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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Provinces_and_local_institutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Provinces_and_local_institutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Provinces and local institutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Provinces_and_local_institutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Armed forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amendment_process" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amendment_process"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Amendment process</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="text-align:center;background: #ededed;">Definitive Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Constitution Définitive du Royaume du Burundi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kirundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirundi language">Kirundi</a>: <i lang="rn">Ishimikiro ry'Ingoma y'i Burundi</i>)</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="74" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="256" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Burundi</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #ededed;">Overview</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Jurisdiction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Effective_date" class="mw-redirect" title="Effective date">Date effective</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16 October 1962</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">System</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional monarchy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Legislative_chamber" title="Legislative chamber">Chambers</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Bicameral</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Executive_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive government">Executive</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burundi" title="List of kings of Burundi">Mwami</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Repeal" title="Repeal">Repealed</a></th><td class="infobox-data">8 July 1966</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signatories</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mwambutsa_IV_of_Burundi" title="Mwambutsa IV of Burundi">Mwambutsa IV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muhirwa" title="André Muhirwa">André Muhirwa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claver_Nuwinkware" title="Claver Nuwinkware">Claver Nuwinkware</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Politics of Burundi</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/125px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="126" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/188px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg/250px-Coat_of_arms_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="278" data-file-height="280" /></a></span></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">Constitution</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Court_of_Burundi" title="Constitutional Court of Burundi">Constitutional Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">Human rights</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of the Kingdom</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1962–1966)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Government</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Burundi" title="President of Burundi">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Burundi" title="List of presidents of Burundi">list</a>) <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/%C3%89variste_Ndayishimiye" title="Évariste Ndayishimiye">Évariste Ndayishimiye</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Burundi" title="Vice-President of Burundi">Vice-President</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Prosper_Bazombanza" title="Prosper Bazombanza">Prosper Bazombanza</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Prime Minister</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Alain-Guillaume_Bunyoni" title="Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni">Alain-Guillaume Bunyoni</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Burundi)" title="Council of Ministers (Burundi)">Council of Ministers</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_Senate_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the Senate of Burundi">President</a></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_Presidents_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Presidents of the National Assembly of Burundi">President</a></dd></dl></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Judiciary</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Burundi" title="Supreme Court of Burundi">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Administrative divisions of Burundi">Administrative divisions</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">Provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Burundi">governors</a>)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Burundi" title="Communes of Burundi">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collines_of_Burundi" title="Collines of Burundi">Collines</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burundi" title="Elections in Burundi">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li>Recent elections <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/2015_Burundian_presidential_election" title="2015 Burundian presidential election">2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Burundian_general_election" title="2020 Burundian general election">2020</a></li></ul></div></dd> <dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Assembly: <a href="/wiki/2020_Burundian_general_election" title="2020 Burundian general election">2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/2025_Burundian_parliamentary_election" title="2025 Burundian parliamentary election"><i>2025</i></a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Burundi" title="List of political parties in Burundi">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Burundian_politicians" title="List of Burundian politicians">Politicians</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Burundi" title="Foreign relations of Burundi">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Relations_and_International_Cooperation_(Burundi)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of External Relations and International Cooperation (Burundi)">Ministry of External Relations and International Cooperation</a> <dl><dd>Minister: <a href="/wiki/Ezechiel_Nibigira" class="mw-redirect" title="Ezechiel Nibigira">Ezechiel Nibigira</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Burundi" title="List of diplomatic missions of Burundi">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Burundi" title="List of diplomatic missions in Burundi">in Burundi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_nationality_law" title="Burundian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_passport" title="Burundian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Burundian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Burundian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Burundi" title="Visa policy of Burundi">Visa policy</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> in Burundi</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="padding-top:0;text-align:left;"> <dl><dd><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Operation_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Operation in Burundi">ONUB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Integrated_Office_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Integrated Office in Burundi">BINUB</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_in_Burundi" title="United Nations Office in Burundi">BNUB</a></li></ul></div></dd></dl></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/32px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/48px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Flag_of_Burundi.svg/64px-Flag_of_Burundi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Burundi" title="Portal:Burundi">Burundi portal</a> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Burundi" title="Template:Politics of Burundi"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Burundi" title="Template talk:Politics of Burundi"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Burundi" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Burundi"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Definitive Constitution of the Kingdom of Burundi</b> (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Constitution Définitive du Royaume du Burundi</i>; <a href="/wiki/Kirundi_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Kirundi language">Kirundi</a>: <i lang="rn">Ishimikiro ry'Ingoma y'i Burundi</i>), sometimes called the "independence constitution",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009201_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009201-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was the <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitution</a> of the independent <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a> from its promulgation in 1962 until its suspension in 1966. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>From 1919 to 1962 Burundi was governed as a mandatory territory by Belgium as part of <a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a>. The Belgian administration exercised authority on the basis of decrees, regulations, and by-laws, but never produced a formal constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009200–201_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009200–201-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A provisional constitution was promulgated in November 1961.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was repealed on 30 June 1962, the day before independence.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following adoption by the <a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19642-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the constitution was promulgated on 16 October 1962 with retroactive application to 1 July.<sup id="cite_ref-centre_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The promulgation order was signed by Mwami <a href="/wiki/Mwambutsa_IV_of_Burundi" title="Mwambutsa IV of Burundi">Mwambutsa IV</a>, Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Muhirwa" title="André Muhirwa">André Muhirwa</a>, and Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Claver_Nuwinkware" title="Claver Nuwinkware">Claver Nuwinkware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19642-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Framework_and_provisions">Framework and provisions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Framework and provisions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Overview">Overview</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution was largely based on the Belgian and French legal systems, both derived from the <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Code" title="Napoleonic Code">Napoleonic Code</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some provisions were taken verbatim from the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgian constitution">Belgian constitution of 1832</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975130–131_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975130–131-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was written in <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> with an official translation offered in <a href="/wiki/Kirundi" title="Kirundi">Kirundi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It consisted of 123 articles. It established Burundi as a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> with eight provinces:<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bubanza, Bukirasazi, Bururi, Gitega, Muramvya, Muyinga, Ngozi, and Ruyigi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976241_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976241-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 21 declared French and Kirundi as the country's <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official languages</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 23 declared that all governmental power was derived from "the Nation".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19642-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 113 declared "God, King, and Burundi" to be the national motto and article 114 designated <a href="/wiki/Bujumbura" title="Bujumbura">Bujumbura</a> as the capital. Article 18 stipulated that the constitution could not be suspended.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bill_of_rights">Bill of rights</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bill of rights"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 4–22 served as a <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>, enumerating the basic civil, political, and economic rights of Burundians. Article 6 declared that the legal system made no racial distinctions and gave Burundians <a href="/wiki/Equality_before_the_law" title="Equality before the law">equality before the law</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 13 ensured the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion" title="Freedom of religion">freedom of religion</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196962_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196962-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 17 guaranteed the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_press" title="Freedom of the press">freedom of the press</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 19 granted Burundians the <a href="/wiki/Right_to_petition" title="Right to petition">right to petition</a> the government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2019143_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2019143-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 20 guaranteed the "secrecy" of letters.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freedoms of association and assembly were also recognised.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The freedoms of the press, secret correspondence, and association were subject to exceptions to be determined by law.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Legislature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 23–50 established the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament of Burundi</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Bicameral" class="mw-redirect" title="Bicameral">bicameral</a> entity with a National Assembly and a <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a> and laid out their powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 24 stated that legislative authority was shared by the Mwami and Parliament,<sup id="cite_ref-senat_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and article 5 assured that "authoritative interpretation of the laws" rested with them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19644-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 44 stipulated that the deputies of the National Assembly were to be <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected">directly elected</a> by male and female citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19642-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 50 provided for the creation of the Senate but did not require its existence, reading, "the Senate may be created on the initiative of the legislative power [Mwami and National Assembly]".<sup id="cite_ref-senat_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Senate was empowered to review legislation but not propose bills on its own accord.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament was given responsibility for creating a national budget.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196417_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196417-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 105 requested that the National Assembly appoint an Accounts Court to oversee national expenditures. Article 122 listed additional parliamentary powers and requested that the legislature create regulations concerning 11 subjects, including the press, finances, the organisation of the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Burundi" title="Judiciary of Burundi">judiciary</a>, administrative organisation of provinces and communes, organisation of the armed forces, and the responsibilities of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Parliament was empowered to demand the presence of government ministers at its proceedings<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196418_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196418-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and could initiate public inquiries.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196419_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196419-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Members of Parliament enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_immunity" title="Parliamentary immunity">parliamentary immunity</a> and could only be prosecuted if stripped of immunity by the chamber of which they were a member or in instances where they had committed a conspicuous offense.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196415_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196415-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Powers_of_the_monarchy_and_government">Powers of the monarchy and government</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Powers of the monarchy and government"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 51–82 established the powers of the Mwami and his ministers. The Mwami was declared a constitutional king.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 27 vested him with executive authority.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19645_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19645-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Monarchical orders had to be countersigned by a minister with competence in the relevant subject in order to be legal.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mwami was not responsible to Parliament, while his ministers were responsible.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ministers appointed from the members of Parliament were allowed to retain their seats and participate in debates.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196413_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196413-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mwami was empowered to appoint and revoke his ministers<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had more general appointment powers concerning government administration, diplomats, and some judicial offices subject to limits imposed by laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He could also select a <i><a href="/wiki/Formateur" title="Formateur">formateur</a></i>. He also had the power to <a href="/wiki/Veto" title="Veto">veto</a> parliamentary legislation and dissolve Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He enjoyed <a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">sovereign immunity</a> from criminal prosecution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 77 established a six-member Crown Council to advise the Mwami, three of whom were to be appointed by the National Assembly.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The position of the Mwami was to be assumed by hereditary succession to a male of 17 years of age, though in cases where there was no <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> the Mwami was to be designated by Parliament and the Crown Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19645,_7_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19645,_7-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In instances when the heir was not of age, Parliament and the Crown Council would select a regent. Any new Mwami or regent would swear an oath to the constitution before assuming their powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19647_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A regent would also be selected in case the Mwami was incapacitated.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No regent could accept amendments to the constitution during his tenure. During brief vacancies of the crown, the powers of the monarchy were to be exercised by the council of ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19647_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19647-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judiciary">Judiciary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Judiciary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 83–97 established the judiciary<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and largely modeled it after the <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Belgium" title="Judiciary of Belgium">Belgian system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Article 94 provided for Tribunals/Courts of Residence, Courts of Province, Courts of First Instance, an Appeals Court, and a <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Burundi" title="Supreme Court of Burundi">Supreme Court</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Judges were to be appointed by the Mwami at the suggestion of his Minister of Justice and held their offices for life unless dismissed by the Mwami on the Minister of Justice's recommendation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_20_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_20-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Criminal trial by a board of jurors was stipulated in instances where the accused was facing <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">capital punishment</a> or life imprisonment. The Supreme Court had the sole competence to try cases involving breaches of the law by ministers, deputies, and senators. It also had the sole authority to try cases involving disputes between different branches of government and the constitutionality of laws.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ministers found guilty of a crime committed in the course of their official responsibilities could not be pardoned by the Mwami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19648-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Provinces_and_local_institutions">Provinces and local institutions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Provinces and local institutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 98–106 detailed the role of provincial and communal governments.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Armed_forces">Armed forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armed forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Articles 107–112 handled the creation of the armed forces. This was to include three branches: an army, a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarmerie</a>, and a civil guard. Foreigners were prohibited from serving in the forces.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mwami was declared <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> and empowered to confer ranks upon the forces' members.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_14_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_14-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amendment_process">Amendment process</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Amendment process"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Article 119 detailed the process for amending the constitution. The Mwami and Parliament were to declare that a specific amendment was being considered. Following this, Parliament was to be dissolved and a special election held within 40 days. Within two months following this Parliament was to reconvene to debate the amendment. In order to be ratified, the amendment had to secure the approval of two-thirds of those voting in each chamber of Parliament as well as the agreement of the Mwami and the Crown Council.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196424_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196424-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_application_and_suspension">Historical application and suspension</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Historical application and suspension"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The constitution's provisions for freedom of assembly and association allowed for the continued development of a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In accordance with the constitution, many government orders, especially those printed in the <i>Bulletin Officiel du Burundi</i> from 1962 to 1963, were written in both French and Kirundi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 1 June 1963, Prime Minister Muhirwa announced his appointment of a new Minister of Public Works. This prompted the Mwami to deny the selection, arguing that the crown was entitled to choose its ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faced with growing parliamentary opposition and the monarchy's interventions, Muhirwa gave Mwambutsa his resignation that on 7 June. The Mwami appointed <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Ngendandumwe" title="Pierre Ngendandumwe">Pierre Ngendandumwe</a> as the new Prime Minister on 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this point onward the government became increasingly subject to the maneuverings of the monarchy, and <i>de facto</i> lost its responsibility to Parliament. Parliament retained its legislative responsibilities but the initiative for creating laws increasingly fell to the Mwami.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364–365_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364–365-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some deputies in the National Assembly defended the Mwami's involvement in politics, citing article 57's empowerment of the monarch to choose his ministers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 15 February 1964, the Assembly bureau penned a letter of protest to the Mwami, accusing him of violating article 61 of the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They followed with another letter on 12 March, accusing him of violating the <a href="/wiki/Separation_of_powers" title="Separation of powers">separation of powers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970365,_367_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970365,_367-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a> was first constituted after the county's 1965 elections.<sup id="cite_ref-senat_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-senat-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By mid-1965 the Mwami had exercised all of his constitutional powers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On September 2 the Mwami issued an <i><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Order_(Belgium)" title="Legislative Order (Belgium)">arrêté-loi</a></i> that reduced the number of communes in the country from 181 to 78 and made all <a href="/wiki/Burgomaster" title="Burgomaster">burgomasters</a> appointed functionaries responsible to the crown and the government instead of locally elected officials. Hutu politicians were infuriated by the Mwami's bypassing of the parliamentary government in issuing the decree and by removing their potential to consolidate their strength in communal elections. On 28 September a group of Hutu members of Parliament—including the officers of both the Assembly and the Senate—signed a letter denouncing the move as unconstitutional and declared that they "absolutely refused to accept the provisions of the <i>arrêté-loi</i>".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mwami also appointed his own government, and his continued contraventions of the constitution infuriated Hutu parliamentarians. On October 18, a group of Hutu soldiers in the army and gendarmerie launched <a href="/wiki/1965_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1965 Burundian coup d'état attempt">a coup attempt</a>. The coup failed, but Mwambutsa fled to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414–415_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414–415-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faced with the difficulties of trying govern from abroad and being increasingly attracted to a comfortable life in Europe, on 24 March 1966 Mwambutsa issued a decree giving Crown Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ndizeye" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Ndizeye">Charles Ndizeye</a> "special powers to co-ordinate and control the activities of the government and the secretariats of state".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970419–421_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970419–421-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mwami did not specify whether he was <i>de facto</i> abdicating the throne.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970422_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970422-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mean time, young army officers, junior civil servants, and cadres from radical youth organisations—all mostly Tutsi—became increasingly aware of the influence which they had gained in government.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970423_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970423-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army group, led by Captain <a href="/wiki/Michel_Micombero" title="Michel Micombero">Michel Micombero</a>, was predominant in this informal coalition.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tutsi intellectuals and radicals—especially <a href="/wiki/Gilles_Bimazubute" title="Gilles Bimazubute">Gilles Bimazubute</a>—began calling for the removal of the Biha government and the dissolution of the monarchy.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970424–425_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970424–425-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 8 July 1966 Ndizeye, supported by the radicals, led <a href="/wiki/July_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="July 1966 Burundian coup d'état">a coup</a>. He declared himself the new head of state and suspended the constitution.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970426–428_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970426–428-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He dismissed the Biha government and appointed a new one led by Micombero as prime minister.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite the suspension of the constitution, the new government left the existing constitutional framework of the state mostly intact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970439_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970439-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 1 September Ndizeye was formally crowned as Mwami Ntare IV.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428_42-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon thereafter conflict arose between Ntare, who wished to actively rule, and the new government and its supporters, eager to implement progressive reforms without interference from the crown.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970429_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970429-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 28 November, while Ntare was abroad, the army launched <a href="/wiki/November_1966_Burundian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="November 1966 Burundian coup d'état">a coup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970433,_438_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970433,_438-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The army proclaimed the transformation of Burundi into a republic under the leadership of a National Revolutionary Council and Micombero as the new President of Burundi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445,_447_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445,_447-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Following the constitution's suspension in 1966, Burundi faced years of legal uncertainty.<sup id="cite_ref-centre_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-centre-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the absence of a formal legal framework, Micombero ruled by executive decree,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196983_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196983-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though he still abided by the constitution's guidelines for budgeting and finance.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969115_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969115-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Accounts Court authorized by the constitution was not founded until 1967 to keep corruption in check.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976125_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976125-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> French and Kirundi remained <i>de facto</i> official languages, though usage of Kirundi in government documents declined.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judicial system also remained largely based on the 1962 constitutional framework.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985,_175_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985,_175-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A commission to draft a new constitution was established in 1967. The issue went largely unattended over the following years, though Micombero occasionally alluded to constitutional projects. In May 1974 he appointed another commission to create a constitution. The commission created a new document which was promulgated that July.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975113–114_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975113–114-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It affirmed the republican style of government in place since the 1966 coup and placed all governing power in the office of the president.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123–124_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123–124-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">Constitution of Burundi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009201-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009201_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigirimana2009">Bigirimana 2009</a>, p. 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009200–201-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009200–201_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigirimana2009">Bigirimana 2009</a>, pp. 200–201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBigirimana2009205_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBigirimana2009">Bigirimana 2009</a>, p. 205.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBanshimiyubusa2018227_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBanshimiyubusa2018">Banshimiyubusa 2018</a>, p. 227.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19642-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19642_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-centre-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-centre_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-centre_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.uantwerpen.be/en/projects/centre-des-grands-lacs-afrique/droit-pouvoir-paix-burundi/constitution/apercu-historique-constitutionnel/">"Droit, pouvour et paix au Burundi : Aperçu historique constitutionnel"</a>. <i>Great Lakes of Africa Centre</i> (in French). University of Antwerp<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Great+Lakes+of+Africa+Centre&rft.atitle=Droit%2C+pouvour+et+paix+au+Burundi+%3A+Aper%C3%A7u+historique+constitutionnel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.uantwerpen.be%2Fen%2Fprojects%2Fcentre-des-grands-lacs-afrique%2Fdroit-pouvoir-paix-burundi%2Fconstitution%2Fapercu-historique-constitutionnel%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969175_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, p. 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975130–131-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975130–131_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderlinden1975">Vanderlinden 1975</a>, pp. 130–131.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123_9-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinstein1976">Weinstein 1976</a>, p. 123.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976241-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976241_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinstein1976">Weinstein 1976</a>, p. 241.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVerdoodt2011515_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVerdoodt2011">Verdoodt 2011</a>, p. 515.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196962-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196962_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, p. 62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19644-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19644_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERussell2019143-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERussell2019143_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRussell2019">Russell 2019</a>, p. 143.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-senat-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-senat_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-senat_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.senat.bi/historique/senat-sous-la-constitution-monarchique/">"Sénat sous la constitution monarchique"</a> (in French). <a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate of Burundi</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=S%C3%A9nat+sous+la+constitution+monarchique&rft.pub=Senate+of+Burundi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.senat.bi%2Fhistorique%2Fsenat-sous-la-constitution-monarchique%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ecxr4N5t9EIC&pg=RA8-PP6">"Senate Election, Regulations Are Announced"</a>. <i>Daily Report : Foreign Radio Broadcasts</i>. No. 113. United States <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Broadcast_Information_Service" title="Foreign Broadcast Information Service">Foreign Broadcast Information Service</a>. 14 June 1965. p. I1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Report+%3A+Foreign+Radio+Broadcasts&rft.atitle=Senate+Election%2C+Regulations+Are+Announced&rft.issue=113&rft.pages=I1&rft.date=1965-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Decxr4N5t9EIC%26pg%3DRA8-PP6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196417-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196417_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196418-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196418_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196419-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196419_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196415-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196415_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19645-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19645_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19648-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19648_22-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 8.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196413-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196413_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364_24-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 364.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19645,_7-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19645,_7_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, pp. 5, 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19647-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19647_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19647_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, p. 85.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_20-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_20_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, pp. 9, 20.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_14-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster19649,_14_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, pp. 9, 14.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWebster196424-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWebster196424_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWebster1964">Webster 1964</a>, p. 24.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364–365-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970364–365_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 364–365.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970365,_367-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970365,_367_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 365, 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 414.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414–415-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970414–415_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 414–415.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970419–421-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970419–421_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 419–421.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970422-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970422_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 422.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970423-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970423_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 423.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 445.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970424–425-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970424–425_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 424–425.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970426–428-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970426–428_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 426–428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428_42-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970428_42-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 428.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970439-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970439_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 439.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970429-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970429_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, p. 429.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970433,_438-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970433,_438_45-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 433, 438.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445,_447-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELemarchand1970445,_447_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLemarchand1970">Lemarchand 1970</a>, pp. 445, 447.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196983-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196983_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, p. 83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969115-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald1969115_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976125-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976125_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinstein1976">Weinstein 1976</a>, p. 125.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985,_175-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMcDonald196985,_175_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMcDonald1969">McDonald 1969</a>, pp. 85, 175.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975113–114-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVanderlinden1975113–114_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFVanderlinden1975">Vanderlinden 1975</a>, pp. 113–114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123–124-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeinstein1976123–124_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWeinstein1976">Weinstein 1976</a>, pp. 123–124.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Constitution_of_the_Kingdom_of_Burundi&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanshimiyubusa2018" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Banshimiyubusa, Denis (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-02361964/file/Denistheseversionfinale.pdf"><i>Les enjeux et défis de la démocratisation au Burundi. Essai d'analyse et d'interprétation à partir des partis politiques</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (PhD thesis) (in French). Université Pau et des Pays de l'Adour. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1085890695">1085890695</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Les+enjeux+et+d%C3%A9fis+de+la+d%C3%A9mocratisation+au+Burundi.+Essai+d%27analyse+et+d%27interpr%C3%A9tation+%C3%A0+partir+des+partis+politiques&rft.inst=Universit%C3%A9+Pau+et+des+Pays+de+l%27Adour&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1085890695&rft.aulast=Banshimiyubusa&rft.aufirst=Denis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftel.archives-ouvertes.fr%2Ftel-02361964%2Ffile%2FDenistheseversionfinale.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBigirimana2009" class="citation book cs1">Bigirimana, Jean-Baptiste (2009). "Translation as a Dynamic Model in the Development of the Burundi Constitution(s)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FIODDAAAQBAJ"><i>Translation Issues in Language and Law</i></a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780230233744" title="Special:BookSources/9780230233744"><bdi>9780230233744</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translation+as+a+Dynamic+Model+in+the+Development+of+the+Burundi+Constitution%28s%29&rft.btitle=Translation+Issues+in+Language+and+Law&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780230233744&rft.aulast=Bigirimana&rft.aufirst=Jean-Baptiste&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFIODDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemarchand1970" class="citation book cs1">Lemarchand, René (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdc.ufl.edu/UF00103151/00001?"><i>Rwanda and Burundi</i></a>. New York: Praeger Publishers. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/254366212">254366212</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rwanda+and+Burundi&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F254366212&rft.aulast=Lemarchand&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdc.ufl.edu%2FUF00103151%2F00001%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDonald1969" class="citation book cs1">McDonald, Gordon C., ed. (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0700157.pdf"><i>Area Handbook for Burundi</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/953395348">953395348</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210727210236/https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/AD0700157.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on July 27, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Area+Handbook+for+Burundi&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=U.S.+Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1969&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F953395348&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.dtic.mil%2Fsti%2Fpdfs%2FAD0700157.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRussell2019" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Aidan (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=qtGoDwAAQBAJ"><i>Politics and Violence in Burundi: The Language of Truth in an Emerging State</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49934-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-108-49934-7"><bdi>978-1-108-49934-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics+and+Violence+in+Burundi%3A+The+Language+of+Truth+in+an+Emerging+State&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-1-108-49934-7&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Aidan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DqtGoDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVanderlinden1975" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Vanderlinden, Jacques (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kaowarsom.be/documents/BULLETINS_MEDEDELINGEN/1975-2.pdf">"Deux constitutions africaines récentes et novatrices: celles du Burundi et du Zaïre"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Bulletins des Séances</i> (in French). <b>21</b> (2): 113–134.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletins+des+S%C3%A9ances&rft.atitle=Deux+constitutions+africaines+r%C3%A9centes+et+novatrices%3A+celles+du+Burundi+et+du+Za%C3%AFre&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=113-134&rft.date=1975&rft.aulast=Vanderlinden&rft.aufirst=Jacques&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kaowarsom.be%2Fdocuments%2FBULLETINS_MEDEDELINGEN%2F1975-2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVerdoodt2011" class="citation book cs1">Verdoodt, A. (2011). "Social and Linguistic Structures of Burundi, a Typical 'Unimodal' Country". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cHgQp8SKvkgC"><i>Language and Society: Anthropological Issues</i></a> (reprint ed.). Walter de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110806489" title="Special:BookSources/9783110806489"><bdi>9783110806489</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Social+and+Linguistic+Structures+of+Burundi%2C+a+Typical+%27Unimodal%27+Country&rft.btitle=Language+and+Society%3A+Anthropological+Issues&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9783110806489&rft.aulast=Verdoodt&rft.aufirst=A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcHgQp8SKvkgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWebster1964" class="citation cs2">Webster, John. B. (1964), <i>The Constitutions of Burundi, Malagasy and Rwanda. A Comparison and Explanation of East African French Language Constitutions</i>, Occasional Paper no. 3, Syracuse: Syracuse University, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/846680671">846680671</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Constitutions+of+Burundi%2C+Malagasy+and+Rwanda.+A+Comparison+and+Explanation+of+East+African+French+Language+Constitutions&rft.place=Syracuse&rft.series=Occasional+Paper+no.+3&rft.pub=Syracuse+University&rft.date=1964&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F846680671&rft.aulast=Webster&rft.aufirst=John.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeinstein1976" class="citation book cs1">Weinstein, Warren (1976). <i>Historical Dictionary of Burundi</i>. Metuchen: Scarecrow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0962-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8108-0962-8"><bdi>978-0-8108-0962-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Dictionary+of+Burundi&rft.place=Metuchen&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=978-0-8108-0962-8&rft.aulast=Weinstein&rft.aufirst=Warren&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AConstitution+of+the+Kingdom+of+Burundi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox 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.nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Burundi_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Burundi_topics" title="Template:Burundi topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Burundi_topics" title="Template talk:Burundi topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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title="Kingdom of Burundi">Kingdom of Burundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Burundi" title="List of kings of Burundi">kings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_East_Africa" title="German East Africa">German East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruanda-Urundi" title="Ruanda-Urundi">Ruanda-Urundi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_residents_of_Burundi" title="List of colonial residents of Burundi">Colonial residents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruzagayura_famine" title="Ruzagayura famine">Ruzagayura famine</a></li></ul></li> <li>Burundian genocides <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ikiza" title="Ikiza">1972</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_ethnic_violence_in_Burundi" title="1993 ethnic violence in Burundi">1993</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Congo_War" title="Second Congo War">Second Congo War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_Civil_War" title="Burundian Civil War">Burundian Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1993_Burundian_coup_attempt" title="1993 Burundian coup attempt">1993 coup attempt</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_unrest_(2015%E2%80%932018)" title="Burundian unrest (2015–2018)">Burundian unrest (2015–2018)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi" title="Geography of Burundi">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Burundi" title="List of cities in Burundi">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Burundi#Climate" title="Geography of Burundi">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communes_of_Burundi" title="Communes of Burundi">Communes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Burundi" title="List of lakes of Burundi">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Burundi" title="Provinces of Burundi">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Burundi" title="List of rivers of Burundi">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Burundi" title="Wildlife of Burundi">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Burundi" title="Politics of Burundi">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Burundi" title="Subdivisions of Burundi">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Burundi" title="Constitution of Burundi">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Constitution of the Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Burundi" title="Elections in Burundi">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Burundi" title="Foreign relations of Burundi">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Burundi" title="Human rights in Burundi">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Burundi">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Burundi" title="Judiciary of Burundi">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Burundi" title="Law enforcement in Burundi">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defence_Force_(Burundi)" title="National Defence Force (Burundi)">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Burundi)" title="Council of Ministers (Burundi)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Burundi" title="Parliament of Burundi">Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_(Burundi)" title="Senate (Burundi)">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Burundi)" title="National Assembly (Burundi)">National Assembly</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Burundi" title="List of political parties in Burundi">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Burundi" title="President of Burundi">President</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Burundi" title="List of presidents of Burundi">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vice-President_of_Burundi" title="Vice-President of Burundi">Vice-President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Burundi" title="Prime Minister of Burundi">Prime Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_provincial_governors_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current provincial governors in Burundi">Current provincial governors</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Burundi" title="Economy of Burundi">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_the_Republic_of_Burundi" title="Bank of the Republic of Burundi">Bank of the Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundian_franc" title="Burundian franc">Franc <span style="font-size:85%;">(currency)</span></a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Burundi" title="Agriculture in Burundi">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_industry_of_Burundi" title="Mining industry of Burundi">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications in Burundi">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Burundi" title="Tourism in Burundi">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Burundi" title="Transport in Burundi">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_unions_in_Burundi" title="Trade unions in Burundi">Trade unions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Burundi" title="Culture of Burundi">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Burundi" class="mw-redirect" 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