer cars than other European countries. In 1930, there were only about 500,000 registered cars in Germany, while France and Great Britain had over 1 million each, and the USA had more than 26 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECassisDe_LucaFlorio2015199-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEZiemannRossol2021437-59">[55]</a> However, the onset of <a href="/wiki/The_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="The Second World War">the Second World War</a> hindered the distribution of the cars, and there was a lack of time for <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a>. With the Volkswagen facility dedicated solely to wartime requirements, the over 330,000 KdF savers could not acquire their vehicles.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAngoliaLittlejohn1999215-60">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarsh202026-61">[57]</a> Following the war, numerous KdF savers pressed for the receipt of a Volkswagen. When their request was denied, the VW saver initiative ensued, spanning several years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> During the war, the factory predominantly built the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a> (Type 82),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMommsenGrieger1996330-63">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrassia201289-64">[60]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Schwimmwagen" class="mw-redirect" title="Schwimmwagen">Schwimmwagen</a> (Type 166)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReich2018161-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIngrassia201289-64">[60]</a> and numerous other <a href="/wiki/Military_light_utility_vehicle" title="Military light utility vehicle">light utility vehicles</a>. These vehicles were derived mechanically from the Type 1 and used by the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEuler201030-66">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScholz202385-68">[64]</a> These vehicles, including several hundred <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Kommandeurswagen" title="Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen">Kommandeurswagen</a> (Type 87), featured a Type 1 Beetle body mounted on the robust chassis of the four-wheel-drive Type 86 Kübelwagen prototype. The Kommandeurswagen included a portal axle, a Schwimmwagen drivetrain, wider fenders, and oversized Kronprinz all-terrain tyres, reminiscent of the later <a href="/wiki/Baja_Bug" title="Baja Bug">Baja Bugs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer198833-69">[65]</a> The production of the Kommandeurswagen persisted until 1944 when the production at the plant halted due to the extensive damage inflicted by the Allied air raids.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMayer198830–33-70">[66]</a> Due to gasoline shortages late in the war, a few "Holzbrenner" (wood-burner) Beetles were built fueled with wood logs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlammang199628-71">[67]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Berlin-Rom,Bj.1939vorn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Blue sports racing car on the Nürburgring track in 1981." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg/220px-VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg/330px-VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg/440px-VW_Berlin-Rom%2CBj.1939vorn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="756" data-file-height="582" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Porsche_64" title="Porsche 64">Porsche 64</a> (pictured in 1981) was largely derived from the Beetle.</figcaption></figure> Planned for September 1939, <a href="/wiki/Kraft_durch_Freude" class="mw-redirect" title="Kraft durch Freude">Kraft durch Freude</a> arranged an event to showcase Germany's <a href="/wiki/Autobahn" title="Autobahn">Autobahn</a> highway system and to promote the purported beginning of the production of the KdF-Wagen, involving a 1,500-kilometre (930 mi) journey from Berlin to Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Hagerty64-72">[68]</a> Erwin Komenda supervised the development process, while Karl Froelich was responsible for creating official plans that they subsequently used to form a wooden scale model. The model was wind tunnel tested at <a href="/wiki/Stuttgart_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Stuttgart University">Stuttgart University</a> by Josef Mickl.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Dubbed the "Berlin-Rome car", Porsche AG's engineers designed the Type 60 K 10, officially known as the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_64" title="Porsche 64">Porsche 64</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELeffingwell202222-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAdler200358-75">[71]</a> Although the engineers produced three vehicles, they never made it to the race due to the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">outbreak of war</a> before the scheduled date;<a href="#cite_note-Hagerty64-72">[68]</a> two of them disappeared during the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a> Austrian Otto Mathé acquired the third Berlin-Rome car and raced it throughout the 1950s, becoming the fastest in its class during the 1950 Alpine Cup.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPfundnerChristoph_Graf_von_Seherr-ThossSwann200567-77">[73]</a> He continued to use it until his death in 1995.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> <div style="clear:left;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_production_and_success:_1945–1970">Post-war production and success: 1945–1970</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Post-war production and success: 1945–1970">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Autotentoonstelling_RAI,_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white front view photo of a black car." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Autotentoonstelling_RAI%2C_Bestanddeelnr_902-7194_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3296" data-file-height="2312" /></a><figcaption>The early post-war export model at the 1948 Amsterdam <a href="/wiki/AutoRAI" title="AutoRAI">AutoRAI</a> Autoshow.</figcaption></figure> Following the war, the Beetle experienced a significant growth in success.<a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> On 11 April 1945, <a href="/wiki/Fallersleben" title="Fallersleben">Fallersleben</a>, where 17,000 people lived, was officially designated "<a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202021-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMeyer-Larsen2000183-82">[78]</a> Official <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series manufacture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Sedan_(car)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan (car)">saloon</a> began on 27 December 1945;<a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> Volkswagen made fifty-five vehicles by the end of the year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes20209-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a> The Volkswagen facility, initially slated for dismantling and transportation to Britain under American control in 1945, faced a lack of interest from British car manufacturers; an official report included the phrase, "The vehicle does not meet the fundamental technical requirement of a motor-car [...] it is quite unattractive to the average buyer [...] To build the car commercially would be a completely uneconomic enterprise." Instead, the factory remained operational by producing cars for the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-86">[82]</a> Allied dismantling policy changed from late 1946 to mid-1947. During this period, heavy industry in Germany continued until 1951. In March 1947, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> helped change policy by stating: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is the illusion that the New Germany left after the <a href="/wiki/Oder-Neisse_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Oder-Neisse line">annexations</a> can be reduced to a "<a href="/wiki/Pastoral_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastoral state">pastoral state</a>". It cannot be done unless we exterminate or move 25,000,000 people out of it.<a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a></blockquote> Major <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Hirst" title="Ivan Hirst">Ivan Hirst</a> (1916–2000), a British Army officer, has been widely acknowledged for the reopening of the factory.<a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a> Hirst was ordered to take control of the heavily bombed factory, which the Americans had captured.<a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a> Recognising the scarcity of occupations in Germany and the shortage of vehicles in the British Army, Hirst persuaded the British military to order 20,000 cars, stating that it "was the limit set by the availability of materials". By March 1946, production capacity was rated at approximately 1,000 units per month.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChristopher2012202–203-91">[87]</a> Based on an eight-hour shift in mid-1946, production was around 2,500 per month. At the time, about 1,800 machine tools were in operation, of which 200 were used exclusively for the key components.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2016[httpsbooksgooglecombookside3GCDAAAQBAJpgPT36_36]-92">[88]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A white Volkswagen Käfer that had just came out of the facility in 1960. Pictured in the background is the factory it was built at." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg/200px-Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg/300px-Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg/400px-Wolfsburg_-_K%C3%A4fer_vor_Volkswagen_in_Wolfsburg.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1025" data-file-height="679" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Numerous Volkswagen Käfers at the Volkswagen Wolfsburg assembly line in 1960." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg/200px-Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg/300px-Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg/400px-Wolfsburg_-_Volkswagen_Assembly_Line.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="829" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Indoor (bottom) and outdoor (top) views of the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Wolfsburg assembly facility</a>, 1960.</div></div></div></div> Once <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Nordhoff" title="Heinrich Nordhoff">Heinrich Nordhoff</a> assumed management at <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagenwerk</a>, manufacturing capacity increased significantly. Production in 1946 and 1947 was rated at 9,878 and 8,973 examples, respectively, but in Nordhoff's first year, 1948, manufacture doubled to approximately 19,244 units. On 6 August 1955, the millionth example was assembled and by 1959, production capacity was rated at 700,000 units per year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2016[httpsbooksgooglecombookside3GCDAAAQBAJpgPT43_43]-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHopfinger1954156-95">[91]</a> By mid-1948, the Forces of Occupation received 20,991 cars, leaving less than 10,000 for export or domestic consumption. The number of employees increased from 6,033 by the end of 1945 to almost 57,000 in 1957. After the war, over 10,000 apartments were built to house the workers in Wolfsburg, which then had a population of nearly 60,000.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECarroll2016[httpsbooksgooglecombookside3GCDAAAQBAJpgPT43_43]-93">[89]</a> In 1959, Volkswagen invested more than DM500 million to increase daily production by 1,000, reaching a final target of 3,000 per day. During 1960, the company occasionally increased production by around 100; by the end of 1960, Volkswagen planned to produce 4,000 examples daily. Nordhoff stated, "Then we believe we shall have reached a balance between supply and demand so that we can finally deliver Volkswagens to customers without a waiting period".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965154-96">[92]</a> By the early 1960s, the Wolfsburg facility was massive. It accommodated about 10,000 production machines and covered 100 ha (10,800,000 sq ft) in roofed area, more than the combined residential area in <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2011106-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965156-98">[94]</a> Daily production increased to approximately 5,091, and the plant employed over 43,500 workers. By 1962, Nordhoff had spent over DM675 million in expanding the factory. At that time, Volkswagen sales constituted 34.5 per cent of the total <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West German</a> automotive market and 42.3 per cent of sub-1,250 kg (2,750 lb) commercial vehicle market there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965156-98">[94]</a> Nordhoff's recurring encouragement proved to be highly effective. He consistently urged the team to work harder, reduce expenses and avoid complacency and corporate inefficiencies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965156–157-99">[95]</a> In January 1960, Nordhoff quoted: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We shall some day speak of the <a href="/wiki/1950s" title="1950s">Golden Fifties</a>. We are now moving away from them and we must recognise that fact and use the time given us. The wheel of history never turns back! Whatever opportunities you miss today will never return! The new year will have 366 days this time; every day, we will cross one off—and soon there will be only four left. No power of heaven or earth will bring those days back. Let us use this time, as long as we are free to do so, as we are now, and as we shall still be for a few years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965157-100">[96]</a> </blockquote> The Emden facility represented an expenditure exceeding DM154.4 million, with Beetle operations beginning there on 1 December 1964.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping200538-101">[97]</a> By late 1965, Volkswagen's annual production exceeded 1,600,000 units, averaging 6,800 units per day. Volkswagen's share of all cars produced in West Germany reached 48.6 per cent, representing a 3.3% increase from the previous year. When including Audis produced at Ingolstadt, the combined output from Volkswagen and its <a href="/wiki/Auto-Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Auto-Union">Auto-Union</a> company constituted 50.4% of all West German cars produced that year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965157-100">[96]</a> In 1968, the Type 1 was officially given the name "Beetle" (from "der Käfer", German for <a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_end_of_West_German_production:_1970–1990">Decline and end of West German production: 1970–1990</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Decline and end of West German production: 1970–1990">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="White hatchback car with quad headlights." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg/220px-VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg/330px-VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg/440px-VW_Golf_I_front_20090416.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2199" data-file-height="1275" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf I">first-generation Golf</a> served as the Beetle's replacement once Wolfsburg production ended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEImseng201690-103">[99]</a></figcaption></figure> While it was largely successful in the 1960s,<a href="#cite_note-104">[100]</a> recording its highest sales growth in North America from 1960 to 1965,<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> the Beetle started facing competition from more contemporary designs worldwide in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-Handy79Guide-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-BloombergLP-107">[103]</a> The decade started out well for Volkswagen, which sold 569,000 Beetles in 1970.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKiley2002121-108">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMaxtonWormald199684-109">[105]</a> In 1970, fifteen Volkswagen dealerships in Washington convened to implement the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_American_Dealers_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen American Dealers Association">Volkswagen American Dealers Association</a>, which was made to preserve a free market of imported international automobiles through political pressure and lobbying.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergLP-107">[103]</a> On 17 February 1972, the world car production record was broken by the Beetle, with a total of 15,007,034 units produced worldwide, thereby surpassing the production figure that had been held by the American <a href="/wiki/Ford_Model_T" title="Ford Model T">Ford Model T</a> for nearly fifty years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b97-110">[106]</a> Volkswagen donated the car to the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a> for permanent exhibition in its industrial history section.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201798-111">[107]</a> By 1973, over 16 million Beetles had been manufactured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENolan2015123-112">[108]</a> On 1 July 1974, the final Beetle was produced at the <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a> plant after 11,916,519 examples were made there. Following its discontinuation, Volkswagen ceased the ongoing development of the Beetle in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWiersch2005271-113">[109]</a> On 19 January 1978, the last Beetle sedan manufactured in Europe rolled off the production line at the Emden plant with the chassis number 1182034030.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitz1990304-114">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020108-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlammang1996157-116">[112]</a> After its discontinuation in Germany, production of the Volkswagen Beetle continued in Australia, Mexico and Nigeria.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMantle2014[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidlyVhBQAAQBAJpgPT197_197]-117">[113]</a> In the 1960s and '70s, Volkswagen augmented its product portfolio with several models to supplement the Type 1—the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a>,<a href="#cite_note-118">[114]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Type 4</a> and the <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K70" title="Volkswagen K70">K70</a> sedan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202099-119">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooding2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_gB7DAAAQBAJdqgooding2016pgPT45_45]-120">[116]</a> None of these models achieved the level of success of the Beetle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGooding2016[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid_gB7DAAAQBAJdqgooding2016pgPT45_45]-120">[116]</a> The overdependence on a singular model, which was experiencing a decline in popularity, meant that Volkswagen was in a financial crisis and needed German government funding to produce the Beetle's replacement. Consequently, the company introduced a new generation of water-cooled, front-engined, <a href="/wiki/Front-wheel-drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Front-wheel-drive">front-wheel-drive</a> models, including the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Passat</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a>, all of which were styled by the Italian automotive designer <a href="/wiki/Giorgetto_Giugiaro" title="Giorgetto Giugiaro">Giorgetto Giugiaro</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a> By 1979, the Golf constituted over 50 per cent of Volkswagen sales, and it eventually became Volkswagen's most successful model since the Beetle.<a href="#cite_note-122">[118]</a> As opposed to the Beetle, the Golf was substantially redesigned over its lifetime, with only a few components carried over between generations.<a href="#cite_note-123">[119]</a> On 10 January 1980, the final Beetle convertible of 330,281 rolled off the production line at the <a href="/wiki/Karmann" title="Karmann">Karmann</a> facility in <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965340-124">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a> It was the most successful convertible for a long time and was replaced by the first <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a> cabriolet in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-Handy79Guide-106">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020108-115">[111]</a> The number of Beetle units sold by Volkswagen was at its lowest in the 1980s. The Beetle faced competition from Japanese automakers such as <a href="/wiki/Toyota" title="Toyota">Toyota</a> and <a href="/wiki/Honda" title="Honda">Honda</a>, whose cars were uprated in reliability and performance. The closure of Volkswagen's Pennsylvania factory was due to high costs, subpar quality, and poor sales. In the United States, Volkswagen introduced the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk2" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk2">Rabbit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a>, both of which had little success. The overall sales suffered a significant downturn, leading to the loss of many dealerships for the company.<a href="#cite_note-BloombergLP-107">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Beetle_and_end_of_production:_1990–2003">New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New Beetle and end of production: 1990–2003">edit</a>]</div> In 1991, the planning of a new car began once <a href="/wiki/J_Mays" title="J Mays">J Mays</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeman_Thomas" title="Freeman Thomas">Freeman Thomas</a> returned to California to open Volkswagen's Design Centre at <a href="/wiki/Simi_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Simi Valley">Simi Valley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a7-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> Recognising that Japanese manufacturers dominated the market in the 1970s and '80s, Volkswagen needed to introduce a vehicle to regain popularity. Before this, the company began the development of a city car, codenamed "<a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chico" title="Volkswagen Chico">Chico</a>", in which they invested millions of <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Deutsche Marks">Deutsche Marks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a7-126">[122]</a> In 1993, the brand stated that the Chico was intended to begin production in 1995. However, this plan was abandoned once Volkswagen realised that the project was commercially infeasible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a7-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[124]</a> Mays and Thomas recognised the difficulties faced by the brand and suggested the need for a vehicle that included the recognisable design of the Beetle as a potential solution to improve customer appeal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a7-126">[122]</a> During development, this car was known as the "Concept One" project.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a7-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a> version of the project was revealed at the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit Motor Show">Detroit Motor Show</a>, and a red convertible variant of the model was showcased at the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Geneva Motor Show">Geneva Motor Show</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a11-130">[126]</a> It took a year for Volkswagen to officially confirm the production of the concept in its final form, which was slated for completion by the end of the century. To help gauge public demand of the forthcoming automobile in the United States, Volkswagen implemented a free-access telephone line to allow members to express their thoughts on the car. The line quickly became inundated with calls, with many saying, "You build it, I'll buy it!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a11-130">[126]</a> Work on the Concept One continued, with further redesigns on its front <a href="/wiki/Fascia_(car)" title="Fascia (car)">fascia</a>. To reduce production investments and expenses, Volkswagen initially planned to use the platform of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a>. However, in 1995, at the <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Motor_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Tokyo Motor Show">Tokyo Motor Show</a>, the company unveiled another <a href="/wiki/Prototype" title="Prototype">prototype</a>, sharing its <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a> and its broader range of engine options with the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a>. Simultaneously, Volkswagen announced that it would be named the "New Beetle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001a12–13-131">[127]</a> After over six years of planning and development, Volkswagen introduced the New Beetle in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt200291-133">[129]</a> On 30 July 2003 at 9:05 a.m., at the <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> plant in Mexico, Volkswagen produced the final Type 1, after 21,529,464 examples were produced globally during its tenure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2023[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid7kDJEAAAQBAJpgPT61_61]-134">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020156-135">[131]</a> Its production span of 65 years is the longest of any single generation of automobile,<a href="#cite_note-136">[132]</a> and its total production of over 21.5 million is the most of any car of a single <a href="/wiki/Car_platform" title="Car platform">platform</a>.<a href="#cite_note-137">[133]</a> To celebrate the occasion, Volkswagen marketed a series of 3,000 Beetles as "Última Edición" (Final Edition).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBecker201654-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020156-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2011171-139">[135]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Models_and_history_of_design">Models and history of design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Models and history of design">edit</a>]</div> While the design of the Beetle changed little over its lifespan, Volkswagen implemented over 78,000 incremental updates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWillsonSelby1995212-140">[136]</a> Typically subtle, these alterations usually involved minor updates to the exterior, interior, colours and lighting. More noteworthy changes have comprised new engines, models and systems, such as updated <a href="/wiki/Dashboard" title="Dashboard">dashboards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_braking" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic braking">hydraulic braking</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_and_successful_models:_1946–1974">Initial and successful models: 1946–1974</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Initial and successful models: 1946–1974">edit</a>]</div> The Type 11 standard limousine, initially designated as the Type 60 before 1946, received the dub "Pretzel Beetle" due to its distinctive oval-shaped, vertically divided rear window.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerda200833-141">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHielscher202026-142">[138]</a> On 1 July 1949, the Volkswagen lineup was expanded to include the "export" model featuring enhanced interiors, chrome bumpers, and trim. It was offered in a variety of colours to distinguish it from the preceding "Standard" model.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2023[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidqRayEAAAQBAJpgPT38_38]-143">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201427-144">[140]</a> Starting in 1950, an optional <a href="/wiki/Sunroof" title="Sunroof">sunroof</a> with a textile cover could be added at an extra cost.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESzantai202214-145">[141]</a> By March of the same year, the export model began to be equipped with a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_brake" title="Hydraulic brake">hydraulic brake system</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201718-146">[142]</a> which became a standard feature from April onwards.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201428-147">[143]</a> In 1952, the equipment was enhanced with the addition of vent windows in the doors, and the wheels were reduced to a diameter of 15 inches (380 mm) from the previous 16 inches (410 mm).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201724-148">[144]</a> On 10 March 1953, the split rear window was replaced with a one-piece rear window.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt200228-149">[145]</a> Starting in 1954, the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine" title="Volkswagen air-cooled engine">Type 122</a> engine had a 77 mm (3.0 in) <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_bore" class="mw-redirect" title="Cylinder bore">cylinder bore</a>, increased by 2 mm (0.08 in), and an <a href="/wiki/Engine_displacement" title="Engine displacement">engine displacement</a> of 1,192 cc (1.2 L), surpassing the previous 1,131 cc (1.1 L). This engine produced 22 kW (30 PS), a 4 kW (5 PS) improvement over its predecessor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERiegler2019147-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> In 1955, the traditional VW semaphore turn signals were replaced by conventional flashing directional indicator lamps for North America, followed by their worldwide replacement in 1961.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201157-152">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a> In 1958, the Beetle received a revised instrument panel, and a larger rectangular rear window replaced the previous oval design.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt200246–48-154">[150]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:200px; ;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> "The 1961 Volkswagen sedan provides the kind of happy surprise that comes when an excellent motor vehicle is made even better." </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>, August 1960<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201753–54-155">[151]</a></cite></div> </div> In 1960, Volkswagen introduced a series of technical alterations. The front <a href="/wiki/Blinker" class="mw-redirect" title="Blinker">indicators</a> were relocated to the front <a href="/wiki/Hood_(car)" title="Hood (car)">bonnet</a> within chrome housings, and the rear indicators were integrated into the <a href="/wiki/Tail_lamps" class="mw-redirect" title="Tail lamps">tail lamps</a>. In January, the valve-clearing adjusting nut was slightly enlarged and resistor-type ignition leads were adopted. In March, Volkswagen made several modifications to its front trailing arm and the steering damper. In May 1960, Volkswagen added plastic warm air ducts to decrease noise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurt200253-156">[152]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_Beetle_(ca_1961)_rear_three_quarters.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Picture of a yellow automobile in a field, with an airplane in the background. This is a rear three-quarters-view of it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG/220px-Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG/330px-Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG/440px-Volkswagen_Beetle_%28ca_1961%29_rear_three_quarters.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1665" /></a><figcaption>Rear view of a 1961 Volkswagen Type 1</figcaption></figure> In the mid-1960s, the traditional labels "standard" and "export" for the Beetle's model variants were superseded by numerical designations, approximately correlating with the engine displacements. In the October 1961 issue of <a href="/wiki/Motor_Trend" title="Motor Trend">Motor Trend</a>, Don Werner noted, "Five years ago, out of every ten imported cars sold, six were Volkswagens. [The] latest figures show the ratio is now down to about every four [Volkswagens] out of every ten. If the current VW starts to slip, the new [Type 3]—soon to be introduced—probably will be imported to justify the [company's] more than 600 [Volkswagen] dealerships and the $100 million investment in facilities". He continued by expressing that the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a> had failed to leave a positive impression on industry executives in both Europe and North America. The new engine essentially possessed identical specifications to the previous model;<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201753–54-155">[151]</a> it was a <a href="/wiki/Flat_engine" title="Flat engine">horizontally opposed</a>, <a href="/wiki/Overhead_valve_engine" title="Overhead valve engine">overhead valve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Straight-four_engine" title="Straight-four engine">four-cylinder</a> <a href="/wiki/Air-cooled_engine" title="Air-cooled engine">air-cooled engine</a>. It generated 40 kW (54 PS; 54 hp) at 3,900 rpm and produced 83 N⋅m (61 lbf⋅ft) at 2,000 rpm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeertman2007207-157">[153]</a> The 1961 Beetle introduced a fully-synchronised four-speed <a href="/wiki/Manual_transmission" title="Manual transmission">manual transmission</a>, replacing the former non-synchronised first gear. The Volkswagen facility implemented 27 alterations to the new model, some of which were minor. Noteworthy changes comprised an automatic choke, an <a href="/wiki/Carburetor_heat" title="Carburetor heat">anti-icing carburettor heater</a>, a redesigned <a href="/wiki/Fuel_tank" title="Fuel tank">fuel tank</a> that increased <a href="/wiki/Trunk_(car)" title="Trunk (car)">boot capacity</a>, an external <a href="/wiki/Gas_tank" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas tank">gas tank</a> vent to prevent odours in the car, standard <a href="/wiki/Windshield_wipers" class="mw-redirect" title="Windshield wipers">windshield wipers</a> and a new ignition switch. Stylistic improvements included new paint colours and interior design options, a coloured <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a>, a 150 km/h (90 mph) <a href="/wiki/Speedometer" title="Speedometer">speedometer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201755–56-158">[154]</a> On 30 July 1962, Volkswagen made several updates for the 1963 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a>, including the incorporation of an air filter into the oil filter, the introduction of larger-diameter cylinder head induction ports and the adoption of plastic for the headliner and window guides. Volkswagen replaced the Wolfsburg crest on the hood, which had been present since 1951, with the company's lettering. A <a href="/wiki/Heating_system" title="Heating system">heating system</a> was also introduced.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201757-159">[155]</a> In 1965, the 1200A designation was introduced for the standard Beetle with the 22 kW (30 PS) engine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a> Volkswagen introduced the 1300 in August 1965, equipped with a 1.3-litre engine producing 29 kW (40 PS). Although featuring an identical design, the 6 PS (4.4 kW) increase was achieved through the adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Crankshaft" title="Crankshaft">crankshaft</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a>. This extended the stroke from 64 mm (2.5 in) to 69 mm (2.7 in), resulting in an engine displacement of 1,285 cc (1.3 L).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl3t6DwAAQBAJpgPT281_281]-161">[157]</a> 1965 also marked the Beetle's most extensive design change when its body stampings were extensively revised. It allowed for significantly larger windows, a departure from previous designs. The windshield increased by 11% in area and adopted a slight curvature, replacing its flat configuration. Door windows also expanded by 6%, with a slight backward canting of door vent window edges. Rear side windows increased by 17.5%, and the rear window by 19.5%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965308-162">[158]</a> In 1967, updates comprised shortened front and rear bonnets, box-profile bumpers with a railway rails design that were installed at a higher position, vertically oriented scattering discs for the headlights and larger rear lights with an iron design. Volkswagen introduced an external fuel filler flap, eliminating the need to open the front bonnet for refuelling.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202092–93-163">[159]</a> In September 1967, the 1500 Beetle was introduced. Its engine displacement was approximately 1.5 litres (1,493 cc), its power output was 32 kW (44 PS) and featured a three-speed <a href="/wiki/Semi-automatic_transmission" title="Semi-automatic transmission">semi-automatic transmission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2011119-164">[160]</a> In 1968, the 1200 received fully <a href="/wiki/Independent_suspension" title="Independent suspension">independent suspension</a>, some stylistic improvements and an external <a href="/wiki/Fuel_cap" class="mw-redirect" title="Fuel cap">fuel cap</a>. The 1300 transitioned from six-volt to twelve-volt electrics and received dual circuit braking and a fuel gauge. The 1500 also received these alterations, as well as carburettor enhancements. In 1969, the 1200 received twelve-volt electrics, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_lighting#Emergency_warning_devices" title="Automotive lighting">hazard warning lamps</a> and a locking fuel cap. The 1300 was available with a semi-automatic transmission and <a href="/wiki/Radial_tyres" class="mw-redirect" title="Radial tyres">radial-ply tyres</a>. In 1970, the 1500 received a new carburettor and dual circuit braking, and Volkswagen discontinued the 1500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a> In 1971, the 1200 received a larger windscreen, while the 1300 received a power increase to 32 kW (44 PS) and larger brakes, effectively replacing the 1500.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERosenow20131985-165">[161]</a> Volkswagen replaced the 1300 with the 1300A "economy version" in 1973 for the 1974 model year, possessing the same specifications as the 1300 but maintaining the same overall design as the 1200.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mid-life_and_declining_models:_1970–1986">Mid-life and declining models: 1970–1986</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Mid-life and declining models: 1970–1986">edit</a>]</div> The VW 1302, introduced in August 1970,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoppingCservenka200562-166">[162]</a> featured a redesigned front end. It incorporated a new front axle featuring <a href="/wiki/MacPherson_strut" title="MacPherson strut">MacPherson suspension struts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wishbone_suspension" class="mw-redirect" title="Wishbone suspension">wishbones</a> and a stabiliser.<a href="#cite_note-167">[163]</a> The enlargement of the front trunk became possible as a result. Unlike its predecessor, the spare wheel was no longer positioned diagonally at the front under the hood but instead rested horizontally under a cover in the trunk area.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202095-168">[164]</a> The company initially intended to designate the car as the "1301", but a <a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">trademark</a> already held by the French company <a href="/wiki/Simca" title="Simca">Simca</a> compelled Volkswagen to use "1302" instead. Volkswagen produced the more powerful 1302S alongside the 1302. The latter has an engine displacement of 1.3 litres (1,285 cc), while the former has a capacity of 1.6 litres (1,584 cc).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202096-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE4VxAwAAQBAJpgPT353_353]-170">[166]</a> In English-speaking countries, the name "Super Beetle"—alongside "1600"—was included on the written description but not the engine cover.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202096-169">[165]</a> The 1302 possessed the same 32.4 kW (44 PS) output as the 1300, whereas the 1302S saw an increase to 36.8 kW (50 PS). This was facilitated by a twin-port <a href="/wiki/Cylinder_head" title="Cylinder head">cylinder head</a>, enabling the engines to breathe more effortlessly. The British automotive magazine <a href="/wiki/Autocar_(magazine)" title="Autocar (magazine)">Autocar</a> expressed disappointment in its power increase, noting, "Even with 14 [per cent] more power, the total output of 50 <a href="/wiki/Brake_horsepower" class="mw-redirect" title="Brake horsepower">bhp</a> is very modest for the size of the engine". The Super Beetle had a 2 cm (0.8 in) increase in <a href="/wiki/Wheelbase" title="Wheelbase">wheelbase</a>, but the extra space was in front of the windshield. For 1971, the overall length increased by 8 cm (3.1 in), doubling the front trunk capacity and adding 3 cu ft (0.1 m3) of luggage space. Volkswagen also implemented a new fresh-air ventilation system, drawing its air from the rear quarter panels.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202096-169">[165]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beetle_(4935612536).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Front three-quarters-view of a white car with a compact body and small wheels" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg/220px-Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg/330px-Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg/440px-Beetle_%284935612536%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1968" /></a><figcaption>1983 Volkswagen 1200</figcaption></figure> In August 1972, the 1303 range superseded the 1302 model, which featured a curved windshield. This design change elicited mixed opinions; some favoured it, while others expressed dissatisfaction. Despite the effort to infuse the Beetle with a modernised design, this did not resonate with consumers, resulting in declining Beetle sales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b97–99-171">[167]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[e]</a> In 1975, the 1303 and 1303S received <a href="/wiki/Rack_and_pinion" title="Rack and pinion">rack and pinion</a> steering, but in July of that year, Volkswagen discontinued both of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESeume2001b99-173">[168]</a> The long-serving 1200 was renamed the "1200L" in 1976, with the additional deluxe features incorporated into the car's interior.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETyler2004219-160">[156]</a> In July 1984, Volkswagen eliminated the engine lid louvres.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhNKSCwAAQBAJpgPT580_580]-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Final_models:_1986–2003">Final models: 1986–2003</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Final models: 1986–2003">edit</a>]</div> Starting in 1986, for the 1987 <a href="/wiki/Model_year" title="Model year">model year</a>, the sole model available was the single-carburettor version with 1.6 litres (1,584 cc). From late 1992 for the 1993 model year, Volkswagen standardised <a href="/wiki/Catalytic_converter" title="Catalytic converter">catalytic converters</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Bosch_(company)" title="Bosch (company)">Bosch</a> <a href="/wiki/Digifant_engine_management_system" title="Digifant engine management system">Digifant engine management system</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Lambda_probe" class="mw-redirect" title="Lambda probe">lambda probe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electric_ignition" class="mw-redirect" title="Electric ignition">electric ignition</a>. This fuel-injection system proved much more straightforward and reliable than previous injection systems used on German-assembled Volkswagens since 1967. Vehicles with these modifications can be identified externally by the reintroduced louvred engine lid, heavier and larger bumper bars, four-stud wheels with twenty ventilation holes and a "1600i" badge on the engine lid. The 1993 model also featured a <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk3" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk3">third-generation Golf</a>-style <a href="/wiki/Steering_wheel" title="Steering wheel">steering wheel</a> and front seats, a protection alarm, <a href="/wiki/Parking_brake" title="Parking brake">handbrake</a> and engine compartment lamps and an optional <a href="/wiki/ZF_Friedrichshafen" title="ZF Friedrichshafen">ZF</a> <a href="/wiki/Limited-slip_differential" title="Limited-slip differential">limited-slip differential</a>. The engine received <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_tappet" title="Hydraulic tappet">hydraulic tappets</a>, a full-flow <a href="/wiki/Oil_filter" title="Oil filter">oil filter</a>, a 6.6:1 <a href="/wiki/Compression_ratio" title="Compression ratio">compression ratio</a>—allowing for the use of <a href="/wiki/Unleaded_gas" class="mw-redirect" title="Unleaded gas">unleaded fuel</a>—and an electric <a href="/wiki/Fuel_pump" title="Fuel pump">fuel pump</a>. A standard version was also released in 1993, featuring painted bumper bars and many minor removals.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhNKSCwAAQBAJpgPT580_580]-174">[169]</a> From 1997, front <a href="/wiki/Disc_brakes" class="mw-redirect" title="Disc brakes">disc brakes</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Immobiliser" title="Immobiliser">immobiliser</a> became available, and the De Luxe model featured small traffic indicator side lamps ahead of the top door hinge. The steering wheel's centre boss was restyled to resemble that of the contemporary Golf and Polo. In 1998, Volkswagen removed the small through-flow ventilation slots behind the rear side windows and standardised front disc brakes. Furthermore, Volkswagen included a <a href="/wiki/Security_alarm" title="Security alarm">security alarm</a> as standard and removed the "1600i" inscription from the engine lid.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2003[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidhNKSCwAAQBAJpgPT580_580]-174">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Markets_and_assembly">Markets and assembly</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Markets and assembly">edit</a>]</div> Over its 65-year tenure, Volkswagen produced the Volkswagen Type 1 in numerous locations worldwide. The following list encompasses all the locations in which it was manufactured. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Emden" title="Emden">Emden</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020108-115">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping200538-101">[97]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201457-175">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017257-176">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Ingolstadt" title="Ingolstadt">Ingolstadt</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE4VxAwAAQBAJpgPT311_§_Landmarks_of_the_Years_1965_to_1967]-177">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Osnabr%C3%BCck" title="Osnabrück">Osnabrück</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017111-178">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[f]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany"><img alt="Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg" title="Wolfsburg">Wolfsburg</a>, Germany<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell201723-180">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia"><img alt="Australia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Australia_%28converted%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="256" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_of_Melbourne" title="City of Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, Australia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2001[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidE4VxAwAAQBAJpgPT44_44]-182">[176]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium"><img alt="Belgium" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Belgium_%28civil%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Brussels,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels, Belgium">Brussels</a>, Belgium<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201457-175">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil"><img alt="Brazil" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/43px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a> <a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Bernardo_do_Campo" title="São Bernardo do Campo">São Bernardo do Campo</a>, Brazil<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020147-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Heinola" title="Heinola">Heinola</a>, Finland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202096-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia"><img alt="Indonesia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, Indonesia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017257-176">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland"><img alt="Republic of Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Dublin,_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Dublin, Ireland">Dublin</a>, Ireland<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202036-186">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[181]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia"><img alt="Malaysia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Shah_Alam" title="Shah Alam">Shah Alam</a>, Malaysia<a href="#cite_note-188">[182]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico"><img alt="Mexico" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, Mexico<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017127-189">[183]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes2020152-190">[184]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand"><img alt="New Zealand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/23px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/35px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/46px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyle200438-191">[185]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria"><img alt="Nigeria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Flag_of_Nigeria.svg/46px-Flag_of_Nigeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Lagos_State" title="Lagos State">Lagos</a>, Nigeria<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatton2002121-192">[186]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines"><img alt="Philippines" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Philippines.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Manila,_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Manila, Philippines">Manila</a>, Philippines<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2011162-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965118-194">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa"><img alt="South Africa" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/23px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/35px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Flag_of_South_Africa.svg/45px-Flag_of_South_Africa.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Uitenhage" title="Uitenhage">Uitenhage</a>, South Africa<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2011162-193">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchnetler199741-195">[189]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand"><img alt="Thailand" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/23px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/35px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_Thailand.svg/45px-Flag_of_Thailand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, Thailand<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela"><img alt="Venezuela" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/23px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/35px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Flag_of_Venezuela.svg/45px-Flag_of_Venezuela.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a>, Venezuela<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1965118-194">[188]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia"><img alt="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Yugoslavia_%281946-1992%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Yugoslavia<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFlammang1996239-197">[191]</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Specific_markets">Specific markets</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Specific markets">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1961_VW_Fusca_(6794866445).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="The white cockpit of a 1960s automobile." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg/220px-1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg/330px-1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg/440px-1961_VW_Fusca_%286794866445%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the 1961 Brazilian-built Fusca</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> Official exportation of the Beetle to the Brazilian market began on 23 March 1953, with its parts imported from Germany.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBobbitt2001161-198">[192]</a> For the local market, the Type 1 was officially known "Volkswagen Fusca".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping201461-199">[193]</a> In January 1959, Volkswagen shifted assembly to the new São Bernardo do Campo plant, initially maintaining 60 per cent of its German parts. However, by the mid-1960s, the cars had about 99.93 per cent Brazilian-made components.<a href="#cite_note-Stern136-200">[194]</a> Production persisted until 1986, after over 3.3 million examples were produced there,<a href="#cite_note-201">[195]</a> and resumed in 1992, extending until 1996.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPatton2002217-202">[196]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mexico">Mexico</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Mexico">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_in_Mexico" title="Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico">Volkswagen Beetle in Mexico</a></div> The production of the Beetle was possible through agreements with companies like Chrysler in Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Studebaker-Packard_Corporation" title="Studebaker-Packard Corporation">Studebaker-Packard Corporation</a>, which assembled cars imported in <a href="/wiki/Knock-down_kit" title="Knock-down kit">complete knock-down</a> form.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017127-189">[183]</a> The Beetle was introduced to the Mexican market in 1954,<a href="#cite_note-203">[197]</a> and began official production ten years later.<a href="#cite_note-204">[198]</a> The local market referred to the Beetle as the "Vocho".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGunnell2017130-205">[199]</a> The introduction of a new taxi regulation in Mexico City, requiring only four-door vehicles to be permitted to prevent robberies, influenced Volkswagen's decision to the end of the production of the Beetle in 2003.<a href="#cite_note-206">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[g]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Australia">Australia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Australia">edit</a>]</div> Formal introduction of the Volkswagen Beetle to the Australian market took place in 1953, followed by local assembly operations at the <a href="/wiki/Clayton,_Victoria" title="Clayton, Victoria">Clayton, Victoria</a> facility in the subsequent year.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2017106-208">[201]</a> The establishment of <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Australia" title="Volkswagen Australia">Volkswagen Australia Ltd</a> took place in 1957,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECopping2018[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidl3t6DwAAQBAJpgPT382_§_Volkswagen_Australasia_Pty_Ltd]-209">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayes202047-210">[203]</a> and by 1960, locally manufactured body panels were integrated for the first time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlen2017106-208">[201]</a> Despite the introduction of larger windows for the European Type One body in 1965, Volkswagen Australia opted to maintain production of the smaller-windowed bodies with features tailored for Australian models. This decision was influenced by the constraints of the market size and the expenses associated with retooling. By this juncture, Australian content had surged to nearly 95 per cent.<a href="#cite_note-Richmonds11-211">[204]</a> The final Australian-assembled Beetle rolled off the production line in July 1976.<a href="#cite_note-Richmonds11-211">[204]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retrofit_program">Retrofit program</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Retrofit program">edit</a>]</div> Volkswagen entered into partnership with eClassics, enabling Beetle owners to electrify their vehicles. The electric conversion kit includes a battery with a capacity of 36.8 kWh, providing an estimated range of 200 kilometres (120 mi). The converted Beetle can achieve a top speed of 150 kilometres per hour (93 mph), and an hour of charging can store sufficient energy for a journey exceeding 150 kilometres (93 mi).<a href="#cite_note-212">[205]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">Volkswagen New Beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Volkswagen Beetle (A5)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Volkswagen Type 2</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> It is known informally in German as der Käfer (meaning "<a href="/wiki/Beetle" title="Beetle">beetle</a>"), in parts of the English-speaking world as the Bug,<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/List_of_names_for_the_Volkswagen_Type_1" title="List of names for the Volkswagen Type 1">many other nicknames</a> in other languages. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> While the first units were produced in 1938,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher20057-3">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Series_production" class="mw-redirect" title="Series production">series production</a> did not commence until 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> It is the longest-running automobile without significant changes in design;<a href="#cite_note-5">[3]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Suburban" title="Chevrolet Suburban">Chevrolet Suburban</a> is the longest-running nameplate.<a href="#cite_note-6">[4]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> When referring to the surname "Porsche" of Ferdinand Porsche, it should not be mistaken for the <a href="/wiki/Porsche_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="Porsche AG">automotive brand he established</a>. The correct term for the company is Porsche AG, or "Porsche" followed by the specific model name (e.g., Porsche Cayenne). </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> For more information about its decline, see <a href="#Decline_and_end_of_German_production,_1970–1990">§ Decline and end of German production</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> The convertibles were constructed at this location, not the coupes. </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> For a complete overview of the discontinuation of the Beetle, see <a href="#New_Beetle_and_end_of_production:_1990–2003">§ New Beetle and end of production</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 22em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMeredith1998" class="citation news cs2">Meredith, Robyn (4 January 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/04/us/with-new-beetle-come-wistful-hints-of-old-flame.html">"With New Beetle Come Wistful Hints of Old Flame"</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117040322/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/01/04/us/with-new-beetle-come-wistful-hints-of-old-flame.html">archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024, retrieved 16 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=With+New+Beetle+Come+Wistful+Hints+of+Old+Flame&rft.date=1998-01-04&rft.aulast=Meredith&rft.aufirst=Robyn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F01%2F04%2Fus%2Fwith-new-beetle-come-wistful-hints-of-old-flame.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFaragher20057-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFaragher20057_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFaragher2005">Faragher 2005</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2019" class="citation news cs2">Dowling, Joshua (13 July 2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theage.com.au/national/victoria/bye-bye-beetle-thanks-for-the-memories-20190713-p526vm.html">"Bye-bye Beetle, thanks for the 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rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thestreet.com/personal-finance/car-models-that-have-been-around-longest">"The Car Models That Have Been Around the Longest"</a>, <a href="/wiki/TheStreet" title="TheStreet">TheStreet</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231224210347/https://www.thestreet.com/personal-finance/car-models-that-have-been-around-longest">archived</a> from the original on 24 December 2023, retrieved 16 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheStreet&rft.atitle=The+Car+Models+That+Have+Been+Around+the+Longest&rft.date=2021-12-27&rft.aulast=Dorger&rft.aufirst=Samanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thestreet.com%2Fpersonal-finance%2Fcar-models-that-have-been-around-longest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWood20033–5-9"><a 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United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Manual" title="Haynes Manual">Haynes Manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8596-0959-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8596-0959-0"><bdi>978-1-8596-0959-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Birth+of+the+Beetle&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Haynes+Manual&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-8596-0959-0&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBecker2016" class="citation book cs1">Becker, Doreen (2016). Color Trends and Selection for Product Design. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Elsevier_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Elsevier Science">Elsevier Science</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3233-9406-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3233-9406-2"><bdi>978-0-3233-9406-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Color+Trends+and+Selection+for+Product+Design&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Elsevier+Science&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-3233-9406-2&rft.aulast=Becker&rft.aufirst=Doreen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBobbitt2001" class="citation book cs1">Bobbitt, Malcolm (2001). The Volkswagen Bus Book. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4995-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4995-5"><bdi>978-1-8458-4995-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volkswagen+Bus+Book&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-8458-4995-5&rft.aulast=Bobbitt&rft.aufirst=Malcolm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurt2002" class="citation book cs1">Burt, William (2002). Volkswagen Beetle. 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Italy: Edizioni Savine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-8963-6599-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-8963-6599-1"><bdi>978-8-8963-6599-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Guide&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Edizioni+Savine&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-8-8963-6599-1&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCassisDe_LucaFlorio2015" class="citation book cs1">Cassis, Youssef; De Luca, Giuseppe; Florio, Massimo (2015). Infrastructure Finance in Europe. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-1341-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1987-1341-8"><bdi>978-0-1987-1341-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+Finance+in+Europe&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-1987-1341-8&rft.aulast=Cassis&rft.aufirst=Youssef&rft.au=De+Luca%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Florio%2C+Massimo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristopher2012" class="citation book cs1">Christopher, John (2012). The Race for Hitler's X-Planes. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/The_History_Press" title="The History Press">The History Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7711-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-7711-4"><bdi>978-0-7524-7711-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Race+for+Hitler%27s+X-Planes&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=The+History+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-7711-4&rft.aulast=Christopher&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCleaverCluteReidWhitehead1961" class="citation news cs1">Cleaver, E. L.; Clute, Eugene; Reid, Kenneth; Whitehead, R. F. (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b5lHAQAAIAAJ">"Progressive Architecture"</a>. Vol. 42. United States: <a href="/wiki/Reinhold_Publishing_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Reinhold Publishing Corporation">Reinhold Publishing Corporation</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Progressive+Architecture&rft.volume=42&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Cleaver&rft.aufirst=E.+L.&rft.au=Clute%2C+Eugene&rft.au=Reid%2C+Kenneth&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+R.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db5lHAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2001" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard (2001). VW Beetle. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4732-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4732-6"><bdi>978-1-8458-4732-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Beetle&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-8458-4732-6&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2018" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard (2018). VW Beetle Specification Guide 1949–1967. United Kingdom: Crowood Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7850-0490-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7850-0490-2"><bdi>978-1-7850-0490-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Beetle+Specification+Guide+1949%E2%80%931967&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-7850-0490-2&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2005" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard (2005). Volkswagen. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9047-8892-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9047-8892-8"><bdi>978-1-9047-8892-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-9047-8892-8&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2002" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard (2002). VW Beetle: The Car of the 20th Century. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-901295-863" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-901295-863"><bdi>978-1-901295-863</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Beetle%3A+The+Car+of+the+20th+Century&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1-901295-863&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCopping2023" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard (2023). VW Golf. 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United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7844-2021-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7844-2021-5"><bdi>978-1-7844-2021-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-7844-2021-5&rft.aulast=Copping&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoppingCservenka2005" class="citation book cs1">Copping, Richard; Cservenka, Ken (2005). Volkswagen Beetle. 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New Zealand: Transpress. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9088-7650-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9088-7650-1"><bdi>978-0-9088-7650-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=50+years+of+Volkswagens+in+New+Zealand&rft.place=New+Zealand&rft.pub=Transpress&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-9088-7650-1&rft.aulast=Coyle&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDageför1997" class="citation book cs1">Dageför, Werner (1997). Käfer, der Erfolkswagen [Beetle, the successful car]. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Prestel_Publishing" title="Prestel Publishing">Prestel Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1891-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7913-1891-2"><bdi>978-3-7913-1891-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=K%C3%A4fer%2C+der+Erfolkswagen&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Prestel+Publishing&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-7913-1891-2&rft.aulast=Dagef%C3%B6r&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEuler2010" class="citation book cs1">Euler, Christian (2010). Porsche und Volkswagen [Porsche and Volkswagen]. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5275-0523-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-5275-0523-4"><bdi>978-3-5275-0523-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+und+Volkswagen&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-5275-0523-4&rft.aulast=Euler&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtzold1983" class="citation book cs1">Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1983). Der Käfer [The Beetle]. Germany: Bucheli. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7168-1613-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7168-1613-4"><bdi>978-3-7168-1613-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+K%C3%A4fer&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Bucheli&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-3-7168-1613-4&rft.aulast=Etzold&rft.aufirst=Hans-R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtzold1988a" class="citation book cs1">Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1988a). The Beetle: The Chronicles of the People's Car. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Manual" title="Haynes Manual">Haynes Manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8542-9845-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8542-9845-7"><bdi>978-0-8542-9845-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beetle%3A+The+Chronicles+of+the+People%27s+Car&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Haynes+Manual&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8542-9845-7&rft.aulast=Etzold&rft.aufirst=Hans-R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEtzold1988b" class="citation book cs1">Etzold, Hans-Rüdiger (1988b). The Beetle: Design and evolution, the story. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Haynes_Manual" title="Haynes Manual">Haynes Manual</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8542-9648-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8542-9648-4"><bdi>978-0-8542-9648-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Beetle%3A+Design+and+evolution%2C+the+story&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Haynes+Manual&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-8542-9648-4&rft.aulast=Etzold&rft.aufirst=Hans-R%C3%BCdiger&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaragher2005" class="citation book cs1">Faragher, Scott (2005). Porsche The Ultimate Guide: Everything You Need to Know About Every Porsche Ever Built. United States: <a href="/wiki/Krause_Publications" title="Krause Publications">Krause Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87349-720-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-87349-720-1"><bdi>0-87349-720-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+The+Ultimate+Guide%3A+Everything+You+Need+to+Know+About+Every+Porsche+Ever+Built&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-87349-720-1&rft.aulast=Faragher&rft.aufirst=Scott&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlammang1996" class="citation book cs1">Flammang, J. M. (1996). Volkswagen. Michigan: <a href="/wiki/Krause_Publications" title="Krause Publications">Krause Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8734-1419-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8734-1419-7"><bdi>978-0-8734-1419-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen&rft.place=Michigan&rft.pub=Krause+Publications&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-8734-1419-7&rft.aulast=Flammang&rft.aufirst=J.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen2003" class="citation book cs1">Glen, Simon (2003). Volkswagen's of the World. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0693-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0693-0"><bdi>978-1-9037-0693-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen%27s+of+the+World&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-9037-0693-0&rft.aulast=Glen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlen2017" class="citation book cs1">Glen, Simon (2017). Volkswagen Type 3. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4952-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4952-8"><bdi>978-1-8458-4952-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Type+3&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-8458-4952-8&rft.aulast=Glen&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGooding2016" class="citation book cs1">Gooding, Richard (2016). Porsche 914. London: Crowood Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7850-0152-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7850-0152-9"><bdi>978-1-7850-0152-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+914&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Crowood+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-7850-0152-9&rft.aulast=Gooding&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGunnell2017" class="citation book cs1">Gunnell, John (2017). The Complete Book of Classic Volkswagens. United States: <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks">Motorbooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4987-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-4987-8"><bdi>978-0-7603-4987-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Classic+Volkswagens&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-4987-8&rft.aulast=Gunnell&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHale2004" class="citation book cs1">Hale, James (2004). How To Modify Volkswagen Beetle Chassis, Suspension & Brakes. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0699-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0699-2"><bdi>978-1-9037-0699-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+To+Modify+Volkswagen+Beetle+Chassis%2C+Suspension+%26+Brakes&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-9037-0699-2&rft.aulast=Hale&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayes2020" class="citation book cs1">Hayes, Rusell (2020). Volkswagen Beetles and Buses. United States: <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks">Motorbooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-6767-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-6767-4"><bdi>978-0-7603-6767-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Beetles+and+Buses&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-6767-4&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Rusell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerda2008" class="citation book cs1">Herda, D. J. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vlpfYtEyYoAC">Zen & the Art of Pond Building</a>. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Company,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.">Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4274-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-4274-3"><bdi>978-1-4027-4274-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240307094241/https://www.google.com.au/books/edition/Zen_the_Art_of_Pond_Building/vlpfYtEyYoAC?hl=en&gbpv=0">Archived</a> from the original on 7 March 2024. Retrieved 7 March 2024 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Zen+%26+the+Art+of+Pond+Building&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-4274-3&rft.aulast=Herda&rft.aufirst=D.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DvlpfYtEyYoAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHielscher2020" class="citation book cs1">Hielscher, Ulrich (2020). Die Wahrheit bedeutet Schuld [The truth means guilt]. Germany: TwentySix. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3455-2142-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3455-2142-2"><bdi>978-0-3455-2142-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+Wahrheit+bedeutet+Schuld&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=TwentySix&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-3455-2142-2&rft.aulast=Hielscher&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiott2012" class="citation book cs1">Hiott, Andrea (2012). Thinking Small: The Long Strange Trip. New York: Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-3455-2142-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-3455-2142-2"><bdi>978-0-3455-2142-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+Small%3A+The+Long+Strange+Trip&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-3455-2142-2&rft.aulast=Hiott&rft.aufirst=Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopfinger1954" class="citation book cs1">Hopfinger, K. B. (1954). Beyond Expectation. Indiana: <a href="/wiki/G._T._Foulis" class="mw-redirect" title="G. T. Foulis">G. T. Foulis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5986-4028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5986-4028-4"><bdi>978-0-5986-4028-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Expectation&rft.place=Indiana&rft.pub=G.+T.+Foulis&rft.date=1954&rft.isbn=978-0-5986-4028-4&rft.aulast=Hopfinger&rft.aufirst=K.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFImseng2016" class="citation book cs1">Imseng, Dominik (2016). Ugly is Only Skin-deep. United Kingdom: Matador. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7858-9317-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7858-9317-9"><bdi>978-1-7858-9317-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ugly+is+Only+Skin-deep&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Matador&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-7858-9317-9&rft.aulast=Imseng&rft.aufirst=Dominik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIngrassia2012" class="citation book cs1">Ingrassia, Paul (2012). Engines of Change. United States: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4063-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4516-4063-2"><bdi>978-1-4516-4063-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Engines+of+Change&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-4516-4063-2&rft.aulast=Ingrassia&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKiley2002" class="citation book cs1">Kiley, David (2002). Getting the Bugs Out. United States: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-2598-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4712-2598-0"><bdi>978-0-4712-2598-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Getting+the+Bugs+Out&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Wiley+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-4712-2598-0&rft.aulast=Kiley&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein1938" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Karl (1938). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=drz&datum=19380805">Drogisten Zeitung</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240216154246/https://anno.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/anno?apm=0&aid=drz&datum=19380805">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2024. Retrieved 6 March 2024 – via <a href="/wiki/Austrian_National_Library" title="Austrian National Library">Austrian National Library</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drogisten+Zeitung&rft.date=1938&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fanno.onb.ac.at%2Fcgi-content%2Fanno%3Fapm%3D0%26aid%3Ddrz%26datum%3D19380805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeffingwell2022" class="citation book cs1">Leffingwell, Randy (2022). Porsche 75th Anniversary. United States: <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks">Motorbooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-7266-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7603-7266-1"><bdi>978-0-7603-7266-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche+75th+Anniversary&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Motorbooks&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7603-7266-1&rft.aulast=Leffingwell&rft.aufirst=Randy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLudvigsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Ludvigsen, Karl (2000). Battle for the Beetle. Cambridge, Massachusetts: R. Bentley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8376-0071-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8376-0071-5"><bdi>0-8376-0071-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Battle+for+the+Beetle&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=R.+Bentley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-8376-0071-5&rft.aulast=Ludvigsen&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarsh2020" class="citation book cs1">Marsh, W. B. (2020). Voices From the Past. Canada: <a href="/wiki/Icon_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Icon Books">Icon Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7842-9114-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7842-9114-3"><bdi>978-1-7842-9114-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+From+the+Past&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Icon+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-7842-9114-3&rft.aulast=Marsh&rft.aufirst=W.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMantle2014" class="citation book cs1">Mantle, Jonathan (2014). Companies That Changed the World. London: <a href="/wiki/Transworld_(publisher)" title="Transworld (publisher)">Transworld</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7857-8664-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7857-8664-8"><bdi>978-1-7857-8664-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Companies+That+Changed+the+World&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Transworld&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-7857-8664-8&rft.aulast=Mantle&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMargoliusHenry2016" class="citation book cs1">Margolius, Ivan; Henry, J. G. (2016). Tatra – The Legacy of Hans Ledwinka. England: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4799-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8458-4799-9"><bdi>978-1-8458-4799-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tatra+%E2%80%93+The+Legacy+of+Hans+Ledwinka&rft.place=England&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-8458-4799-9&rft.aulast=Margolius&rft.aufirst=Ivan&rft.au=Henry%2C+J.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMayer1988" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Mayer, Hans-Georg (1988). Der VW-Käfer im Kriege und im militärischen Einsatz danach [The VW Beetle during the war and in military use afterwards] (in German). Germany: Podzun-Pallas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7909-0357-7"><bdi>978-3-7909-0357-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+VW-K%C3%A4fer+im+Kriege+und+im+milit%C3%A4rischen+Einsatz+danach&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Podzun-Pallas&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-3-7909-0357-7&rft.aulast=Mayer&rft.aufirst=Hans-Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaxtonWormald1996" class="citation book cs1">Maxton, G. P; Wormald, John (1996). Driving Over a Cliff?. London: <a href="/wiki/Economist_Intelligence_Unit" title="Economist Intelligence Unit">Economist Intelligence Unit</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2015-9392-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2015-9392-1"><bdi>978-0-2015-9392-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Driving+Over+a+Cliff%3F&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Economist+Intelligence+Unit&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-2015-9392-1&rft.aulast=Maxton&rft.aufirst=G.+P&rft.au=Wormald%2C+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeyer-Larsen2000" class="citation book cs1">Meyer-Larsen, Werner (2000). Germany, Inc. California: <a href="/wiki/Wiley_(publisher)" title="Wiley (publisher)">Wiley</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-4713-5357-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-4713-5357-7"><bdi>978-0-4713-5357-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Germany%2C+Inc.&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-4713-5357-7&rft.aulast=Meyer-Larsen&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeck2016" class="citation book cs1">Meck, Georg (2016). Auto Macht Geld [Car makes money]. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Rowohlt_Verlag" title="Rowohlt Verlag">Rowohlt Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-6441-0003-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-6441-0003-9"><bdi>978-3-6441-0003-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Auto+Macht+Geld&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Rowohlt+Verlag&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-3-6441-0003-9&rft.aulast=Meck&rft.aufirst=Georg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMolenaarPrinz2013" class="citation book cs1">Molenaar, Vincent; Prinz, Alexander (2013). VW Transporter and Microbus Specification Guide 1967–1979. London: <a href="/wiki/Crowood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowood Press">Crowood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-8479-7545-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-8479-7545-4"><bdi>978-1-8479-7545-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Transporter+and+Microbus+Specification+Guide+1967%E2%80%931979&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-8479-7545-4&rft.aulast=Molenaar&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rft.au=Prinz%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMommsenGrieger1996" class="citation book cs1">Mommsen, Hans; Grieger, Manfred (1996). Das Volkswagenwerk und seine Arbeiter im Dritten Reich [The Volkswagen factory and its workers in the Third Reich]. Germany: ECON. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-4301-6785-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-4301-6785-7"><bdi>978-3-4301-6785-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+Volkswagenwerk+und+seine+Arbeiter+im+Dritten+Reich&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=ECON&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-3-4301-6785-7&rft.aulast=Mommsen&rft.aufirst=Hans&rft.au=Grieger%2C+Manfred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1986" class="citation book cs1">McCarthy, Mike (1986). Porsche. Canada: <a href="/wiki/Gallery_Publishing_Group" title="Gallery Publishing Group">Gallery Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-7088-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8317-7088-4"><bdi>978-0-8317-7088-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Porsche&rft.place=Canada&rft.pub=Gallery+Publishing+Group&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0-8317-7088-4&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Mike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMöser1997" class="citation book cs1">Möser, Kurt (1997). Geschichte des Autos [History of the car]. Germany: Campus-Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-5933-6575-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-5933-6575-6"><bdi>978-3-5933-6575-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Geschichte+des+Autos&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Campus-Verlag&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-3-5933-6575-6&rft.aulast=M%C3%B6ser&rft.aufirst=Kurt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1965" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, W. H. (1965). Small Wonder. United States: Robert Bentley, Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8376-0147-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8376-0147-2"><bdi>978-0-8376-0147-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/98022447">98022447</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/39060652">39060652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Small+Wonder&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Robert+Bentley%2C+Publishers&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F39060652&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F98022447&rft.isbn=978-0-8376-0147-2&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=W.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNolan2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Nolan" title="Peter Nolan">Nolan, Peter</a> (2015). Re-Balancing China. India: Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-7830-8416-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-7830-8416-6"><bdi>978-1-7830-8416-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Re-Balancing+China&rft.place=India&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-7830-8416-6&rft.aulast=Nolan&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton2002" class="citation book cs1">Patton, Phil (2002). Bug. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0242-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0242-8"><bdi>978-0-7432-0242-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bug&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0242-8&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Phil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeene2022" class="citation book cs1">Peene, James (2022). VW Classic Beetle. London: <a href="/wiki/Crowood_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Crowood Press">Crowood Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7198-4014-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7198-4014-2"><bdi>978-0-7198-4014-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+Classic+Beetle&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Crowood+Press&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-0-7198-4014-2&rft.aulast=Peene&rft.aufirst=James&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPfundnerChristoph_Graf_von_Seherr-ThossSwann2005" class="citation book cs1">Pfundner, Martin; Christoph Graf von Seherr-Thoss, Hans; Swann, Andrew (2005). Alpine Trials & Rallies. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9047-8895-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9047-8895-9"><bdi>978-1-9047-8895-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Alpine+Trials+%26+Rallies&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-9047-8895-9&rft.aulast=Pfundner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Christoph+Graf+von+Seherr-Thoss%2C+Hans&rft.au=Swann%2C+Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrice2003" class="citation book cs1">Price, R. L. (2003). The VW Beetle. United States: <a href="/wiki/Berkley_Publishing_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Berkley Publishing Group">Berkley Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5578-8421-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5578-8421-3"><bdi>978-1-5578-8421-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/53368758">53368758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+VW+Beetle&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Berkley+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F53368758&rft.isbn=978-1-5578-8421-3&rft.aulast=Price&rft.aufirst=R.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReich2018" class="citation book cs1">Reich, Simon (2018). The Fruits of Fascism. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3215-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-5017-3215-7"><bdi>978-1-5017-3215-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fruits+of+Fascism&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-5017-3215-7&rft.aulast=Reich&rft.aufirst=Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosenow2013" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Rosenow, Nicholas (2013). Volkswagen Käfer (in German). Germany: Motorbuch Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-6133-1023-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-6133-1023-0"><bdi>978-3-6133-1023-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+K%C3%A4fer&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Motorbuch+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-3-6133-1023-0&rft.aulast=Rosenow&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRieger2013" class="citation book cs1">Rieger, Bernhard (2013). The People's Car. Massachusetts: <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-7575-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6740-7575-7"><bdi>978-0-6740-7575-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+People%27s+Car&rft.place=Massachusetts&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-6740-7575-7&rft.aulast=Rieger&rft.aufirst=Bernhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiegler2019" class="citation book cs1">Riegler, Thomas (2019). Motor-Klassiker [Motor Classic]. Germany: <a href="/wiki/Franzis_Verlag" class="mw-redirect" title="Franzis Verlag">Franzis Verlag</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-6452-0510-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-6452-0510-8"><bdi>978-3-6452-0510-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Motor-Klassiker&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Franzis+Verlag&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-3-6452-0510-8&rft.aulast=Riegler&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmarbeck1990" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Schmarbeck, Wolfgang (1990). Hans Ledwinka: Seine Autos – Sein Leben (in German). Graz: <a href="/wiki/Adam_Weishaupt" title="Adam Weishaupt">Weishaupt</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-900310-56-4" title="Special:BookSources/3-900310-56-4"><bdi>3-900310-56-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hans+Ledwinka%3A+Seine+Autos+%E2%80%93+Sein+Leben&rft.place=Graz&rft.pub=Weishaupt&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=3-900310-56-4&rft.aulast=Schmarbeck&rft.aufirst=Wolfgang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitz1990" class="citation book cs1">Schmitz, Ulrich (1990). Postmoderne Concierge: Die Tagesschau [Postmodern Concierge: The Tagesschau]. Germany: <a href="/wiki/VS_Verlag_f%C3%BCr_Sozialwissenschaften" class="mw-redirect" title="VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften">VS Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-6630-6747-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-6630-6747-4"><bdi>978-3-6630-6747-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Postmoderne+Concierge%3A+Die+Tagesschau&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=VS+Verlag+f%C3%BCr+Sozialwissenschaften&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-3-6630-6747-4&rft.aulast=Schmitz&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScholz2023" class="citation book cs1">Scholz, Natalie (2023). Redeeming Objects. Wisconsin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Wisconsin_Press" title="University of Wisconsin Press">University of Wisconsin Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-2993-4430-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-2993-4430-6"><bdi>978-0-2993-4430-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Redeeming+Objects&rft.place=Wisconsin&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-2993-4430-6&rft.aulast=Scholz&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnetler1997" class="citation book cs1">Schnetler, Fred (1997). A century of cars. South Africa: Tafelberg. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-6240-3623-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-6240-3623-4"><bdi>978-0-6240-3623-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+century+of+cars&rft.place=South+Africa&rft.pub=Tafelberg&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-6240-3623-4&rft.aulast=Schnetler&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeume2001a" class="citation book cs1">Seume, Keith (2001a). VW New Beetle : The Performance Handbook. United States: <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks International">Motorbooks International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6105-9248-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6105-9248-2"><bdi>978-1-6105-9248-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=VW+New+Beetle+%3A+The+Performance+Handbook&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Motorbooks+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-6105-9248-2&rft.aulast=Seume&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeume2001b" class="citation book cs1">Seume, Keith (2001b). Volkswagen Cars and Trucks. United States: <a href="/wiki/Motorbooks_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorbooks International">Motorbooks International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6105-9246-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6105-9246-8"><bdi>978-1-6105-9246-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen+Cars+and+Trucks&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Motorbooks+International&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-6105-9246-8&rft.aulast=Seume&rft.aufirst=Keith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShulerBorgesonSloniger1985" class="citation book cs1">Shuler, Terry; Borgeson, Griffith; Sloniger, Jerry (1985). The Origin and Evolution of the VW Beetle. Virginia: Princeton Pub. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9150-3845-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9150-3845-9"><bdi>978-0-9150-3845-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origin+and+Evolution+of+the+VW+Beetle&rft.place=Virginia&rft.pub=Princeton+Pub.&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-9150-3845-9&rft.aulast=Shuler&rft.aufirst=Terry&rft.au=Borgeson%2C+Griffith&rft.au=Sloniger%2C+Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShuler1996" class="citation book cs1">Shuler, Terry (1996). Volkswagen, Then, Now, and Forever. United States: Beeman Jorgensen. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9297-5812-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9297-5812-1"><bdi>978-0-9297-5812-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volkswagen%2C+Then%2C+Now%2C+and+Forever&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=Beeman+Jorgensen&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-9297-5812-1&rft.aulast=Shuler&rft.aufirst=Terry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSloniger1980" class="citation book cs1">Sloniger, Jerry (1980). The VW Story. Patrick Stephens. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85059-441-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-85059-441-3"><bdi>0-85059-441-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+VW+Story&rft.pub=Patrick+Stephens&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=0-85059-441-3&rft.aulast=Sloniger&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSzantai2022" class="citation book cs1">Szantai, Stephan (2022). Vintage Volkswagen Beetle Accessories. CarTech, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-6132-5750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-6132-5750-0"><bdi>978-1-6132-5750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vintage+Volkswagen+Beetle+Accessories&rft.pub=CarTech%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-6132-5750-0&rft.aulast=Szantai&rft.aufirst=Stephan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerenna2012" class="citation book cs1">Terenna, Barry (2012). Take the Silk Road Home. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Lulu_Press,_Inc." class="mw-redirect" title="Lulu Press, Inc.">Lulu Press, Inc.</a> <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1058-2576-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1058-2576-7"><bdi>978-1-1058-2576-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Take+the+Silk+Road+Home&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Lulu+Press%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-1058-2576-7&rft.aulast=Terenna&rft.aufirst=Barry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTyler2004" class="citation book cs1">Tyler, Jim (2004). How to Restore Volkswagen Beetle. Italy: <a href="/wiki/Veloce_Publishing" title="Veloce Publishing">Veloce Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0690-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9037-0690-9"><bdi>978-1-9037-0690-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Restore+Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.place=Italy&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-9037-0690-9&rft.aulast=Tyler&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeertman2007" class="citation book cs1">Weertman, W. L. (2007). Chrysler Engines, 1922–1998. United States: <a href="/wiki/SAE_International" title="SAE International">SAE International</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-3181-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7680-3181-2"><bdi>978-0-7680-3181-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chrysler+Engines%2C+1922%E2%80%931998&rft.place=United+States&rft.pub=SAE+International.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7680-3181-2&rft.aulast=Weertman&rft.aufirst=W.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWelch2008" class="citation book cs1">Welch, David (2008). The Third Reich. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-1344-7750-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-1344-7750-0"><bdi>978-1-1344-7750-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Third+Reich&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-1344-7750-0&rft.aulast=Welch&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWiersch2005" class="citation book cs1">Wiersch, Bernd (2005). Die Käfer-Chronik [The Beetle Chronicle]. Germany: Delius Klasing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7688-1695-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7688-1695-3"><bdi>978-3-7688-1695-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+K%C3%A4fer-Chronik&rft.place=Germany&rft.pub=Delius+Klasing&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-7688-1695-3&rft.aulast=Wiersch&rft.aufirst=Bernd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillsonSelby1995" class="citation book cs1">Willson, Quentin; Selby, David (1995). The Ultimate Classic Car Book. New York: <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley Limited">Dorling Kindersley Limited</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7894-0159-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-7894-0159-2"><bdi>0-7894-0159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ultimate+Classic+Car+Book&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley+Limited&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-7894-0159-2&rft.aulast=Willson&rft.aufirst=Quentin&rft.au=Selby%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWood2003" class="citation book cs1">Wood, Jonathan (2003). The Volkswagen Beetle. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Osprey_Publishing" title="Osprey Publishing">Osprey Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0565-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7478-0565-6"><bdi>978-0-7478-0565-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Volkswagen+Beetle&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7478-0565-6&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZiemannRossol2021" class="citation book cs1">Ziemann, Benjamin; Rossol, Nadine (2021). The Oxford Handbook of the Weimar Republic. United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-4577-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-1988-4577-5"><bdi>978-0-1988-4577-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+the+Weimar+Republic&rft.place=United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-1988-4577-5&rft.aulast=Ziemann&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft.au=Rossol%2C+Nadine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolkswagen+Beetle" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_Beetle&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style 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/></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_Beetle" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volkswagen Beetle">Volkswagen Beetle</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.volkswagen.com.au/en/brand-experience/iconic-models/beetle.html">Beetle – A brief history of a well-loved icon</a>, published by <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240114074611/https://www.volkswagen.com.au/en/brand-experience/iconic-models/beetle.html">archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2024.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.superbeetles.com/history.html">The In-Depth History of the Volkswagen Super Beetle</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Cars27" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Cars</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Arteon" title="Volkswagen Arteon">Arteon/CC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora_(China)" title="Volkswagen Bora (China)">Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf" title="Volkswagen Golf">Golf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.3" title="Volkswagen ID.3">ID.3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.7" title="Volkswagen ID.7">ID.7</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta" title="Volkswagen Jetta">Jetta/Sagitar/Vento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Lamando" title="Volkswagen Lamando">Lamando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Lavida" title="Volkswagen Lavida">Lavida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Passat/Magotan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Virtus" title="Volkswagen Virtus">Virtus / Polo Sedan / Lavida XR</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">SUVs/ crossovers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Atlas" title="Volkswagen Atlas">Atlas/Teramont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" title="Volkswagen ID.4">ID.4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.5" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen ID.5">ID.5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.6" title="Volkswagen ID.6">ID.6</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" title="Volkswagen T-Cross">T-Cross / Tacqua / Tharu XR</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taigun" title="Volkswagen Taigun">Taigun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc" title="Volkswagen T-Roc">T-Roc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taigo" title="Volkswagen Taigo">Taigo/Nivus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Talagon" title="Volkswagen Talagon">Talagon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taos" title="Volkswagen Taos">Taos/Tharu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tavendor" title="Volkswagen Tavendor">Tavendor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tayron" title="Volkswagen Tayron">Tayron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">MPVs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Buzz" title="Volkswagen ID. Buzz">ID. Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran" title="Volkswagen Touran">Touran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Viloran" title="Volkswagen Viloran">Viloran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/70px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/105px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg/140px-Volkswagen_logo_2019.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Discontinued vehicles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine" title="Volkswagen air-cooled engine">Aircooled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_181" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen 181">181</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" title="Volkswagen Type 4">411/412 (Type 4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">1500/1600 (Type 3)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beetle (Type 1)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bras%C3%ADlia" title="Volkswagen Brasília">Brasília</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Country_Buggy" title="Volkswagen Country Buggy">Country Buggy/Sakbayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gacel" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Gacel">Gacel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_14A_(Hebm%C3%BCller_Cabriolet)" title="Volkswagen Type 14A (Hebmüller Cabriolet)">Hebmüller Cabriolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Karmann Ghia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Kommandeurswagen" title="Volkswagen Kommandeurswagen">Kommandeurswagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K%C3%BCbelwagen" title="Volkswagen Kübelwagen">Kübelwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Schwimmwagen" title="Volkswagen Schwimmwagen">Schwimmwagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Senda" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Senda">Senda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_SP2" title="Volkswagen SP2">SP1/SP2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_18A" title="Volkswagen Type 18A">Type 18A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_147_Kleinlieferwagen" title="Volkswagen Type 147 Kleinlieferwagen">Type 147 (Fridolin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Porsche_914" title="Porsche 914">VW-Porsche 914</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Water_cooling" title="Water cooling">Watercooled</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Ameo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Ameo">Ameo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Apollo" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Apollo">Apollo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Atlantic">Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_C-Trek" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen C-Trek">C-Trek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Cabrio" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Cabrio">Cabrio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Cabriolet">Cabriolet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Carat" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Carat">Carat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Caribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Caribe">Caribe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SEAT_Cordoba#Citi_Golf" class="mw-redirect" title="SEAT Cordoba">Citi Golf (China)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Citi_Golf" title="Volkswagen Citi Golf">Citi Golf (South Africa)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Cl%C3%A1sico" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Clásico">Clásico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Corsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Corsar">Corsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Dasher" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Dasher">Dasher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Derby" title="Volkswagen Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Eos" title="Volkswagen Eos">Eos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Fox" title="Volkswagen Fox">Fox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Plus" title="Volkswagen Golf Plus">Golf Plus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Sportsvan" title="Volkswagen Golf Sportsvan">Golf Sportsvan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Iltis" title="Volkswagen Iltis">Iltis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K70" title="Volkswagen K70">K70</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Logus" title="Volkswagen Logus">Logus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Lupo" title="Volkswagen Lupo">Lupo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Parati" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Parati">Parati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_Lingyu" title="Volkswagen Passat Lingyu">Passat Lingyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(North_America_and_China)" title="Volkswagen Passat (North America and China)">Passat (North America)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton" title="Volkswagen Phaeton">Phaeton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Phideon" title="Volkswagen Phideon">Phideon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Pointer" title="Volkswagen Pointer">Pointer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Playa" title="Volkswagen Polo Playa">Polo Playa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Rapid_(2012)#Polo" title="Škoda Rapid (2012)">Polo (Russia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Quantum" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Quantum">Quantum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Rabbit" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Rabbit">Rabbit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Routan" title="Volkswagen Routan">Routan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Sharan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Suran" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Suran">SpaceCross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Suran" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Suran">Suran/SpaceFox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taro" title="Volkswagen Taro">Taro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Up" title="Volkswagen Up">Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Vento_(A05)" title="Volkswagen Vento (A05)">Vento/Polo Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Voyage" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Voyage">Voyage/Gol Sedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">XL1</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">Concept vehicles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">1-Litre/L1/XL1 Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat#Passat_Alltrack" title="Volkswagen Passat">Alltrack Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ARVW" title="Volkswagen ARVW">ARVW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Auto_2000" title="Volkswagen Auto 2000">Auto 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bio_Runner" title="Volkswagen Bio Runner">Bio Runner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_BUDD-e" title="Volkswagen BUDD-e">BUDD-e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Microbus_Concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Microbus Concept">Bulli Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_C_Coupe_GTE" title="Volkswagen C Coupe GTE">C Coupe GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chico" title="Volkswagen Chico">Chico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Concept_A" title="Volkswagen Concept A">Concept A</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Concept_BlueSport" title="Volkswagen Concept BlueSport">Concept BlueSport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Concept_D" title="Volkswagen Concept D">Concept D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Concept_R" title="Volkswagen Concept R">Concept R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_CrossBlue" title="Volkswagen CrossBlue">CrossBlue Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Cross_Coupe_GTE_Concept" title="Volkswagen Cross Coupe GTE Concept">Cross Coupe GTE concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_EcoRacer" title="Volkswagen EcoRacer">EcoRacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EDAG_Biwak" title="EDAG Biwak">EDAG Biwak (New Beetle estate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_GTI_Roadster_Vision_Gran_Turismo" title="Volkswagen GTI Roadster Vision Gran Turismo">GTI Roadster/Supersport Vision Gran Turismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_GX3" title="Volkswagen GX3">GX3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.2all" title="Volkswagen ID.2all">ID.2all</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Buggy" title="Volkswagen ID. Buggy">I.D. Buggy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._Buzz" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen I.D. Buzz">I.D. Buzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._Crozz" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen I.D. Crozz">I.D. Crozz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._R" title="Volkswagen I.D. R">I.D. R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._Roomzz" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen I.D. Roomzz">I.D. Roomzz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Space_Vizzion" title="Volkswagen ID. Space Vizzion">I.D. Space Vizzion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Vizzion" title="Volkswagen ID. Vizzion">ID. Vizzion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Life" title="Volkswagen ID. Life">ID. Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID._Aero" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen ID. Aero">ID. Aero</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_ID._Next&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkswagen ID. Next (page does not exist)">ID.Next</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco#IROC_concept_(2006)" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Iroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Magellan" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Magellan">Magellan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Microbus_Concept" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Microbus Concept">Microbus Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Milano" title="Volkswagen Milano">Milano Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle#Ragster_concept" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle Ragster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Compact_Coup%C3%A9" title="Volkswagen New Compact Coupé">New Compact Coupé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton" title="Volkswagen Phaeton">Phaeton D2 Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Talagon" title="Volkswagen Talagon">SMV Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_(vehicle)" title="Stanley (vehicle)">Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" title="Volkswagen T-Cross">T-Cross Breeze Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc" title="Volkswagen T-Roc">T-Roc Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Volkswagen_T-Prime&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Volkswagen T-Prime (page does not exist)">T-Prime Concept GTE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taigun" title="Volkswagen Taigun">Taigun Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tarok" title="Volkswagen Tarok">Tarok Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran#Touran_Hy_Motion_and_Hybrid" title="Volkswagen Touran">Touran HyMotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_W12" title="Volkswagen W12">W12 Coupe/Roadster (Nardò)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">XL Sport Concept</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_e-Beetle" title="Volkswagen e-Beetle">e-Beetle Concept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Auto_racing" title="Auto racing">Racing cars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_R_WRC" title="Volkswagen Polo R WRC">Polo R WRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_I.D._R" title="Volkswagen I.D. R">I.D. R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formula_Vee" title="Formula Vee">Formula Vee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMPI_Imp" class="mw-redirect" title="EMPI Imp">EMPI Imp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baja_Bug" title="Baja Bug">Baja Bug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyers_Manx" title="Meyers Manx">Meyers Manx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg#Race_Touareg_3" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Race Touareg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Engines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group petrol engines">Petrol engines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_petrol_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group petrol engines">Discontinued petrol engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_G60_engine" title="Volkswagen G60 engine">G40 / G60</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VR6_engine" title="VR6 engine">VR6 engine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines">Diesel engines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_discontinued_Volkswagen_Group_diesel_engines" title="List of discontinued Volkswagen Group diesel engines">Discontinued diesel engines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Volkswagen_engines" title="List of North American Volkswagen engines">North American engines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_air-cooled_engine" title="Volkswagen air-cooled engine">Air-cooled engine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Wasserboxer_engine" title="Volkswagen Wasserboxer engine">Wasserboxer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_factories" title="List of Volkswagen Group factories">Factories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Autoeuropa" title="Volkswagen Autoeuropa">Autoeuropa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bratislava_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Bratislava Plant">Bratislava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Chattanooga_Assembly_Plant" title="Volkswagen Chattanooga Assembly Plant">Chattanooga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transparent_Factory" title="Transparent Factory">Transparent Factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westmoreland_Assembly" title="Volkswagen Westmoreland Assembly">Westmoreland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfsburg_Volkswagen_Plant" title="Wolfsburg Volkswagen Plant">Wolfsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Zwickau-Mosel_Plant" title="Volkswagen Zwickau-Mosel Plant">Zwickau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:8em">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_passenger_vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Volkswagen passenger vehicles">List of passenger cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_emissions_scandal" title="Volkswagen emissions scandal">Emissions scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4motion" title="4motion">4Motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_advertising" title="Volkswagen advertising">Advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AutoMuseum_Volkswagen" title="AutoMuseum Volkswagen">AutoMuseum Volkswagen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BlueMotion" title="BlueMotion">BlueMotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ehra-Lessien" title="Ehra-Lessien">Ehra-Lessien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G-Lader" title="G-Lader">G-Lader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbie" title="Herbie">Herbie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Volkswagen_Group_platforms" title="List of Volkswagen Group platforms">Platforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_R" title="Volkswagen R">Volkswagen R</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Westfalia_Camper" title="Volkswagen Westfalia Camper">Westfalia Camper</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Volkswagen_vehicles" title="Category:Volkswagen vehicles">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_European_market,_1950–1979_—_next_»305" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_(Europe)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Template:Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1950–1979"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volkswagen_(Europe)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Template talk:Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1950–1979"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen_(Europe)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1950–1979"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_European_market,_1950–1979_—_next_»305" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen Passenger Cars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">marque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, car timeline, European market, 1950–1979 — <a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_(Europe)_timeline_1980_to_date" title="Template:Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1980 to date">next »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" width="6%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="28%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="32%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="34%">1970s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2.8%">0</td> <td width="2.8%">1</td> <td width="2.8%">2</td> <td width="2.8%">3</td> <td width="2.8%">4</td> <td width="2.8%">5</td> <td width="2.8%">6</td> <td width="2.8%">7</td> <td width="2.8%">8</td> <td width="2.8%">9 </td> <td width="3%">0</td> <td width="3%">1</td> <td width="3%">2</td> <td width="3%">3</td> <td width="3%">4</td> <td width="3%">5</td> <td width="3%">6</td> <td width="3%">7</td> <td width="3%">8</td> <td width="3%">9 </td> <td width="3.4%">0</td> <td width="3.4%">1</td> <td width="3.4%">2</td> <td width="3.4%">3</td> <td width="3.4%">4</td> <td width="3.4%">5</td> <td width="3.4%">6</td> <td width="3.4%">7</td> <td width="3.4%">8</td> <td width="3.4%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy car</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beetle (Type 1)</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">Supermini</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk1">Polo I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Derby" title="Volkswagen Derby">Derby I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Small family car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Type 3</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk1">Golf I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Type 4</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#FFFACD"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_K70" title="Volkswagen K70">K70</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat" title="Volkswagen Passat">Passat I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#98FB98"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Karmann Ghia</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#40E0D0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco I</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#98FB98"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia#34" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Type 34 Karmann Ghia</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0FFFF"><a href="/wiki/Porsche_914" title="Porsche 914">VW-Porsche 914</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Utility vehicle</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_181" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen 181">Type 181 Kurierwagen/Trekker</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#EFEFEF">Legend </td> <td colspan="42" style="text-align:left;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li>     Developed by <a href="/wiki/NSU_Motorenwerke" title="NSU Motorenwerke">NSU</a></li> <li>     Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Karmann" title="Karmann">Karmann</a> and designed by <a href="/wiki/Ghia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghia">Ghia</a></li> <li>     Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Karmann" title="Karmann">Karmann</a></li> <li>     Manufactured by <a href="/wiki/Karmann" title="Karmann">Karmann</a> and developed by <a href="/wiki/Porsche" title="Porsche">Porsche</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a> (Founder)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Volkswagen.com">Volkswagen corporate website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template:Volkswagen Group">A marque of the Volkswagen Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_United_States_&amp;_Canada_market,_1950–1989_—_next_»332" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_(North_America)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931989" title="Template:Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1950–1989"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volkswagen_(North_America)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931989" title="Template talk:Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1950–1989"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen_(North_America)_timeline_1950%E2%80%931989" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1950–1989"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_United_States_&amp;_Canada_market,_1950–1989_—_next_»332" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen Passenger Cars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">marque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, car timeline, United States & Canada market, 1950–1989 — <a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_(North_America)_timeline_1980_to_date" title="Template:Volkswagen (North America) timeline 1980 to date">next »</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" width="7%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1950s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1960s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1970s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Economy_car" title="Economy car">Economy</a> </td> <td colspan="29" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beetle (Type 1)</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" title="Volkswagen Gol">Fox</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_3" title="Volkswagen Type 3">Fastback / Squareback (Type 3)</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk1">Rabbit I</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk2" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk2">Golf II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A1)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A1)">Jetta I</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A2)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A2)">Jetta II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B1)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B1)">Dasher</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_car" title="Mid-size car">Mid-size</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_4" title="Volkswagen Type 4">Type 4</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B2)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B2)">Quantum</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Coup%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Coupé">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="20" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Karmann Ghia</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Convertible</a> </td> <td colspan="30" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beetle Convertible</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet">Rabbit Convertible</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet">Cabriolet</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Karmann_Ghia" title="Volkswagen Karmann Ghia">Karmann Ghia Convertible</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_181" title="Volkswagen Type 181">181 Thing / Safari</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Van" title="Van">Van</a> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Microbus (Type 2 - T1)</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Microbus (Type 2 - T2)</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2_(T3)" title="Volkswagen Type 2 (T3)">Vanagon</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Caddy" title="Volkswagen Caddy">Rabbit Pickup</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a> (founder)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.Volkswagen.com">Volkswagen corporate website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template:Volkswagen Group">A marque of the Volkswagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group_of_America" title="Volkswagen Group of America">Volkswagen Group of America, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.VolkswagenGroupAmerica.com">Volkswagen Group of America corporate website</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_Volkswagen_engines" title="List of North American Volkswagen engines">North American Volkswagen engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="«_previous_—_Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_European_market,_1980s–present310" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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title="Template:Volkswagen (Europe) timeline 1950-1979">« previous</a> — <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen Passenger Cars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">marque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, car timeline, European market, 1980s–present</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" width="4%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2010s </td> <td colspan="6" width="8%">2020s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td 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car</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beetle</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">City car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Lupo" title="Volkswagen Lupo">Lupo</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Fox" title="Volkswagen Fox">Fox</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Up" title="Volkswagen Up">Up</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Supermini" class="mw-redirect" title="Supermini">Supermini</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0;line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk1">Polo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Derby" title="Volkswagen Derby">Derby I</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk2" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk2">Polo / Derby II</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk3" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk3">Polo III</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk4" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk4">Polo IV</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk5" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk5">Polo V</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk6" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk6">Polo VI</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact car</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk1" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk1">Golf I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk2" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk2">Golf II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk3" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk3">Golf III</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk4">Golf IV</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk5" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk5">Golf V</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk6" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk6">Golf VI</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk7" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk7">Golf VII</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0;line-height: 1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk8" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk8">Golf VIII</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.3" title="Volkswagen ID.3">ID.3</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A1)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A1)">Jetta I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A2)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A2)">Jetta II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Vento_(A3)" title="Volkswagen Vento (A3)">Vento</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" title="Volkswagen Bora">Bora</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A5)">Jetta V</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A6)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A6)">Jetta VI</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Beetle</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0;line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B1)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B1)">Passat I</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B2)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B2)">Passat II</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B3)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B3)">Passat III</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B4)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B4)">Passat IV</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B5)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B5)">Passat V</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B6)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B6)">Passat VI</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B6)#B7" title="Volkswagen Passat (B6)">Passat VII</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B8)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B8)">Passat VIII</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B9)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B9)">Passat IX</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_CC" title="Volkswagen CC">Passat CC → CC</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Arteon" title="Volkswagen Arteon">Arteon</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Executive_car" title="Executive car">Executive car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.7" title="Volkswagen ID.7">ID.7</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Luxury_car" title="Luxury car">Luxury car</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Phaeton" title="Volkswagen Phaeton">Phaeton</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Coupe" title="Coupe">Coupé</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco I</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco II</a> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Scirocco" title="Volkswagen Scirocco">Scirocco III</a> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Corrado" title="Volkswagen Corrado">Corrado</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_1-litre_car" title="Volkswagen 1-litre car">XL-1</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Convertible" title="Convertible">Convertible</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet">Golf I Cabriolet</a> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet">Golf III Cabriolet</a> </td> <td colspan="8"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Golf Cabriolet">Golf VI Cabriolet</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0;line-height: 1.1em;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc#Cabriolet" title="Volkswagen T-Roc">T-Roc Cabriolet</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle Cabriolet</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Beetle Cabriolet</a> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Eos" title="Volkswagen Eos">Eos</a> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="6"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_MPV" title="Compact MPV">Compact MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Plus" title="Volkswagen Golf Plus">Golf Plus</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0; line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Sportsvan" title="Volkswagen Golf Sportsvan">Golf Sportsvan</a> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran" title="Volkswagen Touran">Touran I</a> </td> <td colspan="11" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touran#Second_generation_(2015–)" title="Volkswagen Touran">Touran II</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Minivan" title="Minivan">Large MPV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="5"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Sharan I</a> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Sharan" title="Volkswagen Sharan">Sharan II</a> </td> <td colspan="3"> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_crossover_SUV" title="Subcompact crossover SUV">Subcompact crossover SUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="9"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" title="Volkswagen T-Cross">T-Cross</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="1"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taigo" title="Volkswagen Taigo">Taigo</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Roc" title="Volkswagen T-Roc">T-Roc</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_crossover_SUV" title="Compact crossover SUV">Compact crossover SUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan II</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan III</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="7"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan Allspace</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tayron" title="Volkswagen Tayron">Tayron</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" title="Volkswagen ID.4">ID.4</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="2"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0D0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" title="Volkswagen ID.4">ID.5</a> </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#E0E0E0;"> <td rowspan="1" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Mid-size_crossover_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-size crossover SUV">Mid-size crossover SUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="10"> </td> <td colspan="4"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg II</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="47" style="background-color:#f0f0f0"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style>  <a href="/wiki/Electric_car" title="Electric car">Electric</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template:Volkswagen Group">A marque of the Volkswagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4motion" title="4motion">4motion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_South_American_market,_1980–present239" style="display:table;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_(South_America)_timeline_1980_to_date" title="Template:Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Volkswagen_(South_America)_timeline_1980_to_date" title="Template talk:Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen_(South_America)_timeline_1980_to_date" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Volkswagen (South America) timeline 1980 to date"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Volkswagen_Passenger_Cars,_a_marque_of_the_Volkswagen_Group,_car_timeline,_South_American_market,_1980–present239" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen" title="Volkswagen">Volkswagen Passenger Cars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Brand" title="Brand">marque</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Group" title="Volkswagen Group">Volkswagen Group</a>, car timeline, South American market, 1980–present</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;border-width:0;"><div style="padding:0"> <table style="width:100%" class="wraplinks"> <tbody><tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td rowspan="2" colspan="2" width="8%">Type </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1980s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">1990s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2000s </td> <td colspan="10" width="20%">2010s </td> <td colspan="6" width="4%">2020s </td></tr> <tr style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5</td> <td width="2%">6</td> <td width="2%">7</td> <td width="2%">8</td> <td width="2%">9 </td> <td width="2%">0</td> <td width="2%">1</td> <td width="2%">2</td> <td width="2%">3</td> <td width="2%">4</td> <td width="2%">5 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/City_car" class="mw-redirect" title="City car">City car</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Up" title="Volkswagen Up">up!</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Subcompact_car" title="Subcompact car">Subcompact car</a> </td> <td rowspan="4" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol I</a> </td> <td colspan="21" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol II</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol" title="Volkswagen Gol">Gol III</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="19" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Fox" title="Volkswagen Fox">Fox</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk4#Sedan" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk4">Polo IV</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo#Mk6" title="Volkswagen Polo">Polo VI</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#First_generation_(Typ_30,_1980)" title="Volkswagen Gol">Voyage / Gol Sedan I</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#Third_generation_(Typ_5U,_2008)" title="Volkswagen Gol">Voyage / Gol Sedan II</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk3#Latin_America" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk3">Polo Classic</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Polo_Mk4#Sedan" title="Volkswagen Polo Mk4">Polo Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Virtus" title="Volkswagen Virtus">Virtus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#First_generation_(Typ_30,_1980)" title="Volkswagen Gol">Parati / Gol Country I</a> </td> <td colspan="18" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#Second_generation_(Typ_37/5X/5W,_1994)" title="Volkswagen Gol">Parati / Gol Country II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="14" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Fox#Suran" title="Volkswagen Fox">SpaceFox / Suran</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover SUV">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0koda_Kylaq" title="Škoda Kylaq">Tera</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Nivus" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Nivus">Nivus</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_T-Cross" title="Volkswagen T-Cross">T-Cross</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="7" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Compact_car" title="Compact car">Compact car</a> </td> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Hatchback" title="Hatchback">Hatch</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Brasilia" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Brasilia">Brasilia</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Pointer" title="Volkswagen Pointer">Pointer</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk3" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk3">Golf III</a> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk4" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk4">Golf IV</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Golf_Mk7" title="Volkswagen Golf Mk7">Golf VII</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Ford_Verona" title="Ford Verona">Apollo</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Pointer" title="Volkswagen Pointer">Logus</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Bora" title="Volkswagen Bora">Bora</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana#Third_generation_(A05;_2012)" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana II</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A5)">Jetta / Bora II</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A6)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A6)">Jetta / Vento</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Jetta_(A7)" title="Volkswagen Jetta (A7)">Jetta / Vento</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fusca</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fusca</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_New_Beetle" title="Volkswagen New Beetle">New Beetle</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Beetle_(A5)" title="Volkswagen Beetle (A5)">Beetle / Fusca</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Crossover_SUV" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover SUV">CUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Taos" title="Volkswagen Taos">Taos</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Tiguan" title="Volkswagen Tiguan">Tiguan II</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_ID.4" title="Volkswagen ID.4">ID.4</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Large_family_car" class="mw-redirect" title="Large family car">Large family car</a> </td> <td rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_(automobile)" title="Sedan (automobile)">Sedan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Station_Wagon" class="mw-redirect" title="Station Wagon">SW</a> </td> <td colspan="9" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B1)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B1)">Passat I</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B4)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B4)">Passat IV</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B5)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B5)">Passat V</a> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B6)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B6)">Passat VI</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B6)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B6)">Passat VII</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B8)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B8)">Passat VIII</a> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="7" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana I</a> / <a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Passat_(B2)" title="Volkswagen Passat (B2)">Passat II</a> </td> <td colspan="16" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Santana" title="Volkswagen Santana">Santana IF</a> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_utility_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Sport utility vehicle">SUV</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="5" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg I</a> </td> <td colspan="8" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg II</a> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="3" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Touareg" title="Volkswagen Touareg">Touareg III</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Sedan_delivery" class="mw-redirect" title="Sedan delivery">Van</a> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/SEAT_Inca" title="SEAT Inca">Caddy / Van</a> </td> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" rowspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0"><a href="/wiki/Pickup_truck" title="Pickup truck">Pickup truck</a> </td> <td colspan="4" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="13" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Saveiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Saveiro">Saveiro I</a> </td> <td colspan="12" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Saveiro" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkswagen Saveiro">Saveiro II</a> </td> <td colspan="17" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Gol#Saveiro_G5" title="Volkswagen Gol">Saveiro III</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="10" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="1" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="15" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Amarok" title="Volkswagen Amarok">Amarok</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="background-color:#F0F0F0;"><a href="/wiki/Panel_van" title="Panel van">Panel van</a> </td> <td colspan="34" style="background-color:#C0C0C0"><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_Type_2" title="Volkswagen Type 2">Kombi</a> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td> <td colspan="6" style="background-color:#E0E0E0"> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Labour_Front" title="German Labour Front">Deutsche Arbeitsfront</a> (founder)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Volkswagen_Group" title="Template:Volkswagen Group">A marque of the Volkswagen Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4motion" title="4motion">4motion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkswagen_do_Brasil" title="Volkswagen do Brasil">Volkswagen do Brasil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" 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1,\n [\"CITEREFImseng2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIngrassia2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK._D.1959\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKanno-Youngs2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiley2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlein1938\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKraul2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeffingwell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLight2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLudvigsen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMantle2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMargoliusHenry2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarsh2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaxtonWormald1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMayer1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAleer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcAleer2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCarthy1986\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeck2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeredith1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMeyer-Larsen2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMitchener1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMolenaarPrinz2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMommsenGrieger1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoss2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMöser1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNelson1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNolan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Kane2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatton2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeene2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPerkins2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPfundnerChristoph_Graf_von_Seherr-ThossSwann2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrice2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQuintos2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRaes2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRankin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReich2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRieger2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRiegler2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRosenow2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSass2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScheppe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmarbeck1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchnetler1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScholz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchreiber2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeume2001a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeume2001b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShuler1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShulerBorgesonSloniger1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShutt2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSloniger1980\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSolomon2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSorokanich2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStoklosa2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSzantai2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTenorio2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerenna2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorchinsky2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsangEwing2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWeertman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWelch2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWiersch2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWildt2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillsonSelby1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWood2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWren2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiegler2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZiemannRossol2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Oliveira2018\"] = 1,\n [\"stern\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"About\"] = 1,\n [\"Blockquote\"] = 2,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 84,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 21,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 40,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear left\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 20,\n [\"Cvt\"] = 20,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 7,\n [\"Flagicon\"] = 20,\n [\"Infobox automobile\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 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