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subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Migration_patterns_and_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Migration_patterns_and_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Migration patterns and settlements</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Migration_patterns_and_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_motivations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_and_economic_motivations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Cultural and economic motivations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cultural_and_economic_motivations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_influences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_influences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Political influences</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_influences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_and_legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_and_legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Impact and legacy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_and_legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_influence_of_the_Bugis_in_the_Malay_archipelago" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_influence_of_the_Bugis_in_the_Malay_archipelago"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Historical influence of the Bugis in the Malay archipelago</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Historical_influence_of_the_Bugis_in_the_Malay_archipelago-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Historical influence of the Bugis in the Malay archipelago subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Historical_influence_of_the_Bugis_in_the_Malay_archipelago-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Key_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Key_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Key regions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Key_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Selangor" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Selangor"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Selangor</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Selangor-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Linggi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Linggi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Linggi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Linggi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kedah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kedah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Kedah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kedah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sambas,_Matan_and_Mempawah" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sambas,_Matan_and_Mempawah"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Sambas, Matan and Mempawah</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sambas,_Matan_and_Mempawah-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Broader_Malay_world" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Broader_Malay_world"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Broader Malay world</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Broader_Malay_world-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture_and_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture_and_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Culture and heritage</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture_and_heritage-sublist" 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vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_attire_and_textile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Traditional attire and textile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_attire_and_textile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_weapon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_weapon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Traditional weapon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_weapon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Traditional architecture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naming_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naming_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Naming system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naming_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Traditional_cuisines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Traditional_cuisines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Traditional cuisines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Traditional_cuisines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Melayu-Bugis<br />ملايو-بوڬيس</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Flag_of_Malaysia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Malaysia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(Nationwide, predominantly in the coastal central and southern <a href="/wiki/Malay_Peninsula" title="Malay Peninsula">Malay Peninsula</a> - <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>)</span><br /> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Flag_of_Indonesia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Indonesia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a><br /><span style="font-size:90%;">(<a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a>, eastern coast of <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, parts of <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>)</span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/23px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/35px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Flag_of_Singapore.svg/45px-Flag_of_Singapore.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Malay_language" title="Malay language">Malay</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni Islam</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malay people">Malay</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassarese</a></li><li style="font-size:90%;"><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li></ul></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Bugis-Malay</b>, also known as <b>Malay-Bugis</b>, <b>Melayu-Bugis</b> or <b>Peranakan Bugis</b>, refers to a cultural and ethnic group with heritage rooted in both <a href="/wiki/Malays_(ethnic_group)" title="Malays (ethnic group)">Malay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> communities, typically comprising individuals of mixed Malay and <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a> ancestry. This group descends from multiple waves of migration from South Sulawesi, particularly to <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Riau_Archipelago" title="Riau Archipelago">Riau Archipelago</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Selangor" title="Selangor">Selangor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> and other areas, between the 17th and early 20th centuries. </p><p>These migrations, which took place from the 17th to the early 20th centuries, led to the establishment of significant Bugis communities in regions such as Johor, Riau, Selangor and Singapore. Over time, the Bugis integrated into local Malay societies, contributing to the region's political, economic and cultural development. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_migrations">Historical migrations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical migrations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulawesi_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/220px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/330px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Sulawesi_Locator.svg/440px-Sulawesi_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="621" data-file-height="364" /></a><figcaption>The island of Sulawesi</figcaption></figure> <p>The migrations represent a significant historical movement of peoples from <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, Indonesia, to various regions across <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Asia" title="Southeast Asia">Southeast Asia</a> spanning from the 17th to the 20th centuries. These migrations were driven by a combination of economic, political and cultural factors and played a crucial role in shaping the demographics and cultural landscapes of the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra and Borneo.<sup id="cite_ref-Perantauan_Orang_Bugis_Abad_ke-18_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Perantauan_Orang_Bugis_Abad_ke-18-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migration_patterns_and_settlements">Migration patterns and settlements</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Migration patterns and settlements"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bugis-Malays are descendants of various waves of migration from Sulawesi to the Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, and western Borneo. This movement began in the 17th century and continued through the 20th century. It is part of a broader pattern of Bugis migration across the region, which led to the establishment of significant Bugis diaspora communities in Southeast Kalimantan, Kutai, Java, Lombok, Aceh and Bali. In some locations, such as <a href="/wiki/Kota_Pagatan" title="Kota Pagatan">Pagatan</a> in South Kalimantan, the Bugis established a distinct diaspora identity, while in other areas, including <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a> (now Jakarta), Central Java, and <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Siam</a> (now Thailand), their descendants assimilated into the larger local communities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cultural_and_economic_motivations">Cultural and economic motivations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Cultural and economic motivations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Malay_Heritage_Centre,_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5,_Dec_05.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG/220px-Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG/330px-Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG/440px-Malay_Heritage_Centre%2C_Istana_Kampong_Glam_5%2C_Dec_05.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pinisi" title="Pinisi">Pinisi</a>, a traditional Bugis-Makassar sailing vessel in <a href="/wiki/Malay_Heritage_Centre" title="Malay Heritage Centre">Malay Heritage Centre</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>, highlighting the maritime skills essential to their historical migrations across Southeast Asia</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bugis are renowned for their exceptional seafaring skills, as celebrated in their epic literary work, <a href="/wiki/La_Galigo" title="La Galigo">La Galigo</a>. This epic recounts the legendary voyages of Sawerigading, reflecting the Bugis' deep-rooted inclination towards exploration and travel. The cultural value of siri, which encompasses pride, honor and dignity, significantly motivated the Bugis to seek new opportunities. Maintaining their social status and personal honor through siri drove them to strive for self-improvement and resilience.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Economic factors also played a pivotal role in the migration of the Bugis. The mid-19th century brought substantial economic growth to the Malay Archipelago, particularly in land cultivation and trade. This expansion created new opportunities that drew Bugis settlers, for instance in regions like Johor, where the authorities actively encouraged migration to boost economic development. The promise of economic advancement was a strong incentive for many Bugis families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Political_influences">Political influences</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political influences"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Political changes further influenced Bugis migration patterns. The Dutch East India Company (VOC) established a monopoly over the region following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Bongaya" title="Treaty of Bongaya">Bongaya Agreement</a> and the conquest of <a href="/wiki/Makassar" title="Makassar">Makassar</a>. This Dutch dominance, marked by the imposition of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_guilder" title="Dutch guilder">Dutch currency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forced_labour" title="Forced labour">forced labor</a> practices, created economic and social pressures that led to widespread resentment among the local population. The forced labor system, particularly burdensome for lower-ranking Bugis nobles, contributed to widespread dissatisfaction and resistance.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Impact_and_legacy">Impact and legacy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Impact and legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In response to these economic and political pressures, many Bugis migrated to other parts of Indonesia and the Malay Peninsula, driven by the search for improved living conditions and economic opportunities, as well as a desire to escape oppressive circumstances. This migration resulted in the formation of Bugis communities across Southeast Asia, contributing to the region's cultural and demographic diversity.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_kedatangan_masyarakat_Bugis_ke_Tanah_Melayu:_Kajian_kes_di_Johor-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_influence_of_the_Bugis_in_the_Malay_archipelago">Historical influence of the Bugis in the Malay archipelago</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical influence of the Bugis in the Malay archipelago"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg/220px-Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg/330px-Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg/440px-Buginese_chart_of_the_East_Indian_Archipelago_-_ca._1820_-_UB_Utrecht.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5906" data-file-height="4262" /></a><figcaption>Chart of the East Indian Archipelago from around 1820, written in the traditional Bugis script</figcaption></figure> <p>The fall of Makassar had a significant impact, prompting a large-scale migration towards the <a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malay regions</a> and other areas including <a href="/wiki/Bali" title="Bali">Bali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Borneo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aceh" title="Aceh">Aceh</a>. This exodus included not only the Bugis-Malays of Sulawesi but also the Bugis, Makassar and Mandarese people. The political and economic upheavals following the Makassar War and the subsequent Treaty of Bongaya, which disadvantaged the Gowa Kingdom, drove many Bugis and other inhabitants of Sulawesi to seek new opportunities and refuge from the turbulent political climate. </p><p>The historical narrative of the Bugis in the Malay lands is characterized by their influential presence across various sultanates and regions. This migration led to the Bugis establishing significant settlements and playing key roles in the socio-political landscapes of several Malay sultanates, including Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang, Selangor and Kalimantan during periods of political instability. Known for their strategic alliances with local Malay rulers and their military capabilities, the Bugis were important in shaping regional politics and defense strategies. </p><p>Their settlements in places like Linggi and Siak highlighted their expansion and integration into the socio-political fabric of the Malay Archipelago, making them notable figures in the region's historical development. Their presence in these regions contributed to the historical dynamics and development of the Malay Archipelago. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Key_regions">Key regions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Key regions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bugis migrants began to play a significant role in the Riau-Lingga-Johor-Pahang Sultanate and surrounding areas in the late 17th century. During this period, many Bugis people migrated from their homeland in South Sulawesi to the Malay regions along the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Malacca" title="Strait of Malacca">Malacca Strait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karimata_Strait" title="Karimata Strait">Karimata Strait</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a>. </p><p>Among those who migrated was the Bugis noble family of Opu Tentriborong Daing Rilaka (Rilekke) with his five sons: Daing Parani, Daing Manambun, Daing Marewah, Daing Cellak, and Daing Kemasi (Kemase). They initially arrived in Negeri Siantan (now <a href="/wiki/Anambas_Islands_Regency" title="Anambas Islands Regency">Anambas Regency</a>, Riau Islands) in the South China Sea. Prior to this migration, Bugis traders had already established a presence in the Malay regions during the <a href="/wiki/Malacca_Sultanate" title="Malacca Sultanate">Malacca Sultanate</a> period, being recognized as prominent merchants in the eastern islands.<sup id="cite_ref-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang">Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Collectie_NMvWereldculturen,_TM-60025498,_Foto,_%27Portret_van_Soeleiman_Badroe_Alamsjah,_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg,_Batavia%27,_fotograaf_Woodbury_%26_Page,_1867.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60025498%2C_Foto%2C_%27Portret_van_Soeleiman_Badroe_Alamsjah%2C_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg%2C_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_Woodbury_%26_Page%2C_1867.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60025498%2C_Foto%2C_%27Portret_van_Soeleiman_Badroe_Alamsjah%2C_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg%2C_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_Woodbury_%26_Page%2C_1867.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Collectie_NMvWereldculturen%2C_TM-60025498%2C_Foto%2C_%27Portret_van_Soeleiman_Badroe_Alamsjah%2C_Sultan_van_Lingga_Riouw_met_zijn_gevolg%2C_Batavia%27%2C_fotograaf_Woodbury_%26_Page%2C_1867.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2380" data-file-height="1940" /></a><figcaption>The Riau-Lingga aristocracy in 1867, with the Sultan seated in the center, was predominantly composed of individuals of Melayu-Bugis descent</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bugis first became prominently involved in the Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang Sultanate during a period of political instability following the "Tragedi Seulas Nangka" in 1699. This event, marked by the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Mahmud_Shah_II_of_Johor" title="Mahmud Shah II of Johor">Sultan Mahmud Shah II</a>, plunged the Sultanate into turmoil. <a href="/wiki/Raja_Kecil" title="Raja Kecil">Raja Kecik</a>, claiming descent from Sultan Mahmud, seized power and established himself as Sultan Abdul Jalil Rahmat Shah (1717–1722). Amidst these power struggles, the Bugis leaders, including Daing Parani and Daing Marewah, formed strategic alliances with local Malay rulers against Raja Kecik. Their military prowess and strategic acumen were crucial in these alliances, providing the strength needed to challenge Raja Kecik's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>With the assistance of the Bugis, Sultan <a href="/wiki/Sulaiman_Badrul_Alam_Shah_of_Johor" title="Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah of Johor">Sulaiman Badrul Alam Shah I</a> emerged victorious in 1722, reclaiming Johor-Riau-Lingga-Pahang from Raja Kecik's rule. This victory was not only a testament to the Bugis' military capabilities but also marked the beginning of their significant influence in the region. As a reward for their support, Daing Marewah was appointed Yang Dipertuan Muda, a position crucial to maintaining stability and unity within the Sultanate. This appointment underscored the pivotal role the Bugis played in the political landscape of the Sultanate, establishing them as key power brokers and protectors of the Sultan's authority.<sup id="cite_ref-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Persemendaan_Melayu-Bugis-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Selangor">Selangor</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Selangor"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg/220px-Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg/330px-Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg/440px-Bukit_Melawati_20220602_162156.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Bukit Malawati, significant during the Bugis-Dutch War (1784–1786). The Dutch captured the hill in July 1784, but it was reclaimed by Sultan Ibrahim of Selangor and his allies in a night attack on January 28, 1785.</figcaption></figure> <p>Following their success in Johor-Riau, the Bugis leaders sought to consolidate their influence in Selangor. Their migration aimed to bolster military capabilities and gather resources to confront remaining adversaries, particularly Raja Kecik. During their absence, however, Raja Kecik reasserted control over Riau, prompting a swift Bugis response. The Bugis mobilized a formidable fleet and military force, led by Daeng Chelak, to retake Riau. Their campaign proved successful, restoring Riau under Sultan Sulaiman's authority. This victory solidified the Bugis' reputation as formidable military strategists and essential allies in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Menyingkap_Diaspora_Masyarakat_Bugis_Di_Selangor_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menyingkap_Diaspora_Masyarakat_Bugis_Di_Selangor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-victory, Daeng Chelak relocated to <a href="/wiki/Kuala_Selangor" title="Kuala Selangor">Kuala Selangor</a>, where local residents requested him to remain as their ruler. Despite initial intentions to return to <a href="/wiki/Riau_Islands" title="Riau Islands">Riau</a>, Daeng Chelak appointed Raja Lumu as his successor in Kuala Selangor, laying the groundwork for the Selangor Sultanate's establishment. Raja Lumu's rule marked the formal establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Sultan_of_Selangor" title="Sultan of Selangor">Selangor Sultanate</a>, further expanding Bugis influence in the Malay Peninsula. This strategic move not only secured their power but also ensured the stability and growth of Selangor under Bugis leadership, making it a significant political entity in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Menyingkap_Diaspora_Masyarakat_Bugis_Di_Selangor_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Menyingkap_Diaspora_Masyarakat_Bugis_Di_Selangor-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Linggi">Linggi</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Linggi"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bugis influence extended to <a href="/wiki/Linggi" title="Linggi">Linggi</a>, where 600 Bugis warriors under Daeng Marewah agreed to settle. This development worried the Dutch in Melaka due to Linggi's proximity. The Dutch, recognizing the Bugis' growing power, expressed their concerns to the Sultan of Johor on October 6, 1701. Similar apprehensions had arisen during Raja Kecik's rule, leading to attempts to block Bugis movements through Naning to prevent attacks on Rembau. The Bugis presence in the region signaled their strategic intent to expand and solidify their influence, much to the concern of colonial powers.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bugis presence in Rembau lasted until October 1756, when Daeng Kemboja assembled forces to attack Melaka. They built fortresses in Klebang as bases for their operations, with support from Tengku Raja Said of Selangor. After nine months of conflict, the Bugis retreated to Linggi and Rembau Hilir following their defeat. Eventually, Daeng Kemboja and his forces relocated to Pedas, where they faced local resistance but ultimately secured their position. This persistent effort to establish dominance in Linggi exemplified the Bugis' determination to maintain their influence despite external opposition, further entrenching their presence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Kedah">Kedah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Kedah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bugis exerted significant influence in the Kedah Sultanate during the 18th century, marked by their strategic engagements amidst political upheaval and external pressures. Following initial diplomatic overtures and alliances, including marriages that solidified their position within local courts, Bugis leaders such as Daeng Parani and Daeng Marewah played pivotal roles in navigating Kedah's turbulent political landscape. Their military prowess was crucial in supporting <a href="/wiki/Abdullah_Mukarram_Shah_of_Kedah" title="Abdullah Mukarram Shah of Kedah">Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah</a> in defending against Siamese encroachments and internal rivalries, securing the Sultanate's sovereignty during periods of colonial confrontations and dynastic disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bugis intervention in Kedah was characterized by a series of military campaigns aimed at preserving royal authority and territorial integrity. Their alliances with local Malay rulers against external threats, including Siamese ambitions and rival factions within the Sultanate, underscored their strategic importance in regional politics. Through their adept military strategy and adaptive leadership, the Bugis not only bolstered Kedah's defenses but also contributed to its economic stability through maritime trade and resource management. Their legacy in Kedah highlights the enduring impact of Bugis influence on shaping the Sultanate's political trajectory and fostering alliances crucial for regional stability and growth.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sambas,_Matan_and_Mempawah"><span id="Sambas.2C_Matan_and_Mempawah"></span>Sambas, Matan and Mempawah</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sambas, Matan and Mempawah"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sambas_Sultanate_mosque,_Indonesia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/220px-Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/330px-Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg/440px-Sambas_Sultanate_mosque%2C_Indonesia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1057" /></a><figcaption>The Jamek Mosque of the <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas Sultanate</a>. Situated in <a href="/wiki/West_Kalimantan" title="West Kalimantan">West Kalimantan</a>, the Sambas Sultanate has ancestral ties to the five Bugis brothers, linking it to the royal houses of Johore, Selangor, Riau-Lingga, Mantan and Mempawah.</figcaption></figure> <p>In Borneo, specifically in Sambas, Matan and Mempawah, the Bugis played pivotal roles in supporting local Malay kingdoms. In <a href="/wiki/Matan_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Matan Kingdom">Matan</a>, for instance, the intervention of the Five Bugis Brothers during a succession crisis restored Sultan Muhammad Zainuddin to power. This alliance was solidified through strategic marriages, such as that between Puteri Kesumba and Daeng Menambun, who established a new kingdom in <a href="/wiki/Mempawah_Kingdom" title="Mempawah Kingdom">Mempawah</a>. These strategic alliances through marriage and political support highlighted the Bugis' ability to integrate and influence local politics, ensuring their presence and authority in Kalimantan.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Similarly, in <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sambas" title="Sultanate of Sambas">Sambas</a>, alliances through marriage, like that of Daeng Kemasi with Raden Tengah, strengthened Bugis influence. Daeng Kemasi eventually ascended as Raja Sambas, consolidating Bugis power in the region. Their influence extended beyond mere military support, embedding deeply into the socio-political fabric of these kingdoms. The Bugis' ability to navigate and dominate the complex political landscapes of Kalimantan underscored their strategic acumen and adaptability, making them indispensable allies and powerful rulers in these regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Kedah:_1668-1847-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Broader_Malay_world">Broader Malay world</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Broader Malay world"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg/220px-North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg/330px-North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg/440px-North_Bridge_Road_and_Bugis_Junction._February_2019.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2250" /></a><figcaption>North Bridge Road and Bugis Junction. The Bugis area, once a historic Bugis settlement, is now a vibrant part of Singapore's cityscape</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bugis significantly impacted various regions in Southeast Asia, notably influencing the political and economic landscapes of Siak, Perak, Singapore, Melaka, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung, Terengganu, Sarawak and Patani. In <a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Siak_Sri_Indrapura" title="Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura">Siak</a>, the Bugis presence began with Daeng Tuagik, a prominent leader who played a critical role in establishing and consolidating the Sultanate of Siak Sri Indrapura. His leadership was essential in stabilizing the region amid conflicts, and his descendants, including figures like Datuk Bandar Jamal and Datuk Ibrahim, continued to shape the area's governance, fostering economic growth and political stability.<sup id="cite_ref-Membongkar_mutiara_sejarah_besar_Bengkalis_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Membongkar_mutiara_sejarah_besar_Bengkalis-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the 18th century, the Bugis made substantial contributions to <a href="/wiki/Perak" title="Perak">Perak</a> by combating piracy and integrating into the local ruling elite. Leaders such as Daeng Selili were instrumental in maintaining coastal security and forming strategic alliances through marriage, which facilitated their integration into Perak's socio-political framework. Their military and administrative contributions significantly impacted the state's stability and governance, leaving a lasting influence on its historical development.<sup id="cite_ref-Sejarah_Dan_Kisah_Keturunan_Daeng_Selili_Di_Negeri_Perak_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sejarah_Dan_Kisah_Keturunan_Daeng_Selili_Di_Negeri_Perak-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the British establishment of a trading post in <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> in 1819, the Bugis played a key role in the island's development. A group of 500 Bugis, led by Chieftain Arong Bilawa, settled in Singapore shortly after the British arrival. By 1824, the Bugis population had grown to around 1,851, constituting over 10 percent of the island's inhabitants. Their involvement was crucial in transforming Singapore into a major trading hub within the Malay Archipelago, underscoring their economic and cultural significance.<sup id="cite_ref-Bugis_Community_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bugis_Community-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Bugis also extended their presence to Melaka, Terengganu, Sarawak, Jambi, Palembang, Bangka-Belitung and Patani. Their strategic alliances, military campaigns, and integration into local societies left a notable impact on these regions. Through their roles in governance, defense, and economic activities, the Bugis played a significant part in shaping regional dynamics and maintaining a lasting legacy across Southeast Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture_and_heritage">Culture and heritage</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Culture and heritage"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugis_Museum.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bugis_Museum.JPG/220px-Bugis_Museum.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bugis_Museum.JPG/330px-Bugis_Museum.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Bugis_Museum.JPG/440px-Bugis_Museum.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1984" data-file-height="1488" /></a><figcaption>The Bugis Museum in Pontian, Johor</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Bugis-Malay traditional literature encompasses significant works that capture the historical, cultural, and social interactions between the Bugis and Malay communities. Two notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Tuhfat_al-Nafis" title="Tuhfat al-Nafis">Tuhfat al-Nafis</a> and <i>Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis</i>. Tuhfat al-Nafis, attributed to Raja Ali Haji, details the history of the Malay-Bugis political structure during the 18th century, focusing on key events, alliances and conflicts within the Johor-Riau-Lingga Sultanate. Completed in the 1860s, this manuscript offers valuable insights into the political dynamics and cultural exchanges between the Bugis and Malay peoples.<sup id="cite_ref-Tuhfat_al-Nafis:_Karya_sastera_sejarah_(Melayu)_dalam_perspektif_sejarah_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tuhfat_al-Nafis:_Karya_sastera_sejarah_(Melayu)_dalam_perspektif_sejarah-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Silsilah Melayu dan Bugis</i>, transcribed by Haji Abdullah bin Khairuddin in 1866, provides a genealogical record of the Bugis nobility and their roles within the Malay sultanates. The manuscript traces the ancestry and influence of Bugis families over generations, documenting significant historical events and social customs. Though often attributed to Raja Ali Haji, research has focused on its transcription and translation, revealing its importance in understanding the integration of Bugis culture and its impact on Malay society. Both manuscripts are crucial for studying the rich history and interactions of these communities in the Malay Archipelago.<sup id="cite_ref-Genealogis_Melayu_Bugis:_Kajian_historiografi_terhadap_asal_usul_Upu_Daeng_Lima_Bersaudara_dalam_sumber-sumber_Melayu_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Genealogis_Melayu_Bugis:_Kajian_historiografi_terhadap_asal_usul_Upu_Daeng_Lima_Bersaudara_dalam_sumber-sumber_Melayu-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_philosophy">Traditional philosophy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Traditional philosophy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis</i> (Malay-Bugis Oath of Allegiance) refers to a historic political pact and oath of loyalty formed between the Malay and the Bugis in the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom during the 18th century. This alliance marked a significant event in the history of the Malay Peninsula and the wider Archipelago, as it represented the first time an external ethnic group was formally integrated into the existing Malay political structure. The Bugis, who were initially outsiders, achieved a prominent status within the kingdom through this agreement.<sup id="cite_ref-48_Persebatian_Melayu-Bugis_(3):_Sumpah_setia_antara_Melayu_dan_Bugis_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48_Persebatian_Melayu-Bugis_(3):_Sumpah_setia_antara_Melayu_dan_Bugis-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The oath was established following the Bugis' crucial role in aiding Raja Sulaiman of Johor-Riau in regaining his throne and restoring his authority. In recognition of their support, the Bugis were granted considerable political influence, including the creation of the hereditary position of Yang Dipertuan Muda (YDM). This position was unprecedented in traditional Malay governance and allowed the Bugis to take on significant administrative and political responsibilities within the kingdom. </p><p>The Sumpah Setia Melayu Bugis had profound implications for the governance of Johor-Riau. The Yang Dipertuan Muda, as established by this oath, became a key figure in the administration of the kingdom, working alongside the Sultan to manage political affairs. This arrangement effectively positioned the Bugis as co-rulers and influential decision-makers, thereby reshaping the political landscape of the Johor-Riau Malay kingdom and demonstrating the evolving nature of regional alliances and power structures during this period. </p><p>The pledge of allegiance included the following words: </p> <table cellpadding="6"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Jawi_script" title="Jawi script">Jawi script</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Rumi_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Rumi script">Rumi script</a> </th> <th>English translation </th></tr> <tr style="vertical-align:top; white-space:nowrap;"> <td><div style="text-align: right;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1227789315">.mw-parser-output .script-arabic{font-family:"Scheherazade New","SF Arabic",Amiri,"Noto Naskh Arabic","Droid Arabic Naskh","Noto Sans Arabic","Sakkal Majalla","Harmattan","Arabic Typesetting","Arabic Transparent","Times New Roman",Arial,Calibri,"Microsoft Sans Serif","Segoe UI",serif,sans-serif;font-weight:normal}</style><span class="script-arabic script-Arab" dir="rtl" style="font-size: 125%;"> <p>...جكالاو توان كڤد بوڬيس<br /> توانله كڤد ملايو<br /> دان جكالاو توان كڤد ملايو<br /> توانله كڤد بوڬيس <br /> <br /> دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد بوڬيس<br /> موسوهله كڤد ملايو<br /> دان جكالاو موسوه كڤد ملايو<br /> موسوهله كڤد بوڬيس<br /> <br /> مك بارڠسياڤا موڠكير<br /> </p> دبينساكن الله سمڤأي انق چوچوڽ..."</span>‎</div> </td> <td> <p><i>...jikalau tuan kepada Bugis,</i><br /> <i>tuanlah kepada Melayu</i><br /> <i>dan jikalau tuan kepada Melayu</i><br /> <i>tuanlah kepada Bugis</i><br /> <br /> <i>dan jikalau musuh kepada Bugis</i> <br /> <i>musuhlah kepada Melayu</i> <br /> <i>dan jikalau musuh kepada Melayu</i> <br /> <i>musuhlah kepada Bugis</i> <br /> <br /> <i>maka barangsiapa mungkir</i><br /> <i>dibinasakan Allah sampai anak cucunya...</i> </p> </td> <td> <p>"... if he was an ally to the Bugis<br /> he shall then be an ally to the Malays<br /> and if he was an ally to the Malays<br /> he shall then be an ally to the Bugis<br /> <br /> and if he was a nemesis to the Bugis<br /> he shall then be a nemesis to the Malays<br /> and if he was a nemesis to the Malays<br /> he shall then be a nemesis to the Bugis<br /> <br /> if one ever betrayed<br /> calamity by Allah till his descendants..." </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_attire_and_textile">Traditional attire and textile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Traditional attire and textile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The traditional attire and textiles of the Bugis-Malay people reflect a blend of cultural influences and historical evolution, showcasing a unique sartorial heritage. For men, the traditional outfit includes the <a href="/wiki/Baju_Melayu" title="Baju Melayu">Baju Melayu</a>, a traditional Malay shirt worn with a samping (a type of sarong) around the waist. This is complemented by a jacket and headgear, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tengkolok" title="Tengkolok">Tanjak</a>. </p><p>Notable styles include the Tanjak <i>Bugis Tak Balik</i>, symbolizing the remembrance of their ancestral land in South Sulawesi, and the <i>Sumange Oge</i> headgear, linked to the Malay Bugis descendants. The Tanjak Nakhoda Trong, named after a prominent Bugis captain from Pulau Trong in the Riau Islands, represents another significant variation of traditional Bugis headgear.<sup id="cite_ref-Turunkan_ilmu_membuat_tanjak_ke_anak_muda_demi_warisan_budaya_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Turunkan_ilmu_membuat_tanjak_ke_anak_muda_demi_warisan_budaya-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For women, traditional attire typically features the <a href="/wiki/Bodo_blouse" title="Bodo blouse">Baju Bodo</a>, distinguished by its Bugis cuts and a belt, paired with a kain selish (a type of sarong). This attire highlights the fusion of Malay and Bugis styles, reflecting the craftsmanship and cultural blending. A prominent textile in Bugis-Malay attire is the <i>Kain Tenun Pahang</i>, introduced from Riau or Sulawesi around the 16th century. Renowned for its weaving and intricate patterns, refined by the Bugis leader Tok Tuan or Keraing Aji, <i>Kain Tenun Pahang</i> is used for both men's samping and women's sarongs or dresses. It often features gold thread, adding delicate motifs, and is favored for ceremonial attire, including weddings.<sup id="cite_ref-Pakaian_Tradisional_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Pakaian_Tradisional-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_weapon">Traditional weapon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Traditional weapon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2016_Kuala_Lumpur,_Muzeum_Narodowe,_Ekspozycja_(014).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg/220px-2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="391" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg/330px-2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg/440px-2016_Kuala_Lumpur%2C_Muzeum_Narodowe%2C_Ekspozycja_%28014%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3026" data-file-height="5375" /></a><figcaption>A Bugis-typed Keris from Kelantan</figcaption></figure> <p>The Bugis <a href="/wiki/Kris" title="Kris">keris</a>, originating from South Sulawesi and extending to the Malay Peninsula, southern Sumatra and the Riau-Lingga archipelago, is a distinctive dagger known for its unique blade and hilt designs. Primarily forged for self-defense and combat, these krises are recognized for their thicker and heavier blades that provide enhanced strength and durability. They are often decorated with intricate pamor patterns and embellishments, including tuli-tuli and batir, reflecting the owner's social status.<sup id="cite_ref-Falsafah_Perkerisan_dalam_Masyarakat_Melayu_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Falsafah_Perkerisan_dalam_Masyarakat_Melayu-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the various types of Bugis krises are the <i>Selayar Bugis</i>, the <i>Bugis Semenanjung</i> and the Bugis Terengganu keris. Each type represents a regional variant of this iconic weapon, highlighting the diversity and cultural significance of the Bugis kris across different areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Performing_arts">Performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Bugis-Malay performing arts are characterized by a rich variety of traditional dance and music, reflecting their cultural heritage. Traditional dances often serve ceremonial purposes, such as welcoming esteemed guests or celebrating significant events. For instance, the Maduppa Busarak is a traditional welcome dance performed at palatial ceremonies to honor royalty and distinguished guests, showcasing the Bugis tradition of hospitality. Its contemporary adaptation, the Mappa Duppa, reflects the dance's influence in Pontian, Johor, and is performed during similar welcoming occasions.<sup id="cite_ref-Mappa_Duppa_diberi_nafas_baharu_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mappa_Duppa_diberi_nafas_baharu-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to these ceremonial dances, the Poja Dance and the Tarian Zapin Cemara are notable elements of Bugis performing arts. The Poja Dance, performed during significant events like the opening of the Sultan Alam Shah Museum, is structured into three segments that celebrate and honor guests through specific movements and gestures.<sup id="cite_ref-Rekonstruksi_struktur_tarian_poja_beridentikan_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Negeri_Selangor_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rekonstruksi_struktur_tarian_poja_beridentikan_masyarakat_Bugis_di_Negeri_Selangor-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Meanwhile, the Tarian Zapin Cemara, believed to have originated from Sabak Bernam, is celebrated for its distinctive style and meaningful connection to local cultural traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-Semarak_Seni_Tari_Bugis_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Semarak_Seni_Tari_Bugis-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These performances illustrate the richness of Bugis-Malay artistic expression and its role in preserving cultural heritage through dance and music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_architecture">Traditional architecture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Traditional architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg/220px-Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg/330px-Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg/440px-Bugis-Makassar_home_in_Selangor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A traditional Bugis house in the Selangor Museum</figcaption></figure> <p>Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula reflect an adaptation of Bugis architectural traditions from South Sulawesi, Indonesia, illustrating the cultural adaptability of the Bugis people. These traditional homes preserve essential elements of Bugis architecture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmological</a> layering of the house into three distinct zones: the upper layer for valuables, the central living space and the lower section for waste and domestic animals. However, Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula have evolved to incorporate local architectural styles and practical considerations, such as the shift from the steeply pitched roofs of South Sulawesi to the 'limas' roof form, which is more suitable for the region's climate.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Determinants_in_the_Design_of_Bugis_Houses_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Determinants_in_the_Design_of_Bugis_Houses-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The layout of Bugis-Malay houses in the Malay Peninsula typically features multiple sections or lontang, reflecting the traditional Bugis emphasis on spatial organization. Unlike the open-plan designs found in South Sulawesi, houses in the Malay Peninsula often include partitions, catering to local preferences for privacy and functional separation. Additionally, these houses commonly have a front section, known as ri saliweng, for receiving visitors, and a veranda or lego-lego, which serves as a communal space for relaxation and social interaction. </p><p>The presence of two separate staircases in Bugis-Malay houses further highlights the integration of traditional Bugis design with local customs. One staircase is used for male guests, while the other provides access for females and connects to the kitchen and back areas. This adaptation aligns with cultural norms and practical needs, demonstrating how the Bugis community in the Malay Peninsula has successfully preserved key aspects of their heritage while blending with local traditions and environmental conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Naming_system">Naming system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Naming system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In general, Bugis-Malay descendants do not frequently use ancestral names unless they have inherited noble titles from their paternal side. Some Bugis-Malay families continue to use the traditional title "Daeng," which reflects their Bugis heritage. However, others have adopted titles such as "Raja" and "Engku," which are more aligned with Malay aristocratic traditions. This variation in title usage reflects the blending of Bugis and Malay cultures and the adaptation of titles that signify noble status within the context of the Johor-Riau Sultanate's social structure.<sup id="cite_ref-46_Persebatian_Melayu-Bugis_(1):_Pertautan_Silsilah_Bangsawan_Melayu_dan_Bugis_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46_Persebatian_Melayu-Bugis_(1):_Pertautan_Silsilah_Bangsawan_Melayu_dan_Bugis-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Johor-Riau and Selangor Sultanate, the adoption of the title "Raja" by Bugis-Malay descendants originated from a unique socio-political adaptation. Raja Haji, born to a Bugis father, Daeng Cella’, and a Malay mother, Tengku Madak, was the first from his lineage to adopt the "Raja" title. Traditionally, Bugis nobility used titles like "Daeng" or "Andi." This shift to "Raja" symbolized the integration and acculturation between Malay and Bugis cultures within the sultanate, aiming to harmonize their social structures and reduce ethnic distinctions. Over time, Bugis descendants in Johor-Riau embraced Malay culture and customs, including the use of "Raja," leading to a unified noble identity that increasingly aligned with Malay heritage while diminishing their distinct Bugis roots. </p><p>The title "Engku," used by Bugis-Malay descendants in the Johor-Riau Sultanate, has a distinct origin rooted in socio-linguistic adaptation. The title emerged during the reign of Sultan Abdul Jalil, whose wife, Encik Nusamah, was of Acehnese descent. The term "Tengku," derived from the Acehnese "Teuku," was initially used to honor the maternal Acehnese heritage of their son. However, as Bugis settlers integrated into the Johor-Riau society, they found it difficult to pronounce "Teuku" correctly, leading to the mispronunciation "Tengku." This adaptation was further complicated by the Malays' occasional use of "Tengku" in a satirical manner. To preserve their dignity and assert their noble status, the Bugis nobility began to use the title "Engku" as an alternative. This title not only distinguished them from the purely Malay nobility, who used titles like "Tun" and "Tengku," but also signified their adaptation and integration into the broader social and cultural fabric of the Johor-Riau Sultanate, blending their Bugis heritage with the prevailing Malay aristocratic traditions. </p><p>However, it is important to note that not all individuals bearing the titles "Tengku" and "Raja" are of Bugis-Malay descent, as these titles are also used by other Malay aristocratic families. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Traditional_cuisines">Traditional cuisines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Traditional cuisines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The culinary traditions of the Melayu Bugis community represent a blend of cultural influences, showcasing the fusion of indigenous Malay traditions with Bugis elements from Sulawesi and highlighting a unique and distinct heritage. This rich culinary tradition is integral to their cultural and social ceremonies. Traditional foods such as <a href="/wiki/Burasa" title="Burasa">burasak</a>, lepat loi, barongko, bejabuk (<a href="/wiki/Serundeng" title="Serundeng">serunding</a>), and nasu mettih (<a href="/wiki/Asam_pedas" title="Asam pedas">asam pedas</a> ikan parang) are often served at significant events like weddings and the <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Hari Raya</a> festival. These dishes represent the community's heritage and are frequently shared with those outside the community.<sup id="cite_ref-Cultural_Identity_of_Malay_Bugis:_A_Reflection_in_Traditional_Food_Practice_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cultural_Identity_of_Malay_Bugis:_A_Reflection_in_Traditional_Food_Practice-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Among the primary dishes, burasak and lepat loi are notable rice cakes, each distinctively wrapped in <a href="/wiki/Banana" title="Banana">banana</a> or coconut <a href="/wiki/Leaf" title="Leaf">leaves</a>. Nasu mettih, a type of asam pedas ikan parang, is recognized for its slightly dry, sour and spicy gravy. Side dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Rendang" title="Rendang">rendang</a> daging, daging masak kicap and ayam masak merah complement these main dishes, providing an array of flavors. Bejabuk (serunding), a dish made from shredded meat or coconut, is another popular accompaniment. </p><p>The Bugis culinary tradition also includes a variety of sweet delicacies known as beppa-beppa ugi, typically served at weddings and other cultural celebrations. Sweets like bahulu fecak, barongko, didorok kaluku, karima, tarumbah and kek lapis are appreciated for their flavors and ingredients. These traditional foods continue to be celebrated and preserved by the Bugis community, ensuring that these culinary practices are passed down through generations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bugis-Malay&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Perantauan_Orang_Bugis_Abad_ke-18-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Perantauan_Orang_Bugis_Abad_ke-18_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJulianti_L._Parani2015" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Julianti L. 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2024</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politik+islamisasi+Kerajaan+Gowa-Tallo+terhadap+tiga+Kerajaan+Tellumpoccoe%2F%E1%A8%88%E1%A8%9C%E1%A8%92%E1%A8%99%E1%A8%87%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%8C%E1%A8%9B%E1%A8%9A%E1%A8%95+pada+abad+XVII&rft.place=Makassar%2C+Indonesia&rft.pub=UIN+Alauddin+Makassar&rft.date=2016&rft.au=Puji+Siswadi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepositori.uin-alauddin.ac.id%2F1688%2F1%2Fpuji%2520siswandi.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABugis-Malay" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmad_M._Sewang_&_Nurkhalis_a._ghaffar2013" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ahmad M. 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title="Bonai people (page does not exist)">Bonai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lubu_people" title="Lubu people">Lubu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mante_people" title="Mante people">Mante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Rimba_people" title="Orang Rimba people">Orang Rimba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakai_people_(Indonesia)" title="Sakai people (Indonesia)">Sakai</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petalangan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petalangan people (page does not exist)">Petalangan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talang_Mamak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Talang Mamak people (page does not exist)">Talang Mamak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alas_people" title="Alas people">Alas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angkola_people" title="Angkola people">Angkola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karo_people_(Indonesia)" title="Karo people (Indonesia)">Karo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakpak_people" title="Pakpak people">Pakpak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simalungun_people" title="Simalungun people">Simalungun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toba_Batak_people" title="Toba Batak people">Toba Batak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enggano_people" title="Enggano people">Enggano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gayo_people" title="Gayo people">Gayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kluet_people" title="Kluet people">Kluet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Komering_people" title="Komering people">Komering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lampung_people" title="Lampung people">Lampung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Laut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asahan_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asahan Malay people (page does not exist)">Asahan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basemah_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Basemah people (page does not exist)">Basemah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belida_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Belida people (page does not exist)">Belida</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bugis-Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_Malay_people" title="Deli Malay people">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Enim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Enim people (page does not exist)">Enim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kikim_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kikim people (page does not exist)">Kikim</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kisam_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kisam people (page does not exist)">Kisam</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahat Malay people (page does not exist)">Lahat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langkat_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Langkat Malay people (page does not exist)">Langkat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lembak_people" title="Lembak people">Lembak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lintang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lintang people (page does not exist)">Lintang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Musi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Musi people (page does not exist)">Musi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palembang_people" title="Palembang people">Palembang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pegagan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pegagan people (page does not exist)">Pegagan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Penesak_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penesak people (page does not exist)">Penesak</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rambang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rambang people (page does not exist)">Rambang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riau_Malays" title="Riau Malays">Riau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Semendo_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Semendo people (page does not exist)">Semendo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Serdang_Malay_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Serdang Malay people (page does not exist)">Serdang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mentawai_people" title="Mentawai people">Mentawai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sakuddei" title="Sakuddei">Sakuddei</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aneuk_Jamee_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Aneuk Jamee people">Aneuk Jamee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nias_people" title="Nias people">Nias</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haloban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haloban people (page does not exist)">Haloban</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ogan_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ogan people (page does not exist)">Ogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rejang_people" title="Rejang people">Rejang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeulue_people" title="Simeulue people">Simeulue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singkil_people" title="Singkil people">Singkil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betawi_people" title="Betawi people">Betawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cirebonese_people" title="Cirebonese people">Cirebonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banyumasan_people" title="Banyumasan people">Banyumasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osing_people" title="Osing people">Osing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenggerese_people" title="Tenggerese people">Tenggerese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kangeanese_people" title="Kangeanese people">Kangeanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madurese_people" title="Madurese people">Madurese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Bawean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baduy_people" title="Baduy people">Baduy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bantenese_people" title="Bantenese people">Bantenese</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Borneo" title="Borneo">Kalimantan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li>Apo Duat <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apo_Kayan_people" title="Apo Kayan people">Apo Kayan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahau_people" title="Bahau people">Bahau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lebbo%27_people" title="Lebbo' people">Lebbo'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uma_Baka%27_people" title="Uma Baka' people">Uma Baka'</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kendayan_people" title="Kendayan people">Kendayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_Mualang" title="Dayak Mualang">Mualang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidung</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ot_Danum_people" title="Ot Danum people">Ot Danum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lawangan_people" title="Lawangan people">Lawangan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%27anyan_people" title="Ma'anyan people">Ma'anyan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ngaju_people" title="Ngaju people">Ngaju</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakumpai_people" title="Bakumpai people">Bakumpai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meratus_Dayak" title="Meratus Dayak">Meratus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan Bah</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krio_Dayak_people" title="Krio Dayak people">Krio</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berau_Malays" title="Berau Malays">Berau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontianak_Malay" title="Pontianak Malay">Pontianak</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_people" title="Moro people">Moro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buginese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Buginese people">Buginese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bungku_people" title="Bungku people">Bungku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butonese_people" title="Butonese people">Butonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonerate_people" title="Bonerate people">Bonerate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorontaloan_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorontaloan people">Gorontaloan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kalumpang_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalumpang people (page does not exist)">Kalumpang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindu_people" title="Lindu people">Lindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandarese_people" title="Mandarese people">Mandarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minahasan_people" title="Minahasan people">Minahasan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongondow_people" title="Mongondow people">Mongondow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muna_people" title="Muna people">Muna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamona_people" title="Pamona people">Pamona</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rampi_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rampi people (page does not exist)">Rampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangirese_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sangirese people">Sangirese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seko_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seko people (page does not exist)">Seko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tau_Taa_Wana" title="Tau Taa Wana">Tau Taa Wana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torajan_people" title="Torajan people">Torajan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mamasa_people" title="Mamasa people">Mamasa</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">Papua</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abun_people" title="Abun people">Abun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amung_people" title="Amung people">Amungme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asmat_people" title="Asmat people">Asmat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauzi_people" title="Bauzi people">Bauzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damal_people" title="Damal people">Damalme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dani_people" title="Dani people">Dani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekari_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekari people">Ekari (Mee)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fayu_people" title="Fayu people">Fayu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanum_people" title="Kanum people">Kanum</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ketengban_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ketengban people (page does not exist)">Ketengban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kombai_people" title="Kombai people">Kombai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korowai_people" title="Korowai people">Korowai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lani_people" title="Lani people">Lani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marind_people" title="Marind people">Marind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mek_people" title="Mek people">Mek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moni_people" title="Moni people">Moni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nduga_people" title="Nduga people">Nduga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawi_people" title="Sawi people">Sawi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sentani_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sentani people (page does not exist)">Sentani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehit_people" title="Tehit people">Tehit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobati_people" title="Tobati people">Tobati</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wambon_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wambon people (page does not exist)">Wambon</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Waropen_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Waropen people (page does not exist)">Waropen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolani_people" title="Wolani people">Wolani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yali_people" title="Yali people">Yali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaur_people" title="Yaur people">Yaur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yei_people_(Indonesia)" title="Yei people (Indonesia)">Yei</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser <br />Sunda Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abui_people" title="Abui people">Abui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atoni" title="Atoni">Atoni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Aga" title="Bali Aga">Bali Aga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_people" title="Balinese people">Balinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bimanese_people" title="Bimanese people">Bimanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunak_people" title="Bunak people">Bunak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helong_people" title="Helong people">Helong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kemak_people" title="Kemak people">Kemak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamaholot_people" title="Lamaholot people">Lamaholot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Indonesians" title="Malay Indonesians">Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loloan_Malays" title="Loloan Malays">Loloan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manggarai_people" title="Manggarai people">Manggarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nage" class="mw-redirect" title="Nage">Nage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotenese_people" title="Rotenese people">Rotenese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sasak_people" title="Sasak people">Sasak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_people" title="Savu people">Savu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikka_people" title="Sikka people">Sikka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumba_people" title="Sumba people">Sumba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sumbawa_people" title="Sumbawa people">Sumbawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetum_people" title="Tetum people">Tetum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Maluku_Islands" title="Maluku Islands">Maluku Islands</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moluccans" title="Moluccans">Moluccan</a> <ul><li><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfur_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Alfur people">Alfur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alune_people" title="Alune people">Alune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manusela_people" title="Manusela people">Manusela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuaulu_people" title="Nuaulu people">Nuaulu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambelau_people" title="Ambelau people">Ambelau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambonese" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambonese">Ambonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buru_people" title="Buru people">Buru</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wai_Apu_people" title="Wai Apu people">Wai Apu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kayeli_people" title="Kayeli people">Kayeli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisela_people" title="Lisela people">Lisela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanimbarese" title="Tanimbarese">Tanimbarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tobelo_people" title="Tobelo people">Tobelo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togutil_people" title="Togutil people">Togutil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wemale_people" title="Wemale people">Wemale</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center">Non-indigenous</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_Indonesians" title="African Indonesians">African</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belanda_Hitam" title="Belanda Hitam">Black Dutchmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Indonesians" title="Arab Indonesians">Arab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Indonesia" title="Armenians in Indonesia">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chindians" title="Chindians">Chindian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Indonesians" title="Chinese Indonesians">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benteng_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Benteng Chinese">Benteng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_in_the_Bangka_Belitung_Islands" title="Chinese in the Bangka Belitung Islands">Bangka Belitung Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Maluku" title="Chinese Maluku">Maluku Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Padang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Padang Chinese (page does not exist)">Padang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Aceh_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aceh Chinese (page does not exist)">Aceh Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bali_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bali Chinese (page does not exist)">Bali Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Parit_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parit Chinese (page does not exist)">Parit Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Palembang_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Palembang Chinese (page does not exist)">Palembang Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medan_Chinese&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medan Chinese (page does not exist)">Medan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peranakans" class="mw-redirect" title="Peranakans">Peranakan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Indonesia" title="Filipinos in Indonesia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Indonesians" title="Indian Indonesians">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klingalese" title="Klingalese">Klingalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Indonesians" title="Tamil Indonesians">Tamil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo_people" title="Indo people">Indo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Indonesia" title="Japanese migration to Indonesia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Indonesian" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Indonesian">Jewish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Indonesia" title="Koreans in Indonesia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mardijker_people" title="Mardijker people">Mardijker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Indonesia" class="mw-redirect" title="Pakistanis in Indonesia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Indonesians" title="Portuguese Indonesians">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totok" title="Totok">Totok</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Malaysia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Malaysia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Malaysia">Ethnic groups in Malaysia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><b><a href="/wiki/Malaysians" title="Malaysians">Malaysians</a></b></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i><a href="/wiki/Bumiputera_(Malaysia)" title="Bumiputera (Malaysia)">Bumiputera</a></i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malays" title="Malaysian Malays">Malay</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malay_people" title="List of Malay people">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Jati</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johorean_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Johorean Malay people">Johorean Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Kedahan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelantanese_Malays" title="Kelantanese Malays">Kelantanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaccan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaccan Malay people">Malaccan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_Malays#Sub-ethnic_groups" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic Malays">Negeri Sembilanese Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malays" title="Kedahan Malays">Penangite Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perakian_Malays" title="Perakian Malays">Perakian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedahan_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Kedahan Malay people">Perlisan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahang_Malays" title="Pahang Malays">Pahang Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selangorian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Selangorian Malay people">Selangorian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terengganuan_Malays" title="Terengganuan Malays">Terengganuan Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruneian_Malays" title="Bruneian Malays">Bruneian Malay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kedayan" title="Kedayan">Kedayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarawakian_Malay_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarawakian Malay people">Sarawakian Malay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><i>Anak Dagang</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Malays" title="Cocos Malays">Cocos Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chams" title="Chams">Chams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acehnese_people" title="Acehnese people">Acehnese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mandailing_people" title="Mandailing people">Mandailing</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Bugis</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bugis-Malay</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_Malaysians" title="Javanese Malaysians">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawean_people" title="Bawean people">Baweanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makassar_people" title="Makassar people">Makassar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_Malaysians" title="Minangkabau Malaysians">Minangkabau</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kerinci_people" title="Kerinci people">Kerinci</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ocu_people&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ocu people (page does not exist)">Ocu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawa_(tribe)" title="Rawa (tribe)">Rawa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sundanese_people" title="Sundanese people">Sundanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_Malays" title="Burmese Malays">Burmese Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_Malays" title="Thai Malays">Patani Malays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Siamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asal" title="Orang Asal">Orang Asal</a><br />(Other<br />Indigenous peoples)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Orang_Asli" title="Orang Asli">Peninsular<br />Malaysia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Malay" title="Proto-Malay">Proto-Malay</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jakun_people" title="Jakun people">Jakun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kanaq" title="Orang Kanaq">Orang Kanaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Laut" title="Orang Laut">Orang Laut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Kuala" title="Orang Kuala">Orang Kuala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semelai_people" title="Semelai people">Semelai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temoq_people" title="Temoq people">Temoq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temuan_people" title="Temuan people">Temuan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semang" title="Semang">Semang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Batek_people" title="Batek people">Batek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lanoh_people" title="Lanoh people">Lanoh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jahai_people" title="Jahai people">Jahai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kensiu" class="mw-redirect" title="Kensiu">Kensiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kintaq" class="mw-redirect" title="Kintaq">Kintaq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mendriq" class="mw-redirect" title="Mendriq">Mendriq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mintil" class="mw-redirect" title="Mintil">Mintil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mos_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Mos language">Mos</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senoi" title="Senoi">Senoi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Semai_people" title="Semai people">Semai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mah_Meri_people" title="Mah Meri people">Mah Meri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheq_Wong_people" title="Cheq Wong people">Cheq Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temiar_people" title="Temiar people">Temiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jah_Hut_people" title="Jah Hut people">Jah Hut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semaq_Beri_people" title="Semaq Beri people">Semaq Beri</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sarawak" title="Sarawak">Sarawak</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dayak_people" title="Dayak people">Dayak</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bidayuh" title="Bidayuh">Bidayuh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukitan_people" title="Bukitan people">Bukitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iban_people" title="Iban people">Iban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selako_people" title="Selako people">Selako</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Ulu" title="Orang Ulu">Orang Ulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Borneo)" title="Kayan people (Borneo)">Kayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kelabit_people" title="Kelabit people">Kelabit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenyah_people" title="Kenyah people">Kenyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penan_people" title="Penan people">Penan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punan_Bah" title="Punan Bah">Punan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%27ban_people" title="Sa'ban people">Sa'ban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukit_people" title="Ukit people">Ukit</a></li></ul></li> <li>Others <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_people" title="Melanau people">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriek_people" title="Miriek people">Miriek</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sabah" title="Sabah">Sabah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan-Dusun" title="Kadazan-Dusun">Kadazan-Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kadazan_people" title="Kadazan people">Kadazan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dusun_people" title="Dusun people">Dusun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kwijau" title="Kwijau">Kwijau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lotud" title="Lotud">Lotud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangka%27ak" title="Mangka'ak">Mangka'ak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maragang" title="Maragang">Maragang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minokok" title="Minokok">Minokok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumanau_people" title="Rumanau people">Rumanau</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisaya_(Borneo)" title="Bisaya (Borneo)">Bisaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida%27an" class="mw-redirect" title="Ida'an">Ida'an</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranun_people" title="Iranun people">Illanun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lun_Bawang" title="Lun Bawang">Lun Bawang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murut_people" title="Murut people">Murut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Sungai" title="Orang Sungai">Orang Sungai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dumpas" title="Dumpas">Dumpas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambanuo_people" title="Tambanuo people">Tambanuo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rungus_people" title="Rungus people">Rungus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sama-Bajau" title="Sama-Bajau">Sama-Bajau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taus%C5%ABg_people" title="Tausūg people">Suluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tidung_people" title="Tidung people">Tidong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Peranakan Arab</a></li> <li>Peranakan Eropah (including <a href="/wiki/Kristang_people" title="Kristang people">Kristang</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Peranakan Siam</a> (Sam-Sam)</li> <li>Peranakan Turki</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese" title="Malaysian Chinese">Chinese</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Chinese_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Chinese descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hoklo_people" title="Hoklo people">Hokkien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantonese_people" title="Cantonese people">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_people" title="Hakka people">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hainan_people" title="Hainan people">Hainanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_people" title="Teochew people">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fuzhou_people" title="Fuzhou people">Foochow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Putian_people" title="Putian people">Henghua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penangite" class="mw-redirect" title="Penangite">Penangite</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan Chinese</a> (Baba-Nyonya)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Native" title="Sino-Native">Sino-Native</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Indians" title="Malaysian Indians">Indian</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_Malaysians_of_Indian_descent" title="List of Malaysians of Indian descent">list</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gujarati_Malaysian" class="mw-redirect" title="Gujarati Malaysian">Gujarati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Penang" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Penang">Penangite Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_Malaysians" title="Punjabi Malaysians">Punjabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Malayali" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Malayali">Malayali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sabah" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sabah">Indians in Sabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_of_Indian_descent_in_Sarawak" title="Malaysians of Indian descent in Sarawak">Indians in Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Malaysia" title="Sri Lankans in Malaysia">Sri Lankan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_Malaysians" title="Tamil Malaysians">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Telugu" class="mw-redirect" title="Malaysian Telugu">Telugu</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Peranakan" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Peranakan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Peranakan Chitty</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Mixed ancestry<br />(non-Peranakan)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chindians#Malaysia" title="Chindians">Chindians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Malaysia" title="Immigration to Malaysia">Foreign ethnicities<br />/expatriates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africans_in_Malaysia" title="Africans in Malaysia">African</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Malaysians" title="Arab Malaysians">Arab</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hadhrami_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hadhrami people">Hadhrami</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Malaysia" title="Bangladeshis in Malaysia">Bangladeshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_in_Malaysia" title="Burmese in Malaysia">Burmese</a> (<a href="/wiki/Rohingya_people" title="Rohingya people">Rohingya</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Chinese#Malaysia" title="Overseas Chinese">China/Taiwan Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timorese_in_Malaysia" title="Timorese in Malaysia">East Timorese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Malaysia" title="Filipinos in Malaysia">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_Malaysians" class="mw-redirect" title="Indonesian Malaysians">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranians_in_Malaysia" title="Iranians in Malaysia">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_migration_to_Malaysia" title="Japanese migration to Malaysia">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Malaysia" title="History of the Jews in Malaysia">Jewish</a> (former)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Malaysia" title="Koreans in Malaysia">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Nepalese people in Malaysia">Nepali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Malaysia" title="Pakistanis in Malaysia">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans_in_Malaysia" title="Singaporeans in Malaysia">Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Siamese" title="Malaysian Siamese">Thai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Malaysia" title="Vietnamese people in Malaysia">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Singaporean_people" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Singaporeans" title="Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Singaporeans" title="Template talk:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Singaporeans"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Singaporean_people" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Singaporeans" title="Singaporeans">Singaporean people</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Race_in_Singapore" title="Race in Singapore">CMIO</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Singaporeans" title="Chinese Singaporeans">Chinese Singaporeans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peranakan_Chinese" title="Peranakan Chinese">Peranakan / Straits-Born Chinese</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_Singaporeans" title="Malay Singaporeans">Malay Singaporeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Singaporeans" title="Indian Singaporeans">Indian Singaporeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Singaporeans" title="Arab Singaporeans">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjar_people" title="Banjar people">Banjarese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugis" title="Bugis">Buginese</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bugis-Malay</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Singapore" title="Sri Lankans in Singapore">Ceylonese/Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chitty" title="Chitty">Chitty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Singaporeans" title="Eurasian Singaporeans">Eurasians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jawi_Peranakan" title="Jawi Peranakan">Jawi Peranakan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_people" title="Javanese people">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Singapore" title="History of the Jews in Singapore">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orang_Seletar" title="Orang Seletar">Orang Seletar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Singapore" title="Immigration to Singapore">Foreign nationalities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Singapore" title="Armenians in Singapore">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_diaspora" title="Bangladeshi diaspora">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationals_in_Singapore" title="Chinese nationals in Singapore">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Singapore" title="Filipinos in Singapore">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_people_in_Singapore" title="Japanese people in Singapore">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koreans_in_Singapore" title="Koreans in Singapore">Koreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysians_in_Singapore" title="Malaysians in Singapore">Malaysians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Singapore" title="Nepalis in Singapore">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Singapore" title="Pakistanis in Singapore">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Taiwanese" title="Overseas Taiwanese">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thais_in_Singapore" title="Thais in Singapore">Thais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_people_in_Singapore" title="Vietnamese people in Singapore">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Singapore" title="Australians in Singapore">Australians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Immigrant_workers_in_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrant workers in Singapore">Immigrant 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