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<span>Production steps</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Production_steps-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Production steps subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Production_steps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Broodstock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broodstock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Broodstock</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broodstock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spawning" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spawning"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Spawning</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spawning-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fertilisation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fertilisation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Fertilisation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fertilisation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Larvae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Larvae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Larvae</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Larvae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Settlement_of_shellfish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Settlement_of_shellfish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Settlement of shellfish</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Settlement_of_shellfish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hatchery_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hatchery_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hatchery design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Hatchery_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Hatchery design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Hatchery_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Expense" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expense"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Expense</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expense-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Issues</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Issues-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Issues subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Genetic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genetic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Genetic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genetic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fish_farms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fish_farms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Fish farms</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fish_farms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish hatchery</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guollebiepmahat" title="Guollebiepmahat – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Guollebiepmahat" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Davvisámegiella</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalakasvandus" title="Kalakasvandus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Kalakasvandus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C" title="پرورشگاه ماهی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پرورشگاه ماهی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89closerie_de_poissons" title="Écloserie de poissons – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Écloserie de poissons" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piscifactor%C3%ADa" title="Piscifactoría – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Piscifactoría" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%96%91%EC%96%B4%EC%9E%A5" title="양어장 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="양어장" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" 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</div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shrimp_hatchery.jpg/300px-Shrimp_hatchery.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shrimp_hatchery.jpg/450px-Shrimp_hatchery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Shrimp_hatchery.jpg/600px-Shrimp_hatchery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Tanks in a <a href="/wiki/Shrimp" title="Shrimp">shrimp</a> hatchery.</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>fish hatchery</b> is a place for artificial breeding, <a href="/wiki/Egg#Fish_and_amphibian_eggs" title="Egg">hatching</a>, and rearing through the early life stages of animals—finfish and shellfish in particular.<sup id="cite_ref-Crespi_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatcheries produce <a href="/wiki/Fish_larva" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish larva">larval</a> and <a href="/wiki/Juvenile_fish" title="Juvenile fish">juvenile fish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shellfish" title="Shellfish">shellfish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Crustaceans" class="mw-redirect" title="Crustaceans">crustaceans</a>, primarily to support the <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">aquaculture</a> industry where they are transferred to on-growing systems, such as <a href="/wiki/Fish_farms" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish farms">fish farms</a>, to reach harvest size. Some species that are commonly raised in hatcheries include <a href="/wiki/Pacific_oyster#Production_techniques" title="Pacific oyster">Pacific oysters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shrimp_farm#Hatcheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrimp farm">shrimp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_prawn#Hatchery" title="Indian prawn">Indian prawns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon#Hatcheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">salmon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">tilapia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture#Hatcheries" title="Scallop aquaculture">scallops</a>. </p><p>The value of global aquaculture farming is estimated to be US$98.4 billion in 2008 with China significantly dominating the market;<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> however, the value of aquaculture hatchery and nursery production has yet to be estimated.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additional hatchery production for small-scale domestic uses, which is particularly prevalent in South-East Asia or for conservation programmes, has also yet to be quantified.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Sim_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is much interest in supplementing exploited stocks of fish by releasing juveniles that may be wild caught and reared in nurseries before transplanting, or produced solely within a hatchery.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Culture of finfish larvae has been utilised extensively in the United States in stock enhancement efforts to replenish natural populations.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service have established a <a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">National Fish Hatchery System</a> to support the conservation of native fish species.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Purpose">Purpose</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Purpose"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg/220px-Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg/330px-Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg/440px-Scotland_Inchnadamph_Assynt_Hatchery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2125" data-file-height="1700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Assynt" title="Assynt">Assynt</a> Salmon Hatchery, near <a href="/wiki/Inchnadamph" title="Inchnadamph">Inchnadamph</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Highlands" title="Scottish Highlands">Scottish Highlands</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hatcheries produce larval and juvenile fish and shellfish for transferral to aquaculture facilities where they are ‘on-grown’ to reach harvest size. Hatchery production confers three main benefits to the industry:<br /> <b>1. Out of season production</b><br /> Consistent supply of fish from aquaculture facilities is an important market requirement.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Broodstock conditioning can extend the natural spawning season and thus the supply of juveniles to farms.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabream_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabream-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Supply can be further guaranteed by sourcing from hatcheries in the opposite hemisphere i.e. with opposite seasons.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>2. Genetic improvement</b><br /> Genetic modification is conducted in some hatcheries to improve the quality and yield of farmed species. Artificial fertilisation facilitates <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a> programs which aim to improve production characteristics such as growth rate, disease resistance, survival, colour, increased fecundity and/or lower age of maturation.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Genetic improvement can be mediated by <a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">selective breeding</a>, via <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_(biology)" title="Hybrid (biology)">hybridization</a>, or other <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_organism" title="Genetically modified organism">genetic manipulation</a> techniques.<br /> <b>3. Reduce dependence on wild-caught juveniles</b><br /> In 2008 aquaculture accounted for 46% of total food fish supply, around 115 million tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although wild caught juveniles are still utilised in the industry, concerns over sustainability of extracting juveniles, and the variable timing and magnitude of natural spawning events, make hatchery production an attractive alternative to support the growing demands of aquaculture.<sup id="cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAO_2010-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production_steps">Production steps</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Production steps"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_(62).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG/220px-Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG/330px-Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG/440px-Colorado_Pikeminnow_spawn_05-25-05_%2862%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Manually stripping eggs</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg/220px-CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg/330px-CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg/440px-CapilanoRiverRegPark-salmonhatchery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1704" data-file-height="2272" /></a><figcaption>Juvenile salmon towards the end of their stay in a hatchery</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broodstock">Broodstock</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Broodstock"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a> conditioning is the process of bringing adults into spawning condition by promoting the development of gonads. Broodstock conditioning can also extend spawning beyond natural spawning periods, or for production of species reared outside their natural geographic range with different environmental conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabream_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabream-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some hatcheries collect wild adults and then bring them in for conditioning whilst others maintain a permanent breeding stock.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Conditioning is achieved by holding broodstock in flow-through tanks at optimal conditions for light, temperature, salinity, flow rate and food availability (optimal levels are species specific).<sup id="cite_ref-Demoulin_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Demoulin-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another important aspect of broodstock conditioning is ensuring the production of high quality eggs to improve growth and survival of larvae by optimising the health and welfare of broodstock individuals. Egg quality is often determined by the nutritional condition of the mother.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Utting_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> High levels of lipid reserves in particular are required to improve larval survival rates.<sup id="cite_ref-Utting_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Utting-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spawning">Spawning</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Spawning"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Natural <a href="/wiki/Spawning" title="Spawning">spawning</a> can occur in hatcheries during the regular spawning season however where more control over spawning time is required spawning of mature animals can be induced by a variety of methods.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the more common methods are:<br /> <b>Manual stripping</b>: For shellfish, gonads are generally removed and gametes are extracted or washed free.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fish can be manually stripped of eggs and sperm by stroking the anaesthetised fish under the pectoral fins towards the anus causing gametes to freely flow out.<br /> <b>Environmental manipulation</b>: Thermal shock, where cool water is alternated with warmer water in flow-through tanks can induce spawning.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alternatively, if environmental cues that stimulate natural spawning are known, these can be mimicked in the tank e.g. changing salinity to simulate migratory behaviour.<sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many individuals can be induced to spawn this way, however this increases the likelihood of uncontrolled fertilisation occurring.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> <b>Chemical injection</b>: A number of chemicals can be used to induce spawning with various hormones being the most commonly used.<sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fertilisation">Fertilisation</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Fertilisation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Prior to <a href="/wiki/Fertilisation" title="Fertilisation">fertilisation</a>, eggs can be gently washed to remove wastes and bacteria that may contaminate cultures. Promoting <a href="/wiki/Cross-fertilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-fertilization">cross-fertilisation</a> between a large number of individuals is necessary to retain genetic diversity in hatchery produced stock. Batches of eggs are kept separate, fertilised with sperm obtained from several males and allowed to stand for an hour or two before samples are analyzed under a microscope to ensure high rates of fertilisation and to estimate numbers to be transferred to larval rearing tanks.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Larvae">Larvae</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Larvae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Rearing larvae through the early life stages is conducted in nurseries which are generally closely associated with hatcheries for fish culture whilst it is common for shellfish nurseries to exist separately.<sup id="cite_ref-Crespi_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Crespi-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nursery culture of larvae to rear juveniles of a size suitable for transferral to on-growing facilities can be performed in a variety of different systems which may be entirely land-based, or larvae may be later transferred to sea-based rearing systems which reduce the need to supply feed.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Juvenile survival is dependent on very high quality water conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Seabass_10-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Feeding is an important component of the rearing process. Although many species are able to grow on maternal reserves alone (lecithotrophy), most commercially produced species require feeding to optimise survival, growth, yield and juvenile quality. Nutritional requirements are species specific and also vary with larval stage. Carnivorous fish are commonly fed with live prey; <a href="/wiki/Rotifer" title="Rotifer">rotifers</a> are usually offered to early larvae due to their small size, progressing to larger <i><a href="/wiki/Artemia" class="mw-redirect" title="Artemia">Artemia</a></i> nauplii or <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lee_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The production of live feed on-site or buying-in is one of the biggest costs for hatchery facilities as it is a labour-intensive process.<sup id="cite_ref-Kam_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The development of artificial feeds is targeted to reduce the costs involved in live feed production and increase the consistency of nutrition, however decreased growth and survival has been found with these alternatives.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Settlement_of_shellfish">Settlement of shellfish</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Settlement of shellfish"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The hatchery production of shellfish also involves a crucial settling phase where free-swimming larvae settle out of the water onto a substrate and undergo <a href="/wiki/Metamorphosis" title="Metamorphosis">metamorphosis</a> if suitable conditions are found. Once metamorphosis has taken place the juveniles are generally known as spat, it is this phase which is then transported to on-growing facilities. Settlement behaviour is governed by a range of cues including substrate type, water flow, temperature, and the presence of chemical cues indicating the presence of adults, or a food source etc.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatchery facilities therefore need to understand these cues to induce settlement and also be able to substitute artificial substrates to allow for easy handling and transportation with minimal mortality.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hatchery_design">Hatchery design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Hatchery design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alaminosjf403.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alaminosjf403.JPG/175px-Alaminosjf403.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alaminosjf403.JPG/263px-Alaminosjf403.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Alaminosjf403.JPG/350px-Alaminosjf403.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption> Multi-Species Fish and Invertebrate Breeding and Hatchery, (Oceanographic Marine Laboratory in Lucap, <a href="/wiki/Alaminos,_Pangasinan" title="Alaminos, Pangasinan">Alaminos, Pangasinan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a>, RMaTDeC,2011).</figcaption></figure> <p>Hatchery designs are highly flexible and are tailored to the requirements of site, species produced, geographic location, funding and personal preferences.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many hatchery facilities are small and coupled to larger on-growing operations, whilst others may produce juveniles solely for sale. Very small-scale hatcheries are often utilized in subsistence farming to supply families or communities particularly in south-east Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A small-scale hatchery unit consists of larval rearing tanks, filters, live food production tanks and a flow through water supply.<sup id="cite_ref-Sim_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sim-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A generalized commercial scale hatchery would contain a broodstock holding and spawning area, feed culture facility, larval culture area, juvenile culture area, pump facilities, laboratory, quarantine area, and offices and bathrooms.<sup id="cite_ref-Seabream_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Seabream-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expense">Expense</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Expense"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Labour is generally the largest cost in hatchery production making up more than 50% of total costs.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hatcheries are a business and thus <a href="/wiki/Cost-benefit_analysis" class="mw-redirect" title="Cost-benefit analysis">economic viability</a> and scale of production are vital considerations.<sup id="cite_ref-Helm_7-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kam_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kam-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cost of production for stock-enhancement programmes is further complicated by the difficulty of assessing the benefits to wild populations from restocking activities.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Issues">Issues</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Issues"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genetic">Genetic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Genetic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hatchery facilities present three main problems in the field of genetics. The first is that maintenance of a small number of broodstock can cause inbreeding and potentially lead to <a href="/wiki/Inbreeding_depression" title="Inbreeding depression">inbreeding depression</a> thus affecting the success of the facility. Secondly, hatchery reared juveniles, even from a fairly large broodstock, can have greatly reduced genetic diversity compared to wild populations (the situation is comparable to the <a href="/wiki/Founder_effect" title="Founder effect">founder effect</a>). Such fish that escape from farms or are released for restocking purposes may adversely affect wild population genetics and viability.<sup id="cite_ref-Munro_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Munro-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is of particular concern where escaped fish have been actively bred or are otherwise genetically modified.<sup id="cite_ref-Huntingford_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huntingford-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third key issue is that genetic modification of food items is highly undesirable for many people. See <a href="/wiki/Genetically_modified_food_controversies" title="Genetically modified food controversies">Genetically modified food controversies</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fish_farms">Fish farms</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Fish farms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Other arguments that surround fish farms such as the supplementation of feed from wild caught species, the prevalence of disease, fish welfare issues and potential <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">effects on the environment</a> are also issues for hatchery facilities.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caledonia_Fish_Hatchery" title="Caledonia Fish Hatchery">Caledonia Fish Hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Whitney_Fish_Hatchery" title="Mount Whitney Fish Hatchery">Mount Whitney Fish Hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway (aquaculture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USFC_Fish_Hawk" title="USFC Fish Hawk">USFC <i>Fish Hawk</i></a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Crespi-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Crespi_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Crespi_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Crespi V., Coche A. (2008) Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) Glossary of Aquaculture <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/fi/glossary/aquaculture/">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAO_2010-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FAO_2010_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1820e/i1820e00.htm">FAO (2010) State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sim-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sim_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sim_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sim_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sim, S. Y., M. A. Rimmer, J. D. Toledo, K. Sugama, I. Rumengan, K. Williams and M. J. Phillips (2005). <i>A guide to small-scale marine finfish hatchery technology</i>. Australian Centre for International Agricultural Research 2005- 01 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220306090147/http://www.aquanic.org/species/marine-fish/documents/grouper-hatcheryguide.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Munro-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Munro_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Munro_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Munro J.L., Bell J.D. (1997) "Enhancement of marine fisheries resources". <i>Reviews in Fisheries Science</i> 5(2): 185–222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee C.S., Ostrowski A.C. (2001) "Current status of marine finfish larviculture in the United States". <i>Aquaculture</i> 200:89–109</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">United States Fish and Wildlife Service: Fisheries and Habitat Conservation (2009) National Fish Hatchery System <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.fws.gov/fisheries/nfhs/">http://www.fws.gov/fisheries/nfhs/</a> accessed: 22/09/11</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Helm-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Helm_7-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Helm, M.M., Bourne, N. (2004) Hatchery culture of bivalves: a practical manual. FAO, Rome,201pp.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/y5720e/y5720e00.htm">[3]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seabream-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seabream_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabream_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabream_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Moretti A., Fernandex-Criado M.P., Vetillart R. (2005) Manual on Hatchery Production of Seabass and Gilthead Seabream Volume 2 FAO, Rome, 163pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/008/y6018e/y6018e00.htm">[4]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nzaquaculture.co.nz/AC20.pdf">Cooper D. (2007) "Perch eggs sent to Ireland" <i>NZ Aquaculture</i> 20: 11</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120425163617/http://www.nzaquaculture.co.nz/AC20.pdf">Archived</a> 2012-04-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Seabass-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seabass_10-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kungvankij P., Tiro L.B. Jr, Pudadera B.J. Jr., Potesta I.O. (1985) Training Manual: Biology and Culture of Sea Bass (Lates calcarifer) FAO, Rome, 75pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/field/003/AC230E/AC230E00.htm">[5]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Demoulin-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Demoulin_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Demoulin F. (1999) Guidelines for broodstock and hatchery management; Support for technical services FAO, Rome, 59pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/007/ae381e/ae381e00.htm">[6]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilson, J.A., Chaparro, O.R., Thompson, R.J. (1996). The importance of broodstock nutrition on the viability of larvae and spat in the Chilean oyster Ostrea chilensis. Aquaculture 139, 63–75</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Utting-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Utting_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Utting_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Utting, S.D., Millican, P.F. (1997). Techniques for the hatchery conditioning of bivalve broodstocks and the subsequent effect of egg quality and larval viability. <i>Aquaculture</i> 155, 45–54</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Powell, E.N., Bochenek, E.A., Klinck, J.M., Hofmann, E.E. (2002). Influence of food quality and quantity on the growth and development of Crassostrea gigas larvae: a modeling approach. <i>Aquaculture</i> 210, 89–117</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kam-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kam_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kam_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kam, L. E., P. Leung, A. C. Ostrowski and A. Molnar (2002). Size Economies of a Pacific Threadfin Polydactylus sexfilis Hatchery in Hawaii. Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 33(4): 410–424</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cahu C., ´ZamboninoInfante J. (2001) Substitution of live food by formulated diets in marine fish larvae Aquaculture 200(1–2): 161–180</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhao, B., Zhang, S., Qian, P.-Y. (2003). Larval settlement of the silver- or goldlip pearl oyster Pinctada maxima (Jameson) in response to natural biofilms and chemical cues. Aquaculture 220, 883–901</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Taylor, J.J., Southgate, P.C., Rose, R.A. (1998). Assessment of artificial substrates for collection of hatchery-reared silver-lip pearl oyster (Pinctada maxima, Jameson) spat. Aquaculture 162, 219–230</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee, C. S., P. S. Leung and M. S. Su (1997) Bioeconomic evaluation of different fry production systems for milkfish (Chanoschanos). Aquaculture 155(1-4): 367-376.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Huntingford-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Huntingford_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huntingford F.A. (2004) Implications of domestic and rearing conditions for the behaviour of cultivated fishes Journal of Fish Biology 65(SUPPL A): 122-142</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fish_hatchery&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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International Encyclopedia">New International Encyclopedia</a></i> article "<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_New_International_Encyclop%C3%A6dia/Fish_Culture" class="extiw" title="s:The New International Encyclopædia/Fish Culture">Fish Culture</a></b>".</div></div> </div> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFErnest_Ingersoll1920" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Ingersoll" title="Ernest Ingersoll">Ernest Ingersoll</a> (1920). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:The Encyclopedia Americana (1920)/Bass, Culture of"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Encyclopedia_Americana_(1920)/Bass,_Culture_of">"Bass, Culture of" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_Americana" title="Encyclopedia Americana">Encyclopedia Americana</a></i>.</cite><span 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style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox_with_collapsible_groups" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Navbox with collapsible groups"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fishing_industry_topics23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Fishing industry topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Wild_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Fishing industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bycatch" title="Bycatch">Bycatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declawing_of_crabs" title="Declawing of crabs">Declawing of crabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_slaughter" title="Fish slaughter">Fish slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pair_trawling" title="Pair trawling">Pair trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midwater_trawling" title="Midwater trawling">Midwater trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bottom_trawling" title="Bottom trawling">Bottom trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine_fishing" title="Seine fishing">Seining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gillnetting" title="Gillnetting">Gillnetting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longline_fishing" title="Longline fishing">Longlining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lobster_fishing" title="Lobster fishing">Lobster fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_dredge" title="Fishing dredge">Dredging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puretic_power_block" title="Puretic power block">Power block</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shark_finning" title="Shark finning">Shark finning</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:RV_Celtic_Explorer,_Galway_Bay,_Ireland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/140px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="88" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/210px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg/280px-RV_Celtic_Explorer%2C_Galway_Bay%2C_Ireland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1620" data-file-height="1023" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisheries">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agulhas_Bank" title="Agulhas Bank">Agulhas Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crab_fisheries" title="Crab fisheries">Crab fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_fisheries" title="Cod fisheries">Cod fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="Fishing by country">Fishing by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_fishing_in_Africa" title="Illegal fishing in Africa">Illegal fishing in Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krill_fishery" title="Krill fishery">Krill fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_fisheries" title="Ocean fisheries">Ocean fisheries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_fish_production" class="mw-redirect" title="World fish production">World fish production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_in_the_North_Sea" title="Fishing in the North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_fishery" title="Shrimp fishery">Shrimp fishery</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Aquaculture_and_farmed_fisheries23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">farmed fisheries</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture engineering">Aquaculture engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaponics" title="Aquaponics">Aquaponics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Best_Aquaculture_Practices_(BAP)" class="mw-redirect" title="Best Aquaculture Practices (BAP)">Best practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper_alloys_in_aquaculture" title="Copper alloys in aquaculture">Copper alloys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geothermal_energy_and_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Geothermal energy and aquaculture">Geothermal energy and aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inland_saline_aquaculture" title="Inland saline aquaculture">Inland saline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_multi-trophic_aquaculture" title="Integrated multi-trophic aquaculture">Integrated multi-trophic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariculture" title="Mariculture">Mariculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antimicrobials_in_aquaculture" title="Antimicrobials in aquaculture">Antimicrobials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Offshore_aquaculture" title="Offshore aquaculture">Offshore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organic_aquaculture" title="Organic aquaculture">Organic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_(aquaculture)" title="Raceway (aquaculture)">Raceway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recirculating_aquaculture_system" title="Recirculating aquaculture system">Recirculating</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broodstock" title="Broodstock">Broodstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_catfish" title="Aquaculture of catfish">Catfish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_cobia" title="Aquaculture of cobia">Cobia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fish_feed" title="Commercial fish feed">Fish feed</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fish hatchery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_stocking" title="Fish stocking">Fish stocking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spawning_bed" title="Spawning bed">Spawning bed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_salmon" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture of salmon">Salmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_tilapia" title="Aquaculture of tilapia">Tilapia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwater" title="Tailwater">Tailwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Fish_Hatchery_System" title="National Fish Hatchery System">US hatcheries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Algaculture" title="Algaculture">Algaculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_giant_kelp" title="Aquaculture of giant kelp">Giant kelp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_microalgae_in_hatcheries" title="Culture of microalgae in hatcheries">Microalgae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microalgal_bacterial_flocs" title="Microalgal bacterial flocs">Microalgal bacterial flocs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photobioreactor" title="Photobioreactor">Photobioreactor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raceway_pond" title="Raceway pond">Raceway pond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaweed_farming" title="Seaweed farming">Seaweed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Other species</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_brine_shrimp" title="Aquaculture of brine shrimp">Brine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Coral aquaculture">Coral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_prawn_farming" title="Freshwater prawn farming">Freshwater prawns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoduck_aquaculture" title="Geoduck aquaculture">Geoduck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hirudiculture" title="Hirudiculture">Hirudiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_shrimp_farming" title="Marine shrimp farming">Marine shrimp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octopus_aquaculture" title="Octopus aquaculture">Octopus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oyster_farming" title="Oyster farming">Oysters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scallop_aquaculture" title="Scallop aquaculture">Scallops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_of_sea_cucumbers" title="Aquaculture of sea cucumbers">Sea cucumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_sponge_aquaculture" class="mw-redirect" title="Sea sponge aquaculture">Sea sponges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turtle_farming" title="Turtle farming">Turtles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Australia" title="Aquaculture in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Canada" title="Aquaculture in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Chile" title="Aquaculture in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_China" title="Aquaculture in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Aquaculture in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Fiji" title="Aquaculture in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Indonesia" title="Aquaculture in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Kiribati" title="Aquaculture in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Madagascar" title="Aquaculture in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Aquaculture in the Marshall Islands">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Nauru" title="Aquaculture in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_New_Zealand" title="Aquaculture in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Palau" title="Aquaculture in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Aquaculture in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Philippines" title="Aquaculture in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Samoa" title="Aquaculture in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquaculture in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Africa" title="Aquaculture in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_South_Korea" title="Aquaculture in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Timor-Leste" title="Aquaculture in Timor-Leste">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tonga" title="Aquaculture in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Tuvalu" title="Aquaculture in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Aquaculture in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li>United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Alaska" title="Aquaculture in Alaska">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Hawaiian_aquaculture" title="Ancient Hawaiian aquaculture">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Maine" title="Aquaculture in Maine">Maine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture_in_Vanuatu" title="Aquaculture in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Seafood_processing_and_marketing23" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Seafood processing and marketing</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Fish processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_factory" title="Fish factory">Fish factory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factory_ship" title="Factory ship">Factory ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_preservation" title="Fish preservation">Fish preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slurry_ice" title="Slurry ice">Slurry ice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dried_fish" title="Dried fish">Dried fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filleted_fish" class="mw-redirect" title="Filleted fish">Filleted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibbing" title="Gibbing">Gibbing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_cannery" title="Salmon cannery">Salmon cannery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salted_fish" title="Salted fish">Salted fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smoked_fish" title="Smoked fish">Smoked fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kipper" title="Kipper">Kippers</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/140px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/210px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg/280px-Fish_Packed_in_Ice.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_(food)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fish (food)">Fish as food</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cod_liver_oil" title="Cod liver oil">Cod liver oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Fish products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_emulsion" title="Fish emulsion">Fish emulsion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_meal" title="Fish meal">Fish meal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hydrolysate" title="Fish hydrolysate">Fish hydrolysate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_oil" title="Fish oil">Fish oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_protein_powder" title="Fish protein powder">Fish protein powder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_sauce" title="Fish sauce">Fish sauce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravlax" title="Gravlax">Gravlax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A1karl" title="Hákarl">Hákarl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lox" title="Lox">Lox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lutefisk" title="Lutefisk">Lutefisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rakfisk" title="Rakfisk">Rakfisk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roe" title="Roe">Roe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bottarga" title="Bottarga">Bottarga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">Caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eoran" title="Eoran">Eoran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_caviar" title="Red caviar">Red caviar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pollock_roe" title="Pollock roe">Pollock roe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobiko" title="Tobiko">Tobiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karasumi" title="Karasumi">Karasumi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_paste" title="Shrimp paste">Shrimp paste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surimi" title="Surimi">Surimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surstr%C3%B6mming" title="Surströmming">Surströmming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em">Seafood marketing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Fish marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Live_fish_trade" title="Live fish trade">Live fish trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shrimp_marketing" title="Shrimp marketing">Shrimp marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasse-mar%C3%A9e" title="Chasse-marée">Chasse-marée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishmonger" title="Fishmonger">Fishmonger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishwife" title="Fishwife">Fishwife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worshipful_Company_of_Fishmongers" title="Worshipful Company of Fishmongers">Worshipful Company of Fishmongers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.2em"><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Fish markets</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Billingsgate_Fish_Market" title="Billingsgate Fish Market">Billingsgate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Busan_Cooperative_Fish_Market" title="Busan Cooperative Fish Market">Busan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Market" title="English Market">English (Ireland)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulton_Fish_Market" title="Fulton Fish Market">Fulton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garak_Market" title="Garak Market">Garak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honolulu_Fish_Auction" title="Honolulu Fish Auction">Honolulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huanan_Seafood_Wholesale_Market" title="Huanan Seafood Wholesale Market">Huanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagiroad_Dry_Fish_Market" title="Jagiroad Dry Fish Market">Jagiroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jagalchi_Market" title="Jagalchi Market">Jagalchi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Nueva_Viga_Market" title="La Nueva Viga Market">La Nueva Viga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Avenue_Fish_Market" title="Maine Avenue Fish Market">Maine Avenue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muara_Angke" title="Muara Angke">Muara Angke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nouakchott_fish_market" title="Nouakchott fish market">Nouakchott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noryangjin_Fisheries_Wholesale_Market" title="Noryangjin Fisheries Wholesale Market">Noryangjin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oluwo_fish_market" title="Oluwo fish market">Oluwo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasil_Fish_Market" title="Pasil Fish Market">Pasil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhead_Fish_Market" title="Peterhead Fish Market">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pike_Place_Fish_Market" title="Pike Place Fish Market">Pike Place</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sydney_Fish_Market" title="Sydney Fish Market">Sydney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scania_Market" class="mw-redirect" title="Scania Market">Scania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipei_Fish_Market" title="Taipei Fish Market">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyosu_Market" title="Toyosu Market">Toyosu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsukiji_fish_market" title="Tsukiji fish market">Tsukiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulsan_Wholesale_Agricultural_and_Fish_Market" title="Ulsan Wholesale Agricultural and Fish Market">Ulsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Market" title="Waterfront Market">Waterfront (Dubai)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Template talk:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries_and_fishing" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fisheries and fishing"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fisheries_and_fishing_topic_areas542" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">fishing</a> topic areas</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishery" title="Fishery">Fisheries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquaculture" title="Aquaculture">Aquaculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_of_fish" title="Diversity of fish">Diversity of fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_diseases_and_parasites" title="Fish diseases and parasites">Fish diseases and parasites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_farming" title="Fish farming">Fish farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_management" title="Fisheries management">Fisheries management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_science" title="Fisheries science">Fisheries science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individual_fishing_quota" title="Individual fishing quota">Individual fishing quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sustainable_fishery" title="Sustainable fishery">Sustainable fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">Overfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wild_fisheries" title="Wild fisheries">Wild fisheries</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/140px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/210px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg/280px-Trawer_Hauling_Nets.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1736" data-file-height="1172" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing" title="Fishing">Fishing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artisanal_fishing" title="Artisanal fishing">Artisanal fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fisherman" title="Fisherman">Fisherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_vessel" title="Fishing vessel">Fishing vessel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_fishing" title="History of fishing">History of fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry" title="Fishing industry">Industry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_harvested_aquatic_animals_by_weight" class="mw-redirect" title="List of harvested aquatic animals by weight">List of harvested aquatic animals by weight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_by_country" title="Fishing industry by country">By country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commercial_fishing" title="Commercial fishing">Commercial fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_marketing" title="Fish marketing">Marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_market" title="Fish market">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_processing" title="Fish processing">Processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_products" title="Fish products">Products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seafood" title="Seafood">Seafood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Recreational_fishing" title="Recreational fishing">Recreation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angling" title="Angling">Angling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Big-game_fishing" title="Big-game fishing">Big-game fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catch_and_release" title="Catch and release">Catch and release</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tournament" title="Fishing tournament">Fishing tournaments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_fishing" title="Fly fishing">Fly fishing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_techniques" title="Fishing techniques">Techniques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_fishing_practices" title="Destructive fishing practices">Destructive fishing practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_trap" title="Fish trap">Fish trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishfinder" title="Fishfinder">Fishfinder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_net" title="Fishing net">Fishing net</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_seafood_by_hand" class="mw-redirect" title="Gathering seafood by hand">Gathering seafood by hand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handline_fishing" title="Handline fishing">Handline fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfishing" title="Spearfishing">Spearfishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trawling" title="Trawling">Trawling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trolling_(fishing)" title="Trolling (fishing)">Trolling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fishing_tackle" title="Fishing tackle">Tackle</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_fly" title="Artificial fly">Artificial flies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_bait" title="Fishing bait">Bait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bite_indicator" title="Bite indicator">Bite indicators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fish_hook" title="Fish hook">Hook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_line" title="Fishing line">Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_lure" title="Fishing lure">Lures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_rod" title="Fishing rod">Rod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_sinker" title="Fishing sinker">Sinker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fish_pond" title="Fish pond">Fish ponds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocean_bank_(topography)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocean bank (topography)">Fishing banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_village" title="Fishing village">Fishing villages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marine_habitat" title="Marine habitat">Marine habitats</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Fisheries_crime" title="Fisheries crime">Crime</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea_Anti-Poaching_Operations" title="Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations">Bering Sea Anti-Poaching Operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_poaching" title="Coral poaching">Coral poaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freshwater_eel_poaching_and_smuggling" title="Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling">Freshwater eel poaching and smuggling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing">Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal,_unreported_and_unregulated_fishing_in_the_Arctic" title="Illegal, unreported and unregulated fishing in the Arctic">Arctic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_fishery_terms" title="Glossary of fishery terms">Glossary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_fishing_articles" title="Index of fishing articles">Index</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_fishing" title="Outline of fishing">Outline</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Fishing" title="Category:Fishing">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12366139#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata728" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div 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