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Left-wing anti-communism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Left-wing_anti-communism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liberalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liberalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Liberalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liberalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Former_communists" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Former_communists"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Former communists </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Former_communists-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Counter-revolutionary_movements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Counter-revolutionary_movements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Counter-revolutionary movements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Counter-revolutionary_movements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-White_movement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#White_movement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.1 White movement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-White_movement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fascism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fascism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Fascism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fascism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nazism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nazism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Nazism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nazism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Religions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.1 Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.2 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.3 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falun_Gong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falun_Gong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.4 Falun Gong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falun_Gong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Unification_Church" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Unification_Church"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.5 Unification Church </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Unification_Church-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Islam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.6 Islam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paganism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paganism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7.7 Paganism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paganism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Evasion_of_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Evasion_of_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Evasion of censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Evasion_of_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anti-communism_in_different_countries_and_regions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anti-communism_in_different_countries_and_regions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Anti-communism in different countries and regions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Anti-communism_in_different_countries_and_regions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Anti-communism in different countries and regions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Anti-communism_in_different_countries_and_regions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Libya" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Libya"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.1 Libya </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Libya-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1.2 South Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Armenia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armenia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 Armenia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armenia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan_and_Manchukuo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan_and_Manchukuo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.5 Japan and Manchukuo </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan_and_Manchukuo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.6 Philippines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.7 Singapore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.8 South Korea </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vietnam" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vietnam"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.9 Vietnam </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vietnam-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10 Middle East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jordan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jordan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10.1 Jordan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jordan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10.2 Lebanon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Saudi_Arabia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Saudi_Arabia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10.3 Saudi Arabia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Saudi_Arabia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.10.4 Turkey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Council_of_Europe_and_European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Council_of_Europe_and_European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 Council of Europe and European Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Council_of_Europe_and_European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Albania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.3 Belgium </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czechoslovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czechoslovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.4 Czechoslovakia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czechoslovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.5 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.6 France </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.7 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.8 Hungary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moldova" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moldova"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.9 Moldova </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moldova-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.10 Poland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.11 Romania </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.12 Serbia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.13 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pre-Francoist_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Francoist_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.13.1 Pre-Francoist Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Francoist_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Francoist_Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Francoist_Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.13.2 Francoist Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Francoist_Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.14 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 North America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 United States </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1920s_and_1930s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1920s_and_1930s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.1 1920s and 1930s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1920s_and_1930s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War_era,_1946–1991" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War_era,_1946–1991"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.2 Cold War era, 1946–1991 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cold_War_era,_1946–1991-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-Cold_War_era_developments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-Cold_War_era_developments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1.3 Post-Cold War era developments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-Cold_War_era_developments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Argentina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Argentina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.1 Argentina </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Argentina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.2 Brazil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5.3 Chile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Anti-communism</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" > 62 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B9%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="معاداة الشيوعية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="معاداة الشيوعية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunismu" title="Anticomunismu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Anticomunismu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunizm" title="Antikommunizm – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Antikommunizm" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыкамунізм – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Антыкамунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антыкамунізм – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Антыкамунізм" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%8A%D0%BC" title="Антикомунизъм – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Антикомунизъм" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enepkomunouriezh" title="Enepkomunouriezh – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Enepkomunouriezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunisme" title="Anticomunisme – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Anticomunisme" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunismus" title="Antikomunismus – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Antikomunismus" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrth-gomiwnyddiaeth" title="Gwrth-gomiwnyddiaeth – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrth-gomiwnyddiaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunisme" title="Antikommunisme – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Antikommunisme" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunismus" title="Antikommunismus – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Antikommunismus" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunism" title="Antikommunism – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Antikommunism" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%BF%CE%BC%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Αντικομμουνισμός – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αντικομμουνισμός" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunismo" title="Anticomunismo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Anticomunismo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunismo" title="Antikomunismo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Antikomunismo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunismo" title="Antikomunismo – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Antikomunismo" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B6%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%85" title="ضد کمونیسم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ضد کمونیسم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommunisme" title="Anticommunisme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Anticommunisme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunismo" title="Anticomunismo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Anticomunismo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%98%EA%B3%B5%EC%A3%BC%EC%9D%98" title="반공주의 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="반공주의" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%A6%D5%B4" title="Հակակոմունիզմ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հակակոմունիզմ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6-%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%A7" title="साम्यवाद-रोध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="साम्यवाद-रोध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protukomunizam" title="Protukomunizam – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Protukomunizam" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunisme" title="Antikomunisme – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Antikomunisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunismo" title="Anticomunismo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Anticomunismo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%99-%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%96%D7%9D" title="אנטי-קומוניזם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנטי-קומוניזם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%96%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ანტიკომუნიზმი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანტიკომუნიზმი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикоммунизм – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Антикоммунизм" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ant%C3%AEkom%C3%BBn%C3%AEzm" title="Antîkomûnîzm – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Antîkomûnîzm" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикоммунизм – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Антикоммунизм" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunisms" title="Antikomunisms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Antikomunisms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunizmas" title="Antikomunizmas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Antikomunizmas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunizmus" title="Antikommunizmus – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Antikommunizmus" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антикомунизам – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Антикомунизам" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunisme" title="Antikomunisme – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Antikomunisme" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticommunisme" title="Anticommunisme – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Anticommunisme" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8F%8D%E5%85%B1%E4%B8%BB%E7%BE%A9" title="反共主義 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="反共主義" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикоммунизм – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Антикоммунизм" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunisme" title="Antikommunisme – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Antikommunisme" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%8A%E0%A8%A8%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%AE-%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%B0%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%A7" title="ਕਮਿਊਨਿਜ਼ਮ-ਵਿਰੋਧ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਮਿਊਨਿਜ਼ਮ-ਵਿਰੋਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%85_%D8%B6%D8%AF" title="د کمونيزم ضد – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د کمونيزم ضد" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antykomunizm" title="Antykomunizm – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Antykomunizm" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunismo" title="Anticomunismo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Anticomunismo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anticomunism" title="Anticomunism – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Anticomunism" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикоммунизм – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Антикоммунизм" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunizmi" title="Antikomunizmi – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Antikomunizmi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunizmus" title="Antikomunizmus – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Antikomunizmus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DA%98%DB%95_%DA%A9%DB%86%D9%85%DB%86%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%D9%85" title="دژە کۆمۆنیزم – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="دژە کۆمۆنیزم" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Антикомунизам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Антикомунизам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikomunizam" title="Antikomunizam – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Antikomunizam" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunismi" title="Antikommunismi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Antikommunismi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikommunism" title="Antikommunism – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Antikommunism" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="การต่อต้านลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การต่อต้านลัทธิคอมมิวนิสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикоммунизм – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Антикоммунизм" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antikom%C3%BCnizm" title="Antikomünizm – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Antikomünizm" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B7%D0%BC" title="Антикомунізм – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Антикомунізм" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AA%D9%89-%D9%83%D9%88%D9%85%D9%85%DB%87%D9%86%D9%89%D8%B2%D9%89%D9%85" title="ئەنتى-كوممۇنىزىم – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Opposition to communism</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Anti-bolshevism_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Anti-bolshevism (disambiguation)">Anti-bolshevism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Anti-Sovietism" title="Anti-Sovietism">Anti-Sovietism</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Precz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Precz.jpg/220px-Precz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Precz.jpg/330px-Precz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Precz.jpg/440px-Precz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="401" /></a><figcaption>Polish anti-communist activists with a banner reading "Down with Communism" during a <a href="/wiki/%C5%9Al%C4%85sk_Wroc%C5%82aw" title="Śląsk Wrocław">Śląsk Wrocław</a> football match in March 2012</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Communism" title="Category:Communism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:200%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/50px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/75px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg/100px-Hammer_and_sickle_red_on_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-capitalism" title="Anti-capitalism">Anti-capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_conflict" title="Class conflict">Class conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Class_consciousness" title="Class consciousness">Class consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classless_society" title="Classless society">Classless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collective_leadership" title="Collective leadership">Collective leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">Communist party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_revolution" title="Communist revolution">Communist revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">Communist state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Commune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">Communist society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critique_of_political_economy" title="Critique of political economy">Critique of political economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_association_(Marxism_and_anarchism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Free association (Marxism and anarchism)">Free association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/From_each_according_to_his_ability,_to_each_according_to_his_needs" title="From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs">"From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs"</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Market_abolitionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Market abolitionism">Market abolitionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proletarian_internationalism" title="Proletarian internationalism">Proletarian internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labour_movement" title="Labour movement">Labour movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_revolution" title="Social revolution">Social revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stateless_society" title="Stateless society">Stateless society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wage_slavery" title="Wage slavery">Wage slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers%27_self-management" title="Workers' self-management">Workers' self-management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_communism" title="World communism">World communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_revolution" title="World revolution">World revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictatorship_of_the_proletariat" title="Dictatorship of the proletariat">Dictatorship of the proletariat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Economics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">Planned economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gift_economy" title="Gift economy">Gift economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ownership" title="Common ownership">Common ownership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialization_(Marxism)" title="Socialization (Marxism)">Socialization (Marxism)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_democracy" title="Economic democracy">Economic democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Use_value" title="Use value">Use value</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_ideologies" title="List of communist ideologies">Variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarchist_communism" title="Anarchist communism">Anarchist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Marxism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian Marxism">Libertarian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Marxist_communism" title="Pre-Marxist communism">Pre-Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Utopian_socialism" title="Utopian socialism">Utopian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primitive_communism" title="Primitive communism">Primitive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_communism" title="Religious communism">Religious</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_communism" title="Christian communism">Christian</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism" title="History of communism">History</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communist_League" title="Communist League">Communist League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Workingmen%27s_Association" title="International Workingmen's Association">First International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_International" title="Fourth International">Fourth International</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_communist_parties" title="List of communist parties">Communist Parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Peace_Council" title="World Peace Council">WPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="World Federation of Trade Unions">WFTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Democratic_Youth" title="World Federation of Democratic Youth">WFDY</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Students" title="International Union of Students">IUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_International_Democratic_Federation" title="Women's International Democratic Federation">WIDF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Federation_of_Scientific_Workers" title="World Federation of Scientific Workers">WFSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Organisation_of_Journalists" class="mw-redirect" title="International Organisation of Journalists">IOR</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Communists" title="Category:Communists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mazdak" title="Mazdak">Mazdak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More" title="Thomas More">More</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Meslier" title="Jean Meslier">Meslier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-No%C3%ABl_Babeuf" title="François-Noël Babeuf">Babeuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Marx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Morris" title="William Morris">Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kropotkin" title="Peter Kropotkin">Kropotkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Errico_Malatesta" title="Errico Malatesta">Malatesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonie_Pannekoek" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonie Pannekoek">Pannekoek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Luxemburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexandra_Kollontai" title="Alexandra Kollontai">Kollontai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gy%C3%B6rgy_Luk%C3%A1cs" title="György Lukács">Lukács</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nestor_Makhno" title="Nestor Makhno">Makhno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Gramsci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Tito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmiro_Togliatti" title="Palmiro Togliatti">Togliatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Benjamin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhou_Enlai" title="Zhou Enlai">Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._L._R._James" title="C. L. R. James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Padmore" title="George Padmore">Padmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Sartre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enver_Hoxha" title="Enver Hoxha">Hoxha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simone_de_Beauvoir" title="Simone de Beauvoir">Beauvoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwame_Nkrumah" title="Kwame Nkrumah">Nkrumah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kim_Il_Sung" title="Kim Il Sung">Kim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Hobsbawm" title="Eric Hobsbawm">Hobsbawm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Althusser" title="Louis Althusser">Althusser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paulo_Freire" title="Paulo Freire">Freire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pasolini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Mandel" title="Ernest Mandel">Mandel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Raja" title="D. Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frantz_Fanon" title="Frantz Fanon">Fanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Castro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Berger" title="John Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Guattari" title="Félix Guattari">Guattari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Debord" title="Guy Debord">Debord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samir_Amin" title="Samir Amin">Amin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Berlinguer" title="Enrico Berlinguer">Berlinguer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Negri" title="Antonio Negri">Negri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abimael_Guzm%C3%A1n" title="Abimael Guzmán">Guzmán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Badiou" title="Alain Badiou">Badiou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jose_Maria_Sison" title="Jose Maria Sison">Sison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huey_P._Newton" title="Huey P. Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariq_Ali" title="Tariq Ali">Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Holloway_(sociologist)" title="John Holloway (sociologist)">Holloway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Hampton" title="Fred Hampton">Hampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavoj_Zizek" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavoj Zizek">Zizek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sankara" title="Thomas Sankara">Sankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_%C3%96calan" title="Abdullah Öcalan">Öcalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Manuel_S%C3%A1nchez_Gordillo" title="Juan Manuel Sánchez Gordillo">Gordillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Wilson_Gilmore" title="Ruth Wilson Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subcomandante_Marcos" title="Subcomandante Marcos">Marcos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hardt" title="Michael Hardt">Hardt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Graeber" title="David Graeber">Graeber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_Lordon" title="Frédéric Lordon">Lordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Kelley" title="Robin Kelley">Kelley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Fisher" title="Mark Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vijay_Prashad" title="Vijay Prashad">Prashad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gennady_Zyuganov" title="Gennady Zyuganov">Zyuganov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Hatherley" title="Owen Hatherley">Hatherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Moufawad-Paul" title="J. Moufawad-Paul">Moufawad-Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kohei_Saito" title="Kohei Saito">Saito</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Far-left politics in the United Kingdom">Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Cambodia" class="mw-redirect" title="Communism in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Colombia" title="Communism in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_France" title="Communism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_India" title="Communism in India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Kerala" title="Communism in Kerala">Kerala</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Korea" title="Communism in Korea">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Nepal" title="Communism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Peru" title="Communism in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_the_Philippines" title="Communism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Poland" title="Communism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_communism_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of communism in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Sumatra" title="Communism in Sumatra">Sumatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_in_Vietnam" title="Communism in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Communist_symbolism" title="Communist symbolism">Symbols</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hammer_and_sickle" title="Hammer and sickle">Hammer and sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_flag_(politics)" title="Red flag (politics)">Red flag (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">Red star</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Internationale" title="The Internationale">The Internationale</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Workers_of_the_world,_unite!" title="Workers of the world, unite!">Workers of the world, unite!</a>"</li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Criticism </div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_propaganda" title="Communist propaganda">Communist propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #CC0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/21st-century_communist_theorists" title="21st-century communist theorists">21st-century communist theorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-fascism" title="Anti-fascism">Anti-fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_killings_under_communist_regimes" title="Mass killings under communist regimes">Mass killings under communist regimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internationalism_(politics)" title="Internationalism (politics)">Internationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intentional_community" title="Intentional community">Intentional community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Left" title="Old Left">Old Left</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Left" title="New Left">New Left</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism_and_LGBTQ_rights" title="Communism and LGBTQ rights">LGBTQ rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marx%27s_theory_of_alienation" title="Marx's theory of alienation">Marx's theory of alienation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_communism" title="National communism">National communism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_communism_in_Romania" title="National communism in Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_socialism" title="Revolutionary socialism">Revolutionary socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_economics" title="Socialist economics">Socialist economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_mode_of_production" title="Socialist mode of production">Socialist mode of production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">Trade union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_communism" title="War communism">War communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worker_cooperative" title="Worker cooperative">Worker cooperative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/16px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/24px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg/32px-Symbol-hammer-and-sickle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Communism" title="Portal:Communism">Communism portal</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Red_flag_II.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Red_flag_II.svg/16px-Red_flag_II.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" 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li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communism" title="Template:Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communism" title="Template talk:Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Anti-communism is <a href="/wiki/Political_movement" title="Political movement">political</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ideology" title="Ideology">ideological</a> opposition to <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> beliefs, groups, and individuals; especially <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>. Organized anti-communism developed after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> in <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, and it reached global dimensions during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, when the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> engaged in an intense rivalry. Anti-communism has been an element of many movements and different political positions across the <a href="/wiki/Political_spectrum" title="Political spectrum">political spectrum</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Centrism" title="Centrism">centrism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism" title="Conservatism">conservatism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalism" title="Nationalism">nationalism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leftism" class="mw-redirect" title="Leftism">leftism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Libertarianism" title="Libertarianism">libertarianism</a>, as well as broad movements <a href="#Evasion_of_censorship">resisting communist governance</a>. Anti-communism has also been expressed by <a href="#Religions">several religious groups</a>, and in art and <a href="#Literature">literature</a>. The first organization which was specifically dedicated to opposing communism was the Russian <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a>, which fought in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a> starting in 1918 against the recently established <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Vladimir_Lenin" title="Government of Vladimir Lenin">Bolshevik government</a>. The White movement was militarily supported by several <a href="/wiki/Allied_intervention_in_the_Russian_Civil_War" title="Allied intervention in the Russian Civil War">allied foreign governments</a> which represented the first instance of anti-communism as a government policy. Nevertheless, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> defeated the White movement and the Soviet Union was created in 1922. During the existence of the Soviet Union, anti-communism became an important feature of many different political movements and governments across the world. In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, anti-communism came to prominence during the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a> of 1919–1920. During the 1920s and 1930s, opposition to communism in America and in Europe was promoted by conservatives, monarchists, fascists, liberals, and social democrats. Fascist governments rose to prominence as major opponents of communism in the 1930s. Liberal and social democrats in Germany formed the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Front" title="Iron Front">Iron Front</a> to oppose communists, Nazi fascists, and revanchist conservative monarchists alike. In 1936, the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>, initially between <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Imperial Japan</a>, was formed as an anti-communist alliance.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In <a href="#Asia">Asia</a>, Imperial Japan and the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a> (Chinese Nationalist Party) were the leading anti-communist forces in this period. By 1945, the communist Soviet Union was among major <a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied nations</a> fighting against the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> (WII.)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Shortly after the end of the war, rivalry between the <a href="/wiki/Marxism%E2%80%93Leninism" title="Marxism–Leninism">Marxist–Leninist</a> Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalism" title="Economic liberalism">liberal capitalist</a> United States resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>. During this period, the United States government played a leading role in supporting global anti-communism as part of its <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> policy. Military conflicts between communists and anti-communists occurred in various parts of the world, including during the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Malayan_Emergency" title="Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> was founded as an anti-communist military alliance in 1949, and continued throughout the Cold War. After the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, most of the world's communist governments were overthrown, and the Cold War ended. Nevertheless, anti-communism remains an important intellectual element of many contemporary political movements. Organized anti-communist movements today remain in opposition to the <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> and other 4 <a href="/wiki/Communist_state" title="Communist state">communist states</a>, especially China with its rise as a <a href="/wiki/Potential_superpower" title="Potential superpower">potential superpower</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-communist_movements">Anti-communist movements</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Anti-communist movements">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Left-wing_anti-communism">Left-wing anti-communism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Left-wing anti-communism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti-Stalinist_Left" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Stalinist Left">Anti-Stalinist Left</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany,_1932_-_Gegen_Papen,_Hitler,_Th%C3%A4lmann.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png/220px-Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png/330px-Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png/440px-Three_Arrows_election_poster_of_the_Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany%2C_1932_-_Gegen_Papen%2C_Hitler%2C_Th%C3%A4lmann.png 2x" data-file-width="2399" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption>A widely publicized election poster of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> from 1932, with the Three Arrows symbol representing resistance against <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a> conservatism, <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, alongside the slogan "Against <a href="/wiki/Franz_von_Papen" title="Franz von Papen">Papen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Th%C3%A4lmann" title="Ernst Thälmann">Thälmann</a>"</figcaption></figure> Since the split of the communist parties from the socialist <a href="/wiki/Second_International" title="Second International">Second International</a> to form the Marxist–Leninist <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Third International</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> have been critical of communism for its anti-liberal nature. Examples of left-wing critics of Marxist–Leninist states and parties are <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Ebert" title="Friedrich Ebert">Friedrich Ebert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Souvarine" title="Boris Souvarine">Boris Souvarine</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bayard_Rustin" title="Bayard Rustin">Bayard Rustin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irving_Howe" title="Irving Howe">Irving Howe</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Max_Shachtman" title="Max Shachtman">Max Shachtman</a>. The <a href="/wiki/American_Federation_of_Labor" title="American Federation of Labor">American Federation of Labor</a> was always strongly anti-communist. The more leftist <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Industrial_Organizations" title="Congress of Industrial Organizations">Congress of Industrial Organizations</a> purged its communists in 1947 and was staunchly anti-communist afterwards.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">Labour Party</a> strenuously resisted Communist efforts to infiltrate its ranks and take control of locals in the 1930s. The Labour Party became anti-communist and Labour Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Clement_Attlee" title="Clement Attlee">Clement Attlee</a> was a staunch supporter of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> Despite <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> being a well known anarchist school of thought, there are also anarchists who oppose <a href="/wiki/Marxism-Leninism" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxism-Leninism">Marxism-Leninism</a>. Anti-communist anarchists include <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-primitivism" title="Anarcho-primitivism">anarcho-primitivists</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Green_anarchism" title="Green anarchism">green anarchists</a>, who critique communism for its need of industrialisation and its perceived authoritarianism.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liberalism">Liberalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Liberalism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Congress_for_Cultural_Freedom" title="Congress for Cultural Freedom">Congress for Cultural Freedom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Cold War liberal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></div> In <a href="/wiki/The_Communist_Manifesto" title="The Communist Manifesto">The Communist Manifesto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> and <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a> outlined some provisional short-term measures that could be steps towards <a href="/wiki/Communist_society" title="Communist society">communism</a>. They noted that "these measures will, of course, be different in different countries. Nevertheless, in most advanced countries, the following will be pretty generally applicable."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_von_Mises" title="Ludwig von Mises">Ludwig von Mises</a> described this as a "10-point plan" for the redistribution of land and production and argued that the initial and ongoing forms of redistribution constitute direct coercion.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> Neither Marx's 10-point plan nor the rest of the manifesto say anything about who has the right to carry out the plan.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> argued that the absence of voluntary economic activity makes it too easy for repressive political leaders to grant themselves coercive powers. Friedman's view was also shared by <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a>, both of whom believed that capitalism is vital for freedom to survive and thrive.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> was strongly anti-communist.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> She argued that Communist leaders typically claim to work for the common good, but many or all of them were corrupt and totalitarian.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_internationalism" title="Liberal internationalism">liberal internationalists</a> developed an early opposition to the Bolshevik regime, which they saw as betraying the war effort with peace with Germany, followed by annexed portions of the Soviet Union losing their self-determination.<a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-14">[14]</a>: 12–17  Later, knowledge of Stalinist <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trials</a> and other repressions in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">USSR</a>, from 1922 onward, led to a liberal anti-communist consensus by the start of WWII, which temporarily gave way during the WWII alliance with the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-14">[14]</a>: 141–142  Historian Richard Powers distinguishes two main forms of anti-communism during the period, liberal anti-communism and countersubversive anti-communism. The countersubversives, he argues, derived from a pre-WWII <a href="/wiki/Isolationism" title="Isolationism">isolationist</a> tradition on the right. Liberal anti-communists believed that political debate was enough to show Communists as disloyal and irrelevant, while countersubversive anticommunists believed that Communists had to be exposed and punished.<a href="#cite_note-Powers-1998-14">[14]</a>: 214  <a href="/wiki/Cold_War_liberal" title="Cold War liberal">Cold War liberals</a> supported the growth of <a href="/wiki/Trade_union" title="Trade union">labor unions</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">Civil Rights Movement</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/War_on_poverty" title="War on poverty">War on Poverty</a> and simultaneously opposed what they saw as Communist totalitarianism abroad. As such, they supported efforts to <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">contain</a> Soviet communism and other forms of communism.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry Truman</a> formulated the <a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman Doctrine</a> to stop Soviet expansionism. Truman also called <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a> "the greatest asset the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Kremlin" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Kremlin">Kremlin</a> has," for dividing the bipartisan foreign policy of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Liberal anti-communists like <a href="/wiki/Edward_Shils" title="Edward Shils">Edward Shils</a> and <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Moynihan</a> had a contempt for McCarthyism. As Moynihan put it, "reaction to McCarthy took the form of a modish <a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">anti anti-communism</a> that considered impolite any discussion of the very real threat Communism posed to Western values and security." After revelations of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet spy networks</a> from the declassified <a href="/wiki/Venona_project" title="Venona project">Venona project</a>, Moynihan wondered: "Might less secrecy have prevented the liberal overreaction to McCarthyism as well as McCarthyism itself?"<a href="#cite_note-Moynihan-1998-17">[17]</a> Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a>, who presided over postwar <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> as a market liberal democracy, signaled that the Soviet Union was the "greatest threat to liberty", an idea that exerted major domestic and international influence.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> After the fall of <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Gorbachev</a> and the Soviet Union in <a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_attempt" class="mw-redirect" title="1991 Soviet coup d'état attempt">1991</a>, the anti-communist movement grew rapidly. In the early 1990s, many new anti-communist movements emerged in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">former Soviet bloc</a> as a result of failed elections and <a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin's Palace Coup</a>. When this seizure of power occurred, more than thirty electoral blocs set out to contest the election.<a href="#cite_note-Blunden_1993-19">[19]</a> Some of these anti-Stalinist groups were: <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Choice_of_Russia_%E2%80%93_United_Democrats" title="Democratic Choice of Russia – United Democrats">Choice of Russia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Civic_Union_for_Stability,_Justice_%26_Progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Civic Union for Stability, Justice & Progress">Civic Union for Stability, Justice & Progress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Constructive_Ecological_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Constructive Ecological Movement">Constructive Ecological Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Democratic_Reform_Movement" title="Russian Democratic Reform Movement">Russian Democratic Reform Movement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dignity_and_Mercy" class="mw-redirect" title="Dignity and Mercy">Dignity and Mercy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Women_of_Russia" title="Women of Russia">Women of Russia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Blunden_1993-19">[19]</a> Even though these movements were not successful in contesting the election, they displayed how there was still a strong support of anti-communism after the collapse of the Soviet Union. All of these movements were all critical of the Stalinist policy of the USSR, and some leftist parties and organizations within the movements called it an "unmitigated disaster for socialists"<a href="#cite_note-Ticktin-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Former_communists">Former communists</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Former communists">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Milovan_Djilas" title="Milovan Djilas">Milovan Djilas</a> was a former <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavs" title="Yugoslavs">Yugoslav</a> communist official who became a prominent dissident and critic of communism.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Leszek_Ko%C5%82akowski" title="Leszek Kołakowski">Leszek Kołakowski</a> was a Polish communist who became a famous anti-communist. He was best known for his critical analyses of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxist</a> thought, especially his acclaimed three-volume history, <a href="/wiki/Main_Currents_of_Marxism" title="Main Currents of Marxism">Main Currents of Marxism</a>, which is "considered by some<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> to be one of the most important books on political theory of the 20th century".<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <a href="/wiki/The_God_That_Failed" class="mw-redirect" title="The God That Failed">The God That Failed</a> is a 1949 book which collects together six essays with the testimonies of a number of famous former communists who were writers and journalists. The common theme of the essays is the authors' disillusionment with and abandonment of communism. The promotional <a href="/wiki/Byline" title="Byline">byline</a> to the book is "Six famous men tell how they changed their minds about communism." <a href="/wiki/Anatoliy_Golitsyn" title="Anatoliy Golitsyn">Anatoliy Golitsyn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oleg_Kalugin" title="Oleg Kalugin">Oleg Kalugin</a> were both former <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a> officers, the latter being a general. <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Volkogonov" title="Dmitri Volkogonov">Dmitri Volkogonov</a> was a Soviet general who got access to soviet archives following <a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">glasnost</a>, and wrote a critical biography dismantling the cult of <a href="/wiki/Lenin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lenin">Lenin</a> by refuting <a href="/wiki/Leninism" title="Leninism">Leninist</a> ideology. <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a> was a former spy for the Soviet Union who testified against his fellow spies before the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bella_Dodd" title="Bella Dodd">Bella Dodd</a> was another American anticommunist. Other anti-communists who were once Marxists include the writers <a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Max Eastman</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Dos_Passos" title="John Dos Passos">John Dos Passos</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">James Burnham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morrie_Ryskind" title="Morrie Ryskind">Morrie Ryskind</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Frank Meyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Will Herberg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sidney_Hook" title="Sidney Hook">Sidney Hook</a>,<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a> the contributors to the book The God That Failed: <a href="/wiki/Louis_Fischer" title="Louis Fischer">Louis Fischer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9_Gide" title="André Gide">André Gide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ignazio_Silone" title="Ignazio Silone">Ignazio Silone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a> <a href="/wiki/Tajar_Zavalani" title="Tajar Zavalani">Tajar Zavalani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wright_(author)" title="Richard Wright (author)">Richard Wright</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Anti-communists who were once socialists, liberals or <a href="/wiki/Social_democracy" title="Social democracy">social democrats</a> include <a href="/wiki/John_Chamberlain_(journalist)" title="John Chamberlain (journalist)">John Chamberlain</a>,<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Moley" title="Raymond Moley">Raymond Moley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Norman Podhoretz</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">David Horowitz</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Irving Kristol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Counter-revolutionary_movements">Counter-revolutionary movements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Counter-revolutionary movements">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Counter-revolutionary" title="Counter-revolutionary">Counter-revolutionary</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="353" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D0%B0_%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%8E_%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%96%D1%8E.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1486" data-file-height="2386" /></a><figcaption>White propaganda poster "For united Russia" representing the Bolsheviks as a fallen communist dragon and the White cause as a crusading knight.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20,_Kapp-Putsch,_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1971-091-20%2C_Kapp-Putsch%2C_Marine-Brigade_Erhardt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="539" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Freikorps" title="Freikorps">Freikorps</a> were anti-communist right-wing paramilitaries (which were essential in fighting against and dismantling the <a href="/wiki/German_Revolution_of_1918%E2%80%9319" class="mw-redirect" title="German Revolution of 1918–19">communist revolution in Germany between 1918 and 1919</a>) who are widely seen as a precursor to <a href="/wiki/Nazism" title="Nazism">Nazism</a> and responsible for the assassination of <a href="/wiki/Rosa_Luxemburg" title="Rosa Luxemburg">Rosa Luxemburg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karl_Liebknecht" title="Karl Liebknecht">Karl Liebknecht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a></figcaption></figure> A wave of revolutionary impulses since the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> that had swept over Europe and other parts of the world and thus also created as a counter-revolutionary reaction. Historian <a href="/wiki/James_H._Billington" title="James H. Billington">James H. Billington</a> describes, in the book <a href="/wiki/Fire_in_the_Minds_of_Men" title="Fire in the Minds of Men">Fire in the Minds of Men</a>, the historical frame of revolutions that extended from the waning of the French Revolution in the late eighteenth century and that culminated in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution" title="Russian Revolution">Russian Revolution</a>. Most exiled Russian <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a> that included exiled <a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Russia" title="Liberalism in Russia">Russian liberals</a> were actively anti-communist in the 1920s and 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Many of them had been active in the White movements that functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big tent</a> movement representing an array of political opinions in Russia united in their opposition to the Bolsheviks. In Britain, anti-communism was widespread among the British foreign policy elite in the 1930s with its strong upperclass connections.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The upper-class <a href="/wiki/Cliveden_set" title="Cliveden set">Cliveden set</a> was strongly anti-communist in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In the United States, anti-communist fervor was at its highest during the late 1940s and early 1950s, when a <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_blacklist" title="Hollywood blacklist">Hollywood blacklist</a> was established, the <a href="/wiki/House_Un-American_Activities_Committee" title="House Un-American Activities Committee">House Un-American Activities Committee</a> held the televised <a href="/wiki/Army%E2%80%93McCarthy_hearings" title="Army–McCarthy hearings">Army–McCarthy hearings</a>, led by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">Joseph McCarthy</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a> was formed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="White_movement">White movement</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: White movement">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">White movement</a> was a loose confederation of anti-communist forces that fought against the communist <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>, also known as the Reds, in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Civil_War" title="Russian Civil War">Russian Civil War</a>. After the civil war, the movement continued operating to a lesser extent as militarized associations of insurrectionists both outside and within Russian borders in <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> until roughly <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. During the Russian Civil War, the White movement functioned as a <a href="/wiki/Big_tent" title="Big tent">big-tent</a> political movement representing an array of political opinions in Russia united in their opposition to the communist Bolsheviks. They ranged from the republican-minded liberals and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Kerensky" title="Alexander Kerensky">Kerenskyite</a> social-democrats on the left through monarchists and supporters of a united multinational Russia to the <a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">ultra-nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_Hundreds" title="Black Hundreds">Black Hundreds</a> on the right. Following the military defeat of the Whites, <a href="/wiki/Russian_All-Military_Union" title="Russian All-Military Union">remnants</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Alliance_of_Russian_Solidarists" title="National Alliance of Russian Solidarists">continuations</a> of the movement remained in several organizations, some of which only had narrow support, enduring within the wider <a href="/wiki/White_%C3%A9migr%C3%A9" title="White émigré">White émigré</a> overseas community until after the fall of the European communist states in the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a> and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1990–1991. This community-in-exile of anti-communists often divided into liberal-leaning and conservative-leaning segments, with some still hoping for the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Romanov" title="House of Romanov">Romanov dynasty</a>. Two claimants to the empty throne emerged during the Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Kirill_Vladimirovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich">Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich of Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grand_Duke_Nicholas_Nikolaevich_of_Russia_(1856-1929)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856-1929)">Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fascism">Fascism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Fascism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/220px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/330px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg/440px-Naples_Fascist_rally_on_24_October_1922.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1247" data-file-height="931" /></a><figcaption>Mussolini and the Fascist paramilitary Blackshirts' <a href="/wiki/March_on_Rome" title="March on Rome">March on Rome</a> in October 1922</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Integralism" title="Category:Integralism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="font-size:175%; font-weight:medium;"><a href="/wiki/Integralism" title="Integralism">Integralism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="padding:0.4em 0 0.4em;"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vendéen Sacred Heart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/50px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/75px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg/100px-H%C3%A9raldique_meuble_Coeur_vend%C3%A9en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-liberalism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-liberalism">Anti-liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonry" title="Anti-Masonry">Anti-Masonry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Zionism" title="Anti-Zionism">Anti-Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">Authoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_social_teaching" title="Catholic social teaching">Catholic social teaching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good" title="Common good">Common good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confessionalism_(politics)" title="Confessionalism (politics)">Confessionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consistent_life_ethic" title="Consistent life ethic">Consistent life ethic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporatism" title="Corporatism">Corporatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Counter-revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-revolution">Counter-revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decentralization" title="Decentralization">Decentralization</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fueros" class="mw-redirect" title="Fueros">Fueros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalism" title="Municipalism">Municipalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Organicism" title="Organicism">Organicism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_the_two_swords" title="Doctrine of the two swords">Doctrine of the two swords</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributism" title="Distributism">Distributism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cooperativism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cooperativism">Cooperativism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guild" title="Guild">Guildism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_right_of_kings" title="Divine right of kings">Divine right of kings</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposing_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposing power">Deposing power</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_court" title="Ecclesiastical court">Ecclesiastical court</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Error_has_no_rights" title="Error has no rights">Error has no rights</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Gelasian Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_Education" title="Integral Education">Integral Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_nationalism" title="Integral nationalism">Integral nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integral_state" title="Integral state">Integral state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Accidentalism_and_catastrophism" title="Accidentalism and catastrophism">Accidentalism</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Catholicism" title="National Catholicism">National Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_syndicalism" title="National syndicalism">National syndicalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panhispanism" title="Panhispanism">Panhispanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Political traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Res_publica_Christiana" title="Res publica Christiana">Res publica Christiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_and_Moon_allegory" title="Sun and Moon allegory">Sun and Moon allegory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Social Kingship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity" title="Solidarity">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_monarchy" title="Traditional monarchy">Traditional monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholicism" title="Traditionalist Catholicism">Traditionalist Catholicism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultramontanism" title="Ultramontanism">Ultramontanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-integralism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-integralism">Neo-</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralism#Catholic_integralism" title="Integralism">Catholic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurrassisme" title="Maurrassisme">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revisionist_Maximalism" title="Revisionist Maximalism">Israeli/Zionist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integralismo_Lusitano" title="Integralismo Lusitano">Lusitano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrism_(Spain)" title="Integrism (Spain)">Spanish</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Thinkers</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Aquinas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustine" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustine">Augustine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Balmes" title="Jaime Balmes">Balmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jules_Am%C3%A9d%C3%A9e_Barbey_d%27Aurevilly" class="mw-redirect" title="Jules Amédée Barbey d'Aurevilly">Barbey d'Aurevilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Billot" title="Louis Billot">Billot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoine_Blanc_de_Saint-Bonnet" title="Antoine Blanc de Saint-Bonnet">Blanc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">de Bonald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Castellani" title="Leonardo Castellani">Castellani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonio_de_la_Cuesta_y_S%C3%A1inz" title="Antonio de la Cuesta y Sáinz">Cuesta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Delassus" title="Henri Delassus">Delassus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaime_Eyzaguirre" title="Jaime Eyzaguirre">Eyzaguirre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberto_Ezcurra_Medrano" title="Alberto Ezcurra Medrano">Ezcurra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Feser" title="Edward Feser">Feser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidel_Fita" title="Fidel Fita">Fita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benito_Fontcuberta" title="Benito Fontcuberta">Fontcuberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Mateos_Gago" title="Francisco Mateos Gago">Gago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Joseph_Gaume" title="Jean-Joseph Gaume">Gaume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Gelasius_I" title="Pope Gelasius I">Gelasius I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jord%C3%A1n_Bruno_Genta" title="Jordán Bruno Genta">Genta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agust%C3%ADn_Gonz%C3%A1lez_de_Amez%C3%BAa_y_Mayo" title="Agustín González de Amezúa y Mayo">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lionel_Groulx" title="Lionel Groulx">Groulx</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Hahn" title="Scott Hahn">Hahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Madiran" title="Jean Madiran">Madiran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramiro_de_Maeztu" title="Ramiro de Maeztu">Maeztu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julio_Meinvielle" title="Julio Meinvielle">Meinvielle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ousset" title="Jean Ousset">Ousset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Pem%C3%A1n" title="José María Pemán">Pemán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Pie" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Pie">Pie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pius IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_X" title="Pope Pius X">Pius X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Guillaume_Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric_le_Play" title="Pierre Guillaume Frédéric le Play">le Play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Hip%C3%B3lito_Raposo" title="José Hipólito Raposo">Raposo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguel_Reale" title="Miguel Reale">Reale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">Salgado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Sard%C3%A0_y_Salvany" title="Félix Sardà y Salvany">Salvany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ant%C3%B3nio_Sardinha" title="António Sardinha">Sardinha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcial_Solana_Gonz%C3%A1lez-Camino" title="Marcial Solana González-Camino">Solana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Taparelli" title="Luigi Taparelli">Taparelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Antonio_Urquiza" title="José Antonio Urquiza">Urquiza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafael_Valent%C3%ADn_Valdivieso" title="Rafael Valentín Valdivieso">Valdivieso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Veuillot" title="Louis Veuillot">Veuillot</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salvador_Abascal" title="Salvador Abascal">Abascal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abba_Ahimeir" title="Abba Ahimeir">Ahimeir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gustavo_Barroso" title="Gustavo Barroso">Barroso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolfo_Clavarana" title="Adolfo Clavarana">Clavarana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisco_Est%C3%A9vanez_Rodr%C3%ADguez" title="Francisco Estévanez Rodríguez">Estévanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Fern%C3%A1ndez_de_Velasco" title="Fernando Fernández de Velasco">Fernández</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Garc%C3%ADa_Verde" title="José María García Verde">García</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariano_Gomar_de_las_Infantas" title="Mariano Gomar de las Infantas">Gomar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ricardo_G%C3%B3mez_Roji" title="Ricardo Gómez Roji">Gómez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josias" class="mw-redirect" title="Josias">Josias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Mar%C3%ADa_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac_y_Colina" title="José María Lamamié de Clairac y Colina">Lamamié (José)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Lamami%C3%A9_de_Clairac" title="Juan Lamamié de Clairac">Lamamié (Juan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joaqu%C3%ADn_Larra%C3%ADn_Gandarillas" title="Joaquín Larraín Gandarillas">Larraín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_IX_of_France" title="Louis IX of France">Louis IX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Maurras" title="Charles Maurras">Maurras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Garc%C3%ADa_Moreno" title="Gabriel García Moreno">Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ram%C3%B3n_Nocedal_Romea" title="Ramón Nocedal Romea">Nocedal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Olaz%C3%A1bal_Ramery" title="Juan Olazábal Ramery">Olazábal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois-Ren%C3%A9_de_La_Tour_du_Pin_Chambly,_marquis_de_La_Charce" class="mw-redirect" title="François-René de La Tour du Pin Chambly, marquis de La Charce">du Pin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Pujo" title="Maurice Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facundo_Quiroga" title="Facundo Quiroga">Quiroga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedro_Rocamora_y_Garc%C3%ADa" title="Pedro Rocamora y García">Rocamora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_S%C3%A1nchez_Marco" title="José Sánchez Marco">Sánchez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">Santamaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arlindo_Veiga_dos_Santos" title="Arlindo Veiga dos Santos">dos Santos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Senante" title="Manuel Senante">Senante</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_de_Vill%C3%A8le" title="Joseph de Villèle">de Villèle</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Works</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Bible" title="Catholic Bible">Catholic Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_City_of_God" title="The City of God">The City of God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_regno,_ad_regem_Cypri" title="De regno, ad regem Cypri">De regno, ad regem Cypri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treatise_on_Law" title="Treatise on Law">Treatise on Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_is_a_Sin" class="mw-redirect" title="Liberalism is a Sin">El liberalismo es pecado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_Encyclicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Papal Encyclicals">Papal documents</a> (<a href="/wiki/Famuli_vestrae_pietatis" title="Famuli vestrae pietatis">Famuli vestrae pietatis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirari_Vos" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirari Vos">Mirari Vos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanta_Cura" class="mw-redirect" title="Quanta Cura">Quanta Cura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immortale_Dei" title="Immortale Dei">Immortale Dei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rerum_novarum" title="Rerum novarum">Rerum novarum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pascendi_Dominici_Gregis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pascendi Dominici Gregis">Pascendi Dominici Gregis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Siglo_Futuro" title="El Siglo Futuro">El Siglo Futuro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mes_id%C3%A9es_politiques" class="mw-redirect" title="Mes idées politiques">Mes idées politiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pl%C3%ADnio_Salgado" title="Plínio Salgado">O que é o Integralismo</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Action Française">Action Française</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acci%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Acción Española">Acción Española</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Patrianovist_Imperial_Action" class="mw-redirect" title="Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action">Brazilian Patrianovist Imperial Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Action" title="Brazilian Integralist Action">Brazilian Integralist Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralist_Front" title="Brazilian Integralist Front">Brazilian Integralist Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalan_Patriotic_Movement" title="Catalan Patriotic Movement">Catalan Patriotic Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_and_Royal_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic and Royal Army">Catholic and Royal Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristeros" class="mw-redirect" title="Cristeros">Cristeros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrist_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrist Party">Integrist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mil%C3%ADcia_Catalana" title="Milícia Catalana">Milícia Catalana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmarian_Christian_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Palmarian Christian Church">Palmarian Catholic Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Representation_Party" title="Popular Representation Party">Popular Representation Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanfedisti" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanfedisti">Sanfedisti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_St._Pius_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of St. Pius X">Society of St. Pius X</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viva_Maria_(movement)" title="Viva Maria (movement)">Viva Maria</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed hlist"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #cc0000;background:transparent;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ad_maiorem_Dei_gloriam" title="Ad maiorem Dei gloriam">Ad maiorem Dei gloriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalism_(Spain)" title="Traditionalism (Spain)">Traditionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimism">Legitimism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party_(Argentina)" title="Federalist Party (Argentina)">Federales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christ_the_King" title="Christ the King">Christ the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deus_vult" title="Deus vult">Deus vult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miguelism" class="mw-redirect" title="Miguelism">Miguelism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neocat%C3%B3licos" title="Neocatólicos">Neocatólicos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sodalitium_Pianum" title="Sodalitium Pianum">Sodalitium Pianum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerico-nationalism" title="Clerico-nationalism">Clerico-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerical_fascism" title="Clerical fascism">Clerical fascism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Estado_Novo_(Portugal)" title="Estado Novo (Portugal)">Estado Novo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falangism" title="Falangism">Falangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Francoism">Francoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuara" class="mw-redirect" title="Tacuara">Tacuara</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nacionalismo" title="Nacionalismo">Nacionalismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Yunque_(organization)" title="El Yunque (organization)">El Yunque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Person_Dignity_Theory" title="Person Dignity Theory">Person Dignity Theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Peronism" title="Orthodox Peronism">Orthodox Peronism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Position" title="Third Position">Third Position</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_good_constitutionalism" title="Common good constitutionalism">Common good constitutionalism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="font-weight:normal; border-top:1px solid #CC0000; border-bottom:1px solid #CC0000;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Integralism" title="Template:Integralism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Integralism" title="Template talk:Integralism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Integralism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Fascism is often considered to be a reaction to communist and socialist uprisings in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Fascism" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Fascism">Italian Fascism</a>, founded and led by <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, took power after years of leftist unrest led many disgruntled conservatives to fear that a communist revolution was inevitable. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>'s massacres and killings included the persecution of communists<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> and among the first to be sent to concentration camps.<a href="#cite_note-Wachsmann-2015-38">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg/220px-Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg/330px-Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg/440px-Eino_Niemisen_pahoinpitely.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1593" data-file-height="1031" /></a><figcaption>Members of the <a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a> assaulting a former <a href="/wiki/Red_Guards_(Finland)" title="Red Guards (Finland)">Red officer</a> and the publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communist</a> newspaper at the <a href="/wiki/Vaasa_riot" title="Vaasa riot">Vaasa riot</a> on June 4, 1930, in <a href="/wiki/Vaasa" title="Vaasa">Vaasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> In Europe, numerous right and far-right activists including conservative intellectuals, capitalists and industrialists were vocal opponents of communism. During the late 1930s and the 1940s, several other anti-communist regimes and groups supported fascism. These included the <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_Tradicionalista_y_de_las_JONS" class="mw-redirect" title="Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS</a> in Spain; the <a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy regime</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_French_Volunteers_against_Bolshevism" class="mw-redirect" title="Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism">Legion of French Volunteers against Bolshevism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> Infantry Regiment 638) in France; and in South America movements such as the <a href="/wiki/Argentine_Anticommunist_Alliance" title="Argentine Anticommunist Alliance">Argentine Anticommunist Alliance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Integralism" title="Brazilian Integralism">Brazilian Integralism</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nazism">Nazism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nazism">edit</a>]</div> Historians <a href="/wiki/Ian_Kershaw" title="Ian Kershaw">Ian Kershaw</a> and <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Fest" title="Joachim Fest">Joachim Fest</a> argue that in the early 1920s the <a href="/wiki/Nazis" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazis">Nazis</a> were only one of many nationalist and fascist political parties contending for the leadership of Germany's anti-communist movement. The Nazis only came to dominance during the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a>, when they organized street battles against German Communist formations. When <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> came to power in 1933, his propaganda chief <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Goebbels" title="Joseph Goebbels">Joseph Goebbels</a> set up the "<a href="/wiki/Anti-Komintern" title="Anti-Komintern">Anti-Komintern</a>". It published massive amounts of <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_propaganda" title="Anti-Bolshevik propaganda">anti-Bolshevik propaganda</a>, with the goal of demonizing <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a> and the Soviet Union before a worldwide audience.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> In 1936, Nazi Germany and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a> signed the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a>. Italy joined as a signatory in 1937 and other countries in or affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Axis_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Axis Powers">Axis Powers</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Spain</a> joined in 1941. In the first article of the treaty, Germany and Japan agreed to share information about Comintern activities and to plan their operations against such activities jointly. In the second article, the two parties opened the possibility of extending the pact to other countries "whose domestic peace is endangered by the disruptive activities of the Communist Internationale". Such invitations to third parties would be undertaken jointly and after the expressed consent by both parties.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Communists were among the first people targeted by the Nazis, with <a href="/wiki/Dachau_concentration_camp" title="Dachau concentration camp">Dachau concentration camp</a> when it first opened being for the holding of communists, leading socialists and other "enemies of the state" in 1933.<a href="#cite_note-MNNQuote-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religions">Religions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religions">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buddhism">Buddhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buddhism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Buddhism" title="Criticism of Buddhism">Criticism of Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Buddhists#Persecution_under_Communism" title="Persecution of Buddhists">Persecution of Buddhists § Persecution under Communism</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Huy%E1%BB%81n_Quang" title="Thích Huyền Quang">Thích Huyền Quang</a> was a prominent Vietnamese <a href="/wiki/Bhikkhu" title="Bhikkhu">Buddhist monk</a> and anti-communist dissident. In 1977, Quang wrote a letter to Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Ph%E1%BA%A1m_V%C4%83n_%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng" title="Phạm Văn Đồng">Phạm Văn Đồng</a> detailing accounts of oppression by the Marxist–Leninist regime.<a href="#cite_note-hdvnbtdt.org-42">[42]</a> For this, he and five other senior monks were arrested and detained.<a href="#cite_note-hdvnbtdt.org-42">[42]</a> In 1982, Quang was arrested and subsequently placed under permanent <a href="/wiki/House_arrest" title="House arrest">house arrest</a> for opposition to government policy after publicly denouncing the establishment of the state-controlled <a href="/wiki/Buddhist_Sangha_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Buddhist Sangha of Vietnam">Vietnam Buddhist Sangha</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%ADch_Qu%E1%BA%A3ng_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Thích Quảng Độ">Thích Quảng Độ</a> was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk and an anti-communist dissident. In January 2008, the Europe-based magazine <a href="/wiki/A_Different_View" title="A Different View">A Different View</a> chose Thích Quảng Độ as one of the 15 Champions of World Democracy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Christianity">Christianity</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Christianity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Clerical_collaboration_with_communist_secret_services" title="Clerical collaboration with communist secret services">Clerical collaboration with communist secret services</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc">Persecution of Christians in the Eastern Bloc</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Christians_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union">Persecution of Christians in the Soviet Union</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG/220px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="312" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG/330px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG/440px-CDU_Wahlkampfplakat_-_kaspl010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4932" data-file-height="7000" /></a><figcaption>Anti-communist propaganda in West Germany in 1953: "All ways of Marxism lead to Moscow! Therefore <a href="/wiki/CDU/CSU" title="CDU/CSU">CDU</a>"</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> has a long history of anti-communism. The most recent <a href="/wiki/Catechism_of_the_Catholic_Church" title="Catechism of the Catholic Church">Catechism of the Catholic Church</a> states: "The Catholic Church has rejected the <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarian</a> and <a href="/wiki/State_atheism" title="State atheism">atheistic</a> ideologies that have been associated with 'communism' in modern times. ... Regulating the economy solely by centralized planning perverts the basis of social bonds ... [Still,] reasonable regulation of the marketplace and economic initiatives, in keeping with a just hierarchy of values and a view to the common good, is to be commended".<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a>, was a harsh critic of communism<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> as was <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, who issued a <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">Papal</a> <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a>, entitled <a href="/wiki/Quanta_cura" title="Quanta cura">Quanta cura</a>, in which he called "communism and Socialism" the most fatal error.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Popes' anti-communist stances were carried on in Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democracy_(Italy)" title="Christian Democracy (Italy)">Christian Democracy</a> (DC), the centrist party founded by <a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a> in 1943, which dominated Italian politics for almost fifty years, until its dissolution in 1993,<a href="#cite_note-CottaVerzichelli-47">[47]</a> preventing the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Communist_Party" title="Italian Communist Party">Italian Communist Party</a> (PCI) from reaching power.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> From <a href="/wiki/1945" title="1945">1945</a> onward, the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> (ALP) leadership accepted the assistance of an anti-communist Roman Catholic movement, led by <a href="/wiki/B._A._Santamaria" title="B. A. Santamaria">B. A. Santamaria</a> to oppose alleged communist subversion of Australian trade unions, of which Catholics were an important traditional support base. <a href="/wiki/Bert_Cremean" title="Bert Cremean">Bert Cremean</a>, Deputy Leader of State Parliamentary Labor Party and Santamaria, met with ALP's political and industrial leaders to discuss the movements assisting their opposition to what they alleged was Communist subversion of Australian <a href="/wiki/Trade_unionism" class="mw-redirect" title="Trade unionism">trade unionism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> To oppose Communist infiltration of unions, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Groups" title="Industrial Groups">Industrial Groups</a> were formed. The groups were active from 1945 to 1954, with the knowledge and support of the ALP leadership,<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> until after Labor's loss of the 1954 election, when federal leader <a href="/wiki/H._V._Evatt" title="H. V. Evatt">H. V. Evatt</a> in the context of his response to the <a href="/wiki/Petrov_affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrov affair">Petrov affair</a> blamed "subversive" activities of the "Groupers" for the defeat. After bitter public dispute, many Groupers (including most members of the <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(Australia)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (Australia)">Victorian</a> state executives and most Victorian Labor branches) were expelled from the ALP and formed the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">historical Democratic Labor Party</a> (DLP). In an attempt to force the ALP reform and remove alleged Communist influence, with a view to then rejoining the "purged" ALP, the DLP <a href="/wiki/Electoral_system_of_Australia#Preferential_voting" title="Electoral system of Australia">preferenced</a> the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal Party of Australia</a> (LPA), enabling them to remain in power for over two decades. The strategy was unsuccessful and after the <a href="/wiki/Whitlam_government" title="Whitlam government">Whitlam government</a> during the 1970s the majority of the DLP decided to wind up the party in 1978, although the small federal and state-based <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Labor_Party_(Australia,_1955)" title="Democratic Labor Party (Australia, 1955)">Democratic Labour Party</a> continued based in Victoria, with state parties reformed in New South Wales and <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> in 2008. After the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet occupation of Hungary">Soviet occupation of Hungary</a> during the final stages of the Second World War, many clerics were arrested. The case of the <a href="/wiki/Archbishop" title="Archbishop">Archbishop</a> <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zsef_Mindszenty" title="József Mindszenty">József Mindszenty</a> of <a href="/wiki/Esztergom" title="Esztergom">Esztergom</a>, head of the Catholic Church in Hungary, was the most known. He was accused of treason to the Communist ideas and was sent to trials and tortured during several years between 1949 and 1956. During the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> against Marxism–Leninism and Soviet control, Mindszenty was set free and after the failure of the movement he was forced to move to the United States' embassy in <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, where he lived until 1971 when the Vatican and the Marxist–Leninist government of Hungary arranged his way out to Austria. In the following years, Mindszenty travelled all over the world visiting the Hungarian colonies in Canada, United States, Germany, Austria, South Africa and Venezuela. He led a high critical campaign against the Leninist regime denouncing the atrocities committed by them against him and the Hungarian people. The Leninist government accused him and demanded that the Vatican remove him the title of Archbishop of Esztergom and forbid him to make public speeches against communism. The Vatican eventually annulled the <a href="/wiki/Excommunication" title="Excommunication">excommunication</a> imposed on his political opponents and stripped him of his titles. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Paul_VI" title="Pope Paul VI">Pope Paul VI</a>, who declared the Archdiocese of Esztergom officially vacated, refused to fill the seat while Mindszenty was still alive.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/The_Christian_Science_Monitor" title="The Christian Science Monitor">Christian Science Monitor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Zhisheng" title="Gao Zhisheng">Gao Zhisheng</a>, a Christian lawyer in China, is "one of the most persistent and courageous thorns" against China under communist rule.<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> Gao gained acclaim for challenging the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (CCP) by defending coal miners, migrant workers, political activists, and people persecuted for their religious beliefs, including Christians and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> adherents.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/ChinaAid.org" title="ChinaAid.org">ChinaAid</a>, a U.S.-based Christian rights group, in 2006, Gao was sentenced to a suspended three-year sentence for "<a href="/wiki/Inciting_subversion_of_state_power" title="Inciting subversion of state power">incitement to subversion</a>"<a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> against the communist state, and ultimately was imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Xinjiang" title="Xinjiang">Xinjiang</a> in December 2011.<a href="#cite_note-:1-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> Released from prison in August 2014, he was placed under house arrest. In a memoir published in 2016, Gao recounted the torture sessions and three years of solitary confinement, during which he said he was sustained by his Christian faith and his hopes for China.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-53">[53]</a> Gao predicted that the communist rule of China would end in 2017, a revelation he reportedly received from God.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> Gao was "<a href="/wiki/Enforced_disappearance" title="Enforced disappearance">disappeared</a>" in August 2017. As of April 2024, his family has not heard from him or about his whereabouts since his disappearance.<a href="#cite_note-:2-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sikhism">edit</a>]</div> In the Indian state of <a href="/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India">Punjab</a>, communism was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Damdami Taksal</a> order of Sikhs. Communism was weakened after <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> youth who had become communists were reinitiated into <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a> and initiated into the <a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a> by the influence of Damdami Taksal <a href="/wiki/Jathedar" title="Jathedar">Jathedar</a> <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>. Many communist party members and supporters were assassinated by <a href="/wiki/Damdami_Taksal" title="Damdami Taksal">Taksalis</a> and other Sikh militants.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Falun_Gong">Falun Gong</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Falun Gong">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">Persecution of Falun Gong</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg/220px-A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg/330px-A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg/440px-A_protest_by_Falun_Dafa_people_to_mark_violence_against_women_and_men_in_China_and_CCP.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1365" /></a><figcaption>An anti-communism demonstration by <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> in Vancouver, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, Canada, in 2005. The display in front of them details <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_China" title="Human rights in China">Chinese human rights abuses</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> practitioners are against the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">persecution of Falun Gong</a>. In April 1999, over ten thousand Falun Gong practitioners gathered at the Communist Party headquarters (<a href="/wiki/Zhongnanhai" title="Zhongnanhai">Zhongnanhai</a>) in a silent protest following an <a href="/wiki/History_of_Falun_Gong#Zhongnanhai_incident" title="History of Falun Gong">incident</a> in Tianjin.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReidG-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Schechter-64">[64]</a> Two months later, the Communist Party banned the practice, initiated a security crackdown and launched a propaganda campaign against it.<a href="#cite_note-heretical-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-wildgrass-67">[67]</a> Since 1999, Falun Gong practitioners in China have reportedly been subjected to <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-heretical-65">[65]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arbitrary_arrest_and_detention" title="Arbitrary arrest and detention">arbitrary imprisonment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Leung-68">[68]</a> beatings, <a href="/wiki/Unfree_labour" class="mw-redirect" title="Unfree labour">forced labor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong#Organ_harvesting" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">organ harvesting</a><a href="#cite_note-orgharv-69">[69]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Political_abuse_of_psychiatry#China" title="Political abuse of psychiatry">psychiatric abuses</a>.<a href="#cite_note-sunnygalli-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-munro2002-71">[71]</a> Falun Gong responded with their own media campaign and have emerged as a notable voice of dissent against the Communist Party by founding organizations such as the far-right <a href="/wiki/Epoch_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch Times">Epoch Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Tang_Dynasty_Television" title="New Tang Dynasty Television">New Tang Dynasty Television</a> and others that criticize the Communist Party.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Falun Gong activists repeatedly alleged that they were tortured while they were in custody. The Chinese government rejects the allegations, stating that deaths which occurred in custody occurred due to factors such as natural causes and the refusal to accept medical treatment.<a href="#cite_note-Kavan-73">[73]</a> According to David Ownby, "[t]he Chinese government has suppressed movements like the Falun Gong hundreds of times over the course of <a href="/wiki/History_of_China" title="History of China">Chinese history</a>", adding that the Chinese Communist government did "the same thing the imperial state had always done, which was to arrest and generally, not always, execute the leaders and pretend to reeducate the others and send them back home and hope that they would be good people from there on".<a href="#cite_note-Kavan-73">[73]</a> Most of the information which the Western media obtains about Falun Gong is distributed by the Rachlin media group which is described as a public relations firm for Falun Gong.<a href="#cite_note-Kavan-73">[73]</a> According to reports which were released by the Vienna Radio Network on July 12, <a href="/wiki/Gunther_von_Hagens" title="Gunther von Hagens">Gunther von Hagens</a>, a famous German anatomist, recently held an exhibition of human bodies which provoked Falun Gong's allegations of live organ harvesting. Hagens held a news conference at which he confirmed that none of the human bodies exhibited had come from China. The statement made by Hagens refuted the Falun Gong's rumors.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> According to Chinese government officials, "[t]he allegations that Falun Gong members are being murdered in China for organ harvesting, as well as the Kilgour-Matas report, have long before been found false and proved to be nothing but a lie fabricated by a handful of anti-China people to tarnish China's reputation. The virulent accusations made during the hearing had already been robustly refuted seven years before, not only by Chinese authorities but also by diplomats and journalists of several other countries who conducted their own conscientious investigations in China, including officers and staff of the U.S. Embassy in Beijing and the U.S. Consulate-General in Shenyang".<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2006, allegations emerged that a large number of Falun Gong practitioners <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Falun_Gong#Organ_harvesting" title="Persecution of Falun Gong">had been killed to supply China's organ transplant industry</a>.<a href="#cite_note-orgharv-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-CGOH-77">[77]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Kilgour-Matas_report" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilgour-Matas report">Kilgour-Matas report</a> found that "the source of 41,500 transplants for the six-year period 2000 to 2005 is unexplained" and concluded that "there has been and continues today to be large scale organ seizures from unwilling Falun Gong practitioners".<a href="#cite_note-orgharv-69">[69]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethan_Gutmann" title="Ethan Gutmann">Ethan Gutmann</a> estimated that 65,000 Falun Gong practitioners were killed for their organs from 2000 to 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Jay-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tstar-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Slaughter-80">[80]</a> In 2009, courts in Spain and Argentina indicted senior Chinese officials for <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a> for their role in orchestrating the suppression of Falun Gong.<a href="#cite_note-reutersflg-81">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Unification_Church">Unification Church</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Unification Church">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church_and_politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Unification Church and politics">Unification Church and politics</a></div> In the 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Unification_Church" title="Unification Church">Unification Church</a> founder <a href="/wiki/Sun_Myung_Moon" title="Sun Myung Moon">Sun Myung Moon</a> cooperated with <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Korea" title="Communist Party of Korea">Communist Party of Korea</a> members in support of the <a href="/wiki/Korean_independence_movement" title="Korean independence movement">Korean independence movement</a> against <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Japan" class="mw-redirect" title="Imperial Japan">Imperial Japan</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a> (1950–1953), he became an outspoken anti-communist.<a href="#cite_note-moon-peace-84">[84]</a> Moon viewed the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> between liberal democracy and communism as the final conflict between God and <a href="/wiki/Satan" title="Satan">Satan</a>, with divided Korea as its primary <a href="/wiki/Front_line" title="Front line">front line</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> Soon after its founding, the Unification Church began supporting anti-communist organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/World_League_for_Freedom_and_Democracy" title="World League for Freedom and Democracy">World League for Freedom and Democracy</a> founded in 1966 in <a href="/wiki/Taipei" title="Taipei">Taipei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China">Republic of China</a> (Taiwan), by <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>,<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Culture_and_Freedom_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation">Korean Culture and Freedom Foundation</a>, an international <a href="/wiki/Public_diplomacy" title="Public diplomacy">public diplomacy</a> organization which also sponsored Radio Free Asia.<a href="#cite_note-Korean_denies_influence_peddling-87">[87]</a> The Unification movement was criticized for its anti-communist activism by the <a href="/wiki/Mainstream_media" title="Mainstream media">mainstream media</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alternative_media" title="Alternative media">alternative press</a>, and many members of them said that it could lead to <a href="/wiki/World_War_Three" class="mw-redirect" title="World War Three">World War Three</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_holocaust" title="Nuclear holocaust">nuclear holocaust</a>. The movement's anti-communist activities received financial support from Japanese millionaire and activist <a href="/wiki/Ry%C5%8Dichi_Sasakawa" title="Ryōichi Sasakawa">Ryōichi Sasakawa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Give_and_Forget-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Resurrection_of_Reverend_Moon-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sun_Myung_Moon_Changes_Robes-90">[90]</a> In 1972, Moon predicted the <a href="/wiki/Decline_of_communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Decline of communism">decline of communism</a>, based on the teachings of his book, the <a href="/wiki/Divine_Principle" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine Principle">Divine Principle</a>: "After 7,000 biblical years—6,000 years of restoration history plus the millennium, the time of completion—communism will fall in its 70th year. Here is the meaning of the year 1978. Communism, begun in 1917, could maintain itself approximately 60 years and reach its peak. So 1978 is the border line and afterward communism will decline; in the 70th year it will be altogether ruined. This is true. Therefore, now is the time for people who are studying communism to abandon it."<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 1973, he called for an "automatic <a href="/wiki/Theocracy" title="Theocracy">theocracy</a>" to replace communism and solve "every political and economic situation in every field".<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> In 1975, Moon spoke at a government sponsored rally against potential North Korean military aggression on <a href="/wiki/Yeouido_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Yeouido Island">Yeouido Island</a> in Seoul to an audience of around 1 million.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In 1976, Moon established <a href="/wiki/News_World_Communications" title="News World Communications">News World Communications</a>, an international news media conglomerate which publishes <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a> newspaper in Washington, D.C., and newspapers in South Korea, Japan, and South America, partly to promote political conservatism. According to <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>, "the Times was established by Moon to combat communism and be a conservative alternative to what he perceived as the liberal bias of The Washington Post."<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-ghosts-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bo_Hi_Pak" title="Bo Hi Pak">Bo Hi Pak</a>, called Moon's "right-hand man", was the founding president and the founding chairman of the board.<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Times_Corporation_1992-95">[95]</a> Moon asked <a href="/wiki/Richard_L._Rubenstein" title="Richard L. Rubenstein">Richard L. Rubenstein</a>, a rabbi and college professor, to join its board of directors.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The Washington Times has often been noted for its generally pro-Israel editorial policies.<a href="#cite_note-wrmea.com-97">[97]</a> In 2002, during the 20th anniversary party for the Times, Moon said: "The Washington Times will become the instrument in spreading the truth about God to the world."<a href="#cite_note-Washington_Post-ghosts-94">[94]</a> In 1980, members founded <a href="/wiki/CAUSA_International" class="mw-redirect" title="CAUSA International">CAUSA International</a>, an anti-communist educational organization based in New York City.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceE-98">[98]</a> In the 1980s, it was active in 21 countries. In the United States, it sponsored educational conferences for <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christianity">evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalist_Christianity" class="mw-redirect" title="Fundamentalist Christianity">fundamentalist</a> Christian leaders<a href="#cite_note-christianitytoday37-99">[99]</a> as well as seminars and conferences for <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">Senate</a> staffers, <a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_Americans" title="Hispanic and Latino Americans">Hispanic Americans</a> and conservative activists.<a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-100">[100]</a> In 1986, CAUSA International sponsored the documentary film <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua_Was_Our_Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicaragua Was Our Home">Nicaragua Was Our Home</a>, about the <a href="/wiki/Miskito_people" title="Miskito people">Miskito</a> Indians of <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and their persecution at the hands of the Nicaraguan government. It was filmed and produced by USA-UWC member <a href="/wiki/Lee_Shapiro" title="Lee Shapiro">Lee Shapiro</a>, who later died while filming with anti-Soviet forces during the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> At this time CAUSA international also directly assisted the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">United States Central Intelligence Agency</a> in supplying <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">the Contras</a>, in addition to paying for flights by rebel leaders. CAUSA's aid to the Contras escalated after Congress cut off CIA funding for them. According to contemporary CIA reports, supplies for the anti-Sandinista forces and their families came from a variety of sources in the US ranging from Moon's Unification Church to U.S. politicians, evangelical groups and former military officers.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> In 1983, some American members joined a public protest against the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in response to its shooting down of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Airlines_Flight_007" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Airlines Flight 007">Korean Airlines Flight 007</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 1984, the HSA–UWC founded the Washington Institute for Values in Public Policy, a Washington, D.C. <a href="/wiki/Think_tank" title="Think tank">think tank</a> that underwrites conservative-oriented research and seminars at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago" title="University of Chicago">University of Chicago</a>, and other institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Church_Spends_Millions_On_Its_Image-110">[110]</a> In the same year, member <a href="/wiki/Dan_Fefferman" title="Dan Fefferman">Dan Fefferman</a> founded the International Coalition for Religious Freedom in <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a>, which is active in protesting what it considers to be threats to <a href="/wiki/Religious_freedom" class="mw-redirect" title="Religious freedom">religious freedom</a> by governmental agencies.<a href="#cite_note-Ribadeneira-ire-111">[111]</a> In August 1985, the <a href="/wiki/Professors_World_Peace_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Professors World Peace Academy">Professors World Peace Academy</a>, an organization founded by Moon, sponsored a conference in <a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a> to debate the theme "The situation in the world after the fall of the communist empire."<a href="#cite_note-goliath.ecnext.com-112">[112]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991 the Unification movement promoted extensive missionary work in Russia and other former Soviet nations.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Islam">Islam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Islam">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_China" title="Islam in China">Islam in China</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Islam in the Soviet Union">Islam in the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Muslims#Modern_era" title="Persecution of Muslims">Persecution of Muslims § Modern era</a></div> In the Muslim parts of the Soviet Union (<a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> and Central Asia), the party-state suppressed Islamic worship, education, association, and pilgrimage institutions that were seen as obstacles to ideological and social change along communist lines. Where the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_state" title="Islamic state">Islamic state</a> was established, left-wing politics were often associated with profanity and outlawed. In countries such as Sudan, Yemen, Syria, Iraq and Iran, communists and other leftist parties find themselves in a bitter competition for power with Islamists.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paganism">Paganism</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Paganism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Dievtur%C4%ABba#Suppression_and_émigré_activities" title="Dievturība">Dievturība § Suppression and émigré activities</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Romuva_(religion)#Soviet_suppression" title="Romuva (religion)">Romuva (religion) § Soviet suppression</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Empty_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is empty. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (July 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/300px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/450px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg/600px-Animal_Farm_strip_cartoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1125" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>A 1950 <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a> cartoon strip produced for the Cold War anti-communist department of the British Foreign Office, the <a href="/wiki/Information_Research_Department" title="Information Research Department">IRD</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/George_Orwell" title="George Orwell">George Orwell</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_socialism" title="Democratic socialism">democratic socialist</a>, wrote two of the most widely read and influential <a href="/wiki/Anti-totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-totalitarian">anti-totalitarian</a> novels, namely <a href="/wiki/Nineteen_Eighty-Four" title="Nineteen Eighty-Four">Nineteen Eighty-Four</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animal_Farm" title="Animal Farm">Animal Farm</a>, both of which featured allusions to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1927%E2%80%931953)" title="History of the Soviet Union (1927–1953)">rule</a> of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Also on the left-wing, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Koestler" title="Arthur Koestler">Arthur Koestler</a>—a former member of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a>—explored the ethics of revolution from an anti-communist perspective in a variety of works. His trilogy of early novels testified to Koestler's growing conviction that utopian ends do not justify the means often used by revolutionary governments. These novels are <a href="/wiki/The_Gladiators_(novel)" title="The Gladiators (novel)">The Gladiators</a> (which explores the slave uprising led by <a href="/wiki/Spartacus" title="Spartacus">Spartacus</a> in the Roman Empire as an <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegory</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a>), <a href="/wiki/Darkness_at_Noon" title="Darkness at Noon">Darkness at Noon</a> (based on the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Moscow Trials">Moscow Trials</a>, this was a very widely read novel that made Koestler one of the most prominent anti-communist intellectuals of the period), The Yogi and the Commissar and <a href="/wiki/Arrival_and_Departure" title="Arrival and Departure">Arrival and Departure</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Whittaker Chambers</a>—an American ex-Communist who became famous for his cooperation with the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC), where he implicated <a href="/wiki/Alger_Hiss" title="Alger Hiss">Alger Hiss</a>—published an anti-communist memoir, Witness, in 1952. It became "the principal rallying cry of anti-Communist conservatives".<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boris_Pasternak" title="Boris Pasternak">Boris Pasternak</a>, a Russian writer, rose to international fame after his anti-communist novel <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Zhivago_(novel)" title="Doctor Zhivago (novel)">Doctor Zhivago</a> was smuggled out of the Soviet Union (where it was banned) and published in the West in 1957. He received the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a>, much to the chagrin of the Soviet authorities.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Solzhenitsyn" title="Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn">Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn</a> was a Russian novelist, dramatist and historian. Through his writings—particularly <a href="/wiki/The_Gulag_Archipelago" title="The Gulag Archipelago">The Gulag Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/One_Day_in_the_Life_of_Ivan_Denisovich" title="One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich">One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich</a>, his two best-known works—he made the world aware of the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">Gulag</a>, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system. For these efforts, Solzhenitsyn was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1970 and was exiled from the Soviet Union in 1974. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg/220px-Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg/330px-Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg/440px-Herta_M%C3%BCller.jpg 2x" data-file-width="486" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> in 2009</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Herta_M%C3%BCller" title="Herta Müller">Herta Müller</a> is a Romanian-born German novelist, poet and essayist noted for her works depicting the harsh conditions of life in <a href="/wiki/Communist_Romania" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Romania">Communist Romania</a> under the repressive <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicolae Ceauşescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> regime, the history of the Germans in the <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> (and more broadly, <a href="/wiki/Transylvania" title="Transylvania">Transylvania</a>) and the persecution of Romanian <a href="/wiki/Germans_of_Romania" title="Germans of Romania">ethnic Germans</a> by <a href="/wiki/Stalinism" title="Stalinism">Stalinist</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Soviet occupying forces in Romania</a> and the Soviet-imposed Communist regime of Romania. Müller has been an internationally known author since the early 1990s and her works have been translated into more than 20 languages.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> She has received over 20 awards, including the 1994 <a href="/wiki/Kleist_Prize" title="Kleist Prize">Kleist Prize</a>, the 1995 <a href="/wiki/Aristeion_Prize" title="Aristeion Prize">Aristeion Prize</a>, the 1998 <a href="/wiki/International_Dublin_Literary_Award" title="International Dublin Literary Award">International Dublin Literary Award</a>, the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Franz_Werfel_Human_Rights_Award" title="Franz Werfel Human Rights Award">Franz Werfel Human Rights Award</a> and the 2009 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ayn_Rand" title="Ayn Rand">Ayn Rand</a> was a Russian–American 20th-century writer who was an enthusiastic supporter of <a href="/wiki/Laissez-faire" title="Laissez-faire">laissez-faire</a> capitalism. She wrote <a href="/wiki/We_the_Living" title="We the Living">We the Living</a> about the effects of communism in Russia.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wurmbrand" title="Richard Wurmbrand">Richard Wurmbrand</a> wrote about his experiences being tortured for his faith in Communist Romania. He ascribed communism to a demonic conspiracy and alluded to Karl Marx being demon-possessed.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Evasion_of_censorship">Evasion of censorship</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Evasion of censorship">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a> was a key form of dissident activity across the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet bloc">Soviet bloc</a>. Individuals reproduced censored publications by hand and passed the documents from reader to reader, thus building a foundation for the successful resistance of the 1980s. This <a href="/wiki/Grassroots" title="Grassroots">grassroots</a> practice to evade officially imposed censorship was fraught with danger as harsh punishments were meted out to people caught possessing or copying censored materials. <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a> defined it as follows: "I myself create it, edit it, censor it, publish it, distribute it, and get imprisoned for it." During the Cold War, Western countries invested heavily in powerful transmitters which enabled broadcasters to be heard in the Eastern Bloc, despite attempts by authorities to <a href="/wiki/Radio_jamming" title="Radio jamming">jam</a> such signals. In 1947, <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> (VOA) started broadcasting in Russian with the intent to counter Soviet propaganda directed against American leaders and policies.<a href="#cite_note-whitton-124">[124]</a> These included <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Free Europe">Radio Free Europe</a> (RFE), <a href="/wiki/Rundfunk_im_amerikanischen_Sektor" title="Rundfunk im amerikanischen Sektor">RIAS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Welle" title="Deutsche Welle">Deutsche Welle</a> (DW), <a href="/wiki/Radio_France_International" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio France International">Radio France International</a> (RFI), the <a href="/wiki/British_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="British Broadcasting Corporation">British Broadcasting Corporation</a> (BBC), <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN_Corporation" title="ABS-CBN Corporation">ABS-CBN</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Japan_Broadcasting_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Japan Broadcasting Corporation">Japan Broadcasting Corporation</a> (NHK).<a href="#cite_note-frucht490-125">[125]</a> The Soviet Union responded by attempting aggressive, electronic jamming of VOA (and some other Western) broadcasts in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-whitton-124">[124]</a> The <a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a> similarly broadcast language-specific programming to countries behind the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Curtain" title="Iron Curtain">Iron Curtain</a>. In the People's Republic of China, people have to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet censorship in the People's Republic of China">Chinese Internet censorship</a> and other forms of censorship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anti-communism_in_different_countries_and_regions">Anti-communism in different countries and regions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Anti-communism in different countries and regions">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg/210px-Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg/315px-Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg/420px-Thecristisrizenoldrussiancivilwarposter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1766" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/White_movement" title="White movement">Russian èmigré</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Bolshevik_propaganda" title="Anti-Bolshevik propaganda">anti-Bolshevik poster</a>, c. 1932</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_(7622407306).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg/220px-Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg/330px-Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg/440px-Affiche_de_propagande_anti-communiste_%287622407306%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2652" data-file-height="3316" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">Nazi anti-Bolshevik poster</a> in German-occupied <a href="/wiki/Reichskommissariat_Ostland" title="Reichskommissariat Ostland">Estonia</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Libya">Libya</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Libya">edit</a>]</div> The 1969 coup that overthrew King Idris in Libya was received well in Italy due in part to the religion-based anti-communist ideology of Muammar Gaddafi.<a href="#cite_note-Toaldo-2013-126">[126]</a> Libya, being a former colony of Italy, maintained good relations with the Italians under the reign of King Idris, and this good relationship continued despite the regime change as the Italians viewed the revolution as nationalist, rather than communist, in nature.<a href="#cite_note-Toaldo-2013-126">[126]</a> Quranic justifications of the revolution by the new regime further assured Italians that Libya would not align with the communist world.<a href="#cite_note-Toaldo-2013-126">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: South Africa">edit</a>]</div> The popularisation of anti-communism came just after the Second World War and coinciding with the origins of <a href="/wiki/Apartheid" title="Apartheid">apartheid</a>. The ideology of anti-communism can largely be drawn on racial lines with white South Africans largely being anti-communist. The fiercely anti-communist <a href="/wiki/National_Party_(South_Africa)" title="National Party (South Africa)">National Party</a> can also trace some of their votes to this policy. In South Africa, a common term was coined called Rooi Gevaar, literally meaning "Red Danger" in Afrikaans. In 1950, South Africa would ban the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Communist_Party" title="South African Communist Party">South African Communist Party</a> with the Suppression of communism Act. South Africa would become involved in conflicts in Southern Africa against Communist factions such as <a href="/wiki/SWAPO" title="SWAPO">SWAPO</a> in Namibia and the <a href="/wiki/MPLA" title="MPLA">MPLA</a> in Angola. Many anti-apartheid organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/African_National_Congress" title="African National Congress">African National Congress</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Pan_African_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan African Congress">Pan African Congress</a> had many Communist members such as <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a>. This led to more extreme anti-communism in many white South Africans. At the collapse of communism in the late 1980s and early 1990s and the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/South_African_Border_War" title="South African Border War">South African Border War</a>, President <a href="/wiki/F._W._De_Klerk" class="mw-redirect" title="F. W. De Klerk">F. W. De Klerk</a> saw an opening for a peaceful resolution to the end of apartheid and the start of democracy in South Africa. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armenia">Armenia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Armenia">edit</a>]</div> In February 1921 the left-wing nationalist <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Revolutionary_Federation" title="Armenian Revolutionary Federation">Armenian Revolutionary Federation</a> (Dashnaktsutyun) staged an <a href="/wiki/February_Uprising" title="February Uprising">uprising</a> against the Bolshevik authorities of Armenia just three months after the disestablishment of the <a href="/wiki/First_Republic_of_Armenia" title="First Republic of Armenia">First Republic of Armenia</a> and its Sovietization. The nationalists temporarily took power. Subsequently, the anti-communist rebels, led by the prominent nationalist leader <a href="/wiki/Garegin_Nzhdeh" title="Garegin Nzhdeh">Garegin Nzhdeh</a>, retreated to the mountainous region of Zangezur (Syunik) and established the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Mountainous_Armenia" title="Republic of Mountainous Armenia">Republic of Mountainous Armenia</a>, which lasted until mid-1921. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="China">China</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism in China</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="India">India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> During the Cold War, while the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a> pursued a pro-Soviet policy, parties committed to <a href="/wiki/Hindu_nationalism" title="Hindu nationalism">Hindu nationalism</a> continued to oppose communism.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> India is involved in law-and-order operations against a long-standing <a href="/wiki/Naxalite%E2%80%93Maoist_insurgency" title="Naxalite–Maoist insurgency">Naxalite–Maoist insurgency</a>. Along with this, there are many state-sponsored anti-Maoist militias.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2011_West_Bengal_Legislative_Assembly_election" title="2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly election">2011 West Bengal Legislative Assembly elections</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mamata_Banerjee" title="Mamata Banerjee">Mamata Banerjee</a> led her party <a href="/wiki/All_India_Trinamool_Congress" class="mw-redirect" title="All India Trinamool Congress">AITC</a> to a landslide victory over the ruling <a href="/wiki/Left_Front_(West_Bengal)" title="Left Front (West Bengal)">Left Front</a> that had become the world's longest-ruling democratically elected communist government. Since <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a>'s rise under <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi's premiership</a>, the influence of communists and left-wing movements overall in India continue to decline.<a href="#cite_note-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_mass_killings_of_1965%E2%80%9366" title="Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66">Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66</a></div> Because of suspicions regarding Communist involvement in the <a href="/wiki/30_September_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="30 September movement">September 30 incident</a>, an estimated 500,000–1,000,000 people were killed by the Indonesian military and allied <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militia</a> in anti-communist purges which targeted members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Indonesia" title="Communist Party of Indonesia">Communist Party of Indonesia</a> and alleged sympathizers from October 1965 to the early months of 1966.<a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal80-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Western governments colluded in the massacres, <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_Indonesia#Anti-communist_purge" title="CIA activities in Indonesia">in particular the United States</a>, which provided the Indonesian military weapons, money, equipment and lists containing the names of thousands of suspected communists.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Blumenthal81-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> A tribunal in late 2016 declared the massacres a crime against humanity and also named the United States, the United Kingdom and Australia as accomplices to those crimes.<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> Also stemming from the incident, Indonesia banned the spread of Communist/Marxist–Leninist thought since 1966. This is achieved through the passing of Article 2 of the Temporary People's Consultative Assembly Resolution no. 25, 1966 (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: TAP MPRS no. 25 tahun 1966)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and letters (a), (c), (d), and (e) section (b) of Article 107 of Law no. 27, 1999 (<a href="/wiki/Indonesian_language" title="Indonesian language">Indonesian</a>: UU no. 27 tahun 1999).<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a> Violators are subject to a 12-year, 15-year, or 20-year prison sentence for violating letter (a) (spreading the Communist thought in public), (c) (spreading the Communist thought in public and causing disorder afterwards), (e) (forming Communist organizations or aiding Marxist–Leninist organizations, be it explicit or suspected, foreign or domestic, with the intention of changing the state ideology of Pancasila with Marxism–Leninism), and (d) (spreading Communist thought with the intention of replacing the state ideology <a href="/wiki/Pancasila_(politics)" title="Pancasila (politics)">Pancasila</a> with Marxism–Leninism), respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japan_and_Manchukuo">Japan and Manchukuo</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Japan and Manchukuo">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Uyoku_dantai" title="Uyoku dantai">Uyoku dantai</a></div> During the <a href="/wiki/Nikolayevsk_incident" title="Nikolayevsk incident">Nikolayevsk incident</a> starting in March 1920, Russian Jewish journalist Gutman Anatoly Yakovlevich began to issue the Delo Rossii in Tokyo, an anti-Bolshevistic Russian language newspaper.<a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref.b03040699800-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref.b03040651200-143">[143]</a> In June, Romanovsky Georgy Dmitrievich, who had been the chief authorized officer and military representative at the Allied command in the Far East,<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> discussed with a delegate of Semyonov's army, Syro-Boyarsky Alexander Vladimirovich and thereafter acquired the Delo Rossii gazette.<a href="#cite_note-ref.b03040651200-143">[143]</a> In July, he began to distribute the translated version of the Delo Rossii gazette to noted Japanese officials and socialites.<a href="#cite_note-ref.b03040699800-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-ref.b03040651200-143">[143]</a> In 1933 Japan participated in the ninth conference of the <a href="/wiki/International_Entente_Against_the_Third_International" class="mw-redirect" title="International Entente Against the Third International">International Entente Against the Third International</a> and founded the Association for the Study of International Socialistic Ideas and Movements (<a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a>: 国際思想研究会).<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> In the summer of 1935, the Comintern held the <a href="/wiki/Seventh_World_Congress_of_the_Comintern" class="mw-redirect" title="Seventh World Congress of the Comintern">Seventh World Congress of the Comintern</a> in which they set Japan and Germany as the communizing targets<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> and the Chinese Communist Party declared the <a href="/wiki/August_1_Declaration" title="August 1 Declaration">August 1 Declaration</a>. After that, Japan defined their anti-communistic "Three Principles of HIROTA" for relations with China and also Japan concluded the <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">Anti-Comintern Pact</a> with Germany. In November 1938 Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Fumimaro_Konoe" title="Fumimaro Konoe">Fumimaro Konoe</a> declared the anti-communistic <a href="/wiki/New_Order_in_East_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="New Order in East Asia">New Order in East Asia</a>. In 1940, Japan, Manchukuo and the <a href="/wiki/Reorganized_National_Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China">Reorganized National Government of the Republic of China</a> declared the which is based on the New Order in East Asia. During the period of <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">American occupation</a> between 1948 and 1951, a "<a href="/wiki/Red_Purge" title="Red Purge">Red Purge</a>" occurred in Japan in which over 20,000 people accused of being Communists were purged from their places of employment.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Philippines">Philippines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Philippines">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Red-tagging_in_the_Philippines" title="Red-tagging in the Philippines">Red-tagging in the Philippines</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Singapore">Singapore</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Singapore">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Coldstore" title="Operation Coldstore">Operation Coldstore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Operation_Spectrum" title="Operation Spectrum">Operation Spectrum</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: South Korea">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main category: <a href="/wiki/Category:Anti-communism_in_South_Korea" title="Category:Anti-communism in South Korea">Anti-communism in South Korea</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution,Taejon,_South_Korea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/220px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/330px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg/440px-Prisoners_on_ground_before_execution%2CTaejon%2C_South_Korea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="370" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bodo_League_massacre" title="Bodo League massacre">Bodo League massacre</a> of communists and suspected sympathizers, South Korea, 1950</figcaption></figure> Choi ji-ryong is an outspoken anti-communist cartoonist in South Korea. His <a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoon" class="mw-redirect" title="Editorial cartoon">editorial cartoons</a> have been critical of Korean presidents <a href="/wiki/Kim_Dae-jung" title="Kim Dae-jung">Kim Dae-jung</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roh_Moo_Hyun" class="mw-redirect" title="Roh Moo Hyun">Roh Moo Hyun</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Vietnam">Vietnam</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Vietnam">edit</a>]</div> Anti-communist organizations that are located outside Vietnam but also hold demonstrations in Vietnam are <a href="/wiki/Provisional_National_Government_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Provisional National Government of Vietnam">Provisional National Government of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khmers_Kampuchea-Krom_Federation" title="Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation">Khmers Kampuchea-Krom Federation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Viet_Tan" class="mw-redirect" title="Viet Tan">Viet Tan</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Action_Party_of_Vietnam" title="People's Action Party of Vietnam">People's Action Party of Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Free_Vietnam" title="Government of Free Vietnam">Government of Free Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montagnard_Foundation,_Inc." title="Montagnard Foundation, Inc.">Montagnard Foundation, Inc.</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_Constitutional_Monarchist_League" title="Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League">Vietnamese Constitutional Monarchist League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nationalist_Party_of_Greater_Vietnam" title="Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam">Nationalist Party of Greater Vietnam</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Middle East">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/North_Yemen_Civil_War" class="mw-redirect" title="North Yemen Civil War">North Yemen Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ramadan_Revolution" title="Ramadan Revolution">Ramadan Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/17_July_Revolution" title="17 July Revolution">17 July Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhofar_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhofar Rebellion">Dhofar Rebellion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet–Afghan War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Khomeini%27s_letter_to_Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev">Khomeini's letter to Mikhail Gorbachev</a></div> The "materialism" advocated by Marxism–Leninism had a serious conflict with the strong religious atmosphere of the traditional Muslim society,<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> especially the rise of <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamism</a> after the 1970s, the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> and Soviet invade Afghanistan intensifies Muslim world's conflict with communism. Eventually, there were <a href="/wiki/1988_executions_of_Iranian_political_prisoners" title="1988 executions of Iranian political prisoners">mass executions</a> of members of the <a href="/wiki/Tudeh_Party_of_Iran" title="Tudeh Party of Iran">Tudeh Party of Iran</a>, and after the defeat of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_Afghanistan" title="Democratic Republic of Afghanistan">pro-Soviet Afghan regime</a> the <a href="/wiki/Taliban" title="Taliban">Taliban</a> tortured the former communist leader <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Najibullah" title="Mohammad Najibullah">Najibullah</a> to death.<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Jordan">Jordan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Jordan">edit</a>]</div> Jordanian King Hussein ibn Talal, maintained good relations with the U.S. on the basis of his anti-communism.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Lebanon">Lebanon</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Lebanon">edit</a>]</div> Islamic clergy were influential in the formation of Lebanese political thought, especially as it relates to the policies of <a href="/wiki/Hizbullah" class="mw-redirect" title="Hizbullah">Hizbullah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Daher-2016-152">[152]</a> For example, Iraqi cleric <a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Baqir_al-Sadr" title="Muhammad Baqir al-Sadr">Muhammed Baqir Al-Sadr</a>, wrote two books to counter Marxist narratives.<a href="#cite_note-Daher-2016-152">[152]</a> One aimed to discredit Marxist philosophy, and the other aimed to discredit Marxist economic thought, while both reached the conclusion of Islam being a more suitable ideology for the world.<a href="#cite_note-Daher-2016-152">[152]</a> Thus, it can be understood that the Islamic fundamentalist elements of the Hizbullah party in Lebanon clearly stem from an Islamic ideological opposition to Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-Daher-2016-152">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Saudi_Arabia">Saudi Arabia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Saudi Arabia">edit</a>]</div> In 1953 Saudi oil field workers petitioned the oil company Aramco for "better working conditions, higher pay, and an end to the company's discriminatory hiring practices." In response, the Saudi Arabian government arrested the workers' leaders, at which point a pre-planned strike by the oil field workers occurred.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Sudairi-2019-153">[153]</a> Though these leaders were later pardoned, the Saudi Arabian government, in conjunction with Aramco, implemented violent measures to discipline the workers. Over 200 workers suspected of having links to communism were arrested and expelled. In 1956, after sustained protests by the leftist group NRF (National Reform Front), the government decided to suppress the protests by promoting anti-communist propaganda, canceling the municipal elections, outlawing protests and arresting the NRF leaders. Governmental opposition to communist elements within Saudi Arabia came to a head with the ascension of King Faisal to the Saudi throne, saying he would "not be lenient with any communist principle which seeps into Saudi Arabia, or with any slogans that contradict Islamic shari'a ... Communism has not entered any land or country without inflicting destruction upon it." Faisal employed three strategies to weaken and discredit the growing communist influences in Saudi Arabia, namely, economic development, creating a Saudi identity, and repression of the NLF (National Liberation Front), the leading communist group in Saudi Arabia and successor to the NRF. Islam was important in legitimizing his actions and garnering wider opposition to communism.For example, Mufti 'Abd al-'Aziz Bin Baz said communists were, "more disbelieving than the Jews and the Christians, for they were atheists that do not believe in God or the Last Day." Newspapers drew anti-semitic connections from Communism to Judaism, on account of Marx's Jewish heritage. Faisal also employed surveillance, including coordination with the US government, for the identification of communists or communist sympathizers.This led to mass arrests of communist sympathizers and their political repression.<a href="#cite_note-Al-Sudairi-2019-153">[153]</a> The Saudi Arabian government was vehemently opposed to communism for its atheistic principles, its expansionism, and its persecution of Muslims. The country consistently provided billions of dollars of foreign aid to promote anti-communism.The Saudi government also sent Moroccan troops to fight Angola's communist insurgents in Zaire.<a href="#cite_note-Bowman-2005-154">[154]</a> In 1955, King Saud wrote to the United States:<blockquote>"Our very special attitude towards communism is well known to [the] US government and to [the] world. It is our interest that communism not infiltrate into any area of the Middle East. In opposing communism, we do so on basic religious belief and Islamic principle, in which we believe with all of our heart, and not to please America or western states. My position, in particular, of Moslem Arab King, servant to Holy Shrines, looked up to by 400 million Moslems in East and West, is extremely delicate and serious before God, my nation, and history."</blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Turkey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Political_violence_in_Turkey_(1976%E2%80%931980)" title="Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)">Political violence in Turkey (1976–1980)</a></div> Anti-communist opinions in Anatolia started in the early 20th century, and first anti-communist incident occurred in the 1920s. On 28 January 1920, <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Subhi" title="Mustafa Subhi">Mustafa Subhi</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (historical)">Communist Party of Turkey</a>, was assassinated together with his wife and his 21 communist comrades while traveling to <a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In the following years, more pressure was put on communist activities. In 1925, the Turkish government shut down several communist newspapers, such as Aydınlık and Yeni Dünya.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-2012-156">[156]</a> Many members and symphatisers of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Turkey_(historical)" title="Communist Party of Turkey (historical)">Communist Party of Turkey</a> including <a href="/wiki/Hikmet_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1ml%C4%B1" title="Hikmet Kıvılcımlı">Hikmet Kıvılcımlı</a>, <a href="/wiki/N%C3%A2z%C4%B1m_Hikmet" title="Nâzım Hikmet">Nâzım Hikmet</a> and Şefik Hüsnü were mass arrested on 25 October 1927.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> Later, in 1937, a committee with the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Mustafa_Kemal_Atat%C3%BCrk" title="Mustafa Kemal Atatürk">Mustafa Kemal Atatürk</a> decided that works of <a href="/wiki/Hikmet_K%C4%B1v%C4%B1lc%C4%B1ml%C4%B1" title="Hikmet Kıvılcımlı">Hikmet Kıvılcımlı</a> are detrimental communist propaganda, and that they should be censored.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> During the 1960s the Turkish state used nationalist and Islamist youth groups to establish "Associations of the Struggle Against Communism."<a href="#cite_note-Tomac-2020-161">[161]</a> These associations, in conjunction with the Turkish police, were responsible for the Kanlı Pazar, or "Bloody Sunday" incident in Istanbul on February 16, 1969.<a href="#cite_note-Tomac-2020-161">[161]</a> Leftist student protestors clashed with police and members of the "Associations of the Struggle Against Communism", causing many injuries and two deaths.<a href="#cite_note-Tomac-2020-161">[161]</a> Islamist writers frequently invoked the idea that religion and communism were incompatible, and this was one of the main causes of the fighting.<a href="#cite_note-Tomac-2020-161">[161]</a> The Azeri immigrant community in Turkey was important in cultivating anti-communist thought, as they had experiences with Marxism.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-2012-156">[156]</a> Odlu Yurt and Azerbaycan, popular Azeri newspapers, frequently criticized the Soviet Union and outwardly professed their anti-communist perspective, drawing in a wide range of intellectuals from the surrounding area.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-2012-156">[156]</a> The Azeri population of Turkey opposed communism primarily in the intellectual sphere, using journals and publications to criticize the Soviet Union.<a href="#cite_note-Gasimov-2012-156">[156]</a> World War II caused a rapid increase in anti-communism in Turkey. Then the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> <a href="/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%BCkr%C3%BC_Saraco%C4%9Flu" title="Şükrü Saracoğlu">Şükrü Saracoğlu</a> said that "as a Turk, he passionately wants Russia to be eliminated" and then the Turkish embassy to Germany <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_Numan_Menemencio%C4%9Flu" title="Hüseyin Numan Menemencioğlu">Hüseyin Numan Menemencioğlu</a> stated that "Turkey certainly will benefit from a complete as possible defeat of Bolshevik Russia" in a speech he made in Berlin.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a> On 4 December 1945, main printing press of the Tan newspaper, which had communist opinions and defended normalization of the relations between Turkey and Soviet Union, was raided and looted by <a href="/wiki/Turanism" title="Turanism">Turanist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamism" title="Islamism">Islamist</a> mobs, leaving several journalists wounded.<a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> During the Cold War, anti-communist publishing in Turkey was supported by right-wing organizations and state policies, and anti-communist ideas were spread institutionally and systematically.<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/1971_Turkish_military_memorandum" title="1971 Turkish military memorandum">1971 Turkish military memorandum</a> the new administration started a purge campaign against communist institutions and persons both in military and public, resulting in arrestings and in some cases, torture of many communist intellectuals, soldiers and students. Leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_of_Turkey_(1961)" title="Workers' Party of Turkey (1961)">Workers' Party of Turkey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behice_Boran" title="Behice Boran">Behice Boran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadun_Aren" title="Sadun Aren">Sadun Aren</a> were arrested and many communist intellectuals such as Hikmet Kıvılcımlı, Mihri Belli and Doğan Avcıoğlu had to flee the country for their life safety. In 1971, <a href="/wiki/Deniz_Gezmi%C5%9F" title="Deniz Gezmiş">Deniz Gezmiş</a>, <a href="/wiki/H%C3%BCseyin_%C4%B0nan" class="mw-redirect" title="Hüseyin İnan">Hüseyin İnan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yusuf_Aslan" class="mw-redirect" title="Yusuf Aslan">Yusuf Aslan</a> were executed.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> In March 1973 <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Armed_Forces" title="Turkish Armed Forces">Turkish Armed Forces</a> published a book named How Communists Deceive Our Workers and Our Youth. The book consisted of 32 pages and included many anti-communist phrases in it.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <a href="/wiki/B%C3%BClent_Ecevit" title="Bülent Ecevit">Bülent Ecevit</a>, who served as the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Turkey" title="Prime Minister of Turkey">Prime Minister of Turkey</a> four times between 1974 and 2002, openly expressed anti-communist opinions. Most famously, in 1975, Ecevit said "<a href="/wiki/Republican_People%27s_Party" title="Republican People's Party">Republican People's Party</a> is the most powerful party of Turkey. It will block communism, as long as it stays strong, there will not be communism in Turkey."<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Council_of_Europe_and_European_Union">Council of Europe and European Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Council of Europe and European Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Europe_resolution_1481" title="Council of Europe resolution 1481">Council of Europe resolution 1481</a></div> Resolution 1481/2006 of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_Assembly_of_the_Council_of_Europe" title="Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe">Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe</a> (PACE), issued on 25 January 2006 during its winter session, "strongly condemns crimes of totalitarian communist regimes". The European Parliament has designated August 23 as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Ribbon_Day" title="Black Ribbon Day">Black Ribbon Day</a>, a Europe-wide day of remembrance for victims of the 20th-century totalitarian and authoritarian regimes.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Albania">Albania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Albania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Albanian_Subversion" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Subversion">Albanian Subversion</a></div> In the early years of the Cold War, <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Frash%C3%ABri" class="mw-redirect" title="Midhat Frashëri">Midhat Frashëri</a> tried to patch together a coalition of anti-communist opposition forces in Britain and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-albanianhistory1-171">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/%22Free_Albania%22_National_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title=""Free Albania" National Committee">"Free Albania" National Committee</a> was officially formed on 26 August 1949 in Paris, France. Frashëri was its chairman, with other members of the Directing Board: Nuçi Kotta, Albaz Kupi, Said Kryeziu and Zef Pali.<a href="#cite_note-Mustaqi-172">[172]</a> It was supported by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a> (CIA) and placed as member of <a href="/wiki/National_Committee_for_a_Free_Europe" title="National Committee for a Free Europe">National Committee for a Free Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-TO-173">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-panorama-174">[174]</a> Albania has enacted the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_Communist_Genocide" class="mw-redirect" title="Law on Communist Genocide">Law on Communist Genocide</a> with the purpose<a href="#cite_note-omri-175">[175]</a> of expediting the prosecution of the violations of the basic human rights and freedoms by the former <a href="/wiki/Hoxhaism" title="Hoxhaism">Hoxhaist</a> and Maoist governments of the <a href="/wiki/Socialist_People%27s_Republic_of_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist People's Republic of Albania">Socialist People's Republic of Albania</a>. The law has also been referred to in English as the "Genocide Law"<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> and the "Law on Communist Genocide".<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Belgium">Belgium</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Belgium">edit</a>]</div> Since before World War II, there were some anti-communist organizations such as the Union Civique Belge and the Société d'Etudes Politiques, Economiques et Sociales (SEPES).<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> Catholic anti-communism was especially prominent; members of clergy supported anti-communist literature ventures, including Belina-Podgaetsky's first novel, L'Ouragan rouge, in the 1930s.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Czechoslovakia">Czechoslovakia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Czechoslovakia">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg/220px-Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg/330px-Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg/440px-Prague_Demonstration_April_1990.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3476" data-file-height="2402" /></a><figcaption>Before the <a href="/wiki/1990_Czechoslovak_parliamentary_election" title="1990 Czechoslovak parliamentary election">June 1990 elections</a>, demonstrators on <a href="/wiki/Wenceslas_Square" title="Wenceslas Square">Wenceslas Square</a> in April gather under a poster where the <a href="/wiki/Red_star" title="Red star">red star</a> and initials of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Communist Party of Czechoslovakia">KSČ</a> has a <a href="/wiki/Swastika" title="Swastika">swastika</a> painted on top of it while the <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> depicted is from before the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Czechoslovak_Socialist_Republic" title="Czechoslovak Socialist Republic">Czechoslovak Socialist Republic</a></figcaption></figure> Interwar Czechoslovakia contained fascist movements that had anti-communist ideas. Czechoslovak Fascists of Moravia had powerful patrons. One patron was the Union of Industrialists (Svaz průmyslníků), which helped them financially. The Union of Industrialists acted as an in-between through which Frantisek Zavfel, a National Democratic member of Czechoslovakian legislature, supported the movement. The Moravian wing of fascism also enjoyed the support of the anti-Bolshevik Russians centered around Hetman Ostranic. The fascists of Moravia shared many of the same ideas as fascists in Bohemia such as hostility to the Soviet Union and anti-communism. The Moravians also campaigned against what they perceived to be the divisive idea of class struggle.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-1995-183">[183]</a> The view of fascism as a barrier against communism was widespread in Czechoslovakia, where during the 1920s propaganda was conducted against establishing diplomatic relations with the Soviet government in Russia. In 1922, after Czechoslovakia and Russia concluded a trade agreement, the extreme right fascist-inclined elements of the National Democratic Party increased their opposition to the government. The country's foremost fascist, Radola Gajda, founded the National Fascist Camp. The National Fascist Camp condemned communism, Jews and anti-Nazi refugees from Germany. There was a strong anti-communist campaign in January 1923 following the attempted assassination of the country's Finance Minister, which they linked to the beginning of a communist-led takeover.<a href="#cite_note-Kelly-1995-183">[183]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Uprising_in_Plze%C5%88" class="mw-redirect" title="Uprising in Plzeň">uprising in Plzeň</a> was an anti-communist revolt by Czechoslovak workers in 1953. The <a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Velvet Revolution</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gentle_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Gentle Revolution">Gentle Revolution</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">non-violent</a> revolution in Czechoslovakia that saw the overthrow of the Soviet-backed Marxist–Leninist government.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> It is seen as one of the most important of the <a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a>. On 17 November 1989, riot police suppressed a peaceful <a href="/wiki/Student_activism" title="Student activism">student demonstration</a> in Prague. That event sparked a series of popular demonstrations from 19 November to late December. By 20 November, the number of peaceful protesters assembled in Prague had swollen from 200,000 the previous day to an estimated half-million. A two-hour <a href="/wiki/General_strike" title="General strike">general strike</a>, involving all citizens of Czechoslovakia, was held on 27 November. In June 1990, Czechoslovakia held its first democratic elections since 1946. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Larry_Thorne.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Larry_Thorne.jpg" decoding="async" width="205" height="276" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="276" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lauri_T%C3%B6rni" title="Lauri Törni">Lauri Törni</a> (1919–1965), Finnish-born <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Special_Forces" title="United States Army Special Forces">green beret</a> <a href="/wiki/Captain_(armed_forces)" title="Captain (armed forces)">captain</a>, who fought against communism in the ranks of three different armies (<a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Waffen-SS" title="Waffen-SS">Waffen-SS</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>)<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a></figcaption></figure> Anti-communism in the Nordic countries was at its highest extent in Finland between the world wars. In Finland, nationalistic anti-communism existed before the Cold War in the forms of the <a href="/wiki/Lapua_Movement" title="Lapua Movement">Lapua Movement</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Patriotic_People%27s_Movement_(Finland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriotic People's Movement (Finland)">Patriotic People's Movement</a>, which was outlawed after the <a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Continuation War</a>. During the Cold War, the <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Right_Party" title="Constitutional Right Party">Constitutional Right Party</a> was opposed to communism. Anti-communist Finnish White Guards were engaged in armed hostilities against the Russian Soviet Government in Russia's civil war across the border in the Russian province of East Karelia. These armed hostilities preceded the overthrow of Finland's revolutionary government in 1918 and after the 1920 peace agreement with Russia that established Russian-Finnish borders.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">[188]</a> Following Finland's independence in 1917–1918, the Finnish White Guard forces had negotiated and acquired help from Germany. Germany landed close 10,000 men in the city of Hanko on 3 April 1918. Finland's civil war was short and bloody. A recorded 5,717 pro-Communist forces were killed in battle. Communists and their supporters fell victim to an anti-communist campaign of White Terror in which an estimated 7,300 people were killed. Following the end of the conflict, estimates of 13,000 to 75,000 pro-communist prisoners perished in prison camps due to factors such as malnutrition.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> Finnish anti-communism persisted during the 1920s. White Guard militias formed during the civil war in 1918 were retained as an armed 100,000 strong 'civil guard'. The Finnish used these militias as a permanent anti-communist auxiliary to the military. In Finland, anti-communism had an official character and was prolific in institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">[188]</a> After the Finnish increased its support and received nearly 14 per cent of the vote in the 1929 elections, civil guards and local farmers violently suppressed up a communist party meeting in Lapua. This place gave its name to a direct-action movement, the sole purpose of which was to fight against communism.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: France">edit</a>]</div> International anti-communism played a major role in Franco-German-Soviet relations in the 1920s. Pragmatic realists and anti-Communist ideologues confronted each other over trade, security, electoral politics, and the danger of socialist revolution.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> At the end of 1932, François de Boisjolin organized the Ligue Internationale Anti-Communiste.<a href="#cite_note-ihs-lia-191">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> The organization members came mainly from the wine region of <a href="/wiki/South_West_France_(wine_region)" title="South West France (wine region)">South West France</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ihs-lia-191">[191]</a> In 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Law_on_the_Freedom_of_the_Press_of_29_July_1881" title="Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881">Law on the Freedom of the Press of 29 July 1881</a> was amended and François de Boisjolin and others were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> French communists played a major role in the wartime Resistance but were distrusted by the key leader <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle" title="Charles de Gaulle">Charles de Gaulle</a>. By 1947, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Aron" title="Raymond Aron">Raymond Aron</a> (1905–83) was the leading intellectual challenging the far-left that permeated much of the French intellectual community. He became a combative Cold Warrior quick to challenge anyone, including <a href="/wiki/Jean-Paul_Sartre" title="Jean-Paul Sartre">Jean-Paul Sartre</a>, who embraced communism and defended Stalin. Aron praised American capitalism, supported NATO, and denounced Marxist Leninism as a totalitarian movement opposed to the values of Western liberal democracy.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg/220px-Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="322" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg/330px-Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/55/Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg/440px-Bolschewismus_ohne_Maske2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6785" data-file-height="9940" /></a><figcaption>German anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Nazi_Germany" title="Propaganda in Nazi Germany">propaganda</a> poster</figcaption></figure> In Nazi Germany, the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a> (NSDAP) banned communist parties and targeted communists. After the <a href="/wiki/Reichstag_Fire" class="mw-redirect" title="Reichstag Fire">Reichstag Fire</a>, violent suppression of communists by the <a href="/wiki/Sturmabteilung" title="Sturmabteilung">Sturmabteilung</a> was undertaken nationwide and 4,000 members of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329–334-195">[195]</a> The Nazi Party also established <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">concentration camps</a> for their political opponents, such as communists.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_propaganda" class="mw-redirect" title="Nazi propaganda">Nazi propaganda</a> dismissed the communists as "Red subhumans".<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> Nazi German leader Adolf Hitler focused on the threat of communism. He described communists as "a mob storming about in some of our streets in Germany, it a conception of the world which is in the act of subjecting to itself the entire Asiatic continent". Hitler believed that about communism, "unless it were halted it would 'gradually shatter the whole world ... and transform it as completely as did Christianity".<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a> Anti-communism was a significant part of Hitler's propaganda throughout his career. Hitler's foreign relations focused around the Anti-Comintern Pact and always looked towards Russia as the point of Germany's expansion. Surpassed only by antisemitism, anti-communism was the most continuous and persistent theme of Hitler's political life and that of the Nazi Party.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a> According to Hitler "[t]he Jewish doctrine of Marxism repudiates the aristocratic principle of nature and substitutes for it and the eternal privilege of force and energy, numerical mass and its dead weight. Thus it denies the individual worth of the human personality, impugns the teaching that nationhood and race have a primary significance, and by doing this takes away the very foundations of human existence and human civilization."<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a> Shortly after the Nazis in Germany seized power, they repressed communists. Beginning in 1933, the Nazis perpetrated repressions against communists, including detainment in concentration camps and torture. The first prisoners in the first Nazi concentration camp of Dachau were communists. Whereas communism prioritised social class, Nazism emphasized the nation and race above all else. Nazi propaganda recast communism as "Judeo-Bolshevism", with Nazi leaders characterizing communism as a Jewish plot seeking to harm Germany. The Nazis view of "Judeo-Bolshevism" as a threat was influenced by Germany's proximity to the Soviet Union. For Nazis, Jews and communists became interchangeable. Hitler's speech to a Nuremberg Rally in September 1937 had forceful attacks on communism. He identified communism with a Jewish world conspiracy from Moscow as "a fact proved by irrefutable evidence". He believed that Jews had established a cruel rule over Russians and other nationalities and sought to expand their rule to the rest of Europe and the world.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a> During the invasion and occupation of the Soviet Union, the Nazis and their military leaders targeted Soviet commissars for persecution. Nazis leaders saw commissars as embodiment of "Jewish Bolshevism" that would force their military to fight to the end and commit cruelties against Germans. On 6 June 1941, German Army High Command ordered the execution of all "political commissars" who acted against German troops. The order had the widespread support among the strongly anti-communist German officers and was applied widely. The order was applied against combatants and prisoners as well as on battlefields and occupied territories.<a href="#cite_note-Wachsmann-2015-38">[38]</a> Following their placement in concentration camps, most Soviet "commissars" were executed within days. The systematic mass extermination of Soviet "commissars" had exceeded all previous campaigns of murder by the Nazis. For the first time and towards Soviet "commissars", Nazi concentration camps executed people on a large scale. During the two-month period spanning September to October 1941, German SS men put to death around 9,000 Soviet POWs in Sachsenhausen.<a href="#cite_note-Wachsmann-2015-38">[38]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany#Turning_point_and_collapse" title="Nazi Germany">fall of Nazi Germany</a> and emergence of two rival states, <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a>, the larger, capitalist, and significantly wealthier Western country positioned itself as an antithesis to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Soviet-dominated</a> East. As such, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Germany" title="Communist Party of Germany">Communist Party of Germany</a> was banned in 1956, and all major political parties, including the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Union_of_Germany" title="Christian Democratic Union of Germany">Christian Democratic Union of Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_Party_of_Germany" title="Social Democratic Party of Germany">Social Democratic Party of Germany</a> became staunchly anti-communist. The first post-WW2 German Chancellor <a href="/wiki/Konrad_Adenauer" title="Konrad Adenauer">Konrad Adenauer</a> became an anti-communist icon who placed his opposition to the totalitarian USSR even higher than his dislike of Nazism. Adenauer prioritized the struggle against the USSR over <a href="/wiki/Denazification" title="Denazification">denazification</a> policies, and put an end to the persecution of former Nazis, granting clemency to those who were not involved in abhorrent human rights abuses and even allowed some to hold governmental positions.<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Officials were allowed to retake jobs in civil service, with the exception of people assigned to Group I (Major Offenders) and II (Offenders) during the denazification review process.<a href="#cite_note-Art-202">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hungary">Hungary</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Hungary">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg/220px-Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="305" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg/330px-Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1e/Hole_in_flag_-_Budapest_1956.jpg 2x" data-file-width="433" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption> Symbol of the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>: <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Hungary" title="Flag of Hungary">Hungarian flag</a> with the 1949–1956 communist emblem cut out</figcaption></figure> In Hungary, a Soviet Republic was formed in March 1919. It was led by communists and socialists. Acting with support of the French government, the Romanian army, along with Czech and Yugoslav forces (the future <a href="/wiki/Little_Entente" title="Little Entente">Little Entente</a>) already occupying parts of Hungary, invaded and overthrew the communist government in the capital, Budapest, in late 1919. Local Hungarian counter-revolutionary militias, rallying around Nicholas Horthy, ex-admiral of the Austro-Hungarian fleet, attacked and killed socialists, communists and Jews in a counter-revolutionary terror, lasting into 1920.<a href="#cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">[188]</a> The Hungarian regime subsequently established had refused to establish diplomatic relations with Soviet Russia.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> An estimated 5,000 people were put to death during the Hungarian White Terror of 1919–1920, and tens of thousands were imprisoned without trial. Alleged Communists were sought and jailed by the Hungarian regime and murdered by right-wing vigilante groups. The Jewish population that Hungarian regime elements accused of being connected with communism was also persecuted.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Anti-communist Hungarian military officers linked Jews with communism. Following the overthrow of the Soviet government in Hungary, the lawyer Oscar Szollosy published a widely circulated newspaper article on "The Criminals of the Dictatorship of the Proletariat" in which he identified Jewish "red, blood-stained knights of hate" as the main perpetrators as the driving force behind communism.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> German leader Adolf Hitler wrote a letter to Hungarian leader Horthy in which Germany's attack on the Soviet Union was justified because Germany felt that it was upholding European culture and civilization. According to the German ambassador in Budapest, who delivered Hitler's letter, Horthy declared: "For 22 years he had longed for this day, and was now delighted. Centuries later humanity would be thanking the Fuhrer for his deed. One hundred and eighty million Russians would now be liberated from the yoke forced upon them by 2 million Bolshevists".<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a> At the end of November 1941 Hungarian brigades began to arrive in Ukraine to perform exclusively police functions in the occupied territories. For 1941–1943 only in Chernigov region and the surrounding villages, Hungarian troops took part in the extermination of an estimated 60,000 Soviet citizens. Hungarian troops were characterized by ill-treatment of Soviet partisans and also Soviet prisoners of war. When retreating from the Chernyansky district of the Kursk region, it was testified that "the Hungarian military units kidnapped 200 prisoners of war of the Red Army and 160 Soviet patriots from the concentration camp. On the way, the fascists blocked all of these 360 people in the school building, doused with gasoline and lit them. Those who tried to escape were shot".<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a> was a revolt against the government of the Hungarian People's Republic and its Stalinist policies, lasting from 23 October until 10 November 1956. The revolt began as a student demonstration which attracted thousands as it marched through central <a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Parliament_Building" title="Hungarian Parliament Building">Parliament building</a>. A student delegation entering the <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Hungarian Radio">radio building</a> in an attempt to broadcast <a href="/wiki/Demands_of_Hungarian_Revolutionaries_of_1956" title="Demands of Hungarian Revolutionaries of 1956">its demands</a> was detained. When the delegation's release was demanded by the demonstrators outside, they were fired upon by the <a href="/wiki/State_Protection_Authority" title="State Protection Authority">State Security Police</a> (ÁVH) from within the building. As the news spread quickly, disorder and violence erupted throughout the capital. The revolt moved quickly across <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Hungary" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Hungary">Hungary</a> and the government fell. After announcing a willingness to negotiate a withdrawal of Soviet forces, the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> changed its mind and moved to crush the revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Moldova">Moldova</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Moldova">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chisinau-eu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chisinau-eu.jpg/220px-Chisinau-eu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Chisinau-eu.jpg/330px-Chisinau-eu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a0/Chisinau-eu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Europe" title="Flag of Europe">flag of Europe</a> was a symbol for Moldovan anti-communists in 2009</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/2009_Moldova_civil_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Moldova civil unrest">Moldovan anti-communist social movement</a> emerged on 7 April 2009 in major cities of Moldova after the <a href="/wiki/Party_of_Communists_of_the_Republic_of_Moldova" title="Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova">Party of Communists of the Republic of Moldova</a> (PCRM) had allegedly rigged elections. The anti-communists organized themselves using an online <a href="/wiki/Social_network_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social network service">social network service</a>, Twitter, hence its moniker used by the media, the <a href="/wiki/Twittered_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Twittered revolution">Twitter Revolution</a><a href="#cite_note-twitterrevolution-209">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution#Reactions_and_connected_movements_in_other_countries" title="Colour revolution">Grape revolution</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Poland">Poland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Poland">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931989)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)">Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1989)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">Cursed soldiers</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leon_Trotsky.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/190px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/285px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Leon_Trotsky.JPG/380px-Leon_Trotsky.JPG 2x" data-file-width="896" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>"Bolshevik freedom", Polish anti-communist propaganda poster with nude caricature of <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a> saw Poland as the bridge which the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> would have to cross to assist the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">other Communist movements</a> and help bring about other European revolutions. Poland was the first country which successfully stopped a Communist military advance. Between February 1919 and March 1921, Poland's successful defence of its independence was known as the <a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Soviet_War" title="Polish–Soviet War">Polish–Soviet War</a>. According to American sociologist Alexander Gella, "the Polish victory had gained twenty years of independence not only for Poland, but at least for an entire central part of Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Gella-211">[211]</a> After the German and Soviet <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">invasion of Poland</a> in 1939, the first Polish uprising during World War II was against the Soviets. The <a href="/wiki/Czortk%C3%B3w_Uprising" class="mw-redirect" title="Czortków Uprising">Czortków Uprising</a> occurred during 21–22 January 1940 in the Soviet-occupied <a href="/wiki/Podolia" title="Podolia">Podolia</a>. Teenagers from local high schools stormed the local Red Army barracks and a prison to release Polish soldiers who had been imprisoned there.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In the latter years of the war, there were <a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans_in_Poland" title="Soviet partisans in Poland">increasing conflicts between Polish and Soviet partisans</a> and some groups continued to oppose the Soviets long after the war.<a href="#cite_note-213">[213]</a> Between 1944 and 1946, soldiers of the anti-communist armed groups, known as the <a href="/wiki/Cursed_soldiers" title="Cursed soldiers">cursed soldiers</a>, made a series of <a href="/wiki/Raids_on_communist_prisons_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931946)" class="mw-redirect" title="Raids on communist prisons in Poland (1944–1946)">attacks on communist prisons</a> immediately following the end of World War II in Poland.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> The last of the cursed soldiers, members of the militant <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_resistance_in_Poland_(1944%E2%80%931953)" title="Anti-communist resistance in Poland (1944–1953)">anti-communist resistance in Poland</a>, was <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Franczak" title="Józef Franczak">Józef Franczak</a>, who was killed with a pistol in his hand by <a href="/wiki/ZOMO" class="mw-redirect" title="ZOMO">ZOMO</a> in 1963.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pozna%C5%84_1956_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Poznań 1956 protests">Poznań 1956 protests</a> were massive anti-communist protests in the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Poland" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Republic of Poland">People's Republic of Poland</a>. Protesters were repressed by the regime. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_1970_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish 1970 protests">Polish 1970 protests</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>: Grudzień 1970) were anti-Comintern protests which occurred in northern Poland in December 1970. The protests were sparked by a sudden increase in the prices of food and other everyday items. As a result of the riots, brutally put down by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Army" title="Polish People's Army">Polish People's Army</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Milicja_Obywatelska" title="Milicja Obywatelska">Citizen's Militia</a>, at least 42 people were killed and more than 1,000 were wounded. <a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a> was an anti-communist trade union in a <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact" title="Warsaw Pact">Warsaw Pact</a> country. In the 1980s, it constituted a broad anti-communist movement. The government attempted to destroy the union during the <a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Poland" title="Martial law in Poland">period of martial law in the early 1980s</a> and several years of repression, but in the end, it had to start negotiating with the union. The <a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Round Table Talks</a> between the government and the Solidarity-led opposition led to <a href="/wiki/1989_Polish_legislative_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1989 Polish legislative elections">semi-free elections in 1989</a>. By the end of August, a Solidarity-led coalition government was formed and in December 1990 Wałęsa was elected <a href="/wiki/President_of_Poland" title="President of Poland">President of Poland</a>. Since then, it has become a more traditional trade union. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Romania">Romania</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Romania">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romanian anti-communist resistance movement</a> lasted between 1948 and the early 1960s. Armed resistance was the first and most structured form of resistance against the Communist regime. It was not until the overthrow of <a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceauşescu</a> in late 1989 that details about what was called "anti-communist armed resistance" were made public. It was only then that the public learned about the numerous small groups of "<a href="/wiki/Haiduc" class="mw-redirect" title="Haiduc">haiducs</a>" who had taken refuge in the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a>, where some resisted for ten years against the troops of the <a href="/wiki/Securitate" title="Securitate">Securitate</a>. The last "haiduc" was killed in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Banat" title="Banat">Banat</a> in 1962. The Romanian resistance was one of the longest lasting armed movements in the former <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Soviet bloc</a>.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Romanian_Revolution_of_1989" class="mw-redirect" title="Romanian Revolution of 1989">Romanian Revolution of 1989</a> was a week-long series of increasingly violent riots and fighting in late December 1989 that overthrew the government of Ceauşescu. After a <a href="/wiki/Show_trial" title="Show trial">show trial</a>, Ceauşescu and his wife <a href="/wiki/Elena_Ceau%C5%9Fescu" class="mw-redirect" title="Elena Ceauşescu">Elena</a> were executed.<a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> Romania was the only <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a> country to overthrow its government violently or to execute its leaders. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Serbia">Serbia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Serbia">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">occupation of Yugoslavia</a> between 1941 and 1945, two distinct resistance movements formed, the royalist and anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Chetniks" title="Chetniks">Chetniks</a> and the communist <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_partisans" class="mw-redirect" title="Yugoslav partisans">Yugoslav partisans</a>. Although initially allied, animosity between the two grew due to ideological differences <a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> and Chetnik actions against Axis being mistakenly credited to Tito and his Communist forces by Allied liaison officers. <a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> Gradually, the Chetniks ended up primarily fighting the Partisans instead of the occupation forces, and started cooperating with the Axis in a struggle to destroy the Partisans, receiving increasing amounts of logistical assistance. General Draža Mihailović, leader of the Chetnik detachment in occupied Serbia admitted to a British colonel that the Chetniks' principal enemies were "the partisans, the <a href="/wiki/Ustasha" class="mw-redirect" title="Ustasha">Ustasha</a>, the Muslims, the Croats and last the Germans and Italians" [in that order].<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> By the end of the war, the partisans achieved total victory and enacted <a href="/wiki/Communist_purges_in_Serbia_in_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Communist purges in Serbia in 1944–1945">widespread purges throughout Serbia</a> from 1944 to 1945. By 1946, anti-communist Chetniks were largely defeated by communist authorities.<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pre-Francoist_Spain">Pre-Francoist Spain</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pre-Francoist Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Falangist_Movement_of_Spain" title="Falangist Movement of Spain">Falangist Movement of Spain</a>, <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a></div> In Spain, anti-communism has been present in both the political left and right. In the decade preceding the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Spain" title="Communist Party of Spain">Communist Party of Spain</a> (PCE) was overshadowed by and competed with <a href="/wiki/Confederaci%C3%B3n_Nacional_del_Trabajo" title="Confederación Nacional del Trabajo">Spain's anarcho-syndicalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Socialist_Workers%27_Party" title="Spanish Socialist Workers' Party">Socialist</a> counterparts.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> Under the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Miguel_Primo_de_Rivera" title="Miguel Primo de Rivera">Miguel Primo de Rivera</a>, "most prominent party members were jailed", and the party headquarters were moved to Paris.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Furthermore, the party was weakened by factionalism in the <a href="/wiki/Communist_International" title="Communist International">Comintern</a> and the poor representatives it was sent from Moscow.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Until 1934, when the PCE joined <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Manuel Azaña</a>'s government, the PCE opposed the <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Left consolidation under Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manuel_Aza%C3%B1a" title="Manuel Azaña">Azaña</a> corresponded with the Comintern directive<a href="#cite_note-Payne-2006-224">[224]</a> to form broad coalitions opposing <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Upon their 1934 merger with the PSOE under the <a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alianza_Obrera" class="extiw" title="ast:Alianza Obrera">Alianza Obrera</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Payne-2006-224">[224]</a> the communists reversed their view on the Republic and their influence expanded.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Between 1934 and 1936, the PCE's membership grew from approximately one thousand to thirty thousand.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pius_xi_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/220px-Pius_xi_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/330px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Pius_xi_1.jpg/440px-Pius_xi_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="392" /></a><figcaption>During the Spanish Civil War, <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> wrote, "bolshevistic and atheistic Communism, which aims at upsetting the social order and at undermining the very foundations of Christian civilization", had destroyed "as far as possible every church and every monastery".<a href="#cite_note-Pius11-226">[226]</a></figcaption></figure> During the Spanish Civil War the PCE was uncharacteristically moderate, prioritized garnering middle-class support and the war effort over revolutionary policy.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> Communists lost favor after the <a href="/wiki/Republican_faction_(Spanish_Civil_War)" title="Republican faction (Spanish Civil War)">Republicans</a> lost the war, and anti-communism spread to the remainder of the Spanish left. This shift was, in part, at reaction to the <a href="/wiki/Molotov%E2%80%93Ribbentrop_Pact" title="Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact">Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact</a>, which was seen as a Soviet concession to Nazi fascism, and the PCE's refusal to share the aid it received from the Soviet Union with other leftists. Some leftists blamed the PCE for the Republicans' defeat.<a href="#cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">[223]</a> In Spain and internationally, the Catholic Church was a critical anti-communist influence. In the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries the Catholic Church retained a great deal of Spain's wealth but were losing social influence.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a><a href="#cite_note-Karlheinz_Deschner-2013-228">[228]</a> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Constitution_of_1931" title="Spanish Constitution of 1931">The Second Republic's new constitution</a> "withdrew education ... from the clergy, dissolved the Jesuit order, banned monks and nuns from trading, and secularized marriage." This marked a sharp contrast from the <a href="/wiki/Restoration_(Spain)" title="Restoration (Spain)">Restoration period</a>, during which the Church retained a religious monopoly.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">[188]</a> The Church reacted to this change and anti-clerical destruction of Church property by funding the Spanish Confederation of Autonomous Rights (<a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">CEDA</a>) and denouncing the 'red' Republican government.<a href="#cite_note-Karlheinz_Deschner-2013-228">[228]</a> In 1937 <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_XI" title="Pope Pius XI">Pope Pius XI</a> released <a href="/wiki/Divini_Redemptoris" title="Divini Redemptoris">Divini Redemptoris</a>, an anti-communist <a href="/wiki/Encyclical" title="Encyclical">encyclical</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">[198]</a> The document reflected the attitudes of Spanish bishops, claiming that communists were slaughtering clerics and all opposed to atheism.<a href="#cite_note-Pius11-226">[226]</a> Anti-communism was a shared ideological feature among Spain's various right-wing groups in the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a>. Within the right-wing, the Catholic Church's anti-communism pulled together the political interests of the lower, agrarian classes, the landed aristocracy, and industrialists.<a href="#cite_note-Preston_1990-229">[229]</a> Despite these groups' political differences, <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_(Spain)" title="Popular Front (Spain)">The Popular Front's</a> <a href="/wiki/1936_Spanish_general_election" title="1936 Spanish general election">electoral victory in 1936</a> spurred <a href="/wiki/CEDA" title="CEDA">Catholic authoritarians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlism" title="Carlism">Carlists</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Renovation" title="Spanish Renovation">monarchists</a>, some <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Military_Union" title="Spanish Military Union">military officers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Falange_Espa%C3%B1ola_de_las_JONS" title="Falange Española de las JONS">fascists</a> to <a href="/wiki/Unification_Decree_(Spain,_1937)" title="Unification Decree (Spain, 1937)">consolidate</a> under the <a href="/wiki/FET_y_de_las_JONS" title="FET y de las JONS">Falange Española Tradicionalista y de las JONS</a> headed by the general and future dictator, <a href="/wiki/Francisco_Franco" title="Francisco Franco">Francisco Franco</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Preston_1990-229">[229]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KZ_Mauthausen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/220px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/330px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/KZ_Mauthausen.jpg/440px-KZ_Mauthausen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1454" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Spanish prisoners in the <a href="/wiki/Mauthausen_concentration_camp" title="Mauthausen concentration camp">Mauthausen concentration camp</a> upon being liberated by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a>. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Francoist_Spain">Francoist Spain</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Francoist Spain">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Francoist_concentration_camps" title="Francoist concentration camps">Francoist concentration camps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Spain)" title="White Terror (Spain)">White Terror (Spain)</a></div> Shortly after the end of the Spanish Civil War, Spain entered <a href="/wiki/Anti-Comintern_Pact" title="Anti-Comintern Pact">the Anti-Comintern Pact</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Friendship" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Friendship">Treaty of Friendship</a> with <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Francoist_Spain" title="Francoist Spain">Franco regime</a> continued to retaliate and discriminate against the "<a href="/wiki/Jewish_Bolshevism" title="Jewish Bolshevism">Jewish-Masonic-Communist</a>" Republicans. The divide between Republicans and Francoists was maintained until the regime ended in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-Preston-2007-232">[232]</a> Francoist retaliation was multifaceted. No political organization outside of the Franco regime was permitted,<a href="#cite_note-Grungel-1997-233">[233]</a> and the Law of Repression of Freemasonry and communism was enacted in 1940.<a href="#cite_note-Salvado-1999-234">[234]</a> Under this law, the term "communism" was applied to all revolutionary leftists, many of whom did not actually identify as Communists.<a href="#cite_note-Grungel-1997-233">[233]</a> Political approval from the Franco regime was required "in order to obtain such vital things as a ration card or a job."<a href="#cite_note-Salvado-1999-234">[234]</a> Military courts were ordered to eliminate all political opposition to the Franco regime,<a href="#cite_note-Grungel-1997-233">[233]</a> and hundreds of thousands were executed and imprisoned under political pretenses.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-2005-235">[235]</a> Among these were those in the "defeated republican constituencies", including "urban workers, the rural landless, <a href="/wiki/Basque_nationalism" title="Basque nationalism">regional nationalists</a>, liberal professionals, and <a href="/wiki/New_Woman_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="New Woman (disambiguation)">'new' women</a>." The Francoist prison system comprised two hundred camps, which separated Republican prisoners deemed recoverable, who were used for forced labor, from the rest, who were immediately killed.<a href="#cite_note-Preston-2007-232">[232]</a> Some in these camps were subjected to <a href="/wiki/Unethical_human_experimentation" title="Unethical human experimentation">unethical human experimentation</a> that sought to find "the <a href="/wiki/Biological_psychiatry" title="Biological psychiatry">bio-psychic</a> roots of <a href="/wiki/Marxism" title="Marxism">Marxism</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Preston-2007-232">[232]</a> Additionally, thousands of exiled Republicans were forced "to work for the German war effort" or imprisoned in <a href="/wiki/Nazi_concentration_camps" title="Nazi concentration camps">Nazi concentration camps</a>. Franco "actively encouraged Germans to detain and deport exiled Republicans."<a href="#cite_note-Preston-2007-232">[232]</a> Anti-communism was also perpetuated in the education system. "A quarter of all teachers" were purged from school and university education, and Spain's history, including that of the recent war,<a href="#cite_note-Salvado-1999-234">[234]</a> was taught from an extremely conservative, pro-Franco perspective.<a href="#cite_note-Graham-2005-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decommunization_in_Ukraine" title="Decommunization in Ukraine">Decommunization in Ukraine</a></div> During and after <a href="/wiki/Euromaidan" title="Euromaidan">Euromaidan</a>, starting with the fall of the monument to Lenin in <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> on 8 December 2013, several Lenin monuments and statues were removed/destroyed by protesters. The ban on communist symbols did result in the removement of hundreds of statues, the replacement of millions of street signs and the renaming of populated places including some of Ukraine's biggest cities like <a href="/wiki/Dnipro" title="Dnipro">Dnipro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horishni_Plavni" title="Horishni Plavni">Horishni Plavni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kropyvnytskyi" title="Kropyvnytskyi">Kropyvnytskyi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: North America">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: United States">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Anti-communism" title="Special:EditPage/Anti-communism">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (February 2009) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Red_Scare" title="Red Scare">Red Scare</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks" style="border: 4px double #B0161E; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Category:Conservatism in the United States">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#B0161E; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Conservatism in the United States">Conservatism in the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/90px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/135px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg/180px-Greater_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="451" data-file-height="476" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Schools</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Compassionate_conservatism" title="Compassionate conservatism">Compassionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiscal_conservatism" title="Fiscal conservatism">Fiscal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fusionism" title="Fusionism">Fusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_conservatism#Relation_to_American_conservatism" title="Liberal conservatism">Liberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_conservatism" title="Libertarian conservatism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moderate_conservatism" title="Moderate conservatism">Moderate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_conservatism" title="Movement conservatism">Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism">Neo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleoconservatism" title="Paleoconservatism">Paleo-</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postliberalism" title="Postliberalism">Postliberal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism#United_States" title="Right-wing populism">Populist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_conservatism" title="Progressive conservatism">Progressive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Social conservatism in the United States">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straussianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Straussianism">Straussian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Traditionalist conservatism in the United States">Traditionalist</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_exceptionalism" title="American exceptionalism">American exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_nationalism" title="American nationalism">American nationalism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_nationalism#United_States" title="Christian nationalism">Christian nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_civil_religion" title="American civil religion">Civil religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_liberalism" title="Classical liberalism">Classical liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutionalism_in_the_United_States" title="Constitutionalism in the United States">Constitutionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_life" title="Culture of life">Culture of life</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_anti-abortion_movement" title="United States anti-abortion movement">Pro-life</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism#United_States" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_values" title="Family values">Family values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalism_in_the_United_States" title="Federalism in the United States">Federalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/States%27_rights" title="States' rights">States' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_essentialism" title="Gender essentialism">Gender essentialism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judeo-Christian_ethics" title="Judeo-Christian ethics">Judeo-Christian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualism" title="Individualism">Individualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_government" title="Limited government">Limited government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_aristocracy" title="Natural aristocracy">Natural aristocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_militarism" title="United States militarism">Militarism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Peace_through_strength" title="Peace through strength">Peace through strength</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_absolutism" title="Moral absolutism">Moral absolutism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_law" title="Natural law">Natural law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordered_liberty" title="Ordered liberty">Ordered liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americanism_(ideology)" title="Americanism (ideology)">Patriotism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_property" title="Right to property">Property rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_the_United_States" title="Republicanism in the United States">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Right to bear arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rule_of_law" title="Rule of law">Rule of law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supply-side_economics" title="Supply-side economics">Supply-side economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Loyalist_(American_Revolution)" title="Loyalist (American Revolution)">Loyalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_humanism_(literature)" title="New humanism (literature)">New Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians" title="Southern Agrarians">Southern Agrarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Right_(United_States)" title="Old Right (United States)">Old Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Manifesto" title="Conservative Manifesto">Conservative Manifesto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_coalition" title="Conservative coalition">Conservative coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Committee" title="America First Committee">America First Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater_1964_presidential_campaign" title="Barry Goldwater 1964 presidential campaign">Goldwater campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Right#United_States" title="New Right">New Right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_era" title="Reagan era">Reagan era</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reaganomics" title="Reaganomics">Reaganomics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoconservatism_and_paleoconservatism" title="Neoconservatism and paleoconservatism">Neo- vs. paleoconservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Redeemers" title="Redeemers">Redeemers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Revolution" title="Republican Revolution">Republican Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_movement" title="Tea Party movement">Tea Party movement</a></li> <li>Trump era <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">First term</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="Second presidency of Donald Trump">Second term</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams" title="Henry Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Anton" title="Michael Anton">Anton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Babbitt" title="Irving Babbitt">Babbitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Bacevich" title="Andrew Bacevich">Bacevich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bell" title="Daniel Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saul_Bellow" title="Saul Bellow">Bellow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_L._Berger" title="Peter L. Berger">Berger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Bloom" title="Allan Bloom">Bloom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Boorstin" title="Daniel J. Boorstin">Boorstin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Burgess_(political_scientist)" title="John Burgess (political scientist)">Burgess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Burnham" title="James Burnham">Burnham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Carl" title="Jeremy Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whittaker_Chambers" title="Whittaker Chambers">Chambers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Conquest" title="Robert Conquest">Conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_Deneen" title="Patrick Deneen">Deneen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Eastman" title="Max Eastman">Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Francis_(writer)" title="Sam Francis (writer)">Francis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Genovese" title="Eugene Genovese">Genovese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Gottfried" title="Paul Gottfried">Gottfried</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoram_Hazony" title="Yoram Hazony">Hazony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Himmelfarb" title="Gertrude Himmelfarb">Himmelfarb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans-Hermann_Hoppe" title="Hans-Hermann Hoppe">Hoppe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_V._Jaffa" title="Harry V. Jaffa">Jaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willmoore_Kendall" title="Willmoore Kendall">Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Kimball" title="Roger Kimball">Kimball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk" title="Russell Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeane_Kirkpatrick" title="Jeane Kirkpatrick">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Kreeft" title="Peter Kreeft">Kreeft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irving_Kristol" title="Irving Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erik_von_Kuehnelt-Leddihn" title="Erik von Kuehnelt-Leddihn">Kuehnelt-Leddihn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_H._Lanier" title="Lyle H. Lanier">Lanier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Lasch" title="Christopher Lasch">Lasch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Lind" title="Michael Lind">Lind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._P._Lovecraft" title="H. P. Lovecraft">Lovecraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Loury" title="Glenn Loury">Loury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lukacs" title="John Lukacs">Lukacs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Mencken</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Meyer_(political_philosopher)" title="Frank Meyer (political philosopher)">Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Molnar" title="Thomas Molnar">Molnar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Nisbet" title="Robert Nisbet">Nisbet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowe_Ransom" title="John Crowe Ransom">Ransom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Rieff" title="Philip Rieff">Rieff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Santayana" title="George Santayana">Santayana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Schaeffer" title="Francis Schaeffer">Schaeffer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Sowell" title="Thomas Sowell">Sowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Strauss" title="Leo Strauss">Strauss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Viereck" title="Peter Viereck">Viereck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Voegelin" title="Eric Voegelin">Voegelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_M._Weaver" title="Richard M. Weaver">Weaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathaniel_Weyl" title="Nathaniel Weyl">Weyl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Wolfe" title="Tom Wolfe">Wolfe</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">Adams (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">Adams (John Quincy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Bolton" title="John Bolton">Bolton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (George H. W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">Bush (George W.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._Calhoun" title="John C. Calhoun">Calhoun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cotton" title="Tom Cotton">Cotton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_Cruz" title="Ted Cruz">Cruz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_DeSantis" title="Ron DeSantis">DeSantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josh_Hawley" title="Josh Hawley">Hawley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Helms" title="Jesse Helms">Helms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover (Herbert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Huckabee" title="Mike Huckabee">Huckabee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Jordan" title="Jim Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge" title="Henry Cabot Lodge">Lodge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_McCarthy" title="Joseph McCarthy">McCarthy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitch_McConnell" title="Mitch McConnell">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rand_Paul" title="Rand Paul">Paul (Rand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Paul" title="Ron Paul">Paul (Ron)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Pierce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Randolph_of_Roanoke" title="John Randolph of Roanoke">Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Rubio" title="Marco Rubio">Rubio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Rumsfeld" title="Donald Rumsfeld">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Huckabee_Sanders" title="Sarah Huckabee Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Santorum" title="Rick Santorum">Santorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">Taft (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taylor_of_Caroline" title="John Taylor of Caroline">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strom_Thurmond" title="Strom Thurmond">Thurmond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Wallace" title="George Wallace">Wallace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Wolfowitz" title="Paul Wolfowitz">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Jurists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Alito" title="Samuel Alito">Alito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amy_Coney_Barrett" title="Amy Coney Barrett">Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Bork" title="Robert Bork">Bork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Colson" title="Charles Colson">Colson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_P._George" title="Robert P. George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Goldsmith" title="Jack Goldsmith">Goldsmith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neil_Gorsuch" title="Neil Gorsuch">Gorsuch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lino_Graglia" title="Lino Graglia">Graglia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_Harlan_II" title="John Marshall Harlan II">Harlan II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brett_Kavanaugh" title="Brett Kavanaugh">Kavanaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Kennedy" title="Anthony Kennedy">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Luttig" title="J. Michael Luttig">Luttig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Meese" title="Edwin Meese">Meese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alton_B._Parker" title="Alton B. Parker">Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Roberts" title="John Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Terry_Sanford" title="Edward Terry Sanford">Sanford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_Sessions" title="Jeff Sessions">Sessions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sutherland" title="George Sutherland">Sutherland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft (William)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Thomas" title="Clarence Thomas">Thomas (Clarence)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrian_Vermeule" title="Adrian Vermeule">Vermeule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Whittaker" title="Charles Evans Whittaker">Whittaker</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Commentators</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sohrab_Ahmari" title="Sohrab Ahmari">Ahmari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenn_Beck" title="Glenn Beck">Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Bongino" title="Dan Bongino">Bongino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Breitbart" title="Andrew Breitbart">Breitbart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Buchanan (Pat)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_F._Buckley_Jr." title="William F. Buckley Jr.">Buckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Caldwell_(journalist)" title="Christopher Caldwell (journalist)">Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tucker_Carlson" title="Tucker Carlson">Carlson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oren_Cass" title="Oren Cass">Cass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Chodorov" title="Frank Chodorov">Chodorov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Coulter" title="Ann Coulter">Coulter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dinesh_D%27Souza" title="Dinesh D'Souza">D'Souza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Derbyshire" title="John Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_DiLorenzo" title="Thomas DiLorenzo">DiLorenzo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Douthat" title="Ross Douthat">Douthat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rod_Dreher" title="Rod Dreher">Dreher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Elder" title="Larry Elder">Elder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Fleming_(political_writer)" title="Thomas Fleming (political writer)">Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonah_Goldberg" title="Jonah Goldberg">Goldberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Grant_(radio_host)" title="Bob Grant (radio host)">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alyssa_Farah_Griffin" title="Alyssa Farah Griffin">Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_van_den_Haag" title="Ernest van den Haag">Van den Haag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sean_Hannity" title="Sean Hannity">Hannity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Hart" title="Jeffrey Hart">Hart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Hegseth" title="Pete Hegseth">Hegseth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_Herberg" title="Will Herberg">Herberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hoover" title="Margaret Hoover">Hoover (Margaret)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Ingraham" title="Laura Ingraham">Ingraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megyn_Kelly" title="Megyn Kelly">Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Knowles_(political_commentator)" title="Michael Knowles (political commentator)">Knowles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Krauthammer" title="Charles Krauthammer">Krauthammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomi_Lahren" title="Tomi Lahren">Lahren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Levin" title="Mark Levin">Levin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rush_Limbaugh" title="Rush Limbaugh">Limbaugh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heather_Mac_Donald" title="Heather Mac Donald">Mac Donald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Metaxas" title="Eric Metaxas">Metaxas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_John_Neuhaus" title="Richard John Neuhaus">Neuhaus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Ngo" title="Andy Ngo">Ngo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_North" title="Oliver North">North</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Novak" title="Robert Novak">Novak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_O%27Reilly_(political_commentator)" title="Bill O'Reilly (political commentator)">O'Reilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Candace_Owens" title="Candace Owens">Owens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_Podhoretz" title="Norman Podhoretz">Podhoretz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Pool" title="Tim Pool">Pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Portnoy" title="David Portnoy">Portnoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Robertson" title="Pat Robertson">Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shapiro" title="Ben Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amity_Shlaes" title="Amity Shlaes">Shlaes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Sullivan" title="Andrew Sullivan">Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Walsh_(political_commentator)" title="Matt Walsh (political commentator)">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_Watters" title="Jesse Watters">Watters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Whittle" title="Bill Whittle">Whittle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Will" title="George Will">Will</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucian_Wintrich" title="Lucian Wintrich">Wintrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Woods" title="Tom Woods">Woods</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Activists</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Abramoff" title="Jack Abramoff">Abramoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Agostinelli" title="Robert Agostinelli">Agostinelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Ahmanson_Jr." title="Howard Ahmanson Jr.">Ahmanson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Andreessen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mark Andreessen">Andreessen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Bannon" title="Steve Bannon">Bannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaitlin_Bennett" title="Kaitlin Bennett">Bennett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Bezmenov" title="Yuri Bezmenov">Bezmenov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Brent_Bozell_Jr." title="L. Brent Bozell Jr.">Bozell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roy_Cohn" title="Roy Cohn">Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Coors" title="Joseph Coors">Coors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Dans" title="Paul Dans">Dans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Dobson" title="James Dobson">Dobson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Dolan_(activist)" title="Terry Dolan (activist)">Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Drudge" title="Matt Drudge">Drudge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Falwell" title="Jerry Falwell">Falwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Feulner" title="Edwin Feulner">Feulner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigitte_Gabriel" title="Brigitte Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz" title="David Horowitz">Horowitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Krikorian_(activist)" title="Mark Krikorian (activist)">Krikorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Kirk" title="Charlie Kirk">Kirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Kristol" title="Bill Kristol">Kristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_LaHaye" title="Tim LaHaye">LaHaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Leo" title="Leonard Leo">Leo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McEntee_(political_aide)" title="John McEntee (political aide)">McEntee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Mercer" title="Rebekah Mercer">Mercer (Rebekah)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Mercer" title="Robert Mercer">Mercer (Robert)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Miller_(political_advisor)" title="Stephen Miller (political advisor)">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rupert_Murdoch" title="Rupert Murdoch">Murdoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elon_Musk" title="Elon Musk">Musk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Views_of_Elon_Musk" title="Views of Elon Musk">Political views</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_O%27Keefe" title="James O'Keefe">O'Keefe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeonmi_Park" title="Yeonmi Park">Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Phillips_(activist)" title="Howard Phillips (activist)">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Prager" title="Dennis Prager">Prager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Reed" title="Ralph Reed">Reed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Regnery" title="Henry Regnery">Regnery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Roberts_(political_strategist)" title="Kevin Roberts (political strategist)">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Rove" title="Karl Rove">Rove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Rufo" title="Christopher Rufo">Rufo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._Rusher" title="William A. Rusher">Rusher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mellon_Scaife" title="Richard Mellon Scaife">Scaife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Schlafly" title="Andrew Schlafly">Schlafly (Andrew)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Schlafly" title="Phyllis Schlafly">Schlafly (Phyllis)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Stone" title="Roger Stone">Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robby_Starbuck" title="Robby Starbuck">Starbuck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Thiel" title="Peter Thiel">Thiel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Viguerie" title="Richard Viguerie">Viguerie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ginni_Thomas" title="Ginni Thomas">Thomas (Ginni)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Weyrich" title="Paul Weyrich">Weyrich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Wood" title="Robert E. Wood">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scott_Yenor" title="Scott Yenor">Yenor</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_Papers" title="The Federalist Papers">The Federalist Papers</a> (1788)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_America" title="Democracy in America">Democracy in America</a> (1835–1840)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_and_Leadership" title="Democracy and Leadership">Democracy and Leadership</a> (1924)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_on_Democracy" title="Notes on Democracy">Notes on Democracy</a> (1926)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Agrarians#I'll_Take_My_Stand" title="Southern Agrarians">I'll Take My Stand</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Our_Enemy,_the_State" title="Our Enemy, the State">Our Enemy, the State</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Managerial_Revolution" title="The Managerial Revolution">The Managerial Revolution</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideas_Have_Consequences" title="Ideas Have Consequences">Ideas Have Consequences</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/God_and_Man_at_Yale" title="God and Man at Yale">God and Man at Yale</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Mind" title="The Conservative Mind">The Conservative Mind</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conscience_of_a_Conservative" title="The Conscience of a Conservative">The Conscience of a Conservative</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Choice_Not_an_Echo" title="A Choice Not an Echo">A Choice Not an Echo</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Losing_Ground:_American_Social_Policy,_1950%E2%80%931980" class="mw-redirect" title="Losing Ground: American Social Policy, 1950–1980">Losing Ground</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Conflict_of_Visions" title="A Conflict of Visions">A Conflict of Visions</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Closing_of_the_American_Mind" title="The Closing of the American Mind">The Closing of the American Mind</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bell_Curve:_Intelligence_and_Class_Structure_in_American_Life" class="mw-redirect" title="The Bell Curve: Intelligence and Class Structure in American Life">The Bell Curve</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Revolt_of_the_Elites" title="The Revolt of the Elites">The Revolt of the Elites</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Death_of_the_West" title="The Death of the West">The Death of the West</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Blank_Slate" title="The Blank Slate">The Blank Slate</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Rednecks_and_White_Liberals" title="Black Rednecks and White Liberals">Black Rednecks and White Liberals</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillbilly_Elegy" title="Hillbilly Elegy">Hillbilly Elegy</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Benedict_Option" title="The Benedict Option">The Benedict Option</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Why_Liberalism_Failed" title="Why Liberalism Failed">Why Liberalism Failed</a> (2018)</li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Concerns</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_the_United_States" title="Abortion in the United States">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cancel_culture#American_public_opinion" title="Cancel culture">Cancel Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_war#United_States" title="Culture war">Culture war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_multiculturalism#United_States" title="Criticism of multiculturalism">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disparate_impact#Controversy" title="Disparate impact">"Disparate impact" controversy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020s_controversies_around_critical_race_theory" title="2020s controversies around critical race theory">CRT controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion#Criticism_and_controversy" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">DEI controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griggs_v._Duke_Power_Co." title="Griggs v. Duke Power Co.">Griggs v. Duke Power Co.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_bubble_in_the_United_States" title="Higher education bubble in the United States">Higher ed. bubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Go_woke,_go_broke" title="Go woke, go broke">Go woke, go broke</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Environmental,_social,_and_governance#Criticism" title="Environmental, social, and governance">ESG</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Corporate_sociopolitical_activism#Counter-movement" title="Corporate sociopolitical activism">Woke capitalism</a>"</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homeschooling#United_States" title="Homeschooling">Homeschooling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_reduction_in_the_United_States" title="Immigration reduction in the United States">Immigration reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States" title="Illegal immigration to the United States">Illegal immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illegal_immigration_to_the_United_States_and_crime" title="Illegal immigration to the United States and crime">Immigration and crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_border_crisis" title="Mexico–United States border crisis">Border crisis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligence_and_public_policy" title="Intelligence and public policy">Intelligence and public policy</a></li> <li>Constitutional interpretations <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Originalism" title="Originalism">Originalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Textualism" title="Textualism">Textualism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Managerial_state" title="Managerial state">Managerial state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudsill_theory" title="Mudsill theory">Mudsill theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_keep_and_bear_arms_in_the_United_States" title="Right to keep and bear arms in the United States">Second Amendment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sub-replacement_fertility#United_States" title="Sub-replacement fertility">Sub-replacement fertility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unitary_executive_theory" title="Unitary executive theory">Unitary executive</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist">Active <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Party_(1969)" title="American Party (1969)">American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Independent_Party" title="American Independent Party">American Independent Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_New_York_State" title="Conservative Party of New York State">Conservative Party of New York State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitution Party (United States)">Constitution Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></li></ul> Defunct <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Masonic_Party" title="Anti-Masonic Party">Anti-Masonic Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="Constitutional Union Party (United States)">Constitutional Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (historically, factions) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boll_weevil_(politics)" title="Boll weevil (politics)">Boll weevils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Democrat" title="Conservative Democrat">Conservative Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dixiecrat" title="Dixiecrat">Dixiecrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Democrats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan Democrats">Reagan Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Democrat" class="mw-redirect" title="Southern Democrat">Southern Democrats</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Rhode Island Suffrage Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Party" title="Federalist Party">Federalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Party" title="National Republican Party">National Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_Party" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American Party">Native American Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whig_Party_(United_States)" title="Whig Party (United States)">Whig Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Think tanks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Acton_Institute" title="Acton Institute">Acton Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_de_Tocqueville_Institution" title="Alexis de Tocqueville Institution">AdTI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">AEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Security_Policy" title="Center for Security Policy">CSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_the_National_Interest" title="Center for the National Interest">Center for the National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Institute" title="Claremont Institute">Claremont Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Competitive_Enterprise_Institute" title="Competitive Enterprise Institute">CEI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Horowitz_Freedom_Center" title="David Horowitz Freedom Center">CSPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethics_and_Public_Policy_Center" title="Ethics and Public Policy Center">EPPC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Institute" title="Family Research Institute">FRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatestone_Institute" title="Gatestone Institute">Gatestone Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heartland_Institute" title="Heartland Institute">Heartland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heritage_Action" title="Heritage Action">Heritage Action</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Leadership" title="Mandate for Leadership">Mandate for Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_2025" title="Project 2025">Project 2025</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoover_Institution" title="Hoover Institution">Hoover Institution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Institute" title="Hudson Institute">Hudson Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intercollegiate_Studies_Institute" title="Intercollegiate Studies Institute">ISI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Program_in_American_Ideals_and_Institutions" title="James Madison Program in American Ideals and Institutions">James Madison Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_Institute" title="Leadership Institute">Leadership Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Institute_for_Policy_Research" title="Manhattan Institute for Policy Research">Manhattan Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mises_Institute" title="Mises Institute">Mises Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Research_Institute" title="Pacific Research Institute">PRI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_for_the_New_American_Century" title="Project for the New American Century">Project for the New American Century</a> (Defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R_Street_Institute" title="R Street Institute">R Street Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockford_Institute" title="Rockford Institute">Rockford Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Policy_Network" title="State Policy Network">SPN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutherland_Institute" title="Sutherland Institute">Sutherland Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tax_Foundation" title="Tax Foundation">Tax Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witherspoon_Institute" title="Witherspoon Institute">Witherspoon Institute</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Newspapers <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_Tribune" title="Chicago Tribune">Chicago Tribune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dallas_Morning_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Dallas Morning News">Dallas Morning News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Union_Leader" title="New Hampshire Union Leader">New Hampshire Union Leader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Voice" title="The Jewish Voice">The Jewish Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Observer" title="The New York Observer">The New York Observer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Post" title="New York Post">New York Post</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Remnant_(newspaper)" title="The Remnant (newspaper)">The Remnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="The Wall Street Journal">The Wall Street Journal</a> <a href="/wiki/Editorial_board_at_The_Wall_Street_Journal" title="Editorial board at The Wall Street Journal">(editorial board)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Times" title="The Washington Times">The Washington Times</a></li></ul> Journals <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Affairs" title="American Affairs">American Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Conservative" title="The American Conservative">The American Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_American_Spectator" title="The American Spectator">The American Spectator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Thinker" title="American Thinker">American Thinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_Journal" title="City Journal">City Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commentary_(magazine)" title="Commentary (magazine)">Commentary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compact_(American_magazine)" title="Compact (American magazine)">Compact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronicles_(magazine)" title="Chronicles (magazine)">Chronicles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Things" title="First Things">First Things</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Imaginative_Conservative" title="The Imaginative Conservative">The Imaginative Conservative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_World_Review" title="Jewish World Review">Jewish World Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_(periodical)" title="Modern Age (periodical)">Modern Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Affairs" title="National Affairs">National Affairs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_National_Interest" title="The National Interest">The National Interest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Review" title="National Review">National Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_American" title="The New American">The New American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Atlantis_(journal)" title="The New Atlantis (journal)">The New Atlantis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Criterion" title="The New Criterion">The New Criterion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Policy_Review" title="Policy Review">Policy Review</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Discourse" class="mw-redirect" title="Public Discourse">Public Discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Partisan" title="Southern Partisan">Southern Partisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spectator_USA" class="mw-redirect" title="Spectator USA">Spectator USA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tablet_(magazine)" title="Tablet (magazine)">Tablet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taki%27s_Magazine" title="Taki's Magazine">Taki's Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telos_(journal)" title="Telos (journal)">Telos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Weekly_Standard" title="The Weekly Standard">The Weekly Standard</a> (defunct)</li></ul> TV channels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Broadcasting_Network" title="Christian Broadcasting Network">CBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_Business" title="Fox Business">Fox Business</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fox_News" title="Fox News">Fox News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsmax_TV" title="Newsmax TV">Newsmax TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One_America_News_Network" title="One America News Network">One America News Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VOZ_(media_company)" title="VOZ (media company)">VOZ</a></li></ul> Websites <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Babylon_Bee" title="The Babylon Bee">Babylon Bee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breitbart_News" title="Breitbart News">Breitbart News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bulwark_(website)" title="The Bulwark (website)">The Bulwark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campus_Reform" title="Campus Reform">Campus Reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Center_Square" title="The Center Square">The Center Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Review" title="Conservative Review">Conservative Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Caller" title="The Daily Caller">Daily Caller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Signal" title="The Daily Signal">Daily Signal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Wire" title="The Daily Wire">Daily Wire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discover_the_Networks" title="Discover the Networks">Discover the Networks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Federalist_(website)" title="The Federalist (website)">The Federalist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FrontPage_Magazine" title="FrontPage Magazine">FrontPage Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Porch_Republic" title="Front Porch Republic">Front Porch Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gateway_Pundit" title="The Gateway Pundit">Gateway Pundit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hot_Air" title="Hot Air">Hot Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Events" title="Human Events">Human Events</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Journal_Review" title="Independent Journal Review">Independent Journal Review</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad_Watch" title="Jihad Watch">Jihad Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LifeZette" title="LifeZette">LifeZette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NewsBusters" class="mw-redirect" title="NewsBusters">NewsBusters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PJ_Media" title="PJ Media">PJ Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rare_(website)" title="Rare (website)">Rare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RedState" title="RedState">RedState</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Dispatch" title="The Dispatch">The Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Townhall" title="Townhall">Townhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Twitchy" title="Twitchy">Twitchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Examiner" title="Washington Examiner">Washington Examiner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Free_Beacon" title="The Washington Free Beacon">The Washington Free Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Journal" title="The Western Journal">The Western Journal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WorldNetDaily" title="WorldNetDaily">WorldNetDaily</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blaze_Media" title="Blaze Media">Blaze Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Encounter_Books" title="Encounter Books">Encounter Books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evie_Magazine" title="Evie Magazine">Evie Magazine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_First_TV" title="The First TV">The First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imprimis" title="Imprimis">Imprimis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Political_Cesspool" title="The Political Cesspool">The Political Cesspool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_Publishing" title="Passage Publishing">Passage Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PragerU" title="PragerU">PragerU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RealClearPolitics" title="RealClearPolitics">RealClearPolitics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Scare_(podcast)" title="Red Scare (podcast)">Red Scare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnery_Publishing" title="Regnery Publishing">Regnery Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_Side_Broadcasting_Network" title="Right Side Broadcasting Network">RSBN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Rubin_Report" title="The Rubin Report">The Rubin Report</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinclair_Broadcast_Group" title="Sinclair Broadcast Group">Sinclair Broadcast Group</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Other organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> Economics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americans_for_Tax_Reform" title="Americans for Tax Reform">ATR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Club_for_Growth" title="Club for Growth">Club for Growth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FreedomWorks" title="FreedomWorks">FreedomWorks</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Federation_of_Independent_Business" title="National Federation of Independent Business">NFIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Taxpayers_Union" title="National Taxpayers Union">NTU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tea_Party_Patriots" title="Tea Party Patriots">Tea Party Patriots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Chamber_of_Commerce" title="United States Chamber of Commerce">USCC</a></li></ul> Gun rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gun_Owners_of_America" title="Gun Owners of America">GOA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_for_Gun_Rights" title="National Association for Gun Rights">NAGR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Rifle_Association" title="National Rifle Association">NRA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Amendment_Caucus" title="Second Amendment Caucus">Second Amendment Caucus</a></li></ul> Identity politics <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ACT_for_America" title="ACT for America">ACT!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concerned_Women_for_America" title="Concerned Women for America">CWA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Conservative_Citizens" title="Council of Conservative Citizens">Council of Conservative Citizens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gays_Against_Groomers" title="Gays Against Groomers">GAG</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Women%27s_Forum" title="Independent Women's Forum">IWF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">LCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moms_for_Liberty" title="Moms for Liberty">Moms for Liberty</a></li></ul> Nativist <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_American_Immigration_Reform" title="Federation for American Immigration Reform">FAIR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NumbersUSA" title="NumbersUSA">NumbersUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oath_Keepers" title="Oath Keepers">Oath Keepers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Percenters" title="Three Percenters">Three Percenters</a></li></ul> Religion <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="Alliance Defending Freedom">ADF</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_court_cases_involving_Alliance_Defending_Freedom" title="List of court cases involving Alliance Defending Freedom">Court cases</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Center_for_Law_%26_Justice" title="American Center for Law & Justice">ACLJ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Family_Association" title="American Family Association">AFA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Society_for_the_Defense_of_Tradition,_Family_and_Property" title="American Society for the Defense of Tradition, Family and Property">The American TFP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcedon_Foundation" title="Chalcedon Foundation">Chalcedon Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Coalition_of_America" title="Christian Coalition of America">CCA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Voice_(United_States)" title="Christian Voice (United States)">Christian Voice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eagle_Forum" title="Eagle Forum">Eagle Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_Research_Council" title="Family Research Council">FCR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Fellowship_(Christian_organization)" title="The Fellowship (Christian organization)">The Fellowship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_and_Freedom_Coalition" title="Faith and Freedom Coalition">FFC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focus_on_the_Family" title="Focus on the Family">Focus on the Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Moral_Law" title="Foundation for Moral Law">Foundation for Moral Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Counsel" title="Liberty Counsel">Liberty Counsel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_Majority" title="Moral Majority">Moral Majority</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Organization_for_Marriage" title="National Organization for Marriage">NOM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Right_to_Life_Committee" title="National Right to Life Committee">NRLC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parents_Television_and_Media_Council" title="Parents Television and Media Council">PTMC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony_Pro-Life_America" title="Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America">Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_More_Law_Center" title="Thomas More Law Center">Thomas More Law Center</a></li></ul> Watchdog groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accuracy_in_Media" title="Accuracy in Media">AIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Econ_Journal_Watch" title="Econ Journal Watch">Econ Journal Watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_News_Foundation" title="Franklin News Foundation">Franklin News Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judicial_Watch" title="Judicial Watch">JW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_Research_Center" title="Media Research Center">MRC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O%27Keefe_Media_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Keefe Media Group">O'Keefe Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Veritas" title="Project Veritas">Project Veritas</a> (defunct)</li></ul> Youth/student groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Journalism_Center" title="National Journalism Center">NJC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turning_Point_USA" title="Turning Point USA">TPUSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Freedom" title="Young Americans for Freedom">Young Americans for Freedom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_America%27s_Foundation" title="Young America's Foundation">Young America's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Americans_for_Liberty" title="Young Americans for Liberty">YAL</a></li></ul> Miscellaneous <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_85_Fund" title="The 85 Fund">The 85 Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Hamilton_Institute_for_the_Study_of_Western_Civilization" title="Alexander Hamilton Institute for the Study of Western Civilization">AHI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Conservative_Union" title="American Conservative Union">ACU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradley_Foundation" title="Bradley Foundation">Bradley Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conservative_Caucus" title="The Conservative Caucus">TCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_National_Policy" title="Council for National Policy">CNP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_Political_Action_Conference" title="Conservative Political Action Conference">CPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsdale_College" title="Hillsdale College">Hillsdale College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Freedom_Foundation" title="Idaho Freedom Foundation">IFF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">JBS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Olin_Foundation" title="John M. Olin Foundation">John M. Olin Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Fund" title="Liberty Fund">Liberty Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_University" title="Liberty University">LU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Association_of_Scholars" title="National Association of Scholars">NAS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Society" title="Philadelphia Society">Philadelphia Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent_University" title="Regent University">Regent University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">RSC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russell_Kirk_Center_for_Cultural_Renewal" title="Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal">Russell Kirk Center for Cultural Renewal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_Public_Policy_Foundation" title="Texas Public Policy Foundation">TPPF</a></li></ul> Other <ul><li><a href="/wiki/America_First_Legal" title="America First Legal">AFL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Network" title="Atlas Network">Atlas Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collegiate_Network" title="Collegiate Network">CN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donors_Trust" title="Donors Trust">Donors Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federalist_Society" title="Federalist Society">FedSoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gab_(social_network)" title="Gab (social network)">Gab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gettr" title="Gettr">Gettr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservative_Political_Action_Committee" title="National Conservative Political Action Committee">NCPAC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Justice_Institute" title="Pacific Justice Institute">PJI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parler" title="Parler">Parler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Stuff_(app)" title="The Right Stuff (app)">The Right Stuff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_American_Civic_Renewal" title="Society for American Civic Renewal">SACR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">YRNF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziklag_(organization)" title="Ziklag (organization)">Ziklag</a></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islands_American_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Asian American and Pacific Islands American conservatism in the United States">Asian and Pacific Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Black conservatism in the United States">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_right" title="Christian right">Christian right</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_reconstructionism#Influence_on_the_Christian_right_in_general" title="Christian reconstructionism">Reconstructionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classical_education_movement" title="Classical education movement">Classical education movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paideia" title="Paideia">Paideia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Women in conservatism in the United States">Female</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_conservatism#United_States" title="Green conservatism">Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_and_Latino_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Hispanic and Latino conservatism in the United States">Hispanic and Latino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_conservatism_in_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT conservatism in the United States">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_Republican" title="Libertarian Republican">Libertarian republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_militia_movement" title="American militia movement">Militia movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_the_United_States" title="Monarchism in the United States">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Church_of_Jesus_Christ_of_Latter-day_Saints_and_politics_in_the_United_States" title="The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and politics in the United States">Mormon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Horse_Prophecy" title="White Horse Prophecy">White Horse Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodemocracy" title="Theodemocracy">Theodemocracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parental_rights_movement" title="Parental rights movement">Parental rights movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fathers%27_rights_movement" title="Fathers' rights movement">Fathers' rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_movement" title="Patriot movement">Patriot movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Patriot_movement" title="Christian Patriot movement">Christian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_right_(United_States)" title="Radical right (United States)">Radical right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right-libertarianism#United_States" title="Right-libertarianism">Right-libertarianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolibertarianism" title="Paleolibertarianism">Paleolibertarianism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">Secessionism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confederates" title="Neo-Confederates">Neo-Confederates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_secession_movements" title="Texas secession movements">in Texas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Never_Trump_movement" title="Never Trump movement">Never Trump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #B0161E; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agenda_47" title="Agenda 47">Agenda 47</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_First_(policy)" title="America First (policy)">America First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="Bibliography of conservatism in the United States">Bibliography of US conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_talk_radio" title="Conservative talk radio">Conservative talk radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunning_School" title="Dunning School">Dunning School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">GOP factions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_conservatism_in_the_United_States" title="History of conservatism in the United States">History of US conservatism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Modern timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_conservatives" title="List of American conservatives">List of American conservatives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Conservatism_Conference" title="National Conservatism Conference">NatCon</a></li> <li>Colloquialisms <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Barstool_conservatism" title="Barstool conservatism">Barstool conservatism</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Cuckservative" title="Cuckservative">Cuckservative</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Don%27t_immanentize_the_eschaton!" class="mw-redirect" title="Don't immanentize the eschaton!">Don't immanentize the eschaton!</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_pounce" title="Republicans pounce">Republicans pounce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_in_Name_Only" class="mw-redirect" title="Republican in Name Only">RINO</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/South_Park_Republican" title="South Park Republican">South Park Republican</a>"</li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/15px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/22px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg/30px-DodgerBlue_flag_waving.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="249" data-file-height="268" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Conservatism" title="Portal:Conservatism">Conservatism portal</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/16px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/24px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_US" title="Template talk:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_US" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism US"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="1920s_and_1930s">1920s and 1930s</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: 1920s and 1930s">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/230px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/345px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg/460px-Welch-McCarthy-Hearings.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_N._Welch" title="Joseph N. Welch">Joseph N. Welch</a> (left) being questioned by Senator <a href="/wiki/Joe_McCarthy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe McCarthy">Joe McCarthy</a> (right) on 9 June 1954</figcaption></figure> The first major manifestation of anti-communism in the United States occurred in 1919 and 1920 during the <a href="/wiki/First_Red_Scare" title="First Red Scare">First Red Scare</a>, led by Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Mitchell_Palmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Mitchell Palmer">Alexander Mitchell Palmer</a>. During the Red Scare, the <a href="/wiki/Lusk_Committee" title="Lusk Committee">Lusk Committee</a> investigated those suspected of <a href="/wiki/Sedition" title="Sedition">sedition</a> and many laws were passed in the United States that sanctioned the firings of Communists. The <a href="/wiki/Hatch_Act_of_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatch Act of 1939">Hatch Act of 1939</a>, which was sponsored by <a href="/wiki/Carl_Hatch" title="Carl Hatch">Carl Hatch</a> of <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, attempted to drive communism out of public work places. The Hatch Act outlawed the hiring of federal workers who advocated the "overthrow of our Constitutional form of government". This phrase was specifically directed at the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a>. Later in the spring of 1941, another anti-communist law was passed, Public Law 135, which sanctioned the investigation of any federal worker suspected of being Communist and the firing of any Communist worker.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Is_this_tomorrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/220px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/330px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Is_this_tomorrow.jpg/440px-Is_this_tomorrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="694" data-file-height="1010" /></a><figcaption>Cover to the 1947 comic book, Is This Tomorrow</figcaption></figure> Catholics often took the lead in fighting against communism in America.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Pat Scanlan (1894–1983) was the managing editor (1917–1968) of the Brooklyn Tablet, the official paper of the Brooklyn diocese. He was a leader in the fight against the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a> and supported the <a href="/wiki/National_Legion_of_Decency" title="National Legion of Decency">National Legion of Decency</a> efforts to minimize <a href="/wiki/Human_sexuality" title="Human sexuality">sexuality</a> in Hollywood films.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Historian Richard Powers says: <blockquote>Pat Scanlan emerged in the 1920s as the leading spokesman for an especially pugnacious brand of militant Catholic anti-communism, that of <a href="/wiki/Irish_Americans" title="Irish Americans">Irish-Americans</a> who, after suffering from 100 years of anti-Catholic prejudice in America, reacted to any criticism of the Church as a bigoted attack on their own hard-won status in American society. ... He combined a vivid writing style filled with <a href="/wiki/H._L._Mencken" title="H. L. Mencken">Menckenesque</a> invective, with an unbridled love of controversy. Under Scanlan, the Tablet became the national voice of Irish Catholic anti-communism—and a thorn in the side of New York's <a href="/wiki/Protestants" class="mw-redirect" title="Protestants">Protestants</a> and Jews.<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Cold_War_era,_1946–1991">Cold War era, 1946–1991</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Cold War era, 1946–1991">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/220px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/330px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg/440px-JFK_speech_Ich_bin_ein_berliner_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="747" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s 1963 "<a href="/wiki/Ich_bin_ein_Berliner" title="Ich bin ein Berliner">Ich bin ein Berliner</a>" speech in <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-President_Ronald_Reagan_with_Prime_Minister_Margaret_Thatcher_During_a_Working_Luncheon_at_Camp_David_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5135" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption>U.S. president <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> and United Kingdom prime minister <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></figcaption></figure> Following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> and the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, many anti-communists in the United States feared that communism would triumph throughout the entire world and eventually become a direct threat to the United States. There were fears that the Soviet Union and its allies such as the People's Republic of China were using their power to forcibly bring countries under Communist rule. Eastern Europe, <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Malaya" title="British Malaya">Malaya</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> were cited as evidence of this. <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> was a military alliance of nations in Western Europe which was led by the United States and it sought to halt further Communist expansion by pursuing the <a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">containment</a> strategy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg/220px-United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg/330px-United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg/440px-United_Nations_Day_Anti-Communism_Rally_November_1960_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="569" data-file-height="577" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_San_Diego" title="University of San Diego">University of San Diego</a> students marching in an anti-communism rally in 1960</figcaption></figure> The deepening of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> in the 1950s saw a dramatic increase in anti-communism in the United States, including the anti-communist campaign which is known as <a href="/wiki/McCarthyism" title="McCarthyism">McCarthyism</a>. Thousands of Americans, such as the filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, were accused of being Communists or sympathizers and many became the subject of aggressive investigations by government committees such as the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_Un-American_Activities" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on Un-American Activities">House Committee on Un-American Activities</a>. As a result of sometimes vastly exaggerated accusations, many of the accused lost their jobs and became <a href="/wiki/Blacklisted" class="mw-redirect" title="Blacklisted">blacklisted</a>, although most of these verdicts were later overturned. This was also the period of the <a href="/wiki/McCarran_Internal_Security_Act" title="McCarran Internal Security Act">McCarran Internal Security Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Julius_and_Ethel_Rosenberg" title="Julius and Ethel Rosenberg">Julius and Ethel Rosenberg</a> trial. It was in this period that <a href="/wiki/Robert_W._Welch_Jr." title="Robert W. Welch Jr.">Robert W. Welch Jr.</a> organized the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>, which became a leading force against the "Communist conspiracy" in the United States. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, many records such as the <a href="/wiki/Venona_Project" class="mw-redirect" title="Venona Project">Venona Project</a> were made public that in fact verified that many of those thought to be falsely accused for political purposes were in fact Communist spies or sympathizers. <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Moynihan</a> noted the "real (but limited) extent" of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_espionage_in_the_United_States" title="Soviet espionage in the United States">Soviet espionage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Moynihan-1998-17">[17]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Earl_Haynes" title="John Earl Haynes">John Earl Haynes</a>, while acknowledging that inexcusable excesses occurred during McCarthyism, states that the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_USA" title="Communist Party USA">Communist Party USA</a> was essentially a "satellite" of the Soviet party based on archives of covert communication.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The State Department refused to issue passports to citizens who declined to swear that they were not Communists.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-242">[242]</a>: 12  This practice was ended following the 1958 Supreme Court Case <a href="/wiki/Kent_v._Dulles" title="Kent v. Dulles">Kent v. Dulles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:Gao-242">[242]</a>: 12  During the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan administration</a> pursued an aggressive policy against the Soviet Union under the <a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a>, which was implemented to reduce the influence of the Soviet Union worldwide by providing aid to anti-Soviet resistance movements, including the <a href="/wiki/Contras" title="Contras">Contras</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nicaragua" title="Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mujahideen" title="Mujahideen">Mujahideens</a> in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>. Reagan and U.S. allies also increased weapons programs, including the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Defense_Initiative" title="Strategic Defense Initiative">Strategic Defense Initiative</a>. The deliberate downing of <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines_Flight_007" title="Korean Air Lines Flight 007">Korean Air Lines Flight 007</a> near <a href="/wiki/Moneron_Island" title="Moneron Island">Moneron Island</a> by the Soviets on 1 September 1983 contributed to the anti-communism sentiment of the 1980s. KAL 007 had been carrying 269 people, including a sitting Congressman, <a href="/wiki/Larry_McDonald" title="Larry McDonald">Larry McDonald</a>, who was a leader in the <a href="/wiki/John_Birch_Society" title="John Birch Society">John Birch Society</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> The U.S. government argued its anti-communist policies by citing the human rights record of Communist states, most notably the Soviet Union during the <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> era, <a href="/wiki/Maoism" title="Maoism">Maoist</a> China, North Korea and the <a href="/wiki/Pol_Pot" title="Pol Pot">Pol Pot</a>-led anti-<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> <a href="/wiki/Khmer_Rouge" title="Khmer Rouge">Khmer Rouge</a> government and the pro-<a href="/wiki/Hanoi" title="Hanoi">Hanoi</a> <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Kampuchea" title="People's Republic of Kampuchea">People's Republic of Kampuchea</a> in Cambodia. During the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick Doctrine</a> was particularly influential in American politics and it advocated the United States support of anti-communist governments around the world, including authoritarian regimes. In support of the Reagan Doctrine and other anti-communist foreign and defense policies, prominent United States and Western anti-communists warned that the United States needed to avoid repeating the West's perceived mistakes of <a href="/wiki/Appeasement" title="Appeasement">appeasement</a> of <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In one of the most prominent anti-communist speeches of any president, Reagan labeled the Soviet Union an "<a href="/wiki/Evil_Empire_speech" title="Evil Empire speech">evil empire</a>" and anti-communist intellectuals prominently defended the label. In 1987, for instance, in commemoration of the 70th anniversary of the 1917 <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik Revolution">Bolshevik Revolution</a>, Michael Johns of <a href="/wiki/The_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Heritage Foundation">The Heritage Foundation</a> cited 208 perceived acts of evil by the Soviets since the revolution.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> In 1993, Congress passed and President Clinton signed Public Law 103-199 for the construction of a national monument to victims of communism.<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> In 2007, President Bush attended its inauguration.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Post-Cold_War_era_developments">Post-Cold War era developments</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Post-Cold War era developments">edit</a>]</div> Anti-communism became significantly muted after the 1980s–1990s <a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a> and the fall of the Soviet Union and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_bloc" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern bloc">Eastern bloc</a> Communist governments in Europe between 1989 and 1991, the result of which being that fear of a worldwide Communist takeover was no longer a serious concern. However, remnants of anti-communism remain in foreign policy with regard to Cuba and North Korea. In the case of Cuba, it was not until the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">Obama administration</a> that <a href="/wiki/Cuban_thaw" title="Cuban thaw">the United States began to weaken</a> (though not lift) <a href="/wiki/United_States_embargo_against_Cuba" title="United States embargo against Cuba">its economic sanctions</a> against the country. Tensions with North Korea have heightened as the result of reports that it is stockpiling <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_weapons" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear weapons">nuclear weapons</a> and the assertion that it is willing to sell its nuclear weapons and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> technology to any group willing to pay a high enough price. <a href="/wiki/Ideological_restrictions_on_naturalization_in_U.S._law" title="Ideological restrictions on naturalization in U.S. law">Ideological restrictions on naturalization in United States law</a> remain in effect, affecting prospective immigrants who were at one time members of a Communist party and the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Control_Act_of_1954" title="Communist Control Act of 1954">Communist Control Act</a> which outlaws the Communist Party still remains in effect, although it was never enforced by the Federal Government. Some states also still have laws banning Communists from working in the state government. Since the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> on the United States and the subsequent implementation of the <a href="/wiki/Patriot_Act" title="Patriot Act">Patriot Act</a> which was overwhelmingly passed by Congress and signed into law and strongly supported by President Bush, some Communist groups in the United States have been subjected to renewed scrutiny by the government. On 24 September 2010, over 70 FBI agents simultaneously raided homes and served subpoenas to prominent antiwar and international solidarity activists who were thought to be members of the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_Road_Socialist_Organization" title="Freedom Road Socialist Organization">Freedom Road Socialist Organization</a> (FRSO) in Minneapolis, Chicago and Grand Rapids and they also visited and attempted to question activists in Milwaukee, Durham and San Jose. The search warrants and subpoenas indicated that the FBI was looking for evidence that was related to their "material support of terrorism".<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> In the process of raiding an activist's home, FBI agents accidentally left behind a file of secret FBI documents which showed that the raids were aimed at people who were actual or suspected members of the FRSO. The documents revealed a series of questions that agents would ask activists regarding their involvement in the FRSO and their international solidarity work that was related to their dealings with the <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Armed_Forces_of_Colombia" title="Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia">Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_for_the_Liberation_of_Palestine" title="Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine">Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> Later, members of the newly formed Committee to Stop FBI Repression held a press conference in Minnesota in which they revealed that the FBI had placed an informant inside the FRSO to gather information prior to the raids.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> On October 2, 2020 the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Citizenship_and_Immigration_Services" title="United States Citizenship and Immigration Services">United States Citizenship and Immigration Services</a> issued policy guidance in the USCIS Policy Manual to address inadmissibility based on membership in or affiliation with a <a href="/wiki/Communist_party" title="Communist party">communist party</a> or any other <a href="/wiki/Totalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Totalitarian">totalitarian</a> party. It said that unless otherwise exempt, any intending immigrant who was a member or affiliate of a communist or totalitarian party, or subdivision or affiliate, domestic or foreign, was inadmissible to the United States. It also indicated that a member of a communist party or any other totalitarian party was inconsistent and incompatible with the naturalization <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(United_States)" title="Oath of Allegiance (United States)">Oath of Allegiance</a> to the United States.<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> In 2024, the state of <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> passed legislation which mandates anti-communism teaching for public school children from Kindergarten to 12th grade.<a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (May 2019)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> During the 1970s, the right-wing <a href="/wiki/Military_junta" title="Military junta">military juntas</a> of South America implemented <a href="/wiki/Operation_Condor" title="Operation Condor">Operation Condor</a>, a campaign of <a href="/wiki/Political_repression" title="Political repression">political repression</a> involving tens of thousands of political assassinations, illegal detentions and tortures of communist sympathizers. The campaign was aimed at eradicating alleged communist and socialist influences in their respective countries and control opposition against the government, which resulted in a large number of deaths.<a href="#cite_note-shock-doc-126-256">[256]</a> Participatory governments include Argentina, Bolivia, Paraguay, Brazil, Chile and Uruguay, with limited support from the United States.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Argentina">Argentina</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Argentina">edit</a>]</div> In 1961 the American Organization for the Safeguarding of Morality were endorsed by Argentine President Arturo Frondizi, who viewed the group as a positive development in the fight against communism.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> Conservative, Catholic women became the foundation for the nation's anti-communist sentiment, viewing themselves as protectors of the youth against moral degeneracy.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> The ideas of the traditional family and of anti-communism increasingly became linked in the minds of these women, especially as the Vatican increased its anti-communist messaging.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> In 1951, the "League of Mothers" was created.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> This group of women aimed to counter the forces of liberalism and communism and to protect traditional, social institutions they viewed were under attack from communism.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> This group functioned as both a philanthropic organization and a sociopolitical watchdog.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> Colonel Rómulo Menéndez wrote in Círculo Militar, "the communists want to break up the family—through divorce, ideas on communication among its members, and the breakdown of the father's authority."<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> The Argentinian Revolution of 1966–1970 brought into power General Juan Carlos Onganía.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> The Onganía regime pursued policies aimed at social planning on the basis that communism destroys traditional social institutions.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> This led to the new government changing the governing structure of universities from an egalitarian structure to a hierarchical one, claiming that the governing structures themselves imbued students with the message of communism.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> The new government also criminalized certain students and professors and banned student federations.<a href="#cite_note-Manzano-2015-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Brazil">Brazil</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Brazil">edit</a>]</div> In the <a href="/wiki/2018_Brazilian_general_election" title="2018 Brazilian general election">2018 Brazilian general election</a>, the campaign of <a href="/wiki/Jair_Bolsonaro" title="Jair Bolsonaro">Jair Bolsonaro</a> painted candidate <a href="/wiki/Fernando_Haddad" title="Fernando Haddad">Fernando Haddad</a>, former president <a href="/wiki/Luiz_In%C3%A1cio_Lula_da_Silva" title="Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva">Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva</a> and the left-wing <a href="/wiki/Workers%27_Party_(Brazil)" title="Workers' Party (Brazil)">Worker's Party</a> as <a href="/wiki/Communists" class="mw-redirect" title="Communists">communists</a>, claiming they could turn Brazil into "a Venezuela". The motto "Our flag never will be red" has been a symbol of anti-communism in Brazil, going so far as being uttered by Bolsonaro himself during his inauguration speech.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> Anti-communism in Brazil is primarily represented by right-wing and far-right political parties such as Bolsonaro's <a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Brazil" title="Alliance for Brazil">Alliance for Brazil</a>, the Social Liberal Party, the <a href="/wiki/Social_Christian_Party_(Brazil)" title="Social Christian Party (Brazil)">Social Christian Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patriota" title="Patriota">Patriota</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Brazilian_Labour_Renewal_Party" title="Brazilian Labour Renewal Party">Brazilian Labour Renewal Party</a>, <a href="/wiki/Podemos_(Brazil)" title="Podemos (Brazil)">Podemos</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Brazil)" title="New Party (Brazil)">New Party</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Chile">Chile</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Chile">edit</a>]</div> In 1932 Chile experienced a process of democratic restoration after the dictatorship of <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Ib%C3%A1%C3%B1ez_del_Campo" title="Carlos Ibáñez del Campo">Carlos Ibáñez del Campo</a>, which lasted from 1927 to 1931. Under this agitated political-social context, the anti-communist political party <a href="/wiki/National_Socialist_Movement_of_Chile" title="National Socialist Movement of Chile">National Socialist Movement of Chile</a> emerged.<a href="#cite_note-static.ides.org.ar-261">[261]</a> At the end of the 1930s, a group of young people who split from the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Chile)" title="Conservative Party (Chile)">Conservative Party</a> formed the <a href="/wiki/National_Falange" title="National Falange">National Falange</a>, which was led by <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Frei_Montalva" title="Eduardo Frei Montalva">Eduardo Frei Montalva</a>, a fervently anti-communist politician.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> The Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom, a branch of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, actively opposed the Chilean Society of Writers on the basis that it harbored pro-soviet, pro-communist sentiment.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> The Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom put its members in many different media organs and social institutions in Chile to advocate against communism.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> Carlos Baráibar, the leader of the Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom, frequently criticized famous communist writer and President of the Chilean Society of Writers, <a href="/wiki/Pablo_Neruda" title="Pablo Neruda">Pablo Neruda</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> In 1959, the Chilean Committee for Cultural Freedom was successful in the Chilean Society of Writers board elections, replacing Neruda and his group of communist sympathizers with Alejandro Magnet, a supporter of the centrist, <a href="/wiki/Christian_Democratic_Party_(Chile)" title="Christian Democratic Party (Chile)">Christian Democratic Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> In 1947 <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Videla" title="Gabriel González Videla">Gabriel González Videla</a> undertook state action to distance Chile from communism.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> Internationally, Chile became hostile to communist countries.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> Domestically, the Communist Party was outlawed and communist labor organizations were dismantled, which forced many communists, such as Neruda, to flee Chile.<a href="#cite_note-Nállim-2019-263">[263]</a> In July 1947, due to a collective locomotion strike in Santiago promoted by the Communist Party, its militants were dismissed from the public administration. The Videla government also arrested communist leaders and interned them in the Pisagua prison camp in January 1948. In 1958, after a long parliamentary debate, the Law for the Permanent Defense of Democracy was finally repealed, and the Communist Party returned to legality.<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Fatherland_and_Liberty" title="Fatherland and Liberty">Fatherland and Liberty Nationalist Front</a>, a far-right paramilitary group with a marked anti-communist ideology, acted against the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Salvador_Allende" title="Presidency of Salvador Allende">government of Salvador Allende</a> through political violence, sabotage and terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> On September 11, 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Chilean_Armed_Forces" title="Chilean Armed Forces">Chilean Armed Forces</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a> carried out a coup that overthrew the government of Allende,<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> giving way to a <a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_of_Chile" title="Military dictatorship of Chile">military dictatorship</a> which would last from 1973 to 1990. The new government was marked by the persecution and repression of any type of political dissidence, mainly socialists and communists. Later on they would create the <a href="/wiki/Direcci%C3%B3n_de_Inteligencia_Nacional" title="Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional">Dirección de Inteligencia Nacional</a>, the body in charge of executing these activities.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anti_anti-communism" title="Anti anti-communism">Anti anti-communism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_mass_killings" title="Anti-communist mass killings">Anti-communist mass killings</a></div> Some academics and pundits argue that anti-communist narratives have exaggerated the extent of political repression and censorship in states under communist rule or have drawn comparisons with what they see as atrocities that were perpetrated by capitalist countries, particularly during the Cold War. They include <a href="/wiki/Mark_Aarons" title="Mark Aarons">Mark Aarons</a>,<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Bevins" title="Vincent Bevins">Vincent Bevins</a>,<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> <a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Noam Chomsky</a>,<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Jodi Dean</a>,<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Gerlach" title="Christian Gerlach">Christian Gerlach</a>,<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Kristen Ghodsee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Seumas Milne</a>,<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Michael Parenti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder 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rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Marxism" title="Criticism of Marxism">Criticism of Marxism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_socialism" title="Criticism of socialism">Criticism of socialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-left_politics" title="Far-left politics">Far-left politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Far-right_politics" title="Far-right politics">Far-right politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Committee_Against_Communism" title="Joint Committee Against Communism">Joint Committee Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_politics" title="Left-wing politics">Left-wing politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_populism" title="Left-wing populism">Left-wing populism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-wing_terrorism" title="Left-wing terrorism">Left-wing terrorism</a></li> <li><a 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Communism">Rock Against Communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_dissidents" title="Soviet dissidents">Soviet dissidents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Stalinization" title="De-Stalinization">De-Stalinization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demolition_of_monuments_to_Vladimir_Lenin_in_Ukraine" title="Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine">Demolition of monuments to Vladimir Lenin in Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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Levenstein, Communism, anti-communism, and the CIO (1981). </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Markku Ruotsila, British and American Anti-communism Before the Cold War (2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul_Corthorn_and_Jonathan_Davis2007" class="citation book cs1">Paul Corthorn and Jonathan Davis (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7CoBAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA105">British Labour Party and the Wider World: Domestic Politics, Internationalism and Foreign Policy</a>. I.B. Tauris. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780857711113" title="Special:BookSources/9780857711113"><bdi>9780857711113</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=British+Labour+Party+and+the+Wider+World%3A+Domestic+Politics%2C+Internationalism+and+Foreign+Policy&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=I.B.+Tauris&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9780857711113&rft.au=Paul+Corthorn+and+Jonathan+Davis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7CoBAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/ziq-fuck-your-red-revolution-against-ecocide-towards-anarchy">"Fuck Your Red Revolution"</a>. 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"Best estimate of Falun Gong harvested 2000 to 2008" 65,000 p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-reutersflg-81"><a href="#cite_ref-reutersflg_81-0">^</a> Reuters, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-argentina-china-falungong-idUSTRE5BM02B20091223">"Argentine judge asks China arrests over Falun Gong"</a>, 22 December 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Genocide Prevention Network, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genocidepreventionnow.org/GPNSearchResults/tabid/64/ctl/DisplayArticle/mid/400/aid/151/Default.aspx">'Spanish Court Indicts Chinese Leaders for Persecution of Falun Gong'</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.elmundo.es/elmundo/2009/11/14/espana/1258230601.html">La Audiencia pide interrogar al ex presidente chino Jiang por genocidio</a>, 14 November 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-moon-peace-84"><a href="#cite_ref-moon-peace_84-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoon2009" class="citation book cs1">Moon, Sun Myung (2009). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mediachannel.org/originals/moontranscript2.shtml">the original</a> on 7 January 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frontline&rft.atitle=The+Resurrection+of+Reverend+Moon&rft.date=1992-01-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mediachannel.org%2Foriginals%2Fmoontranscript2.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun_Myung_Moon_Changes_Robes-90"><a href="#cite_ref-Sun_Myung_Moon_Changes_Robes_90-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodman1992" class="citation news cs1">Goodman, Walter (21 January 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/01/21/news/review-television-sun-myung-moon-changes-robes.html">"Review/Television; Sun Myung Moon Changes Robes"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Review%2FTelevision%3B+Sun+Myung+Moon+Changes+Robes&rft.date=1992-01-21&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Goodman&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1992%2F01%2F21%2Fnews%2Freview-television-sun-myung-moon-changes-robes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tparents.org/Moon-Books/sm-gww/GWW-07.htm">The Way of Restoration</a>, (April, 1972) </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Sun Myung Moon and the Unification Church, <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Sontag" title="Frederick Sontag">Frederick Sontag</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abingdon_Press" title="Abingdon Press">Abingdon Press</a>, Jan 1, 1977, page 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFQuebedeaux1982" class="citation book cs1">Quebedeaux, Richard (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8t-9yx3oG4kC&q=yoido+rally">Richard Quebedeaux, Lifestyle : Conversations with Members of Unification Church</a>. Erick Rodriguez. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780932894182" title="Special:BookSources/9780932894182"><bdi>9780932894182</bdi></a>. Retrieved 9 October 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Richard+Quebedeaux%2C+Lifestyle+%3A+Conversations+with+Members+of+Unification+Church&rft.pub=Erick+Rodriguez&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=9780932894182&rft.aulast=Quebedeaux&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8t-9yx3oG4kC%26q%3Dyoido%2Brally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Post-ghosts-94">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post-ghosts_94-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Post-ghosts_94-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhrens2002" class="citation news cs1">Ahrens, Frank (23 May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn?pagename=article&contentId=A60061-2002May22">"Moon Speech Raises Old Ghosts as the Times Turns 20"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 16 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Moon+Speech+Raises+Old+Ghosts+as+the+Times+Turns+20&rft.date=2002-05-23&rft.aulast=Ahrens&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fac2%2Fwp-dyn%3Fpagename%3Darticle%26contentId%3DA60061-2002May22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Washington_Times_Corporation_1992-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Washington_Times_Corporation_1992_95-0">^</a> Pak was founding president of the Washington Times Corporation (1982–1992), and founding chairman of the board. <a href="/wiki/Bo_Hi_Pak" title="Bo Hi Pak">Bo Hi Pak</a>, Appendix B: Brief Chronology of the Life of Dr. Bo Hi Pak, in Messiah: My Testimony to Rev. Sun Myung Moon, Vol I by Bo Hi Pak (2000), Lanham, MD: University Press of America. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> "Rabbi Joins the Board of Moonie Newspaper", <a href="/wiki/The_Palm_Beach_Post" title="The Palm Beach Post">The Palm Beach Post</a>, May 21, 1978 </li> <li id="cite_note-wrmea.com-97"><a href="#cite_ref-wrmea.com_97-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wrmea.com/backissues/1297/9712060.html">As U.S. Media Ownership Shrinks, Who Covers Islam?</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_Report_on_Middle_East_Affairs" title="Washington Report on Middle East Affairs">Washington Report on Middle East Affairs</a>, December 1997 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceE-98"><a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceE_98-0">^</a> "Moon's "Cause" Takes Aim At Communism in Americas." <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. 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"Another church political arm, Causa International, which preaches a philosophy it calls "God-ism," has been spending millions of dollars on expense-paid seminars and conferences for Senate staffers, Hispanic Americans and conservative activists. It also has contributed $500,000 to finance an anticommunist lobbying campaign headed by John T. (Terry) Dolan, chairman of the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC)." </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorry1986" class="citation news cs1">Corry, John (29 July 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1986/07/29/movies/on-13-sandinistas-vs-miskitos.html">"On 13, Sandinistas Vs. Miskitos"</a>. The New York Times. 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Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cia.gov&rft.atitle=%27COVERT%27+WAR+ON+SANDINISTAS+CHANGING+HANDS&rft.date=2016-12-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocument%2Fcia-rdp90-00965r000100130050-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1984" class="citation news cs1">Anderson, Jack (16 August 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/readingroom/docs/CIA-RDP90-00806R000100200028-8.pdf">"CIA, Moonies Cooperate in Sandinista War"</a> (PDF). The Washington Post. Retrieved 3 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=CIA%2C+Moonies+Cooperate+in+Sandinista+War&rft.date=1984-08-16&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Freadingroom%2Fdocs%2FCIA-RDP90-00806R000100200028-8.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGill2022" class="citation web cs1">McGill, Peter (15 October 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apjjf.org/2022/17/McGill.html">"The Dark Shadow Cast by Moon Sun Myung's Unification Church and Abe Shinzo"</a>. The Asia-Pacific Journal | Japan Focus. Retrieved 26 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Asia-Pacific+Journal+%7C+Japan+Focus&rft.atitle=The+Dark+Shadow+Cast+by+Moon+Sun+Myung%27s+Unification+Church+and+Abe+Shinzo&rft.date=2022-10-15&rft.aulast=McGill&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapjjf.org%2F2022%2F17%2FMcGill.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiller1983" class="citation web cs1">Miller, Johnny (3 September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2008/08/29/PK2812ETF2.DTL">"Police chief dies at ballgame"</a>. <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Chronicle" title="San Francisco Chronicle">San Francisco Chronicle</a>. <q>For a second day, the Soviet Consulate in Pacific Heights was the scene of emotional protests against the shooting down of a Korean Air Lines jumbo jet. About 300 people held demonstration yesterday morning. Among them were members of the Unification Church, or "Moonies," whose founder is the Rev. Sun Myung Moon, the South Korean who has melded a fierce anti-communism into his ideology. Eldridge Cleaver, the onetime black radical who recently has had ties with the Moonies, spoke at the rally. Many pickets carried signs accusing the Soviet Union of murdering the 269 passengers and crew aboard the airliner. In another development, San Francisco attorney Melvin Belli filed a $109 billion lawsuit against the Soviet Union on behalf of the 269 victims.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=San+Francisco+Chronicle&rft.atitle=Police+chief+dies+at+ballgame&rft.date=1983-09-03&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Johnny&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sfgate.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Farticle.cgi%3Ff%3D%2Fc%2Fa%2F2008%2F08%2F29%2FPK2812ETF2.DTL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Church_Spends_Millions_On_Its_Image-110"><a href="#cite_ref-Church_Spends_Millions_On_Its_Image_110-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsikoff1984" class="citation news cs1">Isikoff, Michael (17 September 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-srv/national/longterm/cult/unification/image.htm">"Church Spends Millions On Its Image"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. Retrieved 14 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Church+Spends+Millions+On+Its+Image&rft.date=1984-09-17&rft.aulast=Isikoff&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-srv%2Fnational%2Flongterm%2Fcult%2Funification%2Fimage.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ribadeneira-ire-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Ribadeneira-ire_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRibadeneira1999" class="citation news cs1">Ribadeneira, Diego (21 August 1999). "Ire at school Star of David ruling unites ACLU, Pat Robertson". <a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a>. p. B2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=Ire+at+school+Star+of+David+ruling+unites+ACLU%2C+Pat+Robertson&rft.pages=B2&rft.date=1999-08-21&rft.aulast=Ribadeneira&rft.aufirst=Diego&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-goliath.ecnext.com-112"><a href="#cite_ref-goliath.ecnext.com_112-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-14440148/Projections-about-a-post-Soviet.html">Projections about a post-Soviet world-twenty-five years later.</a> // Goliath Business News </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarden1998" class="citation web cs1">Carden, Paul (Summer 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eastwestreport.org/articles/ew06301.htm">"Cults and New Religious Movements in the Former Soviet Union"</a>. eastwestreport.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=eastwestreport.org&rft.atitle=Cults+and+New+Religious+Movements+in+the+Former+Soviet+Union&rft.ssn=summer&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Carden&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feastwestreport.org%2Farticles%2Few06301.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSidel2017" class="citation news cs1">Sidel, John T. (9 October 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/10/09/opinion/muslim-communism.html">"Opinion | What Killed the Promise of Muslim Communism?"</a>. The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 10 July 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Opinion+%7C+What+Killed+the+Promise+of+Muslim+Communism%3F&rft.date=2017-10-09&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Sidel&rft.aufirst=John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F10%2F09%2Fopinion%2Fmuslim-communism.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosalind_Marsh2017" class="citation book cs1">Rosalind Marsh (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-aO8DgAAQBAJ&pg=PT99">Images of Dictatorship: Stalin in Literature</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 99. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781351762021" title="Special:BookSources/9781351762021"><bdi>9781351762021</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Images+of+Dictatorship%3A+Stalin+in+Literature&rft.pages=99&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781351762021&rft.au=Rosalind+Marsh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-aO8DgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Saunders2017" class="citation book cs1">Edward Saunders (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a3QsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT59">Arthur Koestler</a>. Reaktion Books. pp. 59–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781780237633" title="Special:BookSources/9781780237633"><bdi>9781780237633</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arthur+Koestler&rft.pages=59-60&rft.pub=Reaktion+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781780237633&rft.au=Edward+Saunders&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3QsDwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT59&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCharles_W._DunnJ._David_Woodard2003" class="citation book cs1">Charles W. Dunn; J. David Woodard (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hFsWu6BwUYoC&pg=PA106">The Conservative Tradition in America</a>. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780742522343" title="Special:BookSources/9780742522343"><bdi>9780742522343</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Conservative+Tradition+in+America&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780742522343&rft.au=Charles+W.+Dunn&rft.au=J.+David+Woodard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhFsWu6BwUYoC%26pg%3DPA106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeter_FinnPetra_Couvée2014" class="citation book cs1">Peter Finn; Petra Couvée (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FoNtAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT189">The Zhivago Affair: The Kremlin, the CIA, and the Battle Over a Forbidden Book</a>. Knopf Doubleday. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780307908018" title="Special:BookSources/9780307908018"><bdi>9780307908018</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Zhivago+Affair%3A+The+Kremlin%2C+the+CIA%2C+and+the+Battle+Over+a+Forbidden+Book&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Knopf+Doubleday&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780307908018&rft.au=Peter+Finn&rft.au=Petra+Couv%C3%A9e&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFoNtAgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,4774078,00.html">"Literaturnobelpreis geht an Herta Müller"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goethe.de/ins/us/bos/en5124021.htm">"Goethe–Institut Boston–Goethe–Institut USA"</a>. goethe.de.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=goethe.de&rft.atitle=Goethe%E2%80%93Institut+Boston%E2%80%93Goethe%E2%80%93Institut+USA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goethe.de%2Fins%2Fus%2Fbos%2Fen5124021.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> Anamaria Dutceac Segesten, "The Post-Communist Afterlife of Dissidents: The Case of Herta Müller". in <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFM._SchoenhalsK._Sarsenov2013" class="citation book cs1">M. Schoenhals; K. Sarsenov (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cYiYAAAAQBAJ&pg=PT28">Imagining Mass Dictatorships: The Individual and the Masses in Literature and Cinema</a>. Springer. pp. 28–51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781137330697" title="Special:BookSources/9781137330697"><bdi>9781137330697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Imagining+Mass+Dictatorships%3A+The+Individual+and+the+Masses+in+Literature+and+Cinema&rft.pages=28-51&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781137330697&rft.au=M.+Schoenhals&rft.au=K.+Sarsenov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcYiYAAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT28&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> Robert Mayhew, Ayn Rand and Song of Russia: Communism and Anti-Communism in 1940s Hollywood (2005) </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSawatsky2007" class="citation book cs1">Sawatsky, Walter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvlJAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA405">Soviet Evangelicals since World War II</a>. Wipf & Stock. p. 405. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781556352591" title="Special:BookSources/9781556352591"><bdi>9781556352591</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Evangelicals+since+World+War+II&rft.pages=405&rft.pub=Wipf+%26+Stock&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781556352591&rft.aulast=Sawatsky&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYvlJAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA405&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-whitton-124">^ <a href="#cite_ref-whitton_124-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-whitton_124-1">b</a> Whitton, John B. (January 1951). "Cold War Propaganda". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_International_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="The American Journal of International Law">The American Journal of International Law</a>. 45 (1): 151–153. </li> <li id="cite_note-frucht490-125"><a href="#cite_ref-frucht490_125-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrucht2003" class="citation book cs1">Frucht, Richard C. (2003). Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism. Taylor & Francis Group. p. 490. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80109-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-80109-3"><bdi>978-0-203-80109-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Eastern+Europe%3A+From+the+Congress+of+Vienna+to+the+Fall+of+Communism&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-203-80109-3&rft.aulast=Frucht&rft.aufirst=Richard+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Toaldo-2013-126">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Toaldo-2013_126-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toaldo-2013_126-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Toaldo-2013_126-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToaldo2013" class="citation journal cs1">Toaldo, Mattia (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/product/identifier/S0263718900009675/type/journal_article">"The Italo-Libyan Relationship between 1969 and 1976"</a>. Libyan Studies. 44: 85–94. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0263718900009675">10.1017/S0263718900009675</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0263-7189">0263-7189</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147112053">147112053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Libyan+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Italo-Libyan+Relationship+between+1969+and+1976&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=85-94&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147112053%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0263-7189&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0263718900009675&rft.aulast=Toaldo&rft.aufirst=Mattia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fproduct%2Fidentifier%2FS0263718900009675%2Ftype%2Fjournal_article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRahul" class="citation web cs1">Rahul, Sagar. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nyuad.nyu.edu/content/dam/nyuad/faculty/social-science/rahul-sagar/publications/sagar-hindu-nationalism-and-the-cold-war.pdf">"Hindu Nationalists and the Cold War"</a> (PDF). New York University Abu Dhabi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hindu+Nationalists+and+the+Cold+War&rft.pub=New+York+University+Abu+Dhabi&rft.aulast=Rahul&rft.aufirst=Sagar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnyuad.nyu.edu%2Fcontent%2Fdam%2Fnyuad%2Ffaculty%2Fsocial-science%2Frahul-sagar%2Fpublications%2Fsagar-hindu-nationalism-and-the-cold-war.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-14036176">"Indian court rules anti-Maoist militia unconstitutional"</a>. 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(International Humanitarian Law).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004156917" title="Special:BookSources/9004156917">9004156917</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA80">80</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinson2018" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Geoffrey B. 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(International Humanitarian Law).</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160105053952/http://www.brill.com/legacy-nuremberg-civilising-influence-or-institutionalised-vengeance">Archived</a> 5 January 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Martinus_Nijhoff_Publishers" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinus Nijhoff Publishers">Martinus Nijhoff Publishers</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004156917" title="Special:BookSources/9004156917">9004156917</a> p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dg0hWswKgTIC&pg=PA81">81</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> Kai Thaler (2 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/monkey-cage/wp/2015/12/02/50-years-ago-today-the-u-s-embassy-endorsed-mass-killings-in-indonesia-heres-what-that-means-for-today/">50 years ago today, American diplomats endorsed mass killings in Indonesia. 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Religions. 11 (11): 621. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Frel11110621">10.3390/rel11110621</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2077-1444">2077-1444</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Religions&rft.atitle=%27Rejecting+the+Legacy%2C+Restoring+the+Honor%27%3A+The+Anti-Capitalist+Muslims+in+Turkey&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=621&rft.date=2020-11-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Frel11110621&rft.issn=2077-1444&rft.aulast=Tomac&rft.aufirst=Ayca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.3390%252Frel11110621&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUMAR2020" class="citation journal cs1">UMAR, Ömer (12 March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33419%2Faamd.702849">"İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sırasında Türk-Sovyet İlişkileri"</a>. Atatürk Araştırma Merkezi Dergisi. 20 (59): 369–412. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.33419%2Faamd.702849">10.33419/aamd.702849</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1011-727X">1011-727X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atat%C3%BCrk+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rma+Merkezi+Dergisi&rft.atitle=%C4%B0kinci+D%C3%BCnya+Sava%C5%9F%C4%B1+S%C4%B1ras%C4%B1nda+T%C3%BCrk-Sovyet+%C4%B0li%C5%9Fkileri&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=59&rft.pages=369-412&rft.date=2020-03-12&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.33419%2Faamd.702849&rft.issn=1011-727X&rft.aulast=UMAR&rft.aufirst=%C3%96mer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.33419%252Faamd.702849&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/iste-onlarin-genclik-hikayeleri-haberi-36833">"İşte 'onlar'ın gençlik hikayeleri ..."</a> Sol (in Turkish). 13 December 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sol&rft.atitle=%C4%B0%C5%9Fte+%27onlar%27%C4%B1n+gen%C3%A7lik+hikayeleri%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...&rft.date=2010-12-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaber.sol.org.tr%2Fdevlet-ve-siyaset%2Fiste-onlarin-genclik-hikayeleri-haberi-36833&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.yeniasya.com.tr/enstitu/bediuzzaman-in-yorumuyla-tan-olayi_146113">"Bediüzzaman'ın yorumuyla Tan olayı"</a>. Yenı Asya – Gerçekten haber verir. 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Retrieved 14 October 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=scholar.google.com&rft.atitle=The+Pivotal+Role+of+Translation+in+the+Spread+of+Anti-Communism+in+Turkey+During+The+Cold+War&rft.aulast=Balta&rft.aufirst=Fatma&rft.au=I%C5%9F%C4%B1klar+Ko%C3%A7ak%2C+M%C3%BCge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholar.google.com%2Fcitations%3Fview_op%3Dview_citation%26hl%3Dtr%26user%3DlCdsWKEAAAAJ%26citation_for_view%3DlCdsWKEAAAAJ%3Au5HHmVD_uO8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErsan,_Vehbi2013" class="citation book cs1">Ersan, Vehbi (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/874836905">1970'lerde Türkiye solu</a> (1. baskı ed.). İstanbul: İletişim Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-975-05-1241-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-975-05-1241-4"><bdi>978-975-05-1241-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/874836905">874836905</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1970%27lerde+T%C3%BCrkiye+solu&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1.+bask%C4%B1&rft.pub=%C4%B0leti%C5%9Fim+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F874836905&rft.isbn=978-975-05-1241-4&rft.au=Ersan%2C+Vehbi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F874836905&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://haber.sol.org.tr/devlet-ve-siyaset/dersimiz-statuko-haberi-30916">"Dersimiz statüko"</a>. Sol (in Turkish). 15 July 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sol&rft.atitle=Dersimiz+stat%C3%BCko&rft.date=2010-07-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhaber.sol.org.tr%2Fdevlet-ve-siyaset%2Fdersimiz-statuko-haberi-30916&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">Komünistler İşçilerimizi ve Gençlerimizi Nasıl Aldatıyor?. 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İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9944-88-789-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-9944-88-789-2"><bdi>978-9944-88-789-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/949573297">949573297</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=T%C3%BCrkiye+1965%E2%80%9375&rft.place=%C4%B0stanbul&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=T%C3%BCrkiye+%C4%B0%C5%9F+Bankas%C4%B1+K%C3%BClt%C3%BCr+Yay%C4%B1nlar%C4%B1&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F949573297&rft.isbn=978-9944-88-789-2&rft.aulast=Ecevit&rft.aufirst=B%C3%BClent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F949573297&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090412103148/http://www.euractiv.com/en/culture/europe-ponders-remembrance-day-communist-nazi-past/article-180794">"Europe ponders 'remembrance day' for communist, Nazi past"</a>. euractiv.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.euractiv.com/en/culture/europe-ponders-remembrance-day-communist-nazi-past/article-180794">the original</a> on 12 April 2009. Retrieved 17 January 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=euractiv.com&rft.atitle=Europe+ponders+%27remembrance+day%27+for+communist%2C+Nazi+past&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.euractiv.com%2Fen%2Fculture%2Feurope-ponders-remembrance-day-communist-nazi-past%2Farticle-180794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-albanianhistory1-171"><a href="#cite_ref-albanianhistory1_171-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie" class="citation web cs1">Robert Elsie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110723010338/http://www.albanianhistory.net/texts20_1/AH1942.html">"Mid'hat bey Frashëri: The Epirus Question – the Martyrdom of a People"</a>. 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Retrieved 18 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mid%27hat+bey+Frash%C3%ABri%3A+The+Epirus+Question+%E2%80%93+the+Martyrdom+of+a+People&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.albanianhistory.net%2Ftexts20_1%2FAH1942.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mustaqi-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Mustaqi_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThanas_Mustaqi2011" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Thanas Mustaqi (23 September 2011), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151004080114/http://gazeta-lajmi.info/1949-pentagoni-diplomaci-fleksibel-me-shqiperine/">1949, Pentagoni: Diplomaci fleksibël me Shqipërinë</a> [1949, Pentagon:Flexible diplomacy with Albania] (in Albanian), Lajmi, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gazeta-lajmi.info/1949-pentagoni-diplomaci-fleksibel-me-shqiperine/">the original</a> on 4 October 2015, retrieved 19 December 2014, <q>Më 26 gusht të vitit 1949, në Paris u formua Komiteti Kombëtar-Demokratik "Shqipëria e lirë", me nismën e Mithat Frashërit për të "udhëhequr dhe inkurajuar njerëzit tanë të zotë në rezistencën e tyre kundër tiranisë komuniste". Këtu u zgjodh edhe Këshilli udhëheqës i saj i përbërë nga Mid'hat Frashëri (kryetar), Abas Kupi, Zef Pali, Said Kryeziu dhe Nuçi Kotta (anëtarë). Organi më i lartë ishte Këshilli Kombëtar prej 11 anëtarësh nga parti të ndryshme. Por pas disa ditësh, agjencia franceze e lajmeve AFP transmetoi një deklaratë të Mbretit në mërgim Ahmet Zogu, në të cilën thuhej se nuk e njihte Komitetin Shqipëria e Lirë dhe se "pas 7 prillit 1939, unë jam i vetmi autoritet legjitim i shqiptarëve".</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=1949%2C+Pentagoni%3A+Diplomaci+fleksib%C3%ABl+me+Shqip%C3%ABrin%C3%AB&rft.pub=Lajmi&rft.date=2011-09-23&rft.au=Thanas+Mustaqi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgazeta-lajmi.info%2F1949-pentagoni-diplomaci-fleksibel-me-shqiperine%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-TO-173"><a href="#cite_ref-TO_173-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrit_Palushi2014" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Petrit Palushi (12 March 2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141227014045/http://www.tiranaobserver.al/deshmia-e-neshat-bilalit-pse-kompania-4000-deshtoi-ne-rrezimin-e-enver-hoxhes/">"Dëshmia e Neshat Bilalit: Pse "Kompania 4000" dështoi në rrëzimin e Enver Hoxhës"</a> [Testimony of Neshat Bilali: Why Company 4000 failed in overthrowing Enver Hoxha], Tirana Observer (in Albanian), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tiranaobserver.al/deshmia-e-neshat-bilalit-pse-kompania-4000-deshtoi-ne-rrezimin-e-enver-hoxhes/">the original</a> on 27 December 2014, retrieved 19 December 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Tirana+Observer&rft.atitle=D%C3%ABshmia+e+Neshat+Bilalit%3A+Pse+%22Kompania+4000%22+d%C3%ABshtoi+n%C3%AB+rr%C3%ABzimin+e+Enver+Hoxh%C3%ABs&rft.date=2014-03-12&rft.au=Petrit+Palushi&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tiranaobserver.al%2Fdeshmia-e-neshat-bilalit-pse-kompania-4000-deshtoi-ne-rrezimin-e-enver-hoxhes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-panorama-174"><a href="#cite_ref-panorama_174-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAuron_Tare2012" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Auron Tare (30 June 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141220061136/http://www.panorama.com.al/2013/06/30/arkivi-i-cia-roma-qendra-e-operacioneve-kunder-hoxhes/">Arkivi i CIA: Roma, qendra e operacioneve kundër Hoxhës</a> [CIA archives: Rome, centre of operations against Hoxha] (in Albanian), Gazeta Panorama Online, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panorama.com.al/2013/06/30/arkivi-i-cia-roma-qendra-e-operacioneve-kunder-hoxhes/">the original</a> on 20 December 2014, retrieved 19 December 2014</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arkivi+i+CIA%3A+Roma%2C+qendra+e+operacioneve+kund%C3%ABr+Hoxh%C3%ABs&rft.pub=Gazeta+Panorama+Online&rft.date=2012-06-30&rft.au=Auron+Tare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panorama.com.al%2F2013%2F06%2F30%2Farkivi-i-cia-roma-qendra-e-operacioneve-kunder-hoxhes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-omri-175"><a href="#cite_ref-omri_175-0">^</a> "The <a href="/wiki/OMRI" class="mw-redirect" title="OMRI">OMRI</a> annual survey of Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, 1995", <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56324-924-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-56324-924-3">1-56324-924-3</a>, 1996, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T1vFM-R34TYC&dq=%22Genocide+and+Crimes+Against+Humanity%22+albania+law&pg=PA149">pp. 149–150</a>, the text of the introductory provisions of the law, translated from the Official Journal of the Republic of Albania, no. 21, September 1995, pp. 923–024 </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Albania as Dictatorship and Democracy: From Isolation to the Kosovo War, 1946–1998 by Owen Pearson <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-105-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84511-105-2">978-1-84511-105-2</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=D4wx7kQp4bgC&q=%22genocide+law%22&pg=PP1">p. 659</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> "Post-Communist Transitional Justice in Albania" by RC Austin, J Ellison. East European Politics and Societies, Vol. 22, No. 2, 373–401 (2008).<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?hl=en&q=%22Post-Communist+Transitional+Justice+in+Albania%22+%2B%22genocide+law%22&btnG=Search">Scholar.Google.com</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> This usage of the term "Genocide Law" is not to be confused with the application of Article 73 "Genocide" of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://preventgenocide.org/law/domestic/albania.htm">Criminal Code of the Republic of Albania, Special Part, Chap. 1, Crimes Against Humanity</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Boyle_(lawyer)" title="Kevin Boyle (lawyer)">Kevin Boyle</a> and Juliet Sheen, Freedom of Religion and Belief: A World Report, 1997, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-203-41102-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-203-41102-1">0-203-41102-1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=MFUZkWWgOtMC&dq=%22Law+on+Communist+Genocide%22&pg=PA262">p. 262</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> The Balkans:A Post-Communist History by Robert Bideleux, Ian Jeffries. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-203-96911-3">978-0-203-96911-3</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/17379442/balkans-post-communist-history">p. 78</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> Emmanuel Gerard, "Religion, class and language: The Catholic party in Belgium." in Wolfram Kaiser and Helmut Wohnout, eds., Political Catholicism in Europe 1918–1945 (2004) pp. 84–101. </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoudenys2016" class="citation journal cs1">Coudenys, Wim (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1484/j.rhe.5.110726">""Fictional, but Truthful." Nicolas Belina-Podgaetsky, a Soviet Journalist at the Service of Catholic Anti-Communism in Belgium"</a>. Revue d'Histoire Ecclésiastique. 111 (1–2): 148–180. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1484%2Fj.rhe.5.110726">10.1484/j.rhe.5.110726</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0035-2381">0035-2381</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+d%27Histoire+Eccl%C3%A9siastique&rft.atitle=%22Fictional%2C+but+Truthful.%22+Nicolas+Belina-Podgaetsky%2C+a+Soviet+Journalist+at+the+Service+of+Catholic+Anti-Communism+in+Belgium&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=148-180&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1484%2Fj.rhe.5.110726&rft.issn=0035-2381&rft.aulast=Coudenys&rft.aufirst=Wim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdx.doi.org%2F10.1484%2Fj.rhe.5.110726&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kelly-1995-183">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly-1995_183-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kelly-1995_183-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly1995" class="citation book cs1">Kelly, David D. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archiv.radio.cz/history/history15.html">the original</a> on 17 July 2011. 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Business Insider.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Business+Insider&rft.atitle=The+crazy+story+of+the+man+who+fought+for+Finland%2C+the+Nazis%2C+and+US+Army+Special+Forces&rft.aulast=Szoldra&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.businessinsider.com%2Fthe-crazy-story-of-the-man-who-fought-for-finland-the-nazis-and-us-army-special-forces-2015-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historycollection.com/this-war-hero-spent-his-life-fighting-communists/">"This War Hero Spent his Life Fighting Communists"</a>. 31 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+War+Hero+Spent+his+Life+Fighting+Communists&rft.date=2019-08-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistorycollection.com%2Fthis-war-hero-spent-his-life-fighting-communists%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Morgan-2003-188">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-2003_188-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-2003_188-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-2003_188-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-2003_188-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Morgan-2003_188-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorgan2003" class="citation book cs1">Morgan, Philip (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascismineurope10000morg">Fascism in Europe, 1919–1945</a>. Routledge. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fascismineurope10000morg/page/32">32</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74028-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-134-74028-4"><bdi>978-1-134-74028-4</bdi></a>. <q>morgan fascism europe.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fascism+in+Europe%2C+1919%E2%80%931945&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-134-74028-4&rft.aulast=Morgan&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffascismineurope10000morg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLavery2006" class="citation book cs1">Lavery, Jason Edward (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoffinland00lave">The History of Finland</a>. 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French Historical Studies (1997): 315–356. </li> <li id="cite_note-ihs-lia-191">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ihs-lia_191-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ihs-lia_191-1">b</a> "Les cahiers d'histoire sociale: revue trimestrielle de l'Institut d'histoire sociale, Issues 14–16", <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institut_d%27histoire_sociale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institut d'histoire sociale (page does not exist)">Institut d'histoire sociale</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institut_d%27histoire_sociale" class="extiw" title="fr:Institut d'histoire sociale">fr</a>], 2000 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Ernst Henri, "Hitler Over Europe", 1934, p. 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antiracisme.blog.lemonde.fr/2015/12/04/autre-temps-autres-perquisitions-1939/">Autre temps, autres perquisitions (1939)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Le_Monde" title="Le Monde">Le Monde</a>, 4 December 2015 </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Stuart L. Campbell, "Raymond Aron: The Making of a Cold Warrior." Historian 51.4 (1989): 551–573. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447476">online</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329–334-195"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans2003329–334_195-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEvans2003">Evans 2003</a>, pp. 329–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 21 March 1933, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://phdn.org/archives/holocaust-history.org/dachau-gas-chambers/photo02.html">online scan</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Burleigh" title="Michael Burleigh">Michael Burleigh</a>, The Third Reich: A New History, p. 144. </li> <li id="cite_note-Bullock-1991-198">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bullock-1991_198-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullock1991" class="citation book cs1">Bullock, Alan (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull">Hitler: A Study in Tyranny</a>. Harper Collins. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/hitlerstudyintyr00bull/page/40">40</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092020-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-092020-3"><bdi>978-0-06-092020-3</bdi></a>. <q>alan bullock tyranny.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler%3A+A+Study+in+Tyranny&rft.pages=40&rft.pub=Harper+Collins&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-06-092020-3&rft.aulast=Bullock&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhitlerstudyintyr00bull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> Tetens, T.H. The New Germany and the Old Nazis, New York: Random House, 1961 pp. 37–40. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> The Nazi-ferreting questionnaire cited 136 mandatory reasons for exclusion from employment and created red-tape nightmares for both the hapless and the guilty; see The New York Times, 22 February 2003, p. A7. </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> Steinweis, Alan E., Rogers, Daniel E. The Impact of Nazism: New Perspectives on the Third Reich and Its Legacy. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. 2003, p. 235 </li> <li id="cite_note-Art-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Art_202-0">^</a> Art, David, The politics of the Nazi past in Germany and Austria, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005, pp. 53–55 </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bgbl.de/xaver/bgbl/start.xav?start=%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl151s0307.pdf%27%5D#__bgbl__%2F%2F*%5B%40attr_id%3D%27bgbl151s0307.pdf%27%5D__1578237681963">"Gesetz zur Regelung der Rechtsverhältnisse der unter Artikel 131 des Grundgesetzes fallenden Personen (Bundesgesetzblatt I 22/1951, p. 307 ff.)"</a> (in German). 11 May 1951.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gesetz+zur+Regelung+der+Rechtsverh%C3%A4ltnisse+der+unter+Artikel+131+des+Grundgesetzes+fallenden+Personen+%28Bundesgesetzblatt+I+22%2F1951%2C+p.+307+ff.%29&rft.date=1951-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bgbl.de%2Fxaver%2Fbgbl%2Fstart.xav%3Fstart%3D%252F%252F%2A%255B%2540attr_id%253D%2527bgbl151s0307.pdf%2527%255D%23__bgbl__%252F%252F%2A%255B%2540attr_id%253D%2527bgbl151s0307.pdf%2527%255D__1578237681963&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor, Peter (2004). 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Infobase Publishing. p. 33. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5081-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-5081-9"><bdi>978-0-8160-5081-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hungary&rft.pages=33&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8160-5081-9&rft.aulast=Hill&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY0Z_8orB47oC%26q%3Dhungary%2Bwhite%2Bterror%2Bkilled%2B1919%2Bthousands%2B5000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerwarth2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gerwarth, Robert (2008). "The Central European Counter-Revolution: Paramilitary Violence in Germany, Austria and Hungary after the Great War". Past & Present (200): 201. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0031-2746">0031-2746</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25096723">25096723</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Past+%26+Present&rft.atitle=The+Central+European+Counter-Revolution%3A+Paramilitary+Violence+in+Germany%2C+Austria+and+Hungary+after+the+Great+War&rft.issue=200&rft.pages=201&rft.date=2008&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25096723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0031-2746&rft.aulast=Gerwarth&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPastor2004" class="citation journal cs1">Pastor, Peter (2004). "Hungarian-Soviet Diplomatic Relations 1935–1941: A Failed Rapprochement". Europe-Asia Studies. 56 (5): 745. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0966813041000235128">10.1080/0966813041000235128</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0966-8136">0966-8136</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4147480">4147480</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:153425082">153425082</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Europe-Asia+Studies&rft.atitle=Hungarian-Soviet+Diplomatic+Relations+1935%E2%80%931941%3A+A+Failed+Rapprochement&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=745&rft.date=2004&rft.issn=0966-8136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A153425082%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4147480%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0966813041000235128&rft.aulast=Pastor&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://runivers.ru/doc/d2.php?SECTION_ID=6344&PORTAL_ID=6341">"Документы и материалы"</a>. Runivers.ru. Retrieved 30 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Runivers.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%B8+%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frunivers.ru%2Fdoc%2Fd2.php%3FSECTION_ID%3D6344%26PORTAL_ID%3D6341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-twitterrevolution-209"><a href="#cite_ref-twitterrevolution_209-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.spiegel.de/international/europe/0,1518,618563,00.html">"Twitter Revolution: Fearing Uprising, Russia Backs Moldova's Communists"</a>, Der Spiegel, 10 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Moldovas_Twitter_Revolution/1605005.html">"Moldova's "Twitter Revolution""</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110629195218/http://www.rferl.org/content/Moldovas_Twitter_Revolution/1605005.html">Archived</a> 29 June 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, RFE/RL, 8 April 2009 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gella-211"><a href="#cite_ref-Gella_211-0">^</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aleksander_Gella&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aleksander Gella (page does not exist)">Aleksander Gella</a>, Development of Class Structure in Eastern Europe: Poland and Her Southern Neighbors, <a href="/wiki/SUNY_Press" title="SUNY Press">SUNY Press</a>, 1988, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-88706-833-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-88706-833-2">0-88706-833-2</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8keIXDyF_EoC&pg=PA23">Google Print, p. 23</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGross2002" class="citation book cs1">Gross, Jan T. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XKtOr4EXOWwC&q=czortkow+uprising&pg=PA172">Revolution from Abroad: The Soviet Conquest of Poland's Western Ukraine and Western Belorussia</a>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691096031" title="Special:BookSources/0691096031"><bdi>0691096031</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revolution+from+Abroad%3A+The+Soviet+Conquest+of+Poland%27s+Western+Ukraine+and+Western+Belorussia&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0691096031&rft.aulast=Gross&rft.aufirst=Jan+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXKtOr4EXOWwC%26q%3Dczortkow%2Buprising%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Norman_Davies" title="Norman Davies">Norman Davies</a>, Rising '44, 2004, Viking Penguin, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-670-03284-0">0-670-03284-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> The Atlas of the Independence Underground in Poland 1944–1956, Instytut Pamieci Narodowej, Warszawa-Lublin, 2007. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-45-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-83-60464-45-8">978-83-60464-45-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> Violetta Gut: Józef Franczak ps. Lalek. Ostatni partyzant poakowskiego podziemia, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.marszalek.com.pl/">Wydawnictwo Adam Marszałek (en): Adam Marszałek's Publishing House</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toru%C5%84" title="Toruń">Toruń</a>, 2004, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/83-7322-990-6" title="Special:BookSources/83-7322-990-6">83-7322-990-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> Consiliul National pentru Studierea Ahivelor Securităţii, Bande, bandiţi si eroi. Grupurile de rezistenţă şi Securitatea (1948–1968), Editura Enciclopedica, Bucureşti, 2003 </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Harrison2014" class="citation news cs1">Graham-Harrison, Emma (7 December 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/dec/07/nicolae-ceausescu-execution-anniversary-romania">"'I'm still nervous,' says soldier who shot Nicolae Ceausescu"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 10 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27I%27m+still+nervous%2C%27+says+soldier+who+shot+Nicolae+Ceausescu&rft.date=2014-12-07&rft.aulast=Graham-Harrison&rft.aufirst=Emma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2014%2Fdec%2F07%2Fnicolae-ceausescu-execution-anniversary-romania&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedžić2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Enver_Red%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Enver Redžić">Redžić, Enver</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mXiSKULRN-oC">Bosnia and Herzegovina in the Second World War</a>. Abingdon: Frank Cass. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7146-5625-0"><bdi>978-0-7146-5625-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bosnia+and+Herzegovina+in+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Frank+Cass&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-7146-5625-0&rft.aulast=Red%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Enver&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmXiSKULRN-oC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillotson2011" class="citation book cs1">Tillotson, Michael (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xQkNyMBh3PkC&pg=PA155">SOE and The Resistance: As told in The Times Obituaries</a>. A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4356-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4411-4356-3"><bdi>978-1-4411-4356-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=SOE+and+The+Resistance%3A+As+told+in+The+Times+Obituaries&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4411-4356-3&rft.aulast=Tillotson&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxQkNyMBh3PkC%26pg%3DPA155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVelikonja2003" class="citation book cs1">Velikonja, Mitja (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/religiousseparat0000veli">Religious Separation and Political Intolerance in Bosnia-Herzegovina</a>. College Station: Texas A&M University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58544-226-3"><bdi>978-1-58544-226-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religious+Separation+and+Political+Intolerance+in+Bosnia-Herzegovina&rft.place=College+Station&rft.pub=Texas+A%26M+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58544-226-3&rft.aulast=Velikonja&rft.aufirst=Mitja&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freligiousseparat0000veli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadelić2003" class="citation journal cs1">Radelić, Zdenko (20 October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hrcak.srce.hr/clanak/321929">"PRO-YUGOSLAV ANTI-COMMUNIST GUERILLAS IN CROATIA AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR"</a>. Časopis za suvremenu povijest. 35 (2): 463–486. Retrieved 4 January 2023 – via hrcak.srce.hr.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C4%8Casopis+za+suvremenu+povijest&rft.atitle=PRO-YUGOSLAV+ANTI-COMMUNIST+GUERILLAS+IN+CROATIA+AFTER+THE+SECOND+WORLD+WAR&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=463-486&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft.aulast=Radeli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zdenko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhrcak.srce.hr%2Fclanak%2F321929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2004" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (2004). The Spanish Civil War, Soviet Union, and Communism. Yale University Press. pp. 8–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300130782" title="Special:BookSources/9780300130782"><bdi>9780300130782</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War%2C+Soviet+Union%2C+and+Communism&rft.pages=8-10&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9780300130782&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mujal-León-1983-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mujal-León-1983_223-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMujal-León1983" class="citation book cs1">Mujal-León, Eusebio (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/communismpolitic00muja">Communism and political change in Spain</a>. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31389-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-31389-8"><bdi>978-0-253-31389-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Communism+and+political+change+in+Spain&rft.place=Bloomington&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-253-31389-8&rft.aulast=Mujal-Le%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Eusebio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcommunismpolitic00muja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Payne-2006-224">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Payne-2006_224-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Payne-2006_224-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPayne2006" class="citation book cs1">Payne, Stanley (2006). The Collapse of the Spanish Republic, 1933–1936. Yale University Press. p. 81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780300130805" title="Special:BookSources/9780300130805"><bdi>9780300130805</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Spanish+Republic%2C+1933%E2%80%931936&rft.pages=81&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780300130805&rft.aulast=Payne&rft.aufirst=Stanley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeevor2001" class="citation book cs1">Beevor, Antony (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/spanishcivilwar0000beev">The Spanish Civil War</a>. New York: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100148-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-100148-7"><bdi>978-0-14-100148-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-14-100148-7&rft.aulast=Beevor&rft.aufirst=Antony&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fspanishcivilwar0000beev&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pius11-226">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Pius11_226-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Pius11_226-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vatican.va/content/pius-xi/en/encyclicals/documents/hf_p-xi_enc_19370319_divini-redemptoris.html">"Divini Redemptoris (March 19, 1937) | PIUS XI"</a>. www.vatican.va. 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The Catholic Historical Review. 99 (3): 499–530. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0008-8080">0008-8080</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23565369">23565369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Catholic+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Spanish+Bishops+and+Nazism+During+the+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=499-530&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23565369%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0008-8080&rft.aulast=S%C3%A1nchez&rft.aufirst=Santiago+Mart%C3%ADnez&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23565369&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Karlheinz_Deschner-2013-228">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karlheinz_Deschner-2013_228-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karlheinz_Deschner-2013_228-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarlheinz_Deschner2013" class="citation book cs1">Karlheinz Deschner (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/GodAndTheFascistsKarlheinzDeschner2013">God and the Fascists: The Vatican Alliance with Mussolini, Franco, Hitler, and Pavelic</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=God+and+the+Fascists%3A+The+Vatican+Alliance+with+Mussolini%2C+Franco%2C+Hitler%2C+and+Pavelic&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Karlheinz+Deschner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FGodAndTheFascistsKarlheinzDeschner2013&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston_1990-229">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_1990_229-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston_1990_229-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston1990" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/politicsofreveng0000pres">The politics of revenge : fascism and the military in twentieth-century Spain</a>. London; Boston: Unwin Hyman. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445463-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-04-445463-2"><bdi>978-0-04-445463-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+politics+of+revenge+%3A+fascism+and+the+military+in+twentieth-century+Spain&rft.place=London%3B+Boston&rft.pub=Unwin+Hyman&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-04-445463-2&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticsofreveng0000pres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhealey1989" class="citation book cs1">Whealey, Robert (1989). Hitler and Spain. University Press of Kentucky. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780813148632" title="Special:BookSources/9780813148632"><bdi>9780813148632</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Spain&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=9780813148632&rft.aulast=Whealey&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/508495680">The Oxford companion to World War II</a>. Ian Dear, M. R. D. Foot. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 2001. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-860446-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-860446-7"><bdi>0-19-860446-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/508495680">508495680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+companion+to+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F508495680&rft.isbn=0-19-860446-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F508495680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: others (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_others" title="Category:CS1 maint: others">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Preston-2007-232">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-2007_232-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-2007_232-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-2007_232-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Preston-2007_232-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPreston2007" class="citation book cs1">Preston, Paul (2007). The Spanish Civil War. New York: W. W. Norton & Co. p. 305. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393329872" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393329872"><bdi>978-0393329872</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Spanish+Civil+War&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=305&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Co.&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0393329872&rft.aulast=Preston&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Grungel-1997-233">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Grungel-1997_233-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grungel-1997_233-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Grungel-1997_233-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrungel1997" class="citation book cs1">Grungel, Jean (1997). Franco's Spain. London: Hodder Education Group. pp. 25–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780340663233" title="Special:BookSources/9780340663233"><bdi>9780340663233</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Franco%27s+Spain&rft.place=London&rft.pages=25-27&rft.pub=Hodder+Education+Group&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9780340663233&rft.aulast=Grungel&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salvado-1999-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Salvado-1999_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvado-1999_234-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Salvado-1999_234-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalvado1999" class="citation book cs1">Salvado, Romero (1999). Twentieth-century Spain : politics and society in Spain, 1898–1998. 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Washington's anticommunist crusade, with Indonesia as the apex of its murderous violence against civilians, deeply shaped the world we live in now ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jakarta+Method%3A+Washington%27s+Anticommunist+Crusade+and+the+Mass+Murder+Program+that+Shaped+Our+World&rft.pages=240&rft.pub=PublicAffairs&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541742406&rft.aulast=Bevins&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChomsky" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Noam_Chomsky" title="Noam Chomsky">Chomsky, Noam</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160921084037/http://www.spectrezine.org/global/chomsky.htm">"Counting the Bodies"</a>. Spectrezine. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://spectrezine.org/global/chomsky.htm">the original</a> on 21 September 2016. Retrieved 18 September 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Spectrezine&rft.atitle=Counting+the+Bodies&rft.aulast=Chomsky&rft.aufirst=Noam&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fspectrezine.org%2Fglobal%2Fchomsky.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDean2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jodi_Dean" title="Jodi Dean">Dean, Jodi</a> (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBghOq42S3YC&pg=PA6">The Communist Horizon</a>. Verso. pp. 6–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1844679546" title="Special:BookSources/978-1844679546"><bdi>978-1844679546</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Horizon&rft.pages=6-7&rft.pub=Verso&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1844679546&rft.aulast=Dean&rft.aufirst=Jodi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBghOq42S3YC%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGerlachSix2020" class="citation book cs1">Gerlach, Christian; Six, Clemens, eds. (2020). The Palgrave Handbook of Anti-Communist Persecutions. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. pp. 1–7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3030549657" title="Special:BookSources/978-3030549657"><bdi>978-3030549657</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Anti-Communist+Persecutions&rft.pages=1-7&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-3030549657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> Ghodsee, Kristen R.; Sehon, Scott; Dresser, Sam, ed. (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance">"The merits of taking an anti-anti-communism stance"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon (digital magazine)">Aeon</a>. Retrieved 11 February 2020. </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMilne2006" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Seumas_Milne" title="Seumas Milne">Milne, Seumas</a> (16 February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Columnists/Column/0,,1710891,00.html">"Communism may be dead, but clearly not dead enough"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 5 September 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Communism+may+be+dead%2C+but+clearly+not+dead+enough&rft.date=2006-02-16&rft.aulast=Milne&rft.aufirst=Seumas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2FColumnists%2FColumn%2F0%2C%2C1710891%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParenti1997" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Parenti" title="Michael Parenti">Parenti, Michael</a> (1997), Blackshirts and Reds: Rational Fascism and the Overthrow of Communism, San Francisco: <a href="/wiki/City_Lights_Bookstore" title="City Lights Bookstore">City Lights Books</a>, p. 58, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0872863293" title="Special:BookSources/978-0872863293"><bdi>978-0872863293</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Blackshirts+and+Reds%3A+Rational+Fascism+and+the+Overthrow+of+Communism&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=City+Lights+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0872863293&rft.aulast=Parenti&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Anti-communism <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-communism">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Anti-communism&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kennan, George F. (1964). On Dealing with the Communist World, in series, The Elihu Root Lectures. New York: Harper & Row. xi, 57 p. N.B.: Also on t.p.: "Published for the Council on Foreign Relations".</li> <li>Gülstorff, Torben (2015). Warming Up a Cooling War: An Introductory Guide on the CIAS and Other Globally Operating Anti-communist Networks at the Beginning of the Cold War Decade of Détente, in series, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wilsoncenter.org/publication/warming-cooling-war-introductory-guide-the-cias-and-other-globally-operating-anti">Cold War International History Project Working Paper Series #75</a>, Washington.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-communism&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anti-communism" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Anti-communism">Anti-communism</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephane_Courtois" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephane Courtois">Stephane Courtois</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100403085848/http://www.cooper.edu/humanities/core/hss3/Blackbook.html">The Black Book of communism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://communistcrimes.org/">Foundation for the Investigation of Communist Crimes</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101213221048/http://www.globalmuseumoncommunism.org/">Global Museum on communism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/economics/bcaplan/museum/musframe.htm">Museum of communism</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://izput.narod.ru/rvpimokEN.html">Russians In Support of the Idea of International Condemnation of communism</a>. An open letter from leaders of Russian Anti-Communist Organizations to the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victimsofcommunism.org/">The Victims of communism Memorial Foundation</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180308044559/http://victimsofcommunism.org/mission/history/">Victims of communism history</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180306055633/http://victimsofcommunism.org/category/research/">Victims of communism research</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGhodseeSehon2018" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kristen_Ghodsee" title="Kristen Ghodsee">Ghodsee, Kristen R.</a>; <a href="/wiki/Scott_Sehon" title="Scott Sehon">Sehon, Scott</a> (22 March 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aeon.co/essays/the-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance">"Anti-anti-communism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Aeon_(digital_magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aeon (digital magazine)">Aeon</a>. Retrieved 14 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aeon&rft.atitle=Anti-anti-communism&rft.date=2018-03-22&rft.aulast=Ghodsee&rft.aufirst=Kristen+R.&rft.au=Sehon%2C+Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faeon.co%2Fessays%2Fthe-merits-of-taking-an-anti-anti-communism-stance&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAnti-communism" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://usmspecialcollections.omeka.net/exhibits/show/anticommunism/home">Seeing Red: Anti-Communism Efforts in Mississippi, 1944–1968</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Revolutions_of_1989" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Fall_of_Communism" title="Template talk:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Fall_of_Communism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Fall of Communism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Revolutions_of_1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Revolutions_of_1989" title="Revolutions of 1989">Revolutions of 1989</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Internal background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_Stagnation" title="Era of Stagnation">Era of Stagnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">Communism</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_communist_party_rule" title="Criticism of communist party rule">Criticism of communist party rule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc" title="Eastern Bloc">Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_politics" title="Eastern Bloc politics">Eastern Bloc politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Bloc_media_and_propaganda" title="Eastern Bloc media and propaganda">Eastern Bloc media and propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_the_Eastern_Bloc" title="Emigration from the Eastern Bloc">Emigration from the Eastern Bloc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomenklatura" title="Nomenklatura">Nomenklatura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortage_economy" title="Shortage economy">Shortage economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">Totalitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communist_insurgencies_in_Central_and_Eastern_Europe" title="Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe">Anti-communist insurgencies in Central and Eastern Europe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">International background</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Active_measures" title="Active measures">Active measures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_socialist_states" title="List of socialist states">List of socialist states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Power_Revolution" title="People Power Revolution">People Power Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Predictions_of_the_collapse_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union">Predictions of the collapse of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan Doctrine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Empire">Soviet Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_and_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Terrorism and the Soviet Union">Terrorism and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Holy See–Soviet Union relations">Vatican Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact_invasion_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia">Warsaw Pact invasion of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Reforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Uskorenie" title="Uskorenie">Uskorenie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perestroika" title="Perestroika">Perestroika</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demokratizatsiya_(Soviet_Union)" title="Demokratizatsiya (Soviet Union)">Demokratizatsiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khozraschyot" class="mw-redirect" title="Khozraschyot">Khozraschyot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/500_Days_Program" title="500 Days Program">500 Days Program</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_political_thinking" title="New political thinking">New political thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinatra_Doctrine" title="Sinatra Doctrine">Sinatra Doctrine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasnost" title="Glasnost">Glasnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_economic_reform" title="Chinese economic reform">Chinese economic reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialism_with_Chinese_characteristics" title="Socialism with Chinese characteristics">Socialism with Chinese characteristics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%95i_M%E1%BB%9Bi" title="Đổi Mới">Đổi Mới</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Government leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ramiz_Alia" title="Ramiz Alia">Ramiz Alia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolae_Ceau%C8%99escu" title="Nicolae Ceaușescu">Nicolae Ceaușescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%A1roly_Gr%C3%B3sz" title="Károly Grósz">Károly Grósz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erich_Honecker" title="Erich Honecker">Erich Honecker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Jake%C5%A1" title="Miloš Jakeš">Miloš Jakeš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egon_Krenz" title="Egon Krenz">Egon Krenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_Jaruzelski" title="Wojciech Jaruzelski">Wojciech Jaruzelski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Slobodan Milošević">Slobodan Milošević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathieu_K%C3%A9r%C3%A9kou" title="Mathieu Kérékou">Mathieu Kérékou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mengistu_Haile_Mariam" title="Mengistu Haile Mariam">Mengistu Haile Mariam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ne_Win" title="Ne Win">Ne Win</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denis_Sassou_Nguesso" title="Denis Sassou Nguesso">Denis Sassou Nguesso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heng_Samrin" title="Heng Samrin">Heng Samrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deng_Xiaoping" title="Deng Xiaoping">Deng Xiaoping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhao_Ziyang" title="Zhao Ziyang">Zhao Ziyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Todor_Zhivkov" title="Todor Zhivkov">Todor Zhivkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siad_Barre" title="Siad Barre">Siad Barre</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition methods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Civil_resistance" title="Civil resistance">Civil resistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_chain_(politics)" title="Human chain (politics)">Human chains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magnitizdat" title="Magnitizdat">Magnitizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_underground_press" title="Polish underground press">Polish underground press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_demonstration" title="Political demonstration">Political demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest" title="Protest">Protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samizdat" title="Samizdat">Samizdat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">Strike action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C3%A1clav_Havel" title="Václav Havel">Václav Havel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dub%C4%8Dek" title="Alexander Dubček">Alexander Dubček</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ion_Iliescu" title="Ion Iliescu">Ion Iliescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Gang" title="Liu Gang">Liu Gang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu%27erkaixi" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu'erkaixi">Wu'erkaixi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Ling" title="Chai Ling">Chai Ling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Dan_(dissident)" title="Wang Dan (dissident)">Wang Dan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feng_Congde" title="Feng Congde">Feng Congde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Tank Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joachim_Gauck" title="Joachim Gauck">Joachim Gauck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sali_Berisha" title="Sali Berisha">Sali Berisha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanjaas%C3%BCrengiin_Zorig" title="Sanjaasürengiin Zorig">Sanjaasürengiin Zorig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Bukovsky" title="Vladimir Bukovsky">Vladimir Bukovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Yeltsin" title="Boris Yeltsin">Boris Yeltsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viacheslav_Chornovil" title="Viacheslav Chornovil">Viacheslav Chornovil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vytautas_Landsbergis" title="Vytautas Landsbergis">Vytautas Landsbergis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zianon_Pazniak" title="Zianon Pazniak">Zianon Pazniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhelyu_Zhelev" title="Zhelyu Zhelev">Zhelyu Zhelev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meles_Zenawi" title="Meles Zenawi">Meles Zenawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaias_Afwerki" title="Isaias Afwerki">Isaias Afwerki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Opposition movements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beijing_Students%27_Autonomous_Federation" title="Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation">Beijing Students' Autonomous Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charter_77" title="Charter 77">Charter 77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Forum" title="New Forum">New Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civic_Forum" title="Civic Forum">Civic Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_of_Albania" title="Democratic Party of Albania">Democratic Party of Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Russia" title="Democratic Russia">Democratic Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Initiative_for_Peace_and_Human_Rights" title="Initiative for Peace and Human Rights">Initiative for Peace and Human Rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%85j%C5%ABdis" title="Sąjūdis">Sąjūdis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Movement_of_Ukraine" title="People's Movement of Ukraine">People's Movement of Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solidarity_(Polish_trade_union)" title="Solidarity (Polish trade union)">Solidarity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Latvia" title="Popular Front of Latvia">Popular Front of Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_Front_of_Estonia" title="Popular Front of Estonia">Popular Front of Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Against_Violence" title="Public Against Violence">Public Against Violence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Popular_Front" title="Belarusian Popular Front">Belarusian Popular Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rastokhez" title="Rastokhez">Rastokhez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_League_for_Democracy" title="National League for Democracy">National League for Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Salvation_Front_(Romania)" title="National Salvation Front (Romania)">National Salvation Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Democratic_Forces_(Bulgaria)" title="Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)">Union of Democratic Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inter-regional_Deputies_Group" title="Inter-regional Deputies Group">Inter-regional Deputies Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_of_Free_Democrats" title="Alliance of Free Democrats">Alliance of Free Democrats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Democratic_Forum" title="Hungarian Democratic Forum">Hungarian Democratic Forum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Events by location</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_communism_in_Albania" title="Fall of communism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Bulgaria#End_of_the_People's_Republic" title="People's Republic of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Velvet_Revolution" title="Velvet Revolution">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peaceful_Revolution" title="Peaceful Revolution">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_communism_in_Hungary" title="End of communism in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1945%E2%80%931989)#Final_decade_of_the_Polish_People's_Republic_(1980–1989)" title="History of Poland (1945–1989)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_revolution" title="Romanian revolution">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Soviet Union</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1991_Armenian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Armenian independence referendum">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Azerbaijani_independence_referendum" title="1991 Azerbaijani independence referendum">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chechen_Revolution" title="Chechen Revolution">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Georgian_independence_referendum" title="1991 Georgian independence referendum">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Revolution" title="Singing Revolution">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kazakhstan" title="History of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kyrgyzstan#Towards_independence:_1985-1991" title="History of Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_of_Moldova" title="Independence of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="History of the Russian Federation">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Revolution" title="Tajikistani Revolution">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Turkmen_independence_referendum" title="1991 Turkmen independence referendum">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989%E2%80%931991_Ukrainian_revolution" title="1989–1991 Ukrainian revolution">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Uzbek_independence_election" title="1991 Uzbek independence election">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #eeeeee; vertical-align: middle">Elsewhere</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghan_Civil_War_(1989%E2%80%931992)" title="Afghan Civil War (1989–1992)">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicesse_Accords" title="Bicesse Accords">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_Benin#Dissolution" title="People's Republic of Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8888_Uprising" title="8888 Uprising">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Paris_Peace_Agreements" title="1991 Paris Peace Agreements">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Tiananmen_Square_protests_and_massacre" title="1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Republic_of_the_Congo#Transition" title="People's Republic of the Congo">Congo-Brazzaville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Derg_regime" title="Fall of the Derg regime">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_Revolution_of_1990" title="Mongolian Revolution of 1990">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambican_Civil_War#Transition_to_peace" title="Mozambican Civil War">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_Rebellion" title="Somali Rebellion">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemeni_unification" title="Yemeni unification">South Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Individual events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jeltoqsan" title="Jeltoqsan">Jeltoqsan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987%E2%80%931989_Tibetan_unrest" title="1987–1989 Tibetan unrest">1987–1989 Tibetan unrest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Polish_strikes" title="1988 Polish strikes">1988 Polish strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_Round_Table_Agreement" title="Polish Round Table Agreement">Polish Round Table Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_9_tragedy" title="April 9 tragedy">April 9 tragedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Removal_of_Hungary%27s_border_fence_with_Austria" title="Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria">Removal of Hungary's border fence with Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Round_Table_Talks" title="Hungarian Round Table Talks">Hungarian Round Table Talks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-European_Picnic" title="Pan-European Picnic">Pan-European Picnic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Way" title="Baltic Way">Baltic Way</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monday_demonstrations_in_East_Germany" title="Monday demonstrations in East Germany">Monday Demonstrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexanderplatz_demonstration" title="Alexanderplatz demonstration">Alexanderplatz demonstration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Berlin_Wall" title="Fall of the Berlin Wall">Fall of the Berlin Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_inner_German_border" title="Fall of the inner German border">Fall of the inner German border</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta_Summit" title="Malta Summit">Malta Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_January" title="Black January">Black January</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1990s_post-Soviet_aliyah" title="1990s post-Soviet aliyah">1990s post-Soviet aliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki_Summit_(1990)" title="Helsinki Summit (1990)">Helsinki Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revolution_on_Granite" title="Revolution on Granite">Revolution on Granite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_reunification" title="German reunification">Reunification of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_Events_(Lithuania)" class="mw-redirect" title="January Events (Lithuania)">January Events in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Barricades" title="The Barricades">January Events in Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria_War" title="Transnistria War">Transnistria War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_protests_in_Belgrade" title="1991 protests in Belgrade">1991 protests in Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Belarusian_strikes" title="1991 Belarusian strikes">1991 Belarusian strikes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Pact#End_of_the_Cold_War" title="Warsaw Pact">Dissolution of the Warsaw Pact</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Soviet_coup_attempt" title="1991 Soviet coup attempt">August Coup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Dissolution of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistani_Civil_War" title="Tajikistani Civil War">Tajikistani Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Czechoslovakia" title="Dissolution of Czechoslovakia">Dissolution of Czechoslovakia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Later events</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colour_revolution" title="Colour revolution">Colour revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decommunization" title="Decommunization">Decommunization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lustration" title="Lustration">Lustration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_liberalization" title="Economic liberalization">Economic liberalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Soviet_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Soviet conflicts">Post-Soviet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Sovietism" title="Neo-Sovietism">Neo-Sovietism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Stalinism" title="Neo-Stalinism">Neo-Stalinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-communism" title="Post-communism">Post-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Wars" title="Yugoslav Wars">Yugoslav Wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pink_tide" title="Pink tide">Pink tide</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Human rights in the Soviet Union">Human rights in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182121#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q182121#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" 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