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Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Ӏаткъуадж зауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Ӏаткъуадж зауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BA%D1%8A%D1%83%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B6_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Ӏаткъуадж зауэ – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Ӏаткъуадж зауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгабзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D3%99%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D3%99%D1%8B_%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%8C%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Гәбаадәы аибашьра – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Гәбаадәы аибашьра" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Аԥсшәа</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gubat_sa_Qbaada" title="Gubat sa Qbaada – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gubat sa Qbaada" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_von_Kbaade" title="Schlacht von Kbaade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Schlacht von Kbaade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Kbaade" title="Batalla de Kbaade – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Kbaade" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bataille_de_Kbaad%C3%A9" title="Bataille de Kbaadé – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Bataille de Kbaadé" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="კბაადის ბრძოლა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კბაადის ბრძოლა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Kbaade" title="Slag bij Kbaade – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Kbaade" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qba%D0%B0di_cenkinde" title="Qbaаdi cenkinde – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Qbaаdi cenkinde" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Massakern_vid_Kbaada" title="Massakern vid Kbaada – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Massakern vid Kbaada" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qbaade_Muharebesi" title="Qbaade Muharebesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Qbaade Muharebesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li 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location"><span class="latitude">43°40′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°12′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.67861°N 40.20528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.67861; 40.20528</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Final engagement of the Russo-Circassian War in 1864</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Qbaada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/300px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/450px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg/600px-%D0%A0%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BE._%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D1%86_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%8B.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="895" /></a></span><br /><i>End of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a></i> (1900) by <a href="/wiki/Franz_Roubaud" title="Franz Roubaud">François "Franz" Jean Roubaud</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>2 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 21 May] 1864</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location">Qbaada (now <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai">Krasnaya Polyana</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Qbaada&params=43_40_43_N_40_12_19_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">43°40′43″N</span> <span class="longitude">40°12′19″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">43.67861°N 40.20528°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">43.67861; 40.20528</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Russian victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> Completion of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Romanov_Monarchy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Circassia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Circassia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Circassia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Circassia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Flag_of_Circassia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Circassia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="266" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Michael_Nikolaevich_of_Russia" title="Grand Duke Michael Nikolaevich of Russia">Michael Nikolaevich</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ivanovich_Sviatopolk-Mirsky" title="Dmitry Ivanovich Sviatopolk-Mirsky">Dmitry Svyatopolk-Mirsky</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Geyman" title="Vasily Geyman">Vasily Geyman</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Potto" title="Vasily Potto">Vasily Potto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Grabbe" title="Pavel Grabbe">Pavel Grabbe</a></li><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pavel_Shatilov&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pavel Shatilov (page does not exist)">Pavel Shatilov</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2,_%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB_%D0%9D%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_(1822)" class="extiw" title="ru:Шатилов, Павел Николаевич (1822)">ru</a>]</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zass" title="Grigory Zass">Grigory Zass</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Unknown</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Militias (<a href="/wiki/Abrek" title="Abrek">Abreks</a>, etc.)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 250,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Unknown</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 20,000 killed<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa;"> During the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>, approximately 1,500,000<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasians</a> were expelled from their ancestral homeland. The majority of this figure was displaced to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> and a much smaller amount to <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a>. An unknown amount of these deportees died before reaching their destination.<sup id="cite_ref-McCarthy_1995:53_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McCarthy_1995:53-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_(with_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krasnaya Polyana is located in Krasnodar Krai"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana is located in Krasnodar Krai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/220px-Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/330px-Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/440px-Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_%28with_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="903" data-file-height="846" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:83.035%;left:70.088%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Krasnaya Polyana"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:5px"><div>Krasnaya Polyana</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Outline_Map_of_Krasnodarski_Krai_(with_Crimea_disputed).svg" title="File:Outline Map of Krasnodarski Krai (with Crimea disputed).svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location within <a href="/wiki/Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnodar Krai">Krasnodar Krai</a></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Krasnodar Krai</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthernRussia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krasnaya Polyana is located in Southern Federal District"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana is located in Southern Federal District" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SouthernRussia.svg/220px-SouthernRussia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SouthernRussia.svg/330px-SouthernRussia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/SouthernRussia.svg/440px-SouthernRussia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="695" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:76.462%;left:29.441%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Krasnaya Polyana"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Krasnaya Polyana</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:SouthernRussia.svg" title="File:SouthernRussia.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location within the <a href="/wiki/Southern_Federal_District" title="Southern Federal District">Southern Federal District</a></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Southern Federal District</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738"><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Krasnaya Polyana is located in European Russia"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana is located in European Russia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/220px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/330px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg/440px-European_Russia_location_map_%282014%E2%80%932022%2C_Crimea_disputed%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1558" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:89.652%;left:43.772%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Krasnaya Polyana"><img alt="Krasnaya Polyana" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:5px"><div>Krasnaya Polyana</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:European_Russia_location_map_(2014%E2%80%932022,_Crimea_disputed).svg" title="File:European Russia location map (2014–2022, Crimea disputed).svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Location within <a href="/wiki/European_Russia" title="European Russia">European Russia</a></div></div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of European Russia</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beshtamak" title="Battle of Beshtamak">Battle of Beshtamak</a> (1774)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malka" title="Battle of the Malka">Battle of the Malka</a> (1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kizlyar_(July_1785)" title="Siege of Kizlyar (July 1785)">Siege of Kizlyar</a> (July 1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Kizlyar_(August_1785)" title="Siege of Kizlyar (August 1785)">Siege of Kizlyar</a> (August 1785)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kuban_River" title="Battle of the Kuban River">Battle of the Kuban River</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1787)" title="Anapa Campaign (1787)"> Anapa Campaign</a> (1787)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1788)" class="mw-redirect" title="Anapa Campaign (1788)">Anapa Campaign</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anapa_(1788)" title="Siege of Anapa (1788)">Siege of Anapa</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anapa_Campaign_(1790)" title="Anapa Campaign (1790)">Anapa Campaign</a> (1790)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anapa_(1791)" title="Siege of Anapa (1791)">Siege of Anapa</a> (1791)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khankala_(1807)" title="Battle of Khankala (1807)">Battle of Khankala</a> (1807)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dadi-yurt" title="Battle of Dadi-yurt">Battle of Dadi-yurt</a> (1819)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Anapa_(1828)" title="Siege of Anapa (1828)">Siege of Anapa</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khasauka" title="Battle of Khasauka">Battle of Khasauka</a> (1828)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khunzakh" title="Battle of Khunzakh">Battle of Khunzakh</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assault_on_Germenchuk" title="Assault on Germenchuk">Assault on Germenchuk</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gimry" title="Battle of Gimry">Battle of Gimry</a> (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Abinsk" title="Battle of Abinsk">Battle of Abinsk</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Argvani" title="Battle of Argvani">Battle of Argvani</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Akhoulgo" title="Siege of Akhoulgo">Siege of Akhoulgo</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khosta" title="Battle of Khosta">Battle of Khosta</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Lazarevsky" title="Siege of Lazarevsky">Siege of Lazarevsky</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mikhailovsky" title="Siege of Mikhailovsky">Siege of Mikhailovsky</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Valerik_River" title="Battle of the Valerik River">Battle of the Valerik River</a> (1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ichkeria" title="Battle of Ichkeria">Battle of Ichkeria</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dargo_(1845)" title="Battle of Dargo (1845)">Battle of Dargo</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gordali_(1852)" title="Battle of Gordali (1852)">Battle of Gordali</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karachay_Uprising_(1855)" title="Karachay Uprising (1855)">Karachay Uprising</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazran_uprising" title="Nazran uprising">Nazran uprising</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vedeno_(1859)" title="Battle of Vedeno (1859)">Battle of Vedeno</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ghunib" title="Battle of Ghunib">Battle of Ghunib</a> (1859)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Qbaada</a> (1864)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Qbaada</b><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place in today's <a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Polyana,_Sochi,_Krasnodar_Krai" title="Krasnaya Polyana, Sochi, Krasnodar Krai">Krasnaya Polyana</a> on 2 June [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 21 May] 1864.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is widely accepted as the final military engagement of the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Circassian_War" title="Russo-Circassian War">Russo-Circassian War</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian people</a> could no longer continue to resist the invading <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a>. </p><p>A significant development in the wider <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a>, it was after the Battle of Qbaada that the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> annexed <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> and initiated the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a>, in which 95% to 97% of the country's population was <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_cleansing" title="Ethnic cleansing">ethnically cleansed</a>, leading to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Circassian_diaspora" title="Circassian diaspora">Circassian diaspora</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Events">Events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Battle">Battle</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a> gathered 20,000 men and women, mostly local villagers, <a href="/wiki/Abrek" title="Abrek">Abreks</a>, and tribal horsemen. The <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Army" title="Imperial Russian Army">Imperial Russian Army</a> advanced from four sides with 250,000 soldiers, mostly <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russians" title="Russians">Russians</a>. Circassian fighters attempted to break through the Russian lines, but were hit with artillery before they managed to reach the front, and were soon defeated by Russian infantry.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A military parade was held after the battle and 100 surviving Circassian warriors were publicly executed.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Russian troops then continued raiding and torching Circassian villages, driving many of their inhabitants into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a> and destroying much of the landscape to prevent them from returning.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The ensuing <a href="/wiki/Circassian_genocide" title="Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a> saw millions of Circassians and other <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Caucasus" title="Ethnic groups in the Caucasus">Caucasians</a> killed or expelled from <a href="/wiki/Circassia" title="Circassia">Circassia</a> and the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>. Most of the deportees were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, but many succumbed to injuries, disease, or starvation and exhaustion. The annexation of Circassia by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Caucasian_War" title="Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a> and thereby the <a href="/wiki/Russian_conquest_of_the_Caucasus" title="Russian conquest of the Caucasus">Russian conquest of the Caucasus</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2024)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Adyghe_language" title="Adyghe language">Adyghe</a>: <span lang="ady">Ӏаткъуадж зауэ</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Adyghe-language romanization"><i lang="ady-Latn">'atqwadj zawə</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Abkhaz_language" title="Abkhaz language">Abkhaz</a>: <span lang="ab">Гәбаадәы аибашьра</span>, <small>romanized: </small><span title="Abkhaz-language romanization"><i lang="ab-Latn">Gubaadu aibashra</i></span>; <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Кра́снополя́нская битва</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRichmond2013" class="citation book cs1">Richmond, Walter (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHlwZwpA70cC"><i>The Circassian Genocide</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Rutgers_University_Press" title="Rutgers University Press">Rutgers University Press</a>. back cover. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8135-6069-4"><bdi>978-0-8135-6069-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Circassian+Genocide&rft.pages=back+cover&rft.pub=Rutgers+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8135-6069-4&rft.aulast=Richmond&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHlwZwpA70cC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Qbaada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/cerkes-soykirimi-nedir-21-mayis-1864-cerkes-surgunu-tarihcesi-2877696">"Çerkes Soykırımı nedir? 21 Mayıs 1864 Çerkes Sürgünü tarihçesi"</a>. <i>Milliyet</i> (in Turkish). 21 May 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720134855/http://www.milliyet.com.tr:80/gundem/cerkes-soykirimi-nedir-21-mayis-1864-cerkes-surgunu-tarihcesi-2877696">Archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Milliyet&rft.atitle=%C3%87erkes+Soyk%C4%B1r%C4%B1m%C4%B1+nedir%3F+21+May%C4%B1s+1864+%C3%87erkes+S%C3%BCrg%C3%BCn%C3%BC+tarih%C3%A7esi&rft.date=2019-05-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.milliyet.com.tr%2Fgundem%2Fcerkes-soykirimi-nedir-21-mayis-1864-cerkes-surgunu-tarihcesi-2877696&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Qbaada" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Неизвестные войны России. Взятие Кбааде и завершение Кавказской войны в 1864 г.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ufuk Tavkul, "Kazaklar", <i>Birleşik Kafkasya dergisi</i>, Ankara, 2007, Sayı 6-7, sf. 33</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McCarthy_1995:53-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McCarthy_1995:53_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCarthy 1995:53, fn. 45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semen Esadze. <i>Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali</i>. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.V.Polovinkina, <i>Çerkesya Gönül Yaram</i>. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Semen Esadze. <i>Çerkesya'nın Ruslar Tarafından İşgali</i>. Ankara, 1995, sf. 123-132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jineps,2006,ek-1,s.2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">T.V.Polovinkina, <i>Çerkesya Gönül Yaram</i>. Ankara, 2007, sf. 258</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Weismann, <i>Ein Blick auf die Circassianer</i></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&oldid=1258069236">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Qbaada&oldid=1258069236</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Russian_Empire" title="Category:Battles involving the Russian Empire">Battles involving the Russian Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Caucasian_War" title="Category:Caucasian War">Caucasian War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1860s_battles" title="Category:1860s battles">1860s battles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_involving_the_Circassians" title="Category:Battles involving the Circassians">Battles involving the Circassians</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Circassian_genocide" title="Category:Circassian genocide">Circassian genocide</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Adyghe-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Adyghe-language text">Articles containing Adyghe-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Abkhaz-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Abkhaz-language text">Articles containing Abkhaz-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Russian-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Russian-language text">Articles containing Russian-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)">CS1 Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use dmy dates from October 2024">Use dmy dates from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_Oxford_spelling_from_October_2024" title="Category:Use Oxford spelling from October 2024">Use Oxford spelling from October 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 18 November 2024, at 00:23<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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