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href="#The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 The French Revolution and Napoleon </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_unification_and_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_unification_and_the_Kingdom_of_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Italian unification and the Kingdom of Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_unification_and_the_Kingdom_of_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Italian_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Italian_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 The Italian Republic </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Italian_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law_and_justice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law_and_justice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Law and justice </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law_and_justice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mathematics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mathematics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Mathematics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mathematics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Economy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Visual_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Visual_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Visual art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Visual_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Fashion and design </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 Sport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Women" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Women"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 19 Women </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Women-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nobel_Prizes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nobel_Prizes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 20 Nobel Prizes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nobel_Prizes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethnogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21 Ethnogenesis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ethnogenesis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Ethnogenesis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Ethnogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.1 Stone Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indo-European_migrations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indo-European_migrations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.2 Indo-European migrations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indo-European_migrations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pre-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.3 Pre-Roman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.4 Roman </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_modern_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Middle_Ages_and_modern_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 21.5 Middle Ages and modern period </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Middle_Ages_and_modern_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_surnames" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_surnames"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 22 Italian surnames </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_surnames-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italian_diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italian_diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 23 Italian diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italian_diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution_of_Italian_speakers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24 Geographic distribution of Italian speakers </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_Italian_speakers-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geographic distribution of Italian speakers subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_Italian_speakers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.1 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_and_derived_languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_and_derived_languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.2 Influence and derived languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Influence_and_derived_languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lingua_franca" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lingua_franca"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 24.3 Lingua franca </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lingua_franca-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 25 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 26 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 27.1 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 28 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Italians</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 83 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-83" aria-hidden="true" > 83 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianers" title="Italianers – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Italianers" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86" title="إيطاليون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيطاليون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianos" title="Italianos – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Italianos" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblu_italianu" title="Pueblu italianu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Pueblu italianu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyanlar" title="İtalyanlar – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İtalyanlar" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ایتالیان‌لار – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایتالیان‌لار" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Італьянцы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Італьянцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Італьянцы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Італьянцы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Италианци – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Италианци" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%8F%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="ཨི་ཏ་ལིའི་མི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཨི་ཏ་ལིའི་མི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijani" title="Italijani – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Italijani" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Italians" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italov%C3%A9" title="Italové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Italové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienere" title="Italienere – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Italienere" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiener" title="Italiener – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Italiener" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Itaallased" title="Itaallased – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Itaallased" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BF%CE%AF" title="Ιταλοί – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιταλοί" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_italiano" title="Pueblo italiano – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo italiano" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italoj" title="Italoj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Italoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiar" title="Italiar – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Italiar" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="مردم ایتالیا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مردم ایتالیا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiens" title="Italiens – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Italiens" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italjanen" title="Italjanen – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Italjanen" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talians" title="Talians – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Talians" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iod%C3%A1laigh" title="Iodálaigh – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Iodálaigh" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobo_italiano" title="Pobo italiano – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pobo italiano" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%ED%83%88%EB%A6%AC%EC%95%84%EC%9D%B8" title="이탈리아인 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이탈리아인" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A1%D6%81%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Իտալացիներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իտալացիներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talijani" title="Talijani – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Talijani" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orang_Italia" title="Orang Italia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Orang Italia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%B3_%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6%D0%BC" title="Италиаг адæм – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Италиаг адæм" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italiani" title="Italiani – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Italiani" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%99%D7%9D" title="איטלקים – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איטלקים" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="იტალიელები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იტალიელები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Италиялықтар – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Италиялықтар" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Etalyan" title="Îtalyan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îtalyan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Италяндар – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Италяндар" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/It%C4%81%C4%BCi" title="Itāļi – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Itāļi" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italai" title="Italai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Italai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iteljaender" title="Iteljaender – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iteljaender" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian" title="Italian – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Italian" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Olaszok" title="Olaszok – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Olaszok" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B8" title="Италијанци – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Италијанци" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98" title="იტალიარეფი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იტალიარეფი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="طليان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="طليان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianen" title="Italianen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Italianen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%82%BF%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E4%BA%BA" title="イタリア人 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イタリア人" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B9" title="Италихой – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Италихой" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyanlar" title="Italyanlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Italyanlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%90%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86" title="اېټالويان – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اېټالويان" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C5%82osi" title="Włosi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Włosi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianos" title="Italianos – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Italianos" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italieni" title="Italieni – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Italieni" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8B" title="Итальянцы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Итальянцы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Италиалар – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Италиалар" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italianos" title="Italianos – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Italianos" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Italians" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italian%C3%ABt" title="Italianët – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Italianët" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%9D" title="ඉතාලි ජාතිකයෝ – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉතාලි ජාතිකයෝ" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italians" title="Italians – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Italians" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taliani" title="Taliani – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Taliani" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijani" title="Italijani – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Italijani" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italczyki" title="Italczyki – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Italczyki" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%DA%B5%DB%8C" title="ئیتاڵی – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئیتاڵی" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijani" title="Italijani – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Italijani" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italijani" title="Italijani – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Italijani" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italialaiset" title="Italialaiset – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Italialaiset" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italienare" title="Italienare – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Italienare" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mga_Italyano" title="Mga Italyano – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Mga Italyano" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Итальяннар – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Итальяннар" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5" title="ชาวอิตาลี – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชาวอิตาลี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%82%E1%8E%A2%E1%8F%94%E1%8E%B5" title="ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏂᎢᏔᎵ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0talyanlar" title="İtalyanlar – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İtalyanlar" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%86%D1%96" title="Італійці – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Італійці" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B7%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C_%D9%84%D9%88%DA%AF" title="اطالوی لوگ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="اطالوی لوگ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1" title="ئىتاليانلار – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىتاليانلار" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Di_%C3%9D" title="Người Ý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Người Ý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="意大利人 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="意大利人" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%A2%D7%A8" title="איטאליענער – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איטאליענער" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%84%8F%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%BA" title="意大利人 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="意大利人" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Italian_people_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Italian people (disambiguation)">Italian people (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Very_long plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-very_long" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article may be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Article_size" title="Wikipedia:Article size">too long</a> to read and navigate comfortably. Consider <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Splitting" title="Wikipedia:Splitting">splitting</a> content into sub-articles, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Summary_style" title="Wikipedia:Summary style">condensing</a> it, or adding <a href="/wiki/Help:Section#Subsections" title="Help:Section">subheadings</a>. Please discuss this issue on the article's <a href="/wiki/Talk:Italians" title="Talk:Italians">talk page</a>. (October 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Italians</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above nickname" style="font-size:115%; font-weight:normal;"><div>Italiani (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/220px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/330px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/440px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 140 million <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Italy: 55,551,000<a href="#cite_note-Instat-1">[1]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora and ancestry</a>: <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 80 million<a href="#cite_note-askanews-2">[2]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>        55,551,000<a href="#cite_note-Instat-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></th><td class="infobox-data">32–34 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></th><td class="infobox-data">20–25 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-Matanza-7">[7]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16–23 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></th><td class="infobox-data">5–6 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-circe-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-migrantes2019-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-migranti-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-france-15">[15]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1,500,000 (Italian Embassy, 2011).<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Embassy,_2011-16">[16]</a> – 2,000,000 (Italian Embassy, 2017).<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Embassy,_2017-17">[17]</a> (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-Embajada_de_Italia,_2011-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-Embajada_de_Italia,_2012-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Embajada_de_Italia,_2017-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Paraguay" title="Paraguay">Paraguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> – 2.5 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-ABC_Color-23">[23]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">2 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.5 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Canadians-25">[25]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.1 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-abs.gov.au-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-ABS_Ancestry-27">[27]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></th><td class="infobox-data">1.0 million (incl. ancestry)<a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="infobox-data">801,082<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">639,508<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></th><td class="infobox-data">600,000<a href="#cite_note-Parvex,_2014-29">[29]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></th><td class="infobox-data">500,000<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="infobox-data">481,382<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="infobox-data">451,825<a href="#cite_note-npdata.be-31">[31]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica" title="Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></th><td class="infobox-data">381,316<a href="#cite_note-Costa_Rica,_5%_a_10%-32">[32]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="infobox-data">350,981<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></th><td class="infobox-data">85,000<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></th><td class="infobox-data">77,400<a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ecuador" title="Ecuador">Ecuador</a></th><td class="infobox-data">56,000<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">53,649<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></th><td class="infobox-data">52,789<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="infobox-data">38,904<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a></th><td class="infobox-data">33,400<a href="#cite_note-San_Marino_country_profile-37">[37]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,933</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="infobox-data">30,819<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">22,160</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,636<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,087</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></th><td class="infobox-data">19,000<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></th><td class="infobox-data">16,255<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a></th><td class="infobox-data">15,000<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a></th><td class="infobox-data">12,452<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Italians in the United Arab Emirates">10,795</a><a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,092<a href="#cite_note-Cittadini2021-28">[28]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></th><td class="infobox-data">10,000<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Ambassador_Residence-42">[42]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a><a href="#cite_note-Riforma-Eurispes-43">[43]</a> Minority <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Corsicans" title="Corsicans">Corsicans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sammarinese" title="Sammarinese">Sammarinese</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> Italians (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: italiani, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[itaˈljaːni]</a>) are an <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic group">ethnic group</a> native to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">Italian geographical region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Minahan-45">[45]</a> Italians share a common <a href="/wiki/Italian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian culture">culture</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">history</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_heritage" title="Cultural heritage">ancestry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">language</a>. Their predecessors differ regionally, but generally include native populations such as the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetians">Rhaetians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ligurians" class="mw-redirect" title="Ligurians">Ligurians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Adriatic Veneti</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, from which the <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Romans</a> emerged and helped create and evolve the modern Italian identity.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-istat.it-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> Foreign influences include the ancient Greeks in <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia" title="Phoenicia">Phoenicians</a>, who had a presence in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>, who settled in parts of the north, the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanics</a> and the Slavs. Legally, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italian nationals</a> are citizens of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, regardless of ancestry or nation of residence (in effect, however, <a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Italian nationality</a> is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Jus_sanguinis" title="Jus sanguinis">jus sanguinis</a>) and may be distinguished from ethnic Italians in general or from people of Italian descent without Italian citizenship and ethnic Italians living in territories adjacent to the Italian peninsula without Italian citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> The Latin equivalent of the <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">term Italian</a> had been in use for natives of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">geographical region</a> since antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country's official language, Italian, a <a href="/wiki/Romance_languages" title="Romance languages">Romance language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European language family</a> that evolved from the <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, or a variety thereof, that is <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a>. However, some of them also speak a <a href="/wiki/Regional_or_minority_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional or minority language">regional or minority language</a> native to Italy, the existence of which predates the national language.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-54">[54]</a> Although there is disagreement on the total number, according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, there are approximately 30 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages native to Italy</a>, although many are often misleadingly referred to as "Italian <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>".<a href="#cite_note-istat-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-istat.it-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-maiden-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-57">[57]</a> Since 2017, in addition to the approximately 55 million Italians in Italy (91% of the Italian national population),<a href="#cite_note-Instat-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> Italian-speaking autonomous groups are found in neighboring nations; about a half million are in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">in France</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> the entire population of <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>. In addition, there are also clusters of Italian speakers in the <a href="/wiki/Former_Yugoslavia" class="mw-redirect" title="Former Yugoslavia">former Yugoslavia</a>, primarily in <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, located between in modern <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a>, located in present-day <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (see: <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>). Due to the wide-ranging <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">diaspora</a> following <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a> in 1861, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, (with over 5 million Italian citizens that live outside of Italy)<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> over 80 million people abroad claim full or partial Italian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-italians2010-62">[62]</a> This includes about 60% of <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>'s population (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Italian Argentines</a>),<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> 1/3 of <a href="/wiki/Uruguayans" title="Uruguayans">Uruguayans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Uruguayans" title="Italian Uruguayans">Italian Uruguayans</a>), 15% of <a href="/wiki/Brazilians" title="Brazilians">Brazilians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilians" title="Italian Brazilians">Italian Brazilians</a>, the largest Italian community outside Italy),<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-65">[65]</a> more than 18 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_Americans" title="Italian Americans">Italian Americans</a>, and people in other parts of <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Germany" title="Italians in Germany">Italians in Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">Italians in France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">Italians in the United Kingdom</a>), the <a href="/wiki/American_Continent" class="mw-redirect" title="American Continent">American Continent</a> (such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_Venezuelans" title="Italian Venezuelans">Italian Venezuelans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadians" title="Italian Canadians">Italian Canadians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Colombian" title="Italian Colombian">Italian Colombians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Paraguay">Italians in Paraguay</a>, among others), <a href="/wiki/Australasia" title="Australasia">Australasia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Australians" title="Italian Australians">Italian Australians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_New_Zealanders" title="Italian New Zealanders">Italian New Zealanders</a>), and to a lesser extent in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Italians in the United Arab Emirates">Italians in the United Arab Emirates</a>). Italians have influenced and contributed to fields like <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">technology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cinema" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian cinema">cinema</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">cuisine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Restaurant" title="Restaurant">restaurants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport" title="Sport">sports</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jurisprudence" title="Jurisprudence">jurisprudence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bank" title="Bank">banking</a> and <a href="/wiki/Business" title="Business">business</a>.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Furthermore, Italian people are generally known for their attachment to their locale, expressed in the form of either <a href="/wiki/Regionalism_(politics)" title="Regionalism (politics)">regionalism</a> or <a href="/wiki/Parochialism" title="Parochialism">municipalism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name of Italy</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:234px;max-width:234px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png/230px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png" decoding="async" width="230" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png/345px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png/460px-Regioni_dell%27Italia_augustea.png 2x" data-file-width="1359" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Expansion of the territory <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called Italy</a> from <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">ancient Greece</a> until <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:232px;max-width:232px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg/230px-Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg" decoding="async" width="230" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg/345px-Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg/460px-Social_War_AR_Syd_621.1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="378" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Silver coin minted in <a href="/wiki/Corfinium" title="Corfinium">Corfinium</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9387_BC)" title="Social War (91–87 BC)">Social War (91–87 BC)</a>, displaying the inscription ITALIA on the verge of the <a href="/wiki/Italia_turrita" title="Italia turrita">personification of Italy</a>, represented as a goddess with <a href="/wiki/Laurel_wreath" title="Laurel wreath">laurel wreath</a></div></div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Italian" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Italian">Italian</a> or <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/italiano" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:italiano">italiano</a> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> Hypotheses for the etymology of the Latin name "Italia" are numerous.<a href="#cite_note-Manco-72">[72]</a> One is that it was borrowed via <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Oscan_language" title="Oscan language">Oscan</a> Víteliú 'land of calves' (cf. <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Lat</a> vitulus "calf", <a href="/wiki/Umbrian_language" title="Umbrian language">Umb</a> vitlo "calf").<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Dionysius_of_Halicarnassus" title="Dionysius of Halicarnassus">Dionysius of Halicarnassus</a> states this account together with the legend that Italy was named after <a href="/wiki/Italus" title="Italus">Italus</a>,<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> mentioned also by <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thucydides" title="Thucydides">Thucydides</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_of_Syracuse" title="Antiochus of Syracuse">Antiochus of Syracuse</a>, the term Italy was used by the Greeks to initially refer only to the southern portion of the Bruttium peninsula corresponding to the modern province of <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Calabria" title="Reggio Calabria">Reggio</a> and part of the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Catanzaro" title="Catanzaro">Catanzaro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vibo_Valentia" title="Vibo Valentia">Vibo Valentia</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>. Nevertheless, by his time the larger concept of <a href="/wiki/Oenotria" class="mw-redirect" title="Oenotria">Oenotria</a> and "Italy" had become synonymous and the name also applied to most of <a href="/wiki/Lucania" title="Lucania">Lucania</a> as well. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Geographica" title="Geographica">Geographica</a>, before the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, the name was used by Greeks to indicate the land between the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Messina" title="Strait of Messina">Strait of Messina</a> and the line connecting the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Salerno" title="Gulf of Salerno">Gulf of Salerno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Taranto" title="Gulf of Taranto">Gulf of Taranto</a>, corresponding roughly to the current region of <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>. The Greeks gradually came to apply the name "Italia" to a larger region<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In addition to the "Greek Italy" in the south, historians have suggested the existence of an "Etruscan Italy" covering variable areas of central Italy.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> The borders of Roman Italy are better established. <a href="/wiki/Cato_the_Elder" title="Cato the Elder">Cato the Elder</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Origines" title="Origines">Origines</a>, the first work of <a href="/wiki/History" title="History">history</a> composed in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, described Italy as the entire peninsula south of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a>.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> According to Cato and several Roman authors, the Alps formed the "walls of Italy".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 264 BC, Roman Italy extended from the <a href="/wiki/Arno" title="Arno">Arno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rubicon" title="Rubicon">Rubicon</a> rivers of the centre-north to the entire south. The northern area of <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> was occupied by Rome in the 220s BC and became considered geographically and <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> part of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> but remained politically and <a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a> separated. It was legally merged into the administrative unit of Italy in 42 BC by the triumvir <a href="/wiki/Octavian" class="mw-redirect" title="Octavian">Octavian</a> as a ratification of <a href="/wiki/Caesar" class="mw-redirect" title="Caesar">Julius Caesar</a>'s unpublished acts (<a href="/wiki/Acta_Caesaris" title="Acta Caesaris">Acta Caesaris</a>).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-DRR-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-au-86">[86]</a> Under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> the Roman region called "Italia" was further enlarged with the addition in 292 AD of the three big islands of the western <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (with the <a href="/wiki/Maltese_archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Maltese archipelago">Maltese archipelago</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, coinciding with the whole <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">Italian geographical region</a>.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Treccani-88">[88]</a> All its inhabitants were considered Italic and Roman.<a href="#cite_note-StraboneItaliaV1.1-89">[89]</a> The Latin term Italicus was used to describe "a man of Italy" as opposed to a <a href="/wiki/Roman_province" title="Roman province">provincial</a>. For example, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a> notably wrote in a letter Italicus es an provincialis? meaning "are you an Italian or a provincial?".<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> The adjective italianus, from which are derived the Italian (and also French and English) name of the Italians, is <a href="/wiki/Middle_Latin" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Latin">medieval</a> and was used alternatively with Italicus during the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Western_Roman_Empire" title="Fall of the Western Roman Empire">fall of the Western Roman Empire</a>, which was caused by the invasion of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Ostrogothic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Italy (Ostrogothic)">Kingdom of Italy</a> was created. After the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> invasions, "Italia" was retained as the name for <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">their kingdom</a>, and for its <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">successor kingdom</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>, which nominally lasted until 1806, although it had de facto disintegrated due to <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">factional politics</a> pitting the empire against the ascendant <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">city republics</a> in the 13th century.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Population_history_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Population history of Italy">Population history of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History of Italy</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_era">Roman era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Roman era">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_peoples_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Italic_peoples" title="List of ancient Italic peoples">List of ancient Italic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan civilization</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_people" title="Roman people">Roman people</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/220px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/330px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg/440px-Capitoline_she-wolf_Musei_Capitolini_MC1181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Capitoline_Wolf" title="Capitoline Wolf">Capitoline Wolf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: Lupa Capitolina) is a <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> sculpture depicting a scene from the legend of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_of_Rome" title="Founding of Rome">founding of Rome</a>. The sculpture shows a <a href="/wiki/She-wolf_(Roman_mythology)" title="She-wolf (Roman mythology)">she-wolf</a> suckling the mythical twin founders of Rome, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_and_Remus" title="Romulus and Remus">Romulus and Remus</a>. The image of the she-wolf suckling Romulus and Remus is a symbol of Rome since ancient times, and one of the most recognizable icons of ancient mythology.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> was divided into a multitude of tribal or ethnic territory prior to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest of Italy</a> in the 3rd century BC. After a series of wars between <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as their capital, gained the ascendancy by 272 BC, and completed the conquest of the Italian peninsula by 218 BC. This period of unification was followed by one of conquest in the Mediterranean, beginning with the <a href="/wiki/First_Punic_War" title="First Punic War">First Punic War</a> against <a href="/wiki/Carthage" title="Carthage">Carthage</a>. In the course of the century-long struggle against Carthage, the Romans conquered Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica. Finally, in 146 BC, at the conclusion of the <a href="/wiki/Third_Punic_War" title="Third Punic War">Third Punic War</a>, with Carthage completely destroyed and its inhabitants enslaved, Rome became the dominant power in the Mediterranean. The process of Italian unification, and the associated <a href="/wiki/Romanization_(cultural)" title="Romanization (cultural)">Romanization</a>, culminated in 88 BC, when, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/Social_War_(91%E2%80%9388_BC)" class="mw-redirect" title="Social War (91–88 BC)">Social War</a>, Rome granted <a href="/wiki/Socii" title="Socii">its fellow Italian allies</a> full rights in <a href="/wiki/Roman_society" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman society">Roman society</a>, extending <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizenship</a> to all fellow <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> From its inception, Rome was a republican city-state, but four famous civil conflicts destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>: <a href="/wiki/Lucius_Cornelius_Sulla" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucius Cornelius Sulla">Lucius Cornelius Sulla</a> against <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Marius" title="Gaius Marius">Gaius Marius</a> and his son (88–82 BC), <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> against <a href="/wiki/Pompey" title="Pompey">Pompey</a> (49–45 BC), <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Junius_Brutus" title="Marcus Junius Brutus">Marcus Junius Brutus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Cassius_Longinus" title="Gaius Cassius Longinus">Gaius Cassius Longinus</a> against <a href="/wiki/Mark_Antony" title="Mark Antony">Mark Antony</a> and Octavian (43 BC), and Mark Antony against <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Octavian</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/170px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/255px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg/340px-Augustus_Bevilacqua_Glyptothek_Munich_317.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1529" data-file-height="2209" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Roman_Emperor" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Emperor">Roman Emperor</a>. The golden age of Rome, known as <a href="/wiki/Pax_Romana" title="Pax Romana">Pax Romana</a> due to the relative peace established in the Mediterranean world, began with his reign. He created during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> for the first time an administrative region <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">called Italia</a> with inhabitants called Italicus Populus; for this reason historians called him Father of Italians.<a href="#cite_note-Giannelli-95">[95]</a></figcaption></figure> Octavian, the final victor (31 BC), was accorded the title of <a href="/wiki/Augustus_(honorific)" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustus (honorific)">Augustus</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a> and thereby became the first Roman Emperor. Augustus created for the first time an administrative region called Italia with inhabitants called "Italicus populus", stretching from the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>: for this reason historians like <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gentile" title="Emilio Gentile">Emilio Gentile</a> called him Father of Italians.<a href="#cite_note-Giannelli-95">[95]</a> In the 1st century BC, Italia was still a collection of territories with different political statuses. Some cities, called <a href="/wiki/Municipium" title="Municipium">municipia</a>, had some independence from Rome, while others, the <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">coloniae</a>, were founded by the Romans themselves. Around 7 BC, <a href="/wiki/Augustus" title="Augustus">Augustus</a> divided Italy into eleven regiones. During the <a href="/wiki/Crisis_of_the_Third_Century" title="Crisis of the Third Century">Crisis of the Third Century</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> nearly collapsed under the combined pressures of invasions, military anarchy and civil wars, and hyperinflation. In 284, emperor <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a> restored political stability. The importance of Rome declined, because the city was far from the troubled frontiers. The seats of the Caesars became <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Treverorum" title="Augusta Treverorum">Augusta Treverorum</a> (on the River <a href="/wiki/Rhine" title="Rhine">Rhine</a> frontier) for <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sirmium" title="Sirmium">Sirmium</a> (on the River <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a> frontier) for <a href="/wiki/Galerius" title="Galerius">Galerius</a>, who also resided at <a href="/wiki/Thessaloniki" title="Thessaloniki">Thessaloniki</a>. Under Diocletian, Italy became the Dioecesis Italiciana, subdivided into thirteen provinces, now including <a href="/wiki/Raetia" title="Raetia">Raetia</a>. Under <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, Italy became the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture of Italy</a> (praefectura praetoria Italiae), and was subdivided into two dioceses. Diocesis Italia annonaria (Italy of the <a href="/wiki/Cura_Annonae" class="mw-redirect" title="Cura Annonae">annona</a>, governed from Milan) and Diocesis Italia Suburbicaria (Italy "under the government of the <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/urbs" class="extiw" title="wikt:urbs">urbs</a>", i.e. governed from Rome). <a href="/wiki/State_church_of_the_Roman_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="State church of the Roman Empire">Christianity</a> became the Roman state religion in AD 380, under Emperor <a href="/wiki/Theodosius_I" title="Theodosius I">Theodosius I</a>. The last Western emperor, <a href="/wiki/Romulus_Augustulus" title="Romulus Augustulus">Romulus Augustulus</a>, was deposed in 476 by a Germanic foederati general in Italy, <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>. His defeat marked the end of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a>, and the end of the political unification of Italy until the establishment of the modern Kingdom of Italy in 1861. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Middle_Ages">The Middle Ages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Italy in the Middle Ages</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_(obverse).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/170px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="185" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/255px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png/340px-Coin_of_Odoacer_at_the_British_Museum_%28obverse%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="1192" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/King_of_Italy" title="King of Italy">King of Italy</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a> ruled well for 13 years after gaining control of Italy in 476. Then he was attacked and defeated by <a href="/wiki/Theodoric_the_Great" title="Theodoric the Great">Theodoric</a>, the king of another Germanic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a>. Theodoric and Odoacer ruled jointly until 493, when Theodoric murdered Odoacer. Theodoric continued to rule Italy with an army of Ostrogoths and a government that was mostly Italian. After the death of Theodoric in 526, the kingdom began to grow weak. By 553, emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a> expelled the Ostrogoths, and Italy was included into the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire_under_the_Justinian_dynasty" title="Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty">Byzantine Empire under the Justinian dynasty</a>. Byzantine rule in much of Italy collapsed by 572 as a result of invasions by another Germanic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a>. Much of the peninsula was now politically dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a>; however, remnants of Byzantine control remained, especially in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>, where the Byzantine Empire retained control into the 11th century until the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_Southern_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of Southern Italy">Norman conquest of Southern Italy</a>. In addition to the <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a>, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs conquered parts of Southern Italy</a> in the 9th century, establishing an <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> that lasted until it was also eventually overtaken by the Normans in the 11th century. The subsequent interaction between Latin, Byzantine, Arab, and Norman cultures resulted in the formation of a <a href="/wiki/Norman-Arab-Byzantine_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture">Norman-Arab-Byzantine culture</a> in Southern Italy. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/170px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/255px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg/340px-Marco_Polo_Mosaic_from_Palazzo_Tursi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1286" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, explorer of the 13th century, recorded his 24 years-long travels in the <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Book of the Marvels of the World</a>, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.<a href="#cite_note-Marco_Polo_–_Exploration-96">[96]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 5th and 6th centuries, the popes increased their influence in both religious and political matters in Italy. It was usually the popes who led attempts to protect Italy from invasion or to soften foreign rule. For about 200 years the popes opposed attempts by the Lombards, who had captured most of Italy, to take over Rome as well. The <a href="/wiki/Pope" title="Pope">popes</a> finally defeated the Lombards with the aid of two Frankish kings, <a href="/wiki/Pepin_the_Short" title="Pepin the Short">Pepin the Short</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charlemagne" title="Charlemagne">Charlemagne</a>. Using land won for them by Pepin in 756, the popes established political rule in what were called the <a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a> in central Italy. The Lombards remained a threat to papal power, however, until they were crushed by Charlemagne in 774. Charlemagne added the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> to his vast realm. In recognition of Charlemagne's power, and to cement the church's alliance with him, Charlemagne was crowned emperor of the Romans by <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_III" title="Pope Leo III">Pope Leo III</a> in 800.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> After Charlemagne's death in 814, his son <a href="/wiki/Louis_the_Pious" title="Louis the Pious">Louis the Pious</a> succeeded him. Louis divided the empire among his sons, and Frankish Italy became part of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Francia" title="Middle Francia">Middle Francia</a>, extending as far south as <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> and <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>. This <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">Kingdom of Italy</a> became part of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> in the 10th century, while southern Italy was under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Benevento" title="Principality of Benevento">Principality of Benevento</a> or of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>, in the 12th century absorbed into the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rise_of_the_city-states_and_the_Renaissance">Rise of the city-states and the Renaissance</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Rise of the city-states and the Renaissance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_language#Origins" title="Italian language">Italian language § Origins</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leonardo_self.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/170px-Leonardo_self.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/255px-Leonardo_self.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Leonardo_self.jpg/340px-Leonardo_self.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="659" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> of the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> who was active as a painter, <a href="/wiki/Drawing" title="Drawing">draughtsman</a>, engineer, scientist, theorist, sculptor, and architect<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a></figcaption></figure> From the 11th century on, Italian cities began to grow rapidly in independence and importance. They became centres of political life, <a href="/wiki/Banking" class="mw-redirect" title="Banking">banking</a>, and foreign trade. Some became wealthy, and many, including <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Siena" title="Siena">Siena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, grew into nearly independent city-states and <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">maritime republics</a>. Each had its own foreign policy and political life. They all resisted, with varying degrees of success, the efforts of noblemen, emperors, and larger foreign powers to control them. The emergence of identifiable <a href="/wiki/Italo-Dalmatian_languages" title="Italo-Dalmatian languages">Italian dialects</a> from <a href="/wiki/Vulgar_Latin" title="Vulgar Latin">Vulgar Latin</a>, and as such the possibility of a specifically "Italian" ethnic identity, has no clear-cut date, but began in roughly the 12th century. Modern standard Italian derives from the written vernacular of <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> writers of the 12th century. The recognition of Italian vernaculars as literary languages in their own right began with <a href="/wiki/De_vulgari_eloquentia" title="De vulgari eloquentia">De vulgari eloquentia</a>, an essay written by <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a> at the beginning of the 14th century. During the 14th and 15th centuries, some Italian city-states ranked among the most important powers of Europe. Venice, in particular, had become a major maritime power, and the city-states as a group acted as a conduit for goods from the Byzantine and Islamic empires. In this capacity, they provided great impetus to the developing <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, began in Florence in the 14th century,<a href="#cite_note-Burke1998-99">[99]</a> and led to an unparalleled flourishing of the arts, literature, music, and science. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_(1520).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/170px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/255px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg/340px-Ridolfo_del_Ghirlandaio_-_Ritratto_di_Cristoforo_Colombo_%281520%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="915" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, Italian explorer who opened the way for the widespread European <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">exploration</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> of the Americas</figcaption></figure> However, the city-states were often troubled by violent disagreements among their citizens. The most famous division was between the <a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a>. The Guelphs supported supreme rule by the pope, and the Ghibellines favoured the emperor. City-states often took sides and waged war against each other. During the Renaissance, Italy became an even more attractive prize to foreign conquerors. After some city-states asked for outside help in settling disputes with their neighbours, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_VIII_of_France" title="Charles VIII of France">Charles VIII of France</a> marched into Italy in 1494; he soon withdrew, showing that the Italian peninsula's delicate equilibrium could be taken advantage of. After the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a>, Spain emerged as the dominant force in the region. Venice, Milan, and other city-states retained at least some of their former greatness during this period, as did <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a>-Piedmont, protected by the Alps and well defended by its vigorous rulers. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amerigo_Vespucci_(with_turban)_-_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/170px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/255px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg/340px-Amerigo_Vespucci_%28with_turban%29_-_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, Italian explorer from whose name the term "<a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">America</a>" is derived<a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-100">[100]</a></figcaption></figure> Italian<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_explorers" title="List of Italian explorers">explorers</a> and navigators from the dominant maritime republics, eager to find an alternative route to the Indies in order to bypass the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>, offered their services to monarchs of Atlantic countries and played a key role in ushering the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a> and the European colonization of the Americas. The most notable among them were: <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a> (Italian: Cristoforo Colombo <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[kriˈstɔːforo koˈlombo]</a>), colonist in the name of Spain, who is credited with discovering the New World and the opening of the Americas for conquest and settlement by Europeans;<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Cabot" title="John Cabot">John Cabot</a> (Italian: Giovanni Caboto <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Italian" title="Help:IPA/Italian">[dʒoˈvanni kaˈbɔːto]</a>), sailing for England, who was the first European to set foot in "New Found Land" and explore parts of the North American continent in 1497;<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>, sailing for Portugal, who first demonstrated in about 1501 that the New World (in particular Brazil) was not Asia as initially conjectured, but a fourth continent previously unknown to people of the Old World (the name of "<a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">America</a>" derives from his first name<a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-100">[100]</a>);<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_da_Verrazzano" title="Giovanni da Verrazzano">Giovanni da Verrazzano</a>, at the service of France, renowned as the first European to explore the Atlantic coast of North America between Florida and New Brunswick in 1524.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_French_Revolution_and_Napoleon">The French Revolution and Napoleon</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The French Revolution and Napoleon">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Kingdom_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy">Napoleonic Kingdom of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:347px;max-width:347px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:183px;max-width:183px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Laura_bassi1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Laura_bassi1.jpg/181px-Laura_bassi1.jpg" decoding="async" width="181" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Laura_bassi1.jpg/272px-Laura_bassi1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/9b/Laura_bassi1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="346" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Laura_Bassi" title="Laura Bassi">Laura Bassi</a>, the first chairwoman of a university in a scientific field of studies</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/158px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/237px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg/316px-Giuseppe_Compagnoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="677" data-file-height="961" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Compagnoni" title="Giuseppe Compagnoni">Giuseppe Compagnoni</a>, considered the "father of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>"</div></div></div></div></div> The French Revolution and Napoleon influenced Italy more deeply than they affected any other outside country of Europe. The <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> began in 1789 and immediately found supporters among the Italian people. The local Italian rulers, sensing danger in their own country, drew closer to the European kings who opposed France. After the French king was overthrown and France became a republic, secret clubs favouring an Italian republic were formed throughout Italy. The armies of the French Republic began to move across Europe. In 1796, <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_Bonaparte" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon Bonaparte">Napoleon Bonaparte</a> led a French army into northern Italy and drove out the Austrian rulers. Once again, Italy was the scene of battle between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Habsburg" title="House of Habsburg">Habsburgs</a> and the French. Wherever France conquered, Italian republics were set up, with constitutions and legal reforms. Napoleon made himself emperor in 1804, and part of northern and central Italy was unified under the name of the Kingdom of Italy, with Napoleon as king. The rest of northern and central Italy was annexed by France. Only Sicily, where <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_I_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies">the Bourbon king</a> had taken refuge upon the French invasion of Naples, and the island of Sardinia, which had been ceded to the Alpine <a href="/wiki/House_of_Savoy" title="House of Savoy">House of Savoy</a> in 1720 and had remained under their rule ever since, were not under French control. French domination lasted less than 20 years, and it differed from previous foreign control of the Italian peninsula. In spite of heavy taxation and frequent harshness, the French introduced representative assemblies and new laws that were the same for all parts of the country. For the first time since the days of ancient Rome, Italians of different regions used the same money and served in the same army. Many Italians began to see the possibility of a united Italy free of foreign control. <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Napoleonic_Italy" title="Flags of Napoleonic Italy">During the Napoleonic era</a>, in 1797, the first official adoption of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Italian tricolour</a> as a national flag by a sovereign Italian state, the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a>, a Napoleonic <a href="/wiki/Sister_republic" title="Sister republic">sister republic</a> of <a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Revolutionary France">Revolutionary France</a>, took place, on the basis of the events following the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a> (1789–1799) which, among its ideals, advocated the national <a href="/wiki/Self-determination" title="Self-determination">self-determination</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_tri-coloured_standard-107">[107]</a> This event is celebrated by the <a href="/wiki/Tricolour_Day" title="Tricolour Day">Tricolour Day</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miolegale-108">[108]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_colours" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national colours">Italian national colours</a> appeared for the first time on <a href="/wiki/Cockade_of_Italy" title="Cockade of Italy">a tricolour cockade</a> in 1789,<a href="#cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662-109">[109]</a> anticipating by seven years the first green, white and red Italian military <a href="/wiki/War_flag" title="War flag">war flag</a>, which was adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Lombard_Legion" title="Lombard Legion">Lombard Legion</a> in 1796.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> The first red, white and green national flag of a sovereign Italian state was adopted on 7 January 1797, when the Fourteenth Parliament of the <a href="/wiki/Cispadane_Republic" title="Cispadane Republic">Cispadane Republic</a> (1797), on the proposal of deputy <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Compagnoni" title="Giuseppe Compagnoni">Giuseppe Compagnoni</a>, decreed "to make universal the ... standard or flag of three colours, green, white, and red ...":<a href="#cite_note-The_tri-coloured_standard-107">[107]</a> For having proposed the green, white and red tricolour flag, Giuseppe Compagnoni is considered the "father of the Italian flag".<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italian_unification_and_the_Kingdom_of_Italy">Italian unification and the Kingdom of Italy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Italian unification and the Kingdom of Italy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:330px;max-width:330px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Goffredo Mameli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg/170px-Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg/255px-Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg/340px-Induno_Domenico_Goffredo_Mameli.jpg 2x" data-file-width="946" data-file-height="1181" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Michele_novaro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Michele Novaro" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Michele_novaro.jpg/152px-Michele_novaro.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Michele_novaro.jpg/228px-Michele_novaro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b3/Michele_novaro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="350" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">On the left, <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a>, author of the lyrics; on the right, <a href="/wiki/Michele_Novaro" title="Michele Novaro">Michele Novaro</a>, composer of the music, of the song <a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> since 1946</div></div></div></div> After the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Waterloo" title="Battle of Waterloo">Battle of Waterloo</a>, the reaction set in with the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Vienna" title="Congress of Vienna">Congress of Vienna</a> allowed the restoration of many of the old rulers and systems under Austrian domination. The concept of nationalism continued strong, however, and sporadic outbreaks led by such inveterate reformers as <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> occurred in several parts of the peninsula down to 1848–49. In this context, in 1847, the first public performance of the song <a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Il Canto degli Italiani</a>, the Italian <a href="/wiki/National_anthem" title="National anthem">national anthem</a> since 1946, took place.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a><a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Il Canto degli Italiani, written by <a href="/wiki/Goffredo_Mameli" title="Goffredo Mameli">Goffredo Mameli</a> set to music by <a href="/wiki/Michele_Novaro" title="Michele Novaro">Michele Novaro</a>, is also known as the Inno di Mameli, after the author of the lyrics, or Fratelli d'Italia, from its <a href="/wiki/Incipit" title="Incipit">opening line</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">unification of Italy</a> was brought to a successful conclusion under the guidance of <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_conte_di_Cavour" class="mw-redirect" title="Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour">Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour</a>, prime minister of Piedmont. Cavour managed to unite most of Italy under the headship of <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II" title="Victor Emmanuel II">Victor Emmanuel II</a> of the house of Savoy, and on 17 March 1861, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed</a> with Victor Emmanuel II as king. <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a>, the popular republican hero of Italy, contributed much to this achievement with the <a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a> and to the subsequent incorporation of the Papal States under the Italian monarch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:305px;max-width:305px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/139px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/209px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/VictorEmmanuel2.jpg/278px-VictorEmmanuel2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="908" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:160px;max-width:160px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuminello,_Lodovico_(1824-1907)_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg/158px-Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="158" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d9/Tuminello%2C_Lodovico_%281824-1907%29_-_Cavour_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="268" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Victor Emmanuel II of Italy">Victor Emmanuel II</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Benso,_Count_of_Cavour" title="Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour">Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour</a> (right), leading figures in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a>, became respectively the first king and first Prime Minister of unified Italy.</div></div></div></div> Cavour handed <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> over to <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, a decision that was the consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Plombi%C3%A8res_Agreement" title="Plombières Agreement">Plombières Agreement</a>, on 24 March 1860, an event that caused the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>, which was the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Italian troops occupied Rome</a> in 1870, and in July 1871, this formally became the capital of the kingdom. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Pius_IX" title="Pope Pius IX">Pope Pius IX</a>, a longtime rival of Italian kings, stated he had been made a "prisoner" inside the <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican</a> walls and refused to cooperate with the royal administration. Only in 1929 did the Roman Pope accept the unified Italy with <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> as capital. <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> has been interpreted as completing the process of Italian unification, with the annexation of Trieste, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a>. After World War I, Italy emerged as one of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Four_(World_War_I)" title="Big Four (World War I)">four great powers</a> after the victory of the <a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_I" title="Allies of World War I">Allies</a>. In the decades following unification, Italy began creating colonies in <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">Africa</a>, and under <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy_(1922-1943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascist Italy (1922-1943)">fascist regime</a> conquered <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a>, founding the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian Empire</a> in 1936. The population of Italy grew to 45 million in 1940 and the economy, which had been based upon agriculture until that time, started its industrial development, mainly in northern Italy. <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> soon severely damaged Italy and destroyed its colonial power. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Italian_Republic">The Italian Republic</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: The Italian Republic">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">History of the Italian Republic</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg/220px-Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg/330px-Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d3/Alcide_De_Gasperi_anni_50.jpg 2x" data-file-width="420" data-file-height="279" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alcide_De_Gasperi" title="Alcide De Gasperi">Alcide De Gasperi</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Prime_Ministers_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Prime Ministers of Italy">first</a> republican <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a> and one of the <a href="/wiki/Founding_fathers_of_the_European_Union" title="Founding fathers of the European Union">Founding Fathers of the European Union</a></figcaption></figure> Between 1945 and 1948, the outlines of a new Italy began to appear. <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_III" title="Victor Emmanuel III">Victor Emmanuel III</a> gave up the throne on 9 May 1946, and his son, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Umberto II">Umberto II</a>, became king. On 2 June Italy held its first free election after 20 years of Fascist rule (the so-called Ventennio). Italians <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">chose a republic to replace the monarchy</a>, which had been closely associated with <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>. They elected a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">Constituent Assembly</a>, which was formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> to prepare a new democratic constitution. The Assembly approved the new <a href="/wiki/Italian_constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian constitution">Italian constitution</a> in 1947, which came into force on 1 January 1948. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png/220px-Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png/330px-Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png/440px-Esule_con_tricolore_-_Esodo_giuliano-dalmata.png 2x" data-file-width="497" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption>A young Italian exile on the run carries, along with her personal effects, a <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">flag of Italy</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>.</figcaption></figure> Under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Peace_with_Italy,_1947" class="mw-redirect" title="Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947">Treaty of Peace with Italy, 1947</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kvarner_Gulf" title="Kvarner Gulf">Kvarner</a>, most of the <a href="/wiki/Julian_March" title="Julian March">Julian March</a> as well as the <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatian</a> city of <a href="/wiki/Zadar" title="Zadar">Zara</a> was annexed by <a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> causing the <a href="/wiki/Istrian-Dalmatian_exodus" class="mw-redirect" title="Istrian-Dalmatian exodus">Istrian-Dalmatian exodus</a>, which led to the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 of local ethnic Italians (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>), the others being ethnic Slovenians, ethnic Croatians, and ethnic <a href="/wiki/Istro-Romanians" title="Istro-Romanians">Istro-Romanians</a>, choosing to maintain <a href="/wiki/Italian_citizenship" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian citizenship">Italian citizenship</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In 1949 Italy became a member of <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a> helped to revive the Italian economy which, until the late 1960s, enjoyed a period of sustained economic growth commonly called the "<a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Miracle</a>". In 1957, Italy was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/European_Economic_Community" title="European Economic Community">European Economic Community</a> (EEC), which became the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a> (EU) in 1993. Italy faced several terror attacks between 1992 and 1993 perpetrated by the <a href="/wiki/Sicilian_Mafia" title="Sicilian Mafia">Sicilian Mafia</a> as a consequence of several life sentences pronounced during the "<a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a>", and of the new anti-mafia measures launched by the government. In 1992, two major dynamite attacks killed the judges <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Falcone" title="Giovanni Falcone">Giovanni Falcone</a> (23 May in the <a href="/wiki/Capaci_bombing" title="Capaci bombing">Capaci bombing</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Borsellino" title="Paolo Borsellino">Paolo Borsellino</a> (19 July in the <a href="/wiki/Via_D%27Amelio_bombing" title="Via D'Amelio bombing">Via D'Amelio bombing</a>).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> One year later (May–July 1993), tourist spots were attacked, such as the <a href="/wiki/Via_dei_Georgofili_bombing" title="Via dei Georgofili bombing">Via dei Georgofili</a> in Florence, <a href="/wiki/Via_Palestro_massacre" title="Via Palestro massacre">Via Palestro</a> in Milan, and the Piazza <a href="/wiki/San_Giovanni_in_Laterano" class="mw-redirect" title="San Giovanni in Laterano">San Giovanni in Laterano</a> and Via San Teodoro in Rome, leaving 10 dead and 93 injured and causing severe damage to cultural heritage such as the <a href="/wiki/Uffizi_Gallery" class="mw-redirect" title="Uffizi Gallery">Uffizi Gallery</a>. The Catholic Church openly condemned the Mafia, and two churches were bombed and an anti-Mafia priest shot dead in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-Dickie2007p416-119">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Giovanni Falcone and Paolo Borsellino were named as heroes of the last 60 years in 13 November 2006 issue of <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a>.<a href="#cite_note-timeheroes-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Pantheon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Pantheon.jpg/220px-The_Pantheon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Pantheon.jpg/330px-The_Pantheon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/The_Pantheon.jpg/440px-The_Pantheon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2900" data-file-height="2218" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Pantheon,_Rome" title="Pantheon, Rome">Pantheon</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fontana_del_Pantheon" title="Fontana del Pantheon">Fontana del Pantheon</a>. Roman relics and Roman culture are important symbols in Italy.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is considered one of the birthplaces of <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western civilization</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Power_(international_relations)#Power_as_status" title="Power (international relations)">cultural superpower</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Italian culture is the culture of the Italians and is incredibly diverse spanning the entirety of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> and the islands of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Italy has been the starting point of phenomena of international impact such as the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Roman Republic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic Church">Roman Catholic Church</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scholasticism" title="Scholasticism">Scholasticism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Discovery" title="Age of Discovery">Age of Discovery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific revolution">Scientific revolution</a>,<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neoclassicism" title="Neoclassicism">Neoclassicism</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Risorgimento" class="mw-redirect" title="Risorgimento">Risorgimento</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascism</a>,<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_integration" title="European integration">European integration</a>. Italy also became a seat of great formal learning in 1088 with the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">oldest university in continuous operation</a>, and the first university in the sense of a higher-learning and degree-awarding institute, as the word universitas was coined at its foundation.<a href="#cite_note-Top_Universities-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hunt_Janin_2008-129">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ridder-Symoens_1992-130">[130]</a> Many other Italian universities soon followed. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Schola_Medica_Salernitana" title="Schola Medica Salernitana">Schola Medica Salernitana</a>, in southern Italy, was the first medical school in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> These great centres of learning presaged the Rinascimento: the European Renaissance began in Italy and was fueled throughout Europe by Italian painters, sculptors, architects, scientists, literature masters and music composers. Italy continued its leading cultural role through the <a href="/wiki/Baroque" title="Baroque">Baroque</a> period and into the Romantic period, when its dominance in painting and sculpture diminished but the Italians re-established a strong presence in music. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/220px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/330px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Archiginnasio-bologna02.png/440px-Archiginnasio-bologna02.png 2x" data-file-width="618" data-file-height="411" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bologna_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Bologna University">Bologna University</a>, established in AD 1088, is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_universities_in_continuous_operation" title="List of oldest universities in continuous operation">world's oldest university in continuous operation</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg/220px-Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg/330px-Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg/440px-Vittoriano_Altare_della_Patria_2013-09-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4086" data-file-height="2299" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Victor_Emmanuel_II_Monument" title="Victor Emmanuel II Monument">Victor Emmanuel II Monument</a> in Rome, a <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">national symbol of Italy</a> celebrating the first king of the unified country, and resting place of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Italy)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Italy)">Italian Unknown Soldier</a> since the end of World War I. It was inaugurated in 1911, on the occasion of the 50th <a href="/wiki/Anniversary_of_the_Unification_of_Italy" title="Anniversary of the Unification of Italy">Anniversary of the Unification of Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> Italian explorers and navigators in the 15th and 16th centuries left a perennial mark on human history with the modern "discovery of America", due to the <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> explorer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>. In addition, the name of "<a href="/wiki/Naming_of_the_Americas" title="Naming of the Americas">America</a>" derives from the geographer <a href="/wiki/Amerigo_Vespucci" title="Amerigo Vespucci">Amerigo Vespucci</a>'s first name.<a href="#cite_note-livescience.com-100">[100]</a> Also noted is <a href="/wiki/Marco_Polo" title="Marco Polo">Marco Polo</a>, explorer of the 13th century, who recorded his 24 years-long travels in the <a href="/wiki/The_Travels_of_Marco_Polo" title="The Travels of Marco Polo">Book of the Marvels of the World</a>, introducing Europeans to Central Asia and China.<a href="#cite_note-Marco_Polo_–_Exploration-96">[96]</a> The country boasts several world-famous cities. <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a> was the ancient capital of the Roman Empire, seat of the Pope of the Catholic Church, capital of reunified Italy and artistic, cultural and cinematographic centre of world relevance. <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a> was the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, a period of great achievements in <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a> at the end of the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Other important cities include <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, which used to be the capital of Italy, and is now one of the world's great centers of automobile engineering. <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a> is the industrial and financial capital of Italy and one of the world's <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a>. <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>, former capital of a <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">major financial and maritime power</a> from the Middle Ages to the early modern period, with its intricate canal system attracts tourists from all over the world especially during the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Carnival" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Carnival">Venetian Carnival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Biennale" title="Biennale">Biennale</a>. <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, with the largest historic city centre in Europe and the oldest continuously active public opera house in the world (<a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">Teatro di San Carlo</a>). <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> is the main transport hub of the country, as well as the home of a <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine#Emilia-Romagna" title="Italian cuisine">worldwide famous cuisine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Top_Universities-127">[127]</a> Due to comparatively late national unification, and the historical autonomy of the regions that comprise the Italian peninsula, many traditions and customs of the Italians can be identified by their regions of origin. Despite the political and social isolation of these regions, Italy's contributions to the cultural and historical heritage of the Western world remain immense. Famous elements of Italian culture are its <a href="/wiki/Opera" title="Opera">opera</a> and music, its iconic gastronomy and food, which are commonly regarded as amongst the most popular in the world,<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> its <a href="/wiki/Italian_film" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian film">cinema</a> (with filmmakers such as <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mario_Monicelli" title="Mario Monicelli">Mario Monicelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>, etc.), its collections of priceless works of art and its fashion (Milan and Florence are regarded as some of the few <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a> of the world). <a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols of Italy</a> are the <a href="/wiki/Symbol" title="Symbol">symbols</a> that uniquely identify <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> reflecting <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">its history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">culture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> They are used to represent the <a href="/wiki/Nation" title="Nation">Nation</a> through <a href="/wiki/Emblem" title="Emblem">emblems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metaphor" title="Metaphor">metaphors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personifications</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allegory" title="Allegory">allegories</a>, which are shared by the entire Italian people. Some of them are official, i.e. they are recognized by the Italian state authorities, while others are part of the identity of the country without being defined by law. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg/220px-Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg/330px-Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg/440px-Palio_di_Siena_-_Assunta_2011_-_Torre_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4256" data-file-height="2832" /></a><figcaption>The first edition of the <a href="/wiki/Palio_di_Siena" title="Palio di Siena">Palio di Siena</a> took place in 1633.<a href="#cite_note-ilpalio-135">[135]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions of Italy</a> are sets of <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belief" title="Belief">beliefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Value_(ethics)" title="Value (ethics)">values</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)" title="Convention (norm)">customs</a> that belongs within the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">culture</a> of Italian people. These traditions have influenced life in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> for centuries, and are still practiced in modern times. Italian <a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">traditions</a> are directly connected to Italy's ancestors, which says even more about <a href="/wiki/Italian_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian history">Italian history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore of Italy</a> refers to the <a href="/wiki/Folklore" title="Folklore">folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urban_legends" class="mw-redirect" title="Urban legends">urban legends</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. Within the Italian territory, various peoples have followed one another over time, each of which has left its mark on current culture. Some tales also come from <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a>, especially those concerning <a href="/wiki/Devil" title="Devil">demons</a>, which are sometimes recognized by Christian <a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">demonology</a>. Italian folklore also includes <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_dance" title="Italian folk dance">Italian folk dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian folk music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Folk_hero" title="Folk hero">folk heroes</a>. <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women in Italy</a> refers to females who are from (or reside in) <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during the past decades. This includes <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a>, the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">anti-discrimination measures</a>, and reforms to the penal code (in particular with regard to crimes of violence against women).<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-136">[136]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, women were given the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">Italian Constitution</a> of 1948 affirmed that women had equal rights. It was not however until the 1970s that women in Italy scored some major achievements with the introduction of laws regulating divorce (1970), abortion (1978), and the approval in 1975 of the new family code. Today, women have the same legal rights as men in Italy, and have mainly the same job, business, and education opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-kwin-137">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a><a href="#cite_note-DavidRisotto-138">[138]</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">cooking techniques</a> developed across the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">antiquity</a>, and later spread around the world together with waves of <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Food-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Italian_Cuisine_I-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thoms-141">[141]</a> Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regional</a> gastronomies, different from each other, especially between <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">the centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">the south</a> of Italy, which are in continuous exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Related_Articles-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indigo_Guide-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Italian_Cuisine-144">[144]</a> Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Cronistoria_della_cucina_italiana-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-treccani.it-146">[146]</a> Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-147">[147]</a> The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a>, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.<a href="#cite_note-cibo360.it-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-gqitalia.it-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nonne_come_chef-150">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Philosophy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Italian philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg/170px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg/255px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg/340px-Portrait_of_Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli_by_Santi_di_Tito.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1244" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a>, the founder of modern political science and ethics</figcaption></figure> Over the ages, <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> had a vast influence on Western philosophy, beginning with the Greeks and Romans, and going onto Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">The Enlightenment</a> and modern philosophy. Italian Medieval philosophy was mainly Christian, and included several important philosophers and theologians such as St <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>. Aquinas was the student of <a href="/wiki/Albertus_Magnus" title="Albertus Magnus">Albert the Great</a>, a brilliant <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican</a> experimentalist, much like the <a href="/wiki/Franciscans" title="Franciscans">Franciscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roger_Bacon" title="Roger Bacon">Roger Bacon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a> in the 13th century. Aquinas reintroduced <a href="/wiki/Aristotelianism" title="Aristotelianism">Aristotelian philosophy</a> to Christianity. He believed that there was no contradiction between faith and secular reason. He believed that Aristotle had achieved the pinnacle in the human striving for truth and thus adopted Aristotle's philosophy as a framework in constructing his theological and philosophical outlook. He was a professor at the prestigious <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a>. Italy was also affected by the Enlightenment, a movement which was a consequence of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> and changed the road of Italian philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-151">[151]</a> Followers of the group often met to discuss in private salons and coffeehouses, notably in the cities of <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, Rome and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>. Cities with important universities such as <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Naples" title="Naples">Naples</a>, however, also remained great centres of scholarship and the intellect, with several philosophers such as <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> (1668–1744) (who is widely regarded as being the founder of modern Italian philosophy)<a href="#cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-152">[152]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Genovesi" title="Antonio Genovesi">Antonio Genovesi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-151">[151]</a> Italian society also dramatically changed during the Enlightenment, with rulers such as <a href="/wiki/Leopold_II_of_Tuscany" class="mw-redirect" title="Leopold II of Tuscany">Leopold II of Tuscany</a> abolishing the death penalty. The church's power was significantly reduced, and it was a period of great thought and invention, with scientists such as <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Galvani" title="Luigi Galvani">Luigi Galvani</a> discovering new things and greatly contributing to Western science.<a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-151">[151]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a> was also one of the greatest Italian Enlightenment writers and is now considered one of the fathers of <a href="/wiki/Classical_school_(criminology)" title="Classical school (criminology)">classical criminal theory</a> as well as modern <a href="/wiki/Penology" title="Penology">penology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> Beccaria is famous for his masterpiece <a href="/wiki/On_Crimes_and_Punishments" title="On Crimes and Punishments">On Crimes and Punishments</a> (1764), a treatise (later translated into 22 languages) that served as one of the earliest prominent condemnations of <a href="/wiki/Torture" title="Torture">torture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty">death penalty</a> and thus a landmark work in <a href="/wiki/Anti-death_penalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-death penalty">anti-death penalty</a> philosophy.<a href="#cite_note-history-world.org-151">[151]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Idealisti_italiani.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Idealisti_italiani.png/315px-Idealisti_italiani.png" decoding="async" width="315" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Idealisti_italiani.png/473px-Idealisti_italiani.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Idealisti_italiani.png/630px-Idealisti_italiani.png 2x" data-file-width="710" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Benedetto_Croce" title="Benedetto Croce">Benedetto Croce</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> (right), the two greatest exponents of the <a href="/wiki/Italian_idealism" title="Italian idealism">Italian idealism</a></figcaption></figure> Some of the most prominent philosophies and ideologies in Italy during the late 19th and 20th centuries include <a href="/wiki/Anarchism" title="Anarchism">anarchism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">futurism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">fascism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Christian_democracy" title="Christian democracy">Christian democracy</a>. <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Rosmini" title="Antonio Rosmini">Antonio Rosmini</a>, instead, was the founder of <a href="/wiki/Italian_idealism" title="Italian idealism">Italian idealism</a>. Both futurism and fascism (in its original form, now often distinguished as <a href="/wiki/Italian_fascism" title="Italian fascism">Italian fascism</a>) were developed in Italy at this time. From the 1920s to the 1940s, Italian Fascism was the official philosophy and ideology of the Italian government led by Benito Mussolini. <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gentile" title="Giovanni Gentile">Giovanni Gentile</a> was one of the most significant 20th-century Idealist/Fascist philosophers. Meanwhile, anarchism, communism, and socialism, though not originating in Italy, took significant hold in Italy during the early 20th century, with the country producing numerous significant <a href="/wiki/Anarchism_in_Italy" title="Anarchism in Italy">Italian anarchists</a>, socialists, and communists. In addition, <a href="/wiki/Anarcho-communism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarcho-communism">anarcho-communism</a> first fully formed into its modern strain within the Italian section of the <a href="/wiki/First_International" class="mw-redirect" title="First International">First International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nunzio_Pernicone_pp._111-113-154">[154]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Gramsci" title="Antonio Gramsci">Antonio Gramsci</a> remains an important philosopher within <a href="/wiki/Marxist" class="mw-redirect" title="Marxist">Marxist</a> and communist theory, credited with creating the theory of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>. Early <a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italian feminists</a> include <a href="/wiki/Sibilla_Aleramo" title="Sibilla Aleramo">Sibilla Aleramo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaide_Gualberta_Beccari" title="Alaide Gualberta Beccari">Alaide Gualberta Beccari</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Anna_Maria_Mozzoni" title="Anna Maria Mozzoni">Anna Maria Mozzoni</a>, though proto-feminist philosophies had previously been touched upon by earlier Italian writers such as <a href="/wiki/Christine_de_Pizan" title="Christine de Pizan">Christine de Pizan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moderata_Fonte" title="Moderata Fonte">Moderata Fonte</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lucrezia_Marinella" title="Lucrezia Marinella">Lucrezia Marinella</a>. Italian physician and educator <a href="/wiki/Maria_Montessori" title="Maria Montessori">Maria Montessori</a> is credited with the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">philosophy of education that bears her name</a>, an educational philosophy now practiced throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-Montessori-155">[155]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a> was one of the founders of analytic philosophy and contemporary philosophy of mathematics. Recent analytic philosophers include <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Penco" title="Carlo Penco">Carlo Penco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gloria_Origgi" title="Gloria Origgi">Gloria Origgi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pieranna_Garavaso" title="Pieranna Garavaso">Pieranna Garavaso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Floridi" title="Luciano Floridi">Luciano Floridi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Garin-156">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literature">Literature</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dante03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/170px-Dante03.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/255px-Dante03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Dante03.jpg/340px-Dante03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4992" data-file-height="5334" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, one of the greatest poets of the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>. His epic poem <a href="/wiki/Divine_Comedy" title="Divine Comedy">The Divine Comedy</a> ranks among the finest works of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a></figcaption></figure> Formal Latin literature began in 240 BC, when the first stage play was performed in Rome.<a href="#cite_note-158">[158]</a> Latin literature was, and still is, highly influential in the world, with numerous writers, poets, philosophers, and historians, such as <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virgil" title="Virgil">Virgil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horace" title="Horace">Horace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Propertius" title="Propertius">Propertius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ovid" title="Ovid">Ovid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>. The Romans were also famous for their oral tradition, poetry, drama and epigrams.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a> In early years of the 13th century, St. <a href="/wiki/Francis_of_Assisi" title="Francis of Assisi">Francis of Assisi</a> was considered the first Italian poet by literary critics, with his religious song <a href="/wiki/Canticle_of_the_Sun" title="Canticle of the Sun">Canticle of the Sun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> Italian literature may be unearthed back to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, with the most significant poets of the period being <a href="/wiki/Dante_Alighieri" title="Dante Alighieri">Dante Alighieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Petrarch" title="Petrarch">Petrarch</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boccaccio" title="Giovanni Boccaccio">Giovanni Boccaccio</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, humanists such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Bruni" title="Leonardo Bruni">Leonardo Bruni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Coluccio_Salutati" title="Coluccio Salutati">Coluccio Salutati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Machiavelli" title="Niccolò Machiavelli">Niccolò Machiavelli</a> were great collectors of antique manuscripts. Many worked for the organized Church and were in holy orders (like Petrarch), while others were lawyers and chancellors of Italian cities, like Petrarch's disciple, Salutati, the Chancellor of Florence, and thus had access to book copying workshops. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/170px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/255px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg/340px-Francesco_Hayez_-_Ritratto_di_Alessandro_Manzoni.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4886" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a> is famous for the novel <a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">The Betrothed</a> (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of <a href="/wiki/World_literature" title="World literature">world literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a></figcaption></figure> In the 18th century, the political condition of the Italian states began to improve, and philosophers disseminated their writings and ideas throughout <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Age of Enlightenment</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apostolo_Zeno" title="Apostolo Zeno">Apostolo Zeno</a> and <a href="/wiki/Metastasio" class="mw-redirect" title="Metastasio">Metastasio</a> are two of the notable figures of the age. <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, a Venetian playwright and librettist, created the comedy of character. The leading figure of the 18th-century Italian literary revival was <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Parini" title="Giuseppe Parini">Giuseppe Parini</a>. One of the most remarkable poets of the early 19th and 20th century writers was <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Giacomo Leopardi</a>, who is widely acknowledged to be one of the most radical and challenging thinkers of the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> The main instigator of the reform was the Italian poet and novelist <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Manzoni" title="Alessandro Manzoni">Alessandro Manzoni</a>, notable for being the author of the historical novel <a href="/wiki/The_Betrothed_(Manzoni_novel)" title="The Betrothed (Manzoni novel)">I promessi sposi</a> (The Betrothed, 1827–1842). <a href="/wiki/Italo_Svevo" title="Italo Svevo">Italo Svevo</a>, the author of La coscienza di Zeno (1923), and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature), who explored the shifting nature of reality in his prose fiction and such plays as Sei personaggi in cerca d'autore (<a href="/wiki/Six_Characters_in_Search_of_an_Author" title="Six Characters in Search of an Author">Six Characters in Search of an Author</a>, 1921). <a href="/wiki/Federigo_Tozzi" title="Federigo Tozzi">Federigo Tozzi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Ungaretti" title="Giuseppe Ungaretti">Giuseppe Ungaretti</a> were well-known novelists, critically appreciated only in recent years, and regarded one of the forerunners of <a href="/wiki/Existentialism" title="Existentialism">existentialism</a> in the European novel. Modern literary figures and Nobel laureates are <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_D%27Annunzio" title="Gabriele D'Annunzio">Gabriele D'Annunzio</a> from 1889 to 1910, nationalist poet <a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> in 1906, realist writer <a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> in 1926, modern theatre author <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> in 1936, short stories writer <a href="/wiki/Italo_Calvino" title="Italo Calvino">Italo Calvino</a> in 1960, poets <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a> in 1959 and <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> in 1975, <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Eco" title="Umberto Eco">Umberto Eco</a> in 1980, and satirist and theatre author <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Theatre">Theatre</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Theatre">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_(c_1757)_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg/170px-Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg/255px-Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg/340px-Alessandro_Longhi_-_Ritratto_di_Carlo_Goldoni_%28c_1757%29_Ca_Goldoni_Venezia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="7336" data-file-height="8465" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian theatre">Italian theatre</a> originates from the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, with its background dating back to the times of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">ancient Greek</a> colonies of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-165">[165]</a> the theatre of the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_ancient_Rome" title="Theatre of ancient Rome">theatre of ancient Rome</a>. It can therefore be assumed that there were two main lines of which the ancient Italian theatre developed in the Middle Ages. The first, consisting of the dramatization of Catholic liturgies and of which more documentation is retained, and the second, formed by pagan forms of spectacle such as the staging for city festivals, the court preparations of the jesters and the songs of the <a href="/wiki/Troubadour" title="Troubadour">troubadours</a>.<a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> theatre marked the beginning of the modern theatre due to the rediscovery and study of the classics, the ancient theatrical texts were recovered and translated, which were soon staged at the court and in the curtensi halls, and then moved to real theatre. In this way the idea of theatre came close to that of today: a performance in a designated place in which the public participates. In the late 15th century two cities were important centers for the rediscovery and renewal of theatrical art: <a href="/wiki/Ferrara" title="Ferrara">Ferrara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. The first, vital center of art in the second half of the fifteenth century, saw the staging of some of the most famous Latin works by <a href="/wiki/Plautus" title="Plautus">Plautus</a>, rigorously translated into Italian.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dario.fo.writer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dario.fo.writer.jpg/170px-Dario.fo.writer.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dario.fo.writer.jpg/255px-Dario.fo.writer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dario.fo.writer.jpg/340px-Dario.fo.writer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1968" data-file-height="2349" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a>, one of the most widely performed playwrights in modern theatre, received international acclaim for his highly <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational</a> style.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a> He was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Literature">Nobel Prize for Literature</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a></figcaption></figure> During the 16th century and on into the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Commedia_dell%27arte" title="Commedia dell'arte">Commedia dell'arte</a> was a form of <a href="/wiki/Improvisational_theatre" title="Improvisational theatre">improvisational theatre</a>, and it is still performed today. Travelling troupes of players would set up an outdoor stage and provide amusement in the form of <a href="/wiki/Juggling" title="Juggling">juggling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Acrobatics" title="Acrobatics">acrobatics</a> and, more typically, humorous plays based on a repertoire of established characters with a rough storyline, called <a href="/wiki/Canovaccio" title="Canovaccio">canovaccio</a>. Plays did not originate from written drama but from scenarios called <a href="/wiki/Lazzi" title="Lazzi">lazzi</a>, which were loose frameworks that provided the situations, complications, and outcome of the action, around which the actors would improvise. The characters of the commedia usually represent fixed social types and <a href="/wiki/Stock_character" title="Stock character">stock characters</a>, each of which has a distinct <a href="/wiki/Costumes_in_commedia_dell%27arte" title="Costumes in commedia dell'arte">costume</a>, such as foolish old men, devious servants, or military officers full of false <a href="/wiki/Bravery" class="mw-redirect" title="Bravery">bravado</a>. The main categories of these characters include servants, old men, lovers, and captains.<a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ballet" title="Ballet">Ballet</a> dance genre also originated in Italy. It began during the Italian Renaissance court as an outgrowth of court pageantry,<a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> where aristocratic weddings were lavish celebrations. Court musicians and dancers collaborated to provide elaborate entertainment for them.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> At first, ballets were woven in to the midst of an opera to allow the audience a moment of relief from the dramatic intensity. By the mid-seventeenth century, Italian ballets in their entirety were performed in between the acts of an opera. Over time, Italian ballets became part of theatrical life: ballet companies in Italy's major opera houses employed an average of four to twelve dancers; in 1815 many companies employed anywhere from eighty to one hundred dancers.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Noteworthy Italian theater actors and playwrights are <a href="/wiki/Jacopone_da_Todi" title="Jacopone da Todi">Jacopone da Todi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Beolco" title="Angelo Beolco">Angelo Beolco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isabella_Andreini" title="Isabella Andreini">Isabella Andreini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Goldoni" title="Carlo Goldoni">Carlo Goldoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_Scarpetta" title="Eduardo Scarpetta">Eduardo Scarpetta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Petrolini" title="Ettore Petrolini">Ettore Petrolini</a> <a href="/wiki/Eleonora_Duse" title="Eleonora Duse">Eleonora Duse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eduardo_De_Filippo" title="Eduardo De Filippo">Eduardo De Filippo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carmelo_Bene" title="Carmelo Bene">Carmelo Bene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Strehler" title="Giorgio Strehler">Giorgio Strehler</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Law_and_justice">Law and justice</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Law and justice">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cesare_Beccaria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/170px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/255px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Cesare_Beccaria.jpg/340px-Cesare_Beccaria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a></figcaption></figure> Since the Roman Empire, most western contributions to Western legal culture was the emergence of a class of Roman jurists. During the Middle Ages, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Aquinas" title="Thomas Aquinas">Thomas Aquinas</a>, the most influential <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western</a> scholar of the period, integrated the theory of natural law with the notion of an eternal and Biblical law.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> During the Renaissance, Prof. <a href="/wiki/Alberico_Gentili" title="Alberico Gentili">Alberico Gentili</a>, the founder of the science of international law, authored the first treatise on public international law and separated secular law from canon law and Catholic theology. <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a>'s greatest legal theorists, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Beccaria" title="Cesare Beccaria">Cesare Beccaria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giambattista_Vico" title="Giambattista Vico">Giambattista Vico</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Mario_Pagano" title="Francesco Mario Pagano">Francesco Mario Pagano</a>, are well remembered for their legal works, particularly on criminal law. <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Carrara_(jurist)" title="Francesco Carrara (jurist)">Francesco Carrara</a>, an advocate of abolition of the death penalty, was one of the foremost European criminal lawyers of the 19th century. During the last periods, numerous Italians have been recognised as the prominent prosecutor magistrates. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology in Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian inventions">List of Italian inventions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei,_1636.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/170px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/255px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg/340px-Justus_Sustermans_-_Portrait_of_Galileo_Galilei%2C_1636.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="3176" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a>, considered the "father" of <a href="/wiki/Observational_astronomy" title="Observational astronomy">observational astronomy</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Clarendon-177">[177]</a> modern physics,<a href="#cite_note-Whitehouse-178">[178]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_method" title="Scientific method">scientific method</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hobbes-179">[179]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Modern_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Modern science">modern science</a><a href="#cite_note-Disraeli-180">[180]</a></figcaption></figure> Italians have been the central figures of countless inventions and discoveries and they made many predominant contributions to various fields. During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, Italian polymaths such as <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a> (1452–1519), <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a> (1475–1564) and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Battista_Alberti" title="Leon Battista Alberti">Leon Battista Alberti</a> (1404–72) made important contributions to a variety of fields, including biology, architecture, and engineering. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> (1564–1642), a physicist, mathematician and astronomer, played a major role in the <a href="/wiki/Scientific_Revolution" title="Scientific Revolution">Scientific Revolution</a>. His achievements include the invention of the thermometer and key improvements to the <a href="/wiki/Telescope" title="Telescope">telescope</a> and consequent astronomical observations, and ultimately the triumph of <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernicanism</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Ptolemaic model">Ptolemaic model</a>. Other astronomers such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Domenico_Cassini" title="Giovanni Domenico Cassini">Giovanni Domenico Cassini</a> (1625–1712) and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Schiaparelli" title="Giovanni Schiaparelli">Giovanni Schiaparelli</a> (1835–1910) made many important discoveries about the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>. In biology, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Redi" title="Francesco Redi">Francesco Redi</a> was the first to challenge the theory of spontaneous generation by demonstrating that maggots come from eggs of flies and he described 180 parasites in detail; <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Malpighi" title="Marcello Malpighi">Marcello Malpighi</a> founded <a href="/wiki/Microscopic_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Microscopic anatomy">microscopic anatomy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> conducted important research in bodily functions, animal reproduction, and cellular theory; <a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a>, whose many achievements include the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Golgi_complex" class="mw-redirect" title="Golgi complex">Golgi complex</a>, paved the way to the acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/Neuron_doctrine" title="Neuron doctrine">Neuron doctrine</a>; <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Nerve_growth_factor" title="Nerve growth factor">nerve growth factor</a> (awarded 1986 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine); <a href="/wiki/Angelo_Ruffini" title="Angelo Ruffini">Angelo Ruffini</a> first described the <a href="/wiki/Ruffini_endings" class="mw-redirect" title="Ruffini endings">Ruffini endings</a> and was known for his work in <a href="/wiki/Histology" title="Histology">histology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Embryology" title="Embryology">embryology</a>; <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Pacini" title="Filippo Pacini">Filippo Pacini</a> discovered the <a href="/wiki/Pacinian_corpuscles" class="mw-redirect" title="Pacinian corpuscles">Pacinian corpuscles</a> and was the first to isolate the <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> bacillus <a href="/wiki/Vibrio_cholerae" title="Vibrio cholerae">Vibrio cholerae</a> in 1854, before <a href="/wiki/Robert_Koch" title="Robert Koch">Robert Koch</a>'s more widely accepted discoveries 30 years later. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/170px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/255px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg/340px-Enrico_Fermi_1943-49.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2368" data-file-height="2927" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, builder of <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">the first nuclear reactor</a></figcaption></figure> Prominent scientists, engineers and inventors were: <a href="/wiki/Amedeo_Avogadro" title="Amedeo Avogadro">Amedeo Avogadro</a> (most noted for his contributions to <a href="/wiki/Molecular_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Molecular theory">molecular theory</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Avogadro%27s_law" title="Avogadro's law">Avogadro's law</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Avogadro_constant" title="Avogadro constant">Avogadro constant</a>), <a href="/wiki/Evangelista_Torricelli" title="Evangelista Torricelli">Evangelista Torricelli</a> (inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Barometer" title="Barometer">barometer</a>), <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Volta" title="Alessandro Volta">Alessandro Volta</a> (inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Electric_battery" title="Electric battery">electric battery</a>), <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> (inventor of <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Hong-181">[181]</a> <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Meucci" title="Antonio Meucci">Antonio Meucci</a> (known for developing a voice-communication apparatus, often credited as the inventor of the first <a href="/wiki/Telephone" title="Telephone">telephone</a> before even <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a>),<a href="#cite_note-guardian.co.uk-182">[182]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Ferraris" title="Galileo Ferraris">Galileo Ferraris</a> (one of the pioneers of AC power system, invented the first <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motor</a>), <a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Barsanti" title="Eugenio Barsanti">Eugenio Barsanti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Felice_Matteucci" title="Felice Matteucci">Felice Matteucci</a> (as inventors of the first version of the <a href="/wiki/Internal_combustion_engine" title="Internal combustion engine">internal combustion engine</a> in 1853). In chemistry, <a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a>, the inventor of the first catalyst for the production of isotactic propylene and among the fathers of macromolecular chemistry, in 1963 received the Nobel prize for chemistry, along with <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ziegler" title="Karl Ziegler">Karl Ziegler</a>, for work on high <a href="/wiki/Polymers" class="mw-redirect" title="Polymers">polymers</a>. In physics, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a>, a Nobel prize laureate, led the team in Chicago that built the <a href="/wiki/Chicago_Pile-1" title="Chicago Pile-1">first nuclear reactor</a> and is also noted for his many other contributions to physics, including the co-development of the <a href="/wiki/Quantum_mechanics" title="Quantum mechanics">quantum theory</a>. He and a number of Italian physicists were forced to leave Italy in the 1930s by <a href="/wiki/Italian_Racial_Laws" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Racial Laws">Fascist laws against Jews</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Emilio_G._Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio G. Segrè">Emilio G. Segrè</a> (1905–89) (who discovered the elements <a href="/wiki/Technetium" title="Technetium">technetium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astatine" title="Astatine">astatine</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Antiproton" title="Antiproton">antiproton</a>),<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Rossi" title="Bruno Rossi">Bruno Rossi</a> (1905–93), a pioneer in Cosmic Rays and X-ray astronomy. Other notable physicists were also <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Majorana" title="Ettore Majorana">Ettore Majorana</a> (who discovered the <a href="/wiki/Majorana_fermion" title="Majorana fermion">Majorana fermions</a>), <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Occhialini" title="Giuseppe Occhialini">Giuseppe Occhialini</a> (who received the <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Physics" title="Wolf Prize in Physics">Wolf Prize in Physics</a> for the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Pion" title="Pion">pion</a> or pi-<a href="/wiki/Meson" title="Meson">meson</a> decay in 1947) and <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> (1984 Nobel Prize in Physics for work leading to the discovery of the <a href="/wiki/W_and_Z_particles" class="mw-redirect" title="W and Z particles">W and Z particles</a> at <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematics">Mathematics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Mathematics">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cardano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cardano.jpg/170px-Cardano.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Cardano.jpg/255px-Cardano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Cardano.jpg 2x" data-file-width="268" data-file-height="326" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a>, one of the key figures in the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and the earliest introducer of the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial coefficients">binomial coefficients</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_theorem" title="Binomial theorem">binomial theorem</a> in the Western world</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_Fibonacci" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonardo Fibonacci">Leonardo Fibonacci</a>, the most talented Western mathematician of the Middle Ages,<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> introduced the <a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93Arabic_numeral_system" title="Hindu–Arabic numeral system">Hindu–Arabic numeral system</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a>. He also introduced the sequence of <a href="/wiki/Fibonacci_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Fibonacci number">Fibonacci numbers</a>, which he used as an example in <a href="/wiki/Liber_Abaci" title="Liber Abaci">Liber Abaci</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gerolamo_Cardano" title="Gerolamo Cardano">Gerolamo Cardano</a> established the foundation of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and introduced the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_coefficients" class="mw-redirect" title="Binomial coefficients">binomial coefficients</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Binomial_theorem" title="Binomial theorem">binomial theorem</a>; he also invented several mechanical devices. During the Renaissance, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Pacioli" title="Luca Pacioli">Luca Pacioli</a> introduced <a href="/wiki/Accounting" title="Accounting">accounting</a> to the world, publishing the first work on <a href="/wiki/Double-entry_bookkeeping_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Double-entry bookkeeping system">Double-entry bookkeeping system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Galileo_Galilei" title="Galileo Galilei">Galileo Galilei</a> made several significant advances in mathematics. <a href="/wiki/Bonaventura_Cavalieri" title="Bonaventura Cavalieri">Bonaventura Cavalieri</a>'s works partially anticipated <a href="/wiki/Integral_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Integral calculus">integral calculus</a> and popularized <a href="/wiki/Logarithms" class="mw-redirect" title="Logarithms">logarithms</a> in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Jacopo_Riccati" title="Jacopo Riccati">Jacopo Riccati</a>, who was also a jurist, invented the <a href="/wiki/Riccati_equation" title="Riccati equation">Riccati equation</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maria_Gaetana_Agnesi" title="Maria Gaetana Agnesi">Maria Gaetana Agnesi</a>, the first woman to write a mathematics handbook, become the first woman mathematics professor at a university. <a href="/wiki/Gian_Francesco_Malfatti" title="Gian Francesco Malfatti">Gian Francesco Malfatti</a>, posed the problem of carving three circular columns out of a triangular block of marble, using as much of the marble as possible, and conjectured that three mutually-tangent circles inscribed within the triangle would provide the optimal solution, which are now known as <a href="/wiki/Malfatti_circles" title="Malfatti circles">Malfatti circles</a>. <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Ruffini_(mathematician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Paolo Ruffini (mathematician)">Paolo Ruffini</a> is credited for his innovative work in mathematics, creating <a href="/wiki/Ruffini%27s_rule" title="Ruffini's rule">Ruffini's rule</a> and co-creating the <a href="/wiki/Abel%E2%80%93Ruffini_theorem" title="Abel–Ruffini theorem">Abel–Ruffini theorem</a>. <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Louis_Lagrange" title="Joseph-Louis Lagrange">Joseph-Louis Lagrange</a>, who was one of the most influential mathematicians of his time, made essential contributions to <a href="/wiki/Analysis" title="Analysis">analysis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Number_theory" title="Number theory">number theory</a>, and both <a href="/wiki/Classical_mechanics" title="Classical mechanics">classical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celestial_mechanics" title="Celestial mechanics">celestial mechanics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Gregorio_Ricci-Curbastro" title="Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro">Gregorio Ricci-Curbastro</a> invented <a href="/wiki/Tensor_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Tensor calculus">tensor calculus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Absolute_differential_calculus" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute differential calculus">absolute differential calculus</a>, which were popularized in a work he co-wrote with <a href="/wiki/Tullio_Levi-Civita" title="Tullio Levi-Civita">Tullio Levi-Civita</a>, and used in the development of the <a href="/wiki/Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">theory of relativity</a>; Ricci-Curbastro also wrote meaningful works on algebra, infinitesimal analysis, and papers on the theory of <a href="/wiki/Real_number" title="Real number">real numbers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Peano" title="Giuseppe Peano">Giuseppe Peano</a>, was a founder of <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Set_theory" title="Set theory">set theory</a>; alongside <a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a>, he drew the first <a href="/wiki/Venn_diagram" title="Venn diagram">Venn diagram</a>. <a href="/wiki/Beniamino_Segre" title="Beniamino Segre">Beniamino Segre</a> is one of the major contributors to <a href="/wiki/Algebraic_geometry" title="Algebraic geometry">algebraic geometry</a> and one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Finite_geometry" title="Finite geometry">finite geometry</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ennio_De_Giorgi" title="Ennio De Giorgi">Ennio De Giorgi</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Wolf_Prize_in_Mathematics" title="Wolf Prize in Mathematics">Wolf Prize in Mathematics</a> recipient in 1990, solved <a href="/wiki/Bernstein%27s_problem" title="Bernstein's problem">Bernstein's problem</a> about <a href="/wiki/Minimal_surface" title="Minimal surface">minimal surfaces</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Hilbert%27s_nineteenth_problem" title="Hilbert's nineteenth problem">19th Hilbert problem</a> on the regularity of solutions of <a href="/wiki/Elliptic_partial_differential_equations" class="mw-redirect" title="Elliptic partial differential equations">elliptic partial differential equations</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics">Politics</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/170px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/255px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg/340px-Sandro_Pertini_Official.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">politics of Italy</a> are conducted through a <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_republic" title="Parliamentary republic">parliamentary republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Multi-party_system" title="Multi-party system">multi-party system</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> has been a <a href="/wiki/Democratic_republic" title="Democratic republic">democratic republic</a> since 2 June 1946, when <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">the monarchy</a> was abolished by <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">popular referendum</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Constituent_Assembly_of_Italy" title="Constituent Assembly of Italy">constituent assembly</a>, which was formed by the representatives of all the <a href="/wiki/Anti-fascist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-fascist">anti-fascist</a> forces that contributed to the defeat of Nazi and Fascist forces during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Italian Civil War</a>,<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> was elected to draft a <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">constitution</a>, which was promulgated on 1 January 1948. <a href="/wiki/Executive_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Executive power">Executive power</a> is exercised by the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a>, which is led by the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a>, officially referred to as "President of the Council" (Presidente del Consiglio). <a href="/wiki/Legislative_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative power">Legislative power</a> is vested primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Bicameralism" title="Bicameralism">two houses</a> of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a> and secondarily in the Council of Ministers, which can introduce bills and holds the majority in both houses. The <a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">judiciary</a> is <a href="/wiki/Judicial_independence" title="Judicial independence">independent</a> of the executive and the legislative branches. It is headed by the <a href="/wiki/High_Council_of_the_Judiciary_(Italy)" title="High Council of the Judiciary (Italy)">High Council of the Judiciary</a>, a body presided over by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a>, who is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>, though this position is separate from all branches. The Presidents of Italy were <a href="/wiki/Enrico_De_Nicola" title="Enrico De Nicola">Enrico De Nicola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Einaudi" title="Luigi Einaudi">Luigi Einaudi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Gronchi" title="Giovanni Gronchi">Giovanni Gronchi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Segni" title="Antonio Segni">Antonio Segni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Saragat" title="Giuseppe Saragat">Giuseppe Saragat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Leone" title="Giovanni Leone">Giovanni Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Pertini" title="Sandro Pertini">Sandro Pertini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Cossiga" title="Francesco Cossiga">Francesco Cossiga</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Luigi_Scalfaro" title="Oscar Luigi Scalfaro">Oscar Luigi Scalfaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Azeglio_Ciampi" title="Carlo Azeglio Ciampi">Carlo Azeglio Ciampi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Napolitano" title="Giorgio Napolitano">Giorgio Napolitano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Mattarella" title="Sergio Mattarella">Sergio Mattarella</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg/170px-Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg/255px-Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg/340px-Enzo_Ferrari_Monza_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="1016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">economy of Italy</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Developed_country" title="Developed country">highly developed</a> <a href="/wiki/Social_market_economy" title="Social market economy">social market economy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> It is the third-largest national economy in the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">10th-largest in the world by nominal GDP</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">12th-largest by GDP (PPP)</a>. <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> is a founding member of the European Union, the <a href="/wiki/Eurozone" title="Eurozone">Eurozone</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Organisation_for_Economic_Co-operation_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development">OECD</a>, the <a href="/wiki/G7" title="G7">G7</a> and the <a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a>;<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> it is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_exports" title="List of countries by exports">eighth-largest exporter in the world</a>, with $611 billion exported in 2021. Its closest trade ties are with the other countries of the European Union, with whom it conducts about 59% of its total trade. The <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_Italy" title="List of the largest trading partners of Italy">largest trading partners</a>, in order of market share in exports, are <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> (12.5%), <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> (10.3%), the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> (9%), <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> (5.2%), the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (5.2%) and <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (4.6%).<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> In the post-World War II period, Italy saw a transformation from an agricultural based economy which had been severely affected by the consequences of the <a href="/wiki/World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="World War">World Wars</a>, into one of the world's most advanced nations,<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> and a leading country in <a href="/wiki/International_trade" title="International trade">world trade and exports</a>. Italy is the world's seventh-largest <a href="/wiki/Manufacturing" title="Manufacturing">manufacturing</a> country,<a href="#cite_note-databank-192">[192]</a> characterised by a smaller number of global multinational corporations than other economies of comparable size and many dynamic <a href="/wiki/Small_and_medium-sized_enterprises" class="mw-redirect" title="Small and medium-sized enterprises">small and medium-sized enterprises</a>, notoriously clustered in several <a href="/wiki/Industrial_district" title="Industrial district">industrial districts</a>, which are the backbone of the Italian industry. Italy is a large manufacturer<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> and exporter<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> of a significant variety of products. Its products include <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">vehicles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">pharmaceuticals</a>, furniture, food and clothing.<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> Noteworthy Italian entrepreneurs are <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Martini" title="Alessandro Martini">Alessandro Martini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lavazza" title="Luigi Lavazza">Luigi Lavazza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Ferrero" title="Pietro Ferrero">Pietro Ferrero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Agnelli" title="Giovanni Agnelli">Giovanni Agnelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_Pirelli" title="Piero Pirelli">Piero Pirelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaspare_Campari" title="Gaspare Campari">Gaspare Campari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriano_Olivetti" title="Adriano Olivetti">Adriano Olivetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enzo_Ferrari" title="Enzo Ferrari">Enzo Ferrari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferruccio_Lamborghini" title="Ferruccio Lamborghini">Ferruccio Lamborghini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Mattei" title="Enrico Mattei">Enrico Mattei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Benetton" title="Luciano Benetton">Luciano Benetton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Rana" title="Giovanni Rana">Giovanni Rana</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scappi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scappi.jpg/170px-Scappi.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scappi.jpg/255px-Scappi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Scappi.jpg/340px-Scappi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1722" data-file-height="2261" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Scappi" title="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Italian cuisine</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_cuisine" title="Mediterranean cuisine">Mediterranean cuisine</a><a href="#cite_note-DavidRisotto-138">[138]</a> consisting of the <a href="/wiki/Ingredient" title="Ingredient">ingredients</a>, <a href="/wiki/Recipe" title="Recipe">recipes</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_cooking_techniques" title="List of cooking techniques">cooking techniques</a> developed across the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> since <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Roman_cuisine" title="Ancient Roman cuisine">antiquity</a>, and later spread around the world together with waves of <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Italian_Food-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_History_of_Italian_Cuisine_I-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-Thoms-141">[141]</a> Italian cuisine includes deeply rooted traditions common to the whole country, as well as all the <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">regional</a> gastronomies, different from each other, especially between <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">the north</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">the centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">the south</a> of Italy, which are in continuous exchange.<a href="#cite_note-Related_Articles-142">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-Indigo_Guide-143">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-Regional_Italian_Cuisine-144">[144]</a> Many dishes that were once regional have proliferated with variations throughout the country.<a href="#cite_note-Cronistoria_della_cucina_italiana-145">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-treccani.it-146">[146]</a> Italian cuisine offers an abundance of taste, and has influenced several other cuisines around the world, chiefly that of the <a href="/wiki/Cuisine_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Cuisine of the United States">United States</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Freeman-147">[147]</a> Italian cuisine has developed through centuries of social and political changes, it has its roots in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>.<a href="#cite_note-The_edible_Italian_garden-196">[196]</a> One of the main characteristics of Italian cuisine is its simplicity, with many dishes made up of few ingredients, and therefore Italian cooks often rely on the quality of the ingredients, rather than the complexity of preparation.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> The most popular dishes and recipes, over the centuries, have often been created by ordinary people more so than by <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a>, which is why many Italian recipes are suitable for home and daily <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>, respecting regional specificities, privileging only raw materials and ingredients from the region of origin of the dish and preserving its seasonality.<a href="#cite_note-cibo360.it-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-gqitalia.it-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-Nonne_come_chef-150">[150]</a> Noteworthy Italian chefs are <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Scappi" title="Bartolomeo Scappi">Bartolomeo Scappi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gualtiero_Marchesi" title="Gualtiero Marchesi">Gualtiero Marchesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lidia_Bastianich" title="Lidia Bastianich">Lidia Bastianich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Carluccio" title="Antonio Carluccio">Antonio Carluccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cesare_Casella" title="Cesare Casella">Cesare Casella</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Cracco" title="Carlo Cracco">Carlo Cracco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antonino_Cannavacciuolo" title="Antonino Cannavacciuolo">Antonino Cannavacciuolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gino_D%27Acampo" title="Gino D'Acampo">Gino D'Acampo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianfranco_Chiarini" title="Gianfranco Chiarini">Gianfranco Chiarini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimiliano_Alajmo" title="Massimiliano Alajmo">Massimiliano Alajmo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massimo_Bottura" title="Massimo Bottura">Massimo Bottura</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Barbieri" title="Bruno Barbieri">Bruno Barbieri</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Visual_art">Visual art</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Visual art">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Italian art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_(dettaglio).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/170px-Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="197" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/255px-Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg/340px-Michelangelo_Daniele_da_Volterra_%28dettaglio%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1382" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a></figcaption></figure> The history of Italian visual arts is significant to the history of <a href="/wiki/Western_painting" title="Western painting">Western painting</a>. <a href="/wiki/Roman_art" title="Roman art">Roman art</a> was influenced by Greece and can in part be taken as a descendant of ancient Greek painting. Roman painting does have its own unique characteristics. The only surviving Roman paintings are wall paintings, many from villas in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, in Southern Italy. Such paintings can be grouped into four main "styles" or periods<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> and may contain the first examples of <a href="/wiki/Trompe-l%27%C5%93il" title="Trompe-l'œil">trompe-l'œil</a>, pseudo-perspective, and pure landscape.<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a> Panel painting becomes more common during the <a href="/wiki/Romanesque_art" title="Romanesque art">Romanesque</a> period, under the heavy influence of Byzantine icons. Towards the middle of the 13th century, <a href="/wiki/Medieval_art" title="Medieval art">Medieval art</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gothic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic painting">Gothic painting</a> became more realistic, with the beginnings of interest in the depiction of volume and perspective in Italy with <a href="/wiki/Cimabue" title="Cimabue">Cimabue</a> and then his pupil <a href="/wiki/Giotto" title="Giotto">Giotto</a>. From Giotto onwards, the treatment of composition in painting became much more free and innovative. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bild-Ottavio_Leoni,_Caravaggio.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg/170px-Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg/255px-Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg/340px-Bild-Ottavio_Leoni%2C_Caravaggio.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1132" data-file-height="1582" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Italian Renaissance</a> is said by many to be the <a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_(metaphor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Age (metaphor)">golden age</a> of painting; roughly spanning the 14th through the mid-17th centuries with a significant influence also out of the borders of modern Italy. In Italy artists like <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Uccello" title="Paolo Uccello">Paolo Uccello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fra_Angelico" title="Fra Angelico">Fra Angelico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masaccio" title="Masaccio">Masaccio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Mantegna" title="Andrea Mantegna">Andrea Mantegna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Lippi" title="Filippo Lippi">Filippo Lippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgione" title="Giorgione">Giorgione</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tintoretto" title="Tintoretto">Tintoretto</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Botticelli" title="Sandro Botticelli">Sandro Botticelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leonardo_da_Vinci" title="Leonardo da Vinci">Leonardo da Vinci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo" title="Michelangelo">Michelangelo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raphael" title="Raphael">Raphael</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Bellini" title="Giovanni Bellini">Giovanni Bellini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Titian" title="Titian">Titian</a> took painting to a higher level through the use of <a href="/wiki/Perspective_(graphical)" title="Perspective (graphical)">perspective</a>, the study of <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a> and proportion, and through their development of refined drawing and painting techniques. Michelangelo was active as a sculptor from about 1500 to 1520; works include his <a href="/wiki/David_(Michelangelo)" title="David (Michelangelo)">David</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piet%C3%A0_(Michelangelo)" title="Pietà (Michelangelo)">Pietà</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moses_(Michelangelo)" title="Moses (Michelangelo)">Moses</a>. Other Renaissance sculptors include <a href="/wiki/Lorenzo_Ghiberti" title="Lorenzo Ghiberti">Lorenzo Ghiberti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luca_Della_Robbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Luca Della Robbia">Luca Della Robbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donatello" title="Donatello">Donatello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Filippo_Brunelleschi" title="Filippo Brunelleschi">Filippo Brunelleschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrea_del_Verrocchio" title="Andrea del Verrocchio">Andrea del Verrocchio</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg/170px-Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg/255px-Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg/340px-Antonio_Canova_Selfportrait_1792.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="983" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a></figcaption></figure> In the 15th and 16th centuries, the <a href="/wiki/High_Renaissance" title="High Renaissance">High Renaissance</a> gave rise to a stylised art known as <a href="/wiki/Mannerism" title="Mannerism">Mannerism</a>. In place of the balanced compositions and rational approach to perspective that characterised art at the dawn of the 16th century, the Mannerists sought instability, artifice, and doubt. The unperturbed faces and gestures of <a href="/wiki/Piero_della_Francesca" title="Piero della Francesca">Piero della Francesca</a> and the calm Virgins of Raphael are replaced by the troubled expressions of <a href="/wiki/Pontormo" title="Pontormo">Pontormo</a> and the emotional intensity of <a href="/wiki/El_Greco" title="El Greco">El Greco</a>. In the 17th century, among the greatest painters of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Baroque" title="Italian Baroque">Italian Baroque</a> are <a href="/wiki/Caravaggio" title="Caravaggio">Caravaggio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Annibale_Carracci" title="Annibale Carracci">Annibale Carracci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Artemisia_Gentileschi" title="Artemisia Gentileschi">Artemisia Gentileschi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mattia_Preti" title="Mattia Preti">Mattia Preti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Saraceni" title="Carlo Saraceni">Carlo Saraceni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Manfredi" title="Bartolomeo Manfredi">Bartolomeo Manfredi</a>. Subsequently, in the 18th century, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Rococo_art" title="Italian Rococo art">Italian Rococo</a> was mainly inspired by French Rococo, since France was the founding nation of that particular style, with artists such as <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Battista_Tiepolo" title="Giovanni Battista Tiepolo">Giovanni Battista Tiepolo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canaletto" title="Canaletto">Canaletto</a>. Italian Neoclassical sculpture focused, with <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Canova" title="Antonio Canova">Antonio Canova</a>'s nudes, on the idealist aspect of the movement. In the 19th century, major Italian <a href="/wiki/Romantic_painting" class="mw-redirect" title="Romantic painting">Romantic</a> painters were <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Hayez" title="Francesco Hayez">Francesco Hayez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Bezzuoli" title="Giuseppe Bezzuoli">Giuseppe Bezzuoli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Podesti" title="Francesco Podesti">Francesco Podesti</a>. <a href="/wiki/Impressionism" title="Impressionism">Impressionism</a> was brought from France to Italy by the <a href="/wiki/Macchiaioli" title="Macchiaioli">Macchiaioli</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Fattori" title="Giovanni Fattori">Giovanni Fattori</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Boldini" title="Giovanni Boldini">Giovanni Boldini</a>; <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">Realism</a> by <a href="/wiki/Gioacchino_Toma" title="Gioacchino Toma">Gioacchino Toma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Pellizza_da_Volpedo" title="Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo">Giuseppe Pellizza da Volpedo</a>. In the 20th century, with <a href="/wiki/Futurism" title="Futurism">Futurism</a>, primarily through the works of <a href="/wiki/Umberto_Boccioni" title="Umberto Boccioni">Umberto Boccioni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Balla" title="Giacomo Balla">Giacomo Balla</a>, Italy rose again as a seminal country for artistic evolution in painting and sculpture. Futurism was succeeded by the metaphysical paintings of <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_de_Chirico" title="Giorgio de Chirico">Giorgio de Chirico</a>, who exerted a strong influence on the <a href="/wiki/Surrealists" class="mw-redirect" title="Surrealists">Surrealists</a> and generations of artists to follow like <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Caruso" title="Bruno Caruso">Bruno Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Renato_Guttuso" title="Renato Guttuso">Renato Guttuso</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">List of World Heritage Sites in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Palladio_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palladio_filtered.jpg/170px-Palladio_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palladio_filtered.jpg/255px-Palladio_filtered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Palladio_filtered.jpg/340px-Palladio_filtered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="591" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>, one of the most influential individuals in the <a href="/wiki/Architectural_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Architectural history">history of architecture</a></figcaption></figure> As Italy is home to <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Sites_by_country" title="World Heritage Sites by country">the greatest number</a> of <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a> (58) to date and it is home to half the world's great art treasures,<a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> Italians are known for their significant architectural achievements,<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> such as the construction of arches, domes and similar structures during <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">ancient Rome</a>, the founding of the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architectural movement</a> in the late-14th to 16th centuries, and being the homeland of <a href="/wiki/Palladianism" class="mw-redirect" title="Palladianism">Palladianism</a>, a style of construction which inspired movements such as that of <a href="/wiki/Neoclassical_architecture" title="Neoclassical architecture">Neoclassical architecture</a>, and influenced the designs which noblemen built their country houses all over the world, notably in the UK, Australia and the US during the late 17th to early 20th centuries. Several of the finest works in Western architecture, such as the <a href="/wiki/Colosseum" title="Colosseum">Colosseum</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Milan_Cathedral" title="Milan Cathedral">Milan Cathedral</a> and <a href="/wiki/Florence_cathedral" class="mw-redirect" title="Florence cathedral">Florence cathedral</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leaning_Tower_of_Pisa" title="Leaning Tower of Pisa">Leaning Tower of Pisa</a> and the building designs of <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a> are found in Italy. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Renzo_Piano,_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg/170px-Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg/255px-Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg/340px-Renzo_Piano%2C_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renzo_Piano" title="Renzo Piano">Renzo Piano</a></figcaption></figure> Italian architecture has also widely influenced the architecture of the world. British architect <a href="/wiki/Inigo_Jones" title="Inigo Jones">Inigo Jones</a>, inspired by the designs of Italian buildings and cities, brought back the ideas of Italian Renaissance architecture to 17th-century England, being inspired by <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Palladio" title="Andrea Palladio">Andrea Palladio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate architecture</a>, popular abroad since the 19th century, was used to describe foreign architecture which was built in an Italian style, especially modelled on <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_architecture" title="Renaissance architecture">Renaissance architecture</a>. Italian <a href="/wiki/Modern_architecture" title="Modern architecture">modern and contemporary architecture</a> refers to architecture in Italy during 20th and 21st centuries. During the <a href="/wiki/Fascism" title="Fascism">Fascist period</a> the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Novecento_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Novecento movement">Novecento movement</a>" flourished, with figures such as <a href="/wiki/Gio_Ponti" title="Gio Ponti">Gio Ponti</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Aschieri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Aschieri (page does not exist)">Peter Aschieri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Muzio" title="Giovanni Muzio">Giovanni Muzio</a>. This movement was based on the rediscovery of imperial Rome. <a href="/wiki/Marcello_Piacentini" title="Marcello Piacentini">Marcello Piacentini</a>, who was responsible for the urban transformations of several cities in Italy, and remembered for the disputed <a href="/wiki/Via_della_Conciliazione" title="Via della Conciliazione">Via della Conciliazione</a> in Rome, devised a form of "simplified Neoclassicism". The fascist architecture (shown perfectly in the <a href="/wiki/EUR,_Rome" title="EUR, Rome">EUR buildings</a>) was followed by the Neoliberty style (seen in earlier works of <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Gregotti" title="Vittorio Gregotti">Vittorio Gregotti</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Brutalist_architecture" title="Brutalist architecture">Brutalist architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Torre_Velasca" title="Torre Velasca">Torre Velasca</a> in Milan group <a href="/wiki/BBPR" title="BBPR">BBPR</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Florence" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Florence">residential building via Piagentina</a> in Florence, Leonardo Savioli and works by <a href="/wiki/Giancarlo_De_Carlo" title="Giancarlo De Carlo">Giancarlo De Carlo</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music of Italy</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:164px;max-width:164px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:CarusoPostcard.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/160px-CarusoPostcard.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/240px-CarusoPostcard.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/CarusoPostcard.jpg/320px-CarusoPostcard.jpg 2x" data-file-width="394" data-file-height="578" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Pavarotti" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg/160px-Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/Luciano_Pavarotti_15.06.02_cropped.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="205" data-file-height="263" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">History's most successful tenors, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> (above) and <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a> (below)</div></div></div></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BartolomeoCristofori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BartolomeoCristofori.jpg/170px-BartolomeoCristofori.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BartolomeoCristofori.jpg/255px-BartolomeoCristofori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/BartolomeoCristofori.jpg/340px-BartolomeoCristofori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="578" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bartolomeo_Cristofori" title="Bartolomeo Cristofori">Bartolomeo Cristofori</a>, the inventor of the <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a></figcaption></figure> From <a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">folk music</a> to <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a>, music has always played an important role in Italian culture. Instruments associated with classical music, including the piano and violin, were invented in Italy, and many of the prevailing classical music forms, such as the <a href="/wiki/Symphony" title="Symphony">symphony</a>, concerto, and <a href="/wiki/Sonata" title="Sonata">sonata</a>, can trace their roots back to innovations of 16th- and 17th-century Italian music. Italians invented many of the musical instruments, including the piano and violin. Most notable Italians composers include the <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pierluigi_da_Palestrina" title="Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina">Giovanni Pierluigi da Palestrina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Claudio_Monteverdi" title="Claudio Monteverdi">Claudio Monteverdi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Baroque_composers" title="List of Baroque composers">Baroque composers</a> <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Scarlatti" title="Alessandro Scarlatti">Scarlatti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arcangelo_Corelli" title="Arcangelo Corelli">Corelli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antonio_Vivaldi" title="Antonio Vivaldi">Vivaldi</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Classical_era_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Classical era composers">Classical composers</a> <a href="/wiki/Niccol%C3%B2_Paganini" title="Niccolò Paganini">Paganini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Rossini</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Romantic-era_composers" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Romantic-era composers">Romantic composers</a> <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Verdi" title="Giuseppe Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Puccini" title="Giacomo Puccini">Puccini</a>, whose operas, including <a href="/wiki/La_boh%C3%A8me" title="La bohème">La bohème</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tosca" title="Tosca">Tosca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madama_Butterfly" title="Madama Butterfly">Madama Butterfly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turandot" title="Turandot">Turandot</a>, are among the most frequently worldwide performed in the <a href="/wiki/List_of_important_operas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of important operas">standard repertoire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> Modern Italian composers such as <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Berio" title="Luciano Berio">Berio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Nono_(composer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Nono (composer)">Nono</a> proved significant in the development of <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">experimental</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>. While the classical music tradition still holds strong in Italy, as evidenced by the fame of its innumerable opera houses, such as <a href="/wiki/La_Scala" title="La Scala">La Scala</a> of Milan and <a href="/wiki/Teatro_di_San_Carlo" title="Teatro di San Carlo">San Carlo</a> of Naples, and performers such as the pianist <a href="/wiki/Maurizio_Pollini" title="Maurizio Pollini">Maurizio Pollini</a> and the late tenor <a href="/wiki/Luciano_Pavarotti" title="Luciano Pavarotti">Luciano Pavarotti</a>, Italians have been no less appreciative of their thriving contemporary music scene. Italians are amply known as the mothers of opera.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-206">[206]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_opera" title="Italian opera">Italian opera</a> was believed to have been founded in the early 17th century, in Italian cities such as <a href="/wiki/Mantua" title="Mantua">Mantua</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venice" title="Venice">Venice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.co.uk-206">[206]</a> Later, works and pieces composed by native Italian composers of the 19th and early 20th centuries, such as <a href="/wiki/Rossini" class="mw-redirect" title="Rossini">Rossini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vincenzo_Bellini" title="Vincenzo Bellini">Bellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donizetti" class="mw-redirect" title="Donizetti">Donizetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verdi" class="mw-redirect" title="Verdi">Verdi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Puccini" class="mw-redirect" title="Puccini">Puccini</a>, are among the most famous operas ever written and today are performed in opera houses across the world. La Scala operahouse in Milan is also renowned as one of the best in the world. Famous Italian opera singers include <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Caruso" title="Enrico Caruso">Enrico Caruso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Bonci" title="Alessandro Bonci">Alessandro Bonci</a>. Introduced in the early 1920s, <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> took a particularly strong foothold among Italians, and remained popular despite the xenophobic cultural policies of the Fascist regime. Today, the most notable centres of jazz music in Italy include Milan, Rome, and Sicily. Later, Italy was at the forefront of the <a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">progressive rock</a> movement of the 1970s, with bands like <a href="/wiki/Premiata_Forneria_Marconi" title="Premiata Forneria Marconi">PFM</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goblin_(band)" title="Goblin (band)">Goblin</a>. Italy was also an important country in the development of <a href="/wiki/Disco" title="Disco">disco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Electronic_music" title="Electronic music">electronic music</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Italo_disco" title="Italo disco">Italo disco</a>, known for its futuristic sound and prominent usage of synthesizers and <a href="/wiki/Drum_machine" title="Drum machine">drum machines</a>, being one of the earliest electronic dance genres, as well as European forms of disco aside from <a href="/wiki/Euro_disco" class="mw-redirect" title="Euro disco">Euro disco</a> (which later went on to influence several genres such as <a href="/wiki/Eurodance" title="Eurodance">Eurodance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nu-disco" title="Nu-disco">Nu-disco</a>). Producers and songwriters such as <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Moroder" title="Giorgio Moroder">Giorgio Moroder</a>, who won three <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a> for his music, were highly influential in the development of <a href="/wiki/Electronic_dance_music" title="Electronic dance music">EDM</a> (electronic dance music). Today, Italian pop music is represented annually with the <a href="/wiki/Sanremo_Music_Festival" title="Sanremo Music Festival">Sanremo Music Festival</a>, which served as inspiration for the <a href="/wiki/Eurovision" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurovision">Eurovision</a> song contest, and the <a href="/wiki/Festival_of_Two_Worlds" class="mw-redirect" title="Festival of Two Worlds">Festival of Two Worlds</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spoleto" title="Spoleto">Spoleto</a>. Singers such as <a href="/wiki/Traditional_pop" title="Traditional pop">pop</a> <a href="/wiki/Diva" title="Diva">diva</a> <a href="/wiki/Mina_(Italian_singer)" title="Mina (Italian singer)">Mina</a>, classical crossover artist <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Bocelli" title="Andrea Bocelli">Andrea Bocelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammy" class="mw-redirect" title="Grammy">Grammy</a> winner <a href="/wiki/Laura_Pausini" title="Laura Pausini">Laura Pausini</a>, and European chart-topper <a href="/wiki/Eros_Ramazzotti" title="Eros Ramazzotti">Eros Ramazzotti</a> have attained international acclaim. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cinema">Cinema</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_film_directors" title="List of Italian film directors">List of Italian film directors</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_actors" title="List of Italian actors">List of Italian actors</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/220px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/330px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg/440px-Federico_Fellini_NYWTS_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2608" data-file-height="2137" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, considered one of the most influential and widely revered <a href="/wiki/Filmmaking" title="Filmmaking">filmmakers</a> in the history of cinema<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a></figcaption></figure> Since the development of the Italian film industry in the early 1900s, Italian filmmakers and performers have, at times, experienced both domestic and international success, and have influenced film movements throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> The history of <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Italian cinema</a> began a few months after the <a href="/wiki/Auguste_and_Louis_Lumi%C3%A8re" title="Auguste and Louis Lumière">Lumière brothers</a> began motion picture exhibitions.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a> The first Italian director is considered to be <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_Calcina" title="Vittorio Calcina">Vittorio Calcina</a>, a collaborator of the Lumière Brothers, who filmed <a href="/wiki/Pope_Leo_XIII" title="Pope Leo XIII">Pope Leo XIII</a> in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> In the 1910s the Italian film industry developed rapidly.<a href="#cite_note-treccani-cinematografia-213">[213]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cabiria" title="Cabiria">Cabiria</a>, a 1914 Italian <a href="/wiki/Epic_film" title="Epic film">epic film</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Giovanni_Pastrone" title="Giovanni Pastrone">Giovanni Pastrone</a>, is considered the most famous Italian <a href="/wiki/Silent_film" title="Silent film">silent film</a>.<a href="#cite_note-treccani-cinematografia-213">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> It was also the first film in history to be shown in the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[217]</a> The oldest European <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> cinema movement, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Futurism_(cinema)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Futurism (cinema)">Italian futurism</a>, took place in the late 1910s.<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a> After a period of decline in the 1920s, the Italian film industry was revitalized in the 1930s with the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Sound_film" title="Sound film">sound film</a>. A popular Italian genre during this period, the <a href="/wiki/Telefoni_Bianchi" title="Telefoni Bianchi">Telefoni Bianchi</a>, consisted of comedies with glamorous backgrounds.<a href="#cite_note-katz-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Calligrafismo" title="Calligrafismo">Calligrafismo</a> was instead in a sharp contrast to Telefoni Bianchi-American style comedies and is rather <a href="/wiki/Imitation_(art)" title="Imitation (art)">artistic</a>, highly <a href="/wiki/Formalism_(art)" title="Formalism (art)">formalistic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Expressionism" title="Expressionism">expressive</a> in complexity and deals mainly with contemporary literary material.<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:312px;max-width:312px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:S_Kragujevic,_Vittorio_De_Sica,_1959.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/159px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG" decoding="async" width="159" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/239px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG/318px-S_Kragujevic%2C_Vittorio_De_Sica%2C_1959.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2260" data-file-height="2960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, one of the world's most acclaimed and influential filmmakers of all time<a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:147px;max-width:147px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg/145px-Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg" decoding="async" width="145" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg/218px-Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg/290px-Sergio_Leone_1975.jpg 2x" data-file-width="802" data-file-height="1154" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>, widely regarded as one of the most influential directors in the history of cinema<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a></div></div></div></div></div> A new era took place at the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, with the Italian film that was widely recognised and exported until an artistic decline around the 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_film_directors_from_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of film directors from Italy">Notable Italian film directors</a> from this period include <a href="/wiki/Vittorio_De_Sica" title="Vittorio De Sica">Vittorio De Sica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pier_Paolo_Pasolini" title="Pier Paolo Pasolini">Pier Paolo Pasolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luchino_Visconti" title="Luchino Visconti">Luchino Visconti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duccio_Tessari" title="Duccio Tessari">Dussio Tessari</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Rossellini" title="Roberto Rossellini">Roberto Rossellini</a>; some of these are recognised among the greatest and most influential filmmakers of all time.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> Movies include world cinema treasures such as <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">Bicycle Thieves</a>, <a href="/wiki/La_dolce_vita" title="La dolce vita">La dolce vita</a>, <a href="/wiki/8%C2%BD" title="8½">8½</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Good,_the_Bad_and_the_Ugly" title="The Good, the Bad and the Ugly">The Good, the Bad and the Ugly</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Once_Upon_a_Time_in_the_West" title="Once Upon a Time in the West">Once Upon a Time in the West</a>. The mid-1940s to the early 1950s was the heyday of <a href="/wiki/Italian_neorealism" title="Italian neorealism">neorealist films</a>, reflecting the poor condition of post-war Italy.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> Actresses such as <a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giulietta_Masina" title="Giulietta Masina">Giulietta Masina</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a> achieved international stardom during this period.<a href="#cite_note-katz-219">[219]</a> Since the early 1960s they also popularized a large number of genres and subgenres, such as <a href="/wiki/Peplum_film_genre" class="mw-redirect" title="Peplum film genre">Peplum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Macaroni_Combat" class="mw-redirect" title="Macaroni Combat">Macaroni Combat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musicarello" title="Musicarello">Musicarello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poliziotteschi" title="Poliziotteschi">Poliziotteschi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Commedia_sexy_all%27italiana" title="Commedia sexy all'italiana">Commedia sexy all'italiana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aulenti-228">[228]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western" title="Spaghetti Western">Spaghetti Western</a> achieved popularity in the mid-1960s, peaking with <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Leone" title="Sergio Leone">Sergio Leone</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Dollars_Trilogy" title="Dollars Trilogy">Dollars Trilogy</a>, which featured enigmatic <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">scores</a> by composer <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>. Erotic Italian thrillers, or <a href="/wiki/Giallo" title="Giallo">Giallos</a>, produced by directors such as <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bava" title="Mario Bava">Mario Bava</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dario_Argento" title="Dario Argento">Dario Argento</a> in the 1970s, influenced the horror genre worldwide. In recent years, directors such as <a href="/wiki/Ermanno_Olmi" title="Ermanno Olmi">Ermanno Olmi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernardo_Bertolucci" title="Bernardo Bertolucci">Bernardo Bertolucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Tornatore" title="Giuseppe Tornatore">Giuseppe Tornatore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gabriele_Salvatores" title="Gabriele Salvatores">Gabriele Salvatores</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Benigni" title="Roberto Benigni">Roberto Benigni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matteo_Garrone" title="Matteo Garrone">Matteo Garrone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Sorrentino" title="Paolo Sorrentino">Paolo Sorrentino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luca_Guadagnino" title="Luca Guadagnino">Luca Guadagnino</a> brought critical acclaim back to Italian cinema. The <a href="/wiki/Venice_International_Film_Festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Venice International Film Festival">Venice International Film Festival</a>, awarding the "<a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lion</a>" and held annually since 1932, is the oldest film festival in the world and one of the "<a href="/wiki/Film_festival#Notable_festivals" title="Film festival">Big Three</a>" alongside <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-VeniceFilmFest-229">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-230">[230]</a> The country is also famed for its prestigious <a href="/wiki/David_di_Donatello" title="David di Donatello">David di Donatello</a>. Italy is the most awarded country at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a> for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">Best Foreign Language Film</a>, with 14 awards won, 3 <a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Special Awards</a> and 28 <a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_submissions_for_the_Academy_Award_for_Best_Foreign_Language_Film" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film">nominations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit">[update]</a>, Italian films have also won 12 <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palmes d'Or</a> (the second-most of any country),<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> 11 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Lion" title="Golden Lion">Golden Lions</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/Golden_Bear" title="Golden Bear">Golden Bears</a>.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> The list of the <a href="/wiki/100_Italian_films_to_be_saved" class="mw-redirect" title="100 Italian films to be saved">100 Italian films to be saved</a> was created with the aim to report "100 films that have changed the collective memory of the country between 1942 and 1978".<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fashion_and_design">Fashion and design</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fashion and design">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Italian design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">History of Italian fashion</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG/170px-Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG/255px-Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG/340px-Guccio_Gucci_c.1940.JPG 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guccio_Gucci" title="Guccio Gucci">Guccio Gucci</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Italian fashion</a> has <a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">a long tradition</a>. Milan, Florence and Rome are Italy's main <a href="/wiki/Fashion_capital" title="Fashion capital">fashion capitals</a>. According to Top Global Fashion Capital Rankings 2013 by <a href="/wiki/Global_Language_Monitor" title="Global Language Monitor">Global Language Monitor</a>, Rome ranked sixth worldwide when Milan was twelfth. Previously, in 2009, Milan was declared as the "fashion capital of the world" by Global Language Monitor itself.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Currently, Milan and Rome, annually compete with other major international centres, such as Paris, New York, London, and Tokyo. The Italian fashion industry is one of the country's most important manufacturing sectors. The majority of the older Italian couturiers are based in Rome. However, Milan is seen as the fashion capital of Italy because many well-known designers are based there and it is the venue for the Italian designer collections. Major Italian fashion labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Gucci" title="Gucci">Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armani" title="Armani">Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prada" title="Prada">Prada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Versace" title="Versace">Versace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_SpA" class="mw-redirect" title="Valentino SpA">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dolce_%26_Gabbana" title="Dolce & Gabbana">Dolce & Gabbana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missoni" title="Missoni">Missoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fendi" title="Fendi">Fendi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moschino" title="Moschino">Moschino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Max_Mara" title="Max Mara">Max Mara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trussardi" title="Trussardi">Trussardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benetton_Group" title="Benetton Group">Benetton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ferragamo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferragamo">Ferragamo</a>, to name a few, are regarded as among the finest fashion houses in the world. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolce_e_Gabbana_(26441884825).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg/220px-Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg/330px-Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg/440px-Dolce_e_Gabbana_%2826441884825%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="534" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stefano_Gabbana" title="Stefano Gabbana">Stefano Gabbana</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Dolce" title="Domenico Dolce">Domenico Dolce</a> (right)</figcaption></figure> Accessory and jewelry labels, such as <a href="/wiki/Bulgari" title="Bulgari">Bulgari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luxottica" title="Luxottica">Luxottica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Buccellati" title="Buccellati">Buccellati</a> have been founded in Italy and are internationally acclaimed, and Luxottica is the world's largest eyewear company. Also, the fashion magazine <a href="/wiki/Vogue_Italia" title="Vogue Italia">Vogue Italia</a>, is considered one of the most prestigious fashion magazines in the world.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> The talent of young, creative fashion is also promoted, as in the ITS young fashion designer competition in Trieste.<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a> Italy is also prominent <a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">in the field of design</a>, notably interior design, architectural design, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, and urban design. The country has produced some well-known furniture designers, such as <a href="/wiki/Gio_Ponti" title="Gio Ponti">Gio Ponti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ettore_Sottsass" title="Ettore Sottsass">Ettore Sottsass</a>, and Italian phrases such as Bel Disegno and Linea Italiana have entered the vocabulary of furniture design.<a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> Examples of classic pieces of Italian <a href="/wiki/White_goods" class="mw-redirect" title="White goods">white goods</a> and pieces of furniture include <a href="/wiki/Zanussi" title="Zanussi">Zanussi</a>'s washing machines and fridges,<a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_(2004)_p._220._26_Sept._2011.-240">[240]</a> the "New Tone" sofas by Atrium,<a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_(2004)_p._220._26_Sept._2011.-240">[240]</a> and the post-modern bookcase by Ettore Sottsass, inspired by Bob Dylan's song "<a href="/wiki/Stuck_Inside_of_Mobile_with_the_Memphis_Blues_Again" title="Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again">Stuck Inside of Mobile with the Memphis Blues Again</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_(2004)_p._220._26_Sept._2011.-240">[240]</a> Italy is recognized as being a worldwide trendsetter and leader in design.<a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-241">[241]</a> Italy today still exerts a vast influence on <a href="/wiki/Urban_design" title="Urban design">urban design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Industrial_design" title="Industrial design">industrial design</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interior_design" title="Interior design">interior design</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fashion_design" title="Fashion design">fashion design</a> worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-Insight_Guides_2004_p.220-241">[241]</a> Today, Milan and Turin are the nation's leaders in architectural design and industrial design. The city of Milan hosts the <a href="/wiki/FieraMilano" class="mw-redirect" title="FieraMilano">FieraMilano</a>, Europe's biggest design fair.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> Milan also hosts major design and architecture-related events and venues, such as the Fuori Salone and the <a href="/wiki/Salone_del_Mobile" title="Salone del Mobile">Salone del Mobile</a>, and has been home to the designers <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Munari" title="Bruno Munari">Bruno Munari</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucio_Fontana" title="Lucio Fontana">Lucio Fontana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Castellani" title="Enrico Castellani">Enrico Castellani</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Piero_Manzoni" title="Piero Manzoni">Piero Manzoni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> Notable Italian fashion designers are <a href="/wiki/Guccio_Gucci" title="Guccio Gucci">Guccio Gucci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Ferragamo" title="Salvatore Ferragamo">Salvatore Ferragamo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Armani" title="Giorgio Armani">Giorgio Armani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Versace" title="Gianni Versace">Gianni Versace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentino_(fashion_designer)" title="Valentino (fashion designer)">Valentino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ottavio_Missoni" title="Ottavio Missoni">Ottavio Missoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Trussardi" title="Nicola Trussardi">Nicola Trussardi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mariuccia_Mandelli" title="Mariuccia Mandelli">Mariuccia Mandelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rocco_Barocco" title="Rocco Barocco">Rocco Barocco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Cavalli" title="Roberto Cavalli">Roberto Cavalli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Renato_Balestra" title="Renato Balestra">Renato Balestra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laura_Biagiotti" title="Laura Biagiotti">Laura Biagiotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stefano_Gabbana" title="Stefano Gabbana">Stefano Gabbana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Domenico_Dolce" title="Domenico Dolce">Domenico Dolce</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport in Italy</a></div> Italians have a long tradition in sport. In numerous sports, both individual and team, Italy has been very successful. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg/220px-Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg/330px-Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg/440px-Compagnoni_and_Lacedelli_1954.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1332" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Achille_Compagnoni" title="Achille Compagnoni">Achille Compagnoni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lino_Lacedelli" title="Lino Lacedelli">Lino Lacedelli</a>, the first people to <a href="/wiki/1954_Italian_Karakoram_expedition_to_K2" class="mw-redirect" title="1954 Italian Karakoram expedition to K2">reach the summit of K2</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Italy" title="Football in Italy">Association football</a> is the most popular sport in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_football_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national football team">Italy</a> is one of the most successful national teams in association football having four <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Cup" title="FIFA World Cup">FIFA World Cups</a>, two UEFA European Championship and one Olympic tournament. Amongst the players who won the FIFA World Cup there are <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Meazza" title="Giuseppe Meazza">Giuseppe Meazza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silvio_Piola" title="Silvio Piola">Silvio Piola</a> (to date the highest goalscorer in Italian first league history), <a href="/wiki/Dino_Zoff" title="Dino Zoff">Dino Zoff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Rossi" title="Paolo Rossi">Paolo Rossi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marco_Tardelli" title="Marco Tardelli">Marco Tardelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Conti" title="Bruno Conti">Bruno Conti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gianluigi_Buffon" title="Gianluigi Buffon">Gianluigi Buffon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fabio_Cannavaro" title="Fabio Cannavaro">Fabio Cannavaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alessandro_Del_Piero" title="Alessandro Del Piero">Alessandro Del Piero</a>, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Pirlo" title="Andrea Pirlo">Andrea Pirlo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francesco_Totti" title="Francesco Totti">Francesco Totti</a>. Amongst those who did not win the World Cup but laureated as European champions are <a href="/wiki/Gianni_Rivera" title="Gianni Rivera">Gianni Rivera</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Riva" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Riva">Luigi Riva</a> (to date Italy's leading scorer of all time), <a href="/wiki/Sandro_Salvadore" title="Sandro Salvadore">Sandro Salvadore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Bulgarelli" title="Giacomo Bulgarelli">Giacomo Bulgarelli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pietro_Anastasi" title="Pietro Anastasi">Pietro Anastasi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Giacinto_Facchetti" title="Giacinto Facchetti">Giacinto Facchetti</a>. Other prominent players who achieved success at club level are <a href="/wiki/Giampiero_Boniperti" title="Giampiero Boniperti">Giampiero Boniperti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romeo_Benetti" title="Romeo Benetti">Romeo Benetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Boninsegna" title="Roberto Boninsegna">Roberto Boninsegna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Bettega" title="Roberto Bettega">Roberto Bettega</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roberto_Baggio" title="Roberto Baggio">Roberto Baggio</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paolo_Maldini" title="Paolo Maldini">Paolo Maldini</a>. Of the above-mentioned, the goalkeeper Dino Zoff, who served in the National team from 1968 to 1983, is to date the only Italian player to have won both the European championship (in 1968) and the FIFA World Cup (in 1982), apart from being the oldest winner ever of the World Cup. At club level, to date Italy has won a total of 12 European Cup / Champions' Leagues, 9 <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Europa_League" title="UEFA Europa League">UEFA Cups / UEFA Europa League</a> and 7 <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Cup_Winners%27_Cup" title="UEFA Cup Winners' Cup">UEFA Cup Winners' Cup</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Giacomo_Agostini_(1968).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg/170px-Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg/255px-Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg/340px-Giacomo_Agostini_%281968%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2225" data-file-height="2967" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini" title="Giacomo Agostini">Giacomo Agostini</a>, the most successful motorcyclist in the history of the World Championship<a href="#cite_note-oasport-244">[244]</a></figcaption></figure> Motorcycle racers such as <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Agostini" title="Giacomo Agostini">Giacomo Agostini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valentino_Rossi" title="Valentino Rossi">Valentino Rossi</a> are recognized as some of the greatest sportstars of all time. <a href="/wiki/Federica_Pellegrini" title="Federica Pellegrini">Federica Pellegrini</a>, one of the few female swimmers to have set world records in more than one event has been one of the world's most successful swimmers. Italian athletes have won 549 medals at the <a href="/wiki/Summer_Olympic_Games" title="Summer Olympic Games">Summer Olympic Games</a>, and another 114 medals at the <a href="/wiki/Winter_Olympic_Games" title="Winter Olympic Games">Winter Olympic Games</a>. <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Rossi" title="Jessica Rossi">Jessica Rossi</a> scored a <a href="/wiki/Shooting_sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Shooting sport">Shooting sport</a> world record of 75 in the qualification and a world record of 99. As for Olympic games, 663 Italians won medals, particularly in <a href="/wiki/Swordsmanship" title="Swordsmanship">Swordsmanship</a>, which makes them the 6th most successful ethnic group in Olympic history. There are more than 2,000,000 Italian skiers in the world, most of them, thanks to the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Apennines" class="mw-redirect" title="Apennines">Apennines</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Central_Italy" title="Central Italy">Central Italy</a>. Italian skiers received good results in the Winter Olympic Games, World Cup, and World Championships. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg/170px-Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg/255px-Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg/340px-Edoardo_Mangiarotti2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="542" data-file-height="724" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edoardo_Mangiarotti" title="Edoardo Mangiarotti">Edoardo Mangiarotti</a>, the world's most successful <a href="/wiki/Fencing" title="Fencing">fencer</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a></figcaption></figure> Italians are the second of the most who have won the <a href="/wiki/World_Cycling_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="World Cycling Championship">World Cycling Championship</a> more than any other country after <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giro_d%27Italia" title="Giro d'Italia">Giro d'Italia</a> is a world-famous long-distance cycling race held every May, and constitutes one of the three <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour_(cycling)" title="Grand Tour (cycling)">Grand Tours</a>, along with the <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_France" title="Tour de France">Tour de France</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vuelta_a_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Vuelta a España">Vuelta a España</a>, each of which last approximately three weeks. <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">Tennis</a> has a significant following near courts and on television. Italian professional tennis players are almost always in the top 100 world ranking of male and female players. <a href="/wiki/Beach_tennis#Beach_tennis_with_paddle_racket" title="Beach tennis">Beach tennis with paddle racquet</a> was invented by Italians, and is practised by many people across the country. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is also quite followed in Italy. The <a href="/wiki/Italian_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian national basketball team">Italian national basketball team</a>'s best results were gold at <a href="/wiki/Eurobasket_1983" class="mw-redirect" title="Eurobasket 1983">Eurobasket 1983</a> and <a href="/wiki/EuroBasket_1999" title="EuroBasket 1999">EuroBasket 1999</a>, as well as silver at the Olympics in <a href="/wiki/Basketball_at_the_2004_Summer_Olympics" title="Basketball at the 2004 Summer Olympics">2004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lega_Basket_Serie_A" title="Lega Basket Serie A">Lega Basket Serie A</a> is widely considered one of the most competitive in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <a href="/wiki/Volleyball" title="Volleyball">Volleyball</a> is played by a lot of amateur players and professional players compete in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Volleyball_League" title="Italian Volleyball League">Italian Volleyball League</a>, regarded as the best and most difficult volleyball league in the world. The <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_volleyball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Italy national volleyball team">male</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italy_women%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Italy women's national volleyball team">female</a> national teams are often in the top 4 ranking of teams in the world. <a href="/wiki/Athletics_(sport)" class="mw-redirect" title="Athletics (sport)">Athletics</a> is a popular sport for Italians, as the Italian World and Olympic champions are very celebrated people. In <a href="/wiki/Wrestling" title="Wrestling">wrestling</a>, one of the most remarkable wrestlers is <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Sammartino" title="Bruno Sammartino">Bruno Sammartino</a>, who held the record of the <a href="/wiki/WWE_Championship" title="WWE Championship">WWWF (World) Heavyweight Championship</a> for over 11 years across two reigns, the first of which is the longest single reign in the promotion's history. <a href="/wiki/Rugby_union" title="Rugby union">Rugby union</a> was imported from France in the 1910s and has been regularly played since the 1920s; the <a href="/wiki/Italy_national_rugby_union_team" title="Italy national rugby union team">National team</a> has progressed slowly but significantly during the decades and thanks to the good results achieved in the second half of the 1990s, when they managed to beat historical teams like <a href="/wiki/Scotland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Scotland national rugby union team">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland_national_rugby_union_team" title="Ireland national rugby union team">Ireland</a> and eventually <a href="/wiki/France_national_rugby_union_team" title="France national rugby union team">France</a>, Italy gained the admission to the Five Nation Championship, later renamed <a href="/wiki/Six_Nations_Championship" title="Six Nations Championship">Six Nations</a>; Italy has taken part to the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_World_Cup" title="Rugby World Cup">Rugby World Cup</a> since its inauguration in 1987 and never missed an edition though to date has never gone past the group stage. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Women">Women</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Women">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women in Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg/170px-Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg/255px-Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg/340px-Samantha_Cristoforetti_official_portrait_in_an_EMU_spacesuit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Cristoforetti" title="Samantha Cristoforetti">Samantha Cristoforetti</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women in Italy</a> refers to females who are from (or reside in) <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>. The legal and social status of Italian women has undergone rapid transformations and changes during the past decades. This includes <a href="/wiki/Family_law" title="Family law">family laws</a>, the enactment of <a href="/wiki/Discrimination" title="Discrimination">anti-discrimination measures</a>, and reforms to the penal code (in particular with regard to crimes of violence against women).<a href="#cite_note-europarl.europa.eu-136">[136]</a> After <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, women were given the right to vote in <a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">1946 Italian institutional referendum</a>. The new <a href="/wiki/Italian_Constitution" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Constitution">Italian Constitution</a> of 1948 affirmed that women had equal rights. It was not however until the 1970s that women in Italy scored some major achievements with the introduction of laws regulating divorce (1970), abortion (1978), and the approval in 1975 of the new family code. Today, women have the same legal rights as men in Italy, and have mainly the same job, business, and education opportunities.<a href="#cite_note-kwin-137">[137]</a> Famous women of the period include politicians <a href="/wiki/Nilde_Iotti" title="Nilde Iotti">Nilde Iotti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tina_Anselmi" title="Tina Anselmi">Tina Anselmi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Emma_Bonino" title="Emma Bonino">Emma Bonino</a>; actresses <a href="/wiki/Anna_Magnani" title="Anna Magnani">Anna Magnani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sofia_Loren" class="mw-redirect" title="Sofia Loren">Sofia Loren</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gina_Lollobrigida" title="Gina Lollobrigida">Gina Lollobrigida</a>; soprano <a href="/wiki/Renata_Tebaldi" title="Renata Tebaldi">Renata Tebaldi</a>; ballet dancer <a href="/wiki/Carla_Fracci" title="Carla Fracci">Carla Fracci</a>; costume designer <a href="/wiki/Milena_Canonero" title="Milena Canonero">Milena Canonero</a>; sportwomen <a href="/wiki/Sara_Simeoni" title="Sara Simeoni">Sara Simeoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deborah_Compagnoni" title="Deborah Compagnoni">Deborah Compagnoni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valentina_Vezzali" title="Valentina Vezzali">Valentina Vezzali</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Federica_Pellegrini" title="Federica Pellegrini">Federica Pellegrini</a>; writers <a href="/wiki/Natalia_Ginzburg" title="Natalia Ginzburg">Natalia Ginzburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elsa_Morante" title="Elsa Morante">Elsa Morante</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alda_Merini" title="Alda Merini">Alda Merini</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Oriana_Fallaci" title="Oriana Fallaci">Oriana Fallaci</a>; architect <a href="/wiki/Gae_Aulenti" title="Gae Aulenti">Gae Aulenti</a>; scientist and 1986 Nobel Prize winner <a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a>; astrophysicist <a href="/wiki/Margherita_Hack" title="Margherita Hack">Margherita Hack</a>; astronaut <a href="/wiki/Samantha_Cristoforetti" title="Samantha Cristoforetti">Samantha Cristoforetti</a>; pharmacologist <a href="/wiki/Elena_Cattaneo" title="Elena Cattaneo">Elena Cattaneo</a>; and <a href="/wiki/CERN" title="CERN">CERN</a> Director-General <a href="/wiki/Fabiola_Gianotti" title="Fabiola Gianotti">Fabiola Gianotti</a>. In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Giorgia_Meloni" title="Giorgia Meloni">Giorgia Meloni</a> became the first female <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister of Italy</a>. <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nobel_Prizes">Nobel Prizes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Nobel Prizes">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg/220px-Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="326" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7b/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="232" data-file-height="344" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a> was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_for_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize for Peace">Nobel Prize for Peace</a> in 1907. He adopted the motto In varietate unitas! which later inspired <a href="/wiki/Motto_of_the_European_Union" title="Motto of the European Union">Motto of the European Union</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/220px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/330px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg/440px-Luigi_Pirandello_1932.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3342" data-file-height="4021" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a>. He was awarded the 1934 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a>. Pirandello's <a href="/wiki/Tragedy" title="Tragedy">tragic</a> <a href="/wiki/Farce" title="Farce">farces</a> are often seen as forerunners of the <a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_the_Absurd" class="mw-redirect" title="Theatre of the Absurd">Theatre of the Absurd</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/220px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/330px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg/440px-Guglielmo_Marconi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="987" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a>, inventor and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_engineering" title="Electrical engineering">electrical engineer</a>, known for his creation of a practical <a href="/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">radio wave</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Wireless_telegraphy" title="Wireless telegraphy">wireless telegraph</a> system.<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> This led to Marconi being credited as the <a href="/wiki/Inventor_of_radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Inventor of radio">inventor of radio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> and he won the 1909 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> "in recognition of their contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<a href="#cite_note-NPbio-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a></figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year</th> <th>Winner</th> <th>Branch</th> <th>Contribution </th></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giosu%C3%A8_Carducci" title="Giosuè Carducci">Giosuè Carducci</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"Not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces".<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1906 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Camillo_Golgi" title="Camillo Golgi">Camillo Golgi</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"In recognition of his work on the structure of the nervous system".<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1907 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ernesto_Teodoro_Moneta" title="Ernesto Teodoro Moneta">Ernesto Teodoro Moneta</a> </td> <td>Peace </td> <td>"For his work in the press and in peace meetings, both public and private, for an understanding between France and Italy".<a href="#cite_note-254">[254]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1909 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"In recognition of his contributions to the development of wireless telegraphy".<a href="#cite_note-NPbio-249">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[255]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1926 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grazia_Deledda" title="Grazia Deledda">Grazia Deledda</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"For her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general."<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1934 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Luigi_Pirandello" title="Luigi Pirandello">Luigi Pirandello</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"For his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art."<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1938 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"For his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons."<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1957 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bovet" title="Daniel Bovet">Daniel Bovet</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"For his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles."<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Quasimodo" title="Salvatore Quasimodo">Salvatore Quasimodo</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"For his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times."<a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1959 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Emilio_Gino_Segr%C3%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Emilio Gino Segrè">Emilio Gino Segrè</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"For his discovery of the anti-proton."<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1963 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giulio_Natta" title="Giulio Natta">Giulio Natta</a> </td> <td>Chemistry </td> <td>"For his discoveries in the field of the chemistry and technology of high polymers."<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1969 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Salvatore_Luria" class="mw-redirect" title="Salvatore Luria">Salvatore Luria</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"For his discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses."<a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Renato_Dulbecco" title="Renato Dulbecco">Renato Dulbecco</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"For his discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell."<a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eugenio_Montale" title="Eugenio Montale">Eugenio Montale</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"For his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions."<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1984 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Carlo Rubbia</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"For his decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction."<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Franco_Modigliani" title="Franco Modigliani">Franco Modigliani</a> </td> <td>Economics </td> <td>"For his pioneering analyses of saving and of financial markets".<a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1986 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rita_Levi-Montalcini" title="Rita Levi-Montalcini">Rita Levi-Montalcini</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"For his discoveries in growth factors."<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1997 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> </td> <td>Literature </td> <td>"Who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden."<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2002 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Riccardo Giacconi</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"For pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources."<a href="#cite_note-271">[271]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2007 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mario_Capecchi" title="Mario Capecchi">Mario Capecchi</a> </td> <td>Medicine </td> <td>"For his discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells."<a href="#cite_note-272">[272]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>2021 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Giorgio Parisi</a> </td> <td>Physics </td> <td>"For the discovery of the interplay of disorder and fluctuations in physical systems from atomic to planetary scales."<a href="#cite_note-273">[273]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ethnogenesis">Ethnogenesis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Ethnogenesis">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Europe" title="Genetic history of Europe">Genetic history of Europe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic history of Italy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">List of ancient peoples of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png/220px-PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="431" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png/330px-PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png/440px-PCA_of_Italians_and_European_and_Mediterranean_populations.png 2x" data-file-width="2008" data-file-height="3937" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Principal_component_analysis" title="Principal component analysis">Principal component analysis</a> of the Italian population with other populations</figcaption></figure> Due to historic demographic shifts in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_peninsula" title="Italian peninsula">Italian peninsula</a> throughout history, its geographical position in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>, as well as Italy's regional ethnic diversity since ancient times, modern Italians are genetically diverse.<a href="#cite_note-274">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-275">[275]</a> The Iron Age tribes of Italy are <a href="/wiki/Pre-Indo-European_languages" title="Pre-Indo-European languages">pre-Indo-European-speaking</a> peoples, such as the <a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rhaetians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhaetians">Rhaetians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Camuni" class="mw-redirect" title="Camuni">Camuni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a>,<a href="#cite_note-276">[276]</a> and pre-Roman <a href="/wiki/Indo-European" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-European">Indo-European</a>-speaking peoples, like the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>) mainly in Northern Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a>,<a href="#cite_note-277">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-278">[278]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> throughout the peninsula (such as the <a href="/wiki/Latino-Faliscan_languages" title="Latino-Faliscan languages">Latino-Faliscans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrians</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>), and a significant number of <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greeks</a> in <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and Sicily (<a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>). Sicilians were also influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a>, specially during the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-279">[279]</a> Italians originate mostly from these primary elements and, like the rest of Romance-speaking <a href="/wiki/Southern_Europe" title="Southern Europe">Southern Europe</a>, share a common Latin heritage and history. There are also elements like the Bronze and Iron Age <a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Eastern">Middle Eastern</a> admixture, characterized by high frequencies of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatolian_peoples" title="Anatolian peoples">Anatolian</a> Neolithic ancestries, including several other ancient signatures derived ultimately from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a>, with a lower incidence in Northern Italy compared to Central and <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-280">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-281">[281]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-282">[282]</a> Ancient and Medieval <a href="/wiki/North_African" class="mw-redirect" title="North African">North African</a> admixture is also found in mainland <a href="/wiki/Southern_Italy" title="Southern Italy">Southern Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, with the highest incidence being in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-283">[283]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-279">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-282">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-281">[281]</a> In their admixtures, <a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a> and Southern Italians are closest to modern Greeks (as the historical region of Magna Graecia, "Greater Greece", bears witness to),<a href="#cite_note-286">[286]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Italians">Northern Italians</a> are closest to the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern French</a>.<a href="#cite_note-287">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-Price_2008-289">[289]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[290]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Stone Age">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistoric Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:European-middle-neolithic-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/220px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/330px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/European-middle-neolithic-en.svg/440px-European-middle-neolithic-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1042" data-file-height="893" /></a><figcaption>Neolithic Europe c. 4500 BC. The <a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium Pottery</a> people and the <a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery</a> people were derived from a single <a href="/wiki/Pre-modern_human_migration" title="Pre-modern human migration">migration from Anatolia</a> into the Balkans, which then split into two and expanded northward and westward further into Europe.</figcaption></figure> Italians, like most Europeans, largely descend from three distinct lineages:<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-291">[291]</a> Mesolithic <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>, descended from populations associated with the Paleolithic <a href="/wiki/Epigravettian" title="Epigravettian">Epigravettian</a> culture;<a href="#cite_note-292">[292]</a> Neolithic <a href="/wiki/Early_European_Farmers" title="Early European Farmers">Early European Farmers</a> who migrated from Anatolia during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> 9,000 years ago;<a href="#cite_note-293">[293]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yamnaya_culture" title="Yamnaya culture">Yamnaya</a> <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe pastoralists</a> who expanded into Europe from the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a> of Ukraine and southern Russia in the context of Indo-European migrations 5,000 years ago.<a href="#cite_note-Indo-European-291">[291]</a> The earliest <a href="/wiki/Human" title="Human">modern humans</a> inhabiting Italy are believed to have been <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> peoples that may have arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Italian Peninsula</a> as early as 35,000 to 40,000 years ago. Italy is believed to have been a major <a href="/wiki/Last_Glacial_Maximum_refugia" title="Last Glacial Maximum refugia">Ice Age refuge</a> from which <a href="/wiki/Early_European_modern_humans" class="mw-redirect" title="Early European modern humans">Paleolithic humans</a> later colonized Europe. The <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> colonization of Europe from <a href="/wiki/Western_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Asia">Western Asia</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a> beginning around 10,000 years ago reached Italy, as most of the rest of the continent although, according to the <a href="/wiki/Demic_diffusion" title="Demic diffusion">demic diffusion</a> model, its impact was most in the southern and eastern regions of the European continent.<a href="#cite_note-pmid15044595-294">[294]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indo-European_migrations">Indo-European migrations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Indo-European migrations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_migrations" title="Indo-European migrations">Indo-European_migrations</a></div> Starting in the early <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the first wave of migrations into Italy of <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a>-speaking peoples occurred from <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a>, with the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Bell_Beaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Beaker">Bell Beaker</a> culture. These were later (from the 14th century BC) followed by others that can be identified as <a href="/wiki/Italo-Celtic" title="Italo-Celtic">Italo-Celts</a>, with the appearance of the Celtic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate culture</a><a href="#cite_note-295">[295]</a> and the Italic-speaking <a href="/wiki/Proto-Villanovan_culture" title="Proto-Villanovan culture">Proto-Villanovan culture</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Menotti2004-296">[296]</a> both deriving from the Proto-Italo-Celtic <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>. Recent DNA studies confirmed the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Western_Steppe_Herders" title="Western Steppe Herders">Steppe-related ancestry</a> in Northern Italy to at least 2000 BCE and in Central Italy by 1600 BCE, with this ancestry component increasing through time.<a href="#cite_note-297">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-298">[298]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[299]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> and late Bronze Age, Celtic-speaking <a href="/wiki/La_T%C3%A8ne_culture" title="La Tène culture">La Tène</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt</a> cultures spread over a large part of Italy,<a href="#cite_note-300">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-303">[303]</a> with related archeological artifacts found as far south as <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Prichard1826-304">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hazlitt1851-306">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[307]</a><a href="#cite_note-308">[308]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[309]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italics</a> occupied northeastern, southern and central Italy: the "West Italic" group (including the <a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>) were the first wave. They had cremation burials and possessed advanced metallurgical techniques. Major tribes included the Latins and <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Falisci</a> in Lazio; the <a href="/wiki/Oenotrians" title="Oenotrians">Oenotrians</a> and Italii in <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurunci" title="Aurunci">Aurunci</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opici" title="Opici">Opici</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>; and perhaps the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a> in Sicily. They were followed, and largely displaced by the East Italic (<a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrians</a>) group.<a href="#cite_note-310">[310]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-Roman">Pre-Roman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Pre-Roman">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant,_fresque.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg/400px-Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg" decoding="async" width="400" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg/600px-Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg/800px-Femmes_peuc%C3%A8tes_dansant%2C_fresque.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2990" data-file-height="1342" /></a><figcaption>Fresco of dancing <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetian</a> women in the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Dancers" title="Tomb of the Dancers">Tomb of the Dancers</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ruvo_di_Puglia" title="Ruvo di Puglia">Ruvo di Puglia</a>, 4th–5th century BC</figcaption></figure> By the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron Age Italy">Iron Age</a> the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a> emerged as the dominant civilization on the Italian peninsula. The Etruscans, whose primary home was in <a href="/wiki/Etruria" title="Etruria">Etruria</a>, expanded over a large part of Italy, covering a <a href="/wiki/Territory" title="Territory">territory</a>, at its greatest extent, of roughly what is now <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, and northern <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>,<a href="#cite_note-311">[311]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[312]</a> as well as what are now the <a href="/wiki/Po_Valley" title="Po Valley">Po Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a>, south-eastern <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, and western <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Camporeale2004-313">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-314">[314]</a><a href="#cite_note-315">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-belsito-316">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-317">[317]</a> On the origins of the Etruscans, the ancient authors report <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_origins" title="Etruscan origins">several hypotheses</a>, one of which claims that the Etruscans come from the Aegean Sea. Modern archaeological and genetic research concluded that the Etruscans were <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">autochthonous</a> and they had a genetic profile similar to their Latin neighbors. Both Etruscans and Latins joined firmly the European cluster lacking recent admixture with Anatolia or the Eastern Mediterranean.<a href="#cite_note-Ghirotto2013-318">[318]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tassi2013-319">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-Leonardi2018-320">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-Antonio2019-322">[322]</a><a href="#cite_note-Posth2021-323">[323]</a> The Ligures are said to have been one of the oldest populations in Italy and Western Europe,<a href="#cite_note-324">[324]</a> possibly of Pre-Indo-European origin.<a href="#cite_note-325">[325]</a> According to Strabo they were not Celts, but later became influenced by the Celtic culture of their neighbours, and thus are sometimes referred to as Celticized Ligurians or Celto-Ligurians.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-326">[326]</a> Their language had affinities with both <a href="/wiki/Italic_languages" title="Italic languages">Italic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Osco-Umbrian_languages" title="Osco-Umbrian languages">Osco-Umbrian languages</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Celtic_languages" title="Celtic languages">Celtic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gaulish_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaulish language">Gaulish</a>).<a href="#cite_note-327">[327]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-329">[329]</a> They primarily inhabited the regions of <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a>, western <a href="/wiki/Emilia-Romagna" title="Emilia-Romagna">Emilia-Romagna</a> and northern <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, but are believed to have once occupied an even larger portion of ancient Italy as far south as <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>.<a href="#cite_note-330">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-331">[331]</a> They were also settled in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> region along the southern coast of modern <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg/220px-Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg/330px-Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg/440px-Iron_Age_Italy-la.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="525" /></a><figcaption>Ethnolinguistic map of Italy in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a>, before the <a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman expansion in Italy</a></figcaption></figure> During the Iron Age, prior to Roman rule, the peoples living in the area of modern Italy and the islands were: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etruscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Etruscans">Etruscans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Camunni" title="Camunni">Camunni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Apuani" title="Apuani">Apuani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bagienni" title="Bagienni">Bagienni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Briniates" title="Briniates">Briniates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Corsi_people" title="Corsi people">Corsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Friniates" title="Friniates">Friniates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garuli" title="Garuli">Garuli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hercates" title="Hercates">Hercates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ilvates" title="Ilvates">Ilvates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orobii" title="Orobii">Orobii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laevi" title="Laevi">Laevi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lapicini" title="Lapicini">Lapicini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marici_(Ligures)" class="mw-redirect" title="Marici (Ligures)">Marici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statielli" title="Statielli">Statielli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taurini" title="Taurini">Taurini</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italics</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falisci" title="Falisci">Falisci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marsi" title="Marsi">Marsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volsci" title="Volsci">Volsci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marrucini" title="Marrucini">Marrucini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aurunci" title="Aurunci">Aurunci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campanians" title="Campanians">Campanians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paeligni" title="Paeligni">Paeligni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabines" title="Sabines">Sabines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bruttii" class="mw-redirect" title="Bruttii">Bruttii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frentani" title="Frentani">Frentani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pentri" title="Pentri">Pentri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caraceni_(tribe)" title="Caraceni (tribe)">Caraceni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caudini" title="Caudini">Caudini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hirpini" title="Hirpini">Hirpini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aequi" title="Aequi">Aequi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidenae" title="Fidenae">Fidenates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hernici" title="Hernici">Hernici</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestini" title="Vestini">Vestini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morgantina" title="Morgantina">Morgeti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iapygians" title="Iapygians">Iapygians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daunians" title="Daunians">Daunians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peucetians" title="Peucetians">Peucetians</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Allobroges" title="Allobroges">Allobroges</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ausones" title="Ausones">Ausones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carni" title="Carni">Carni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cenomani_(Cisalpine_Gaul)" title="Cenomani (Cisalpine Gaul)">Cenomani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceutrones" title="Ceutrones">Ceutrones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graioceli" title="Graioceli">Graioceli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lingones" title="Lingones">Lingones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Segusini" title="Segusini">Segusini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Senones" title="Senones">Senones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veragri" title="Veragri">Veragri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vertamocorii" title="Vertamocorii">Vertamocorii</a>);</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Greeks</a> of <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a>;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Nuragic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Nuragic tribes">tribes</a>), in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>;</li></ul> Italy was, throughout the pre-Roman period, predominantly inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Italic_tribes" class="mw-redirect" title="Italic tribes">Italic tribes</a> who occupied the modern regions of <a href="/wiki/Lazio" title="Lazio">Lazio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Umbria" title="Umbria">Umbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marche" title="Marche">Marche</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abruzzo" title="Abruzzo">Abruzzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basilicata" title="Basilicata">Basilicata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calabria" title="Calabria">Calabria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Sicily, in addition to having an Italic population in the <a href="/wiki/Sicels" title="Sicels">Sicels</a>, also was inhabited by the <a href="/wiki/Sicani" title="Sicani">Sicani</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Elymians" title="Elymians">Elymians</a>, of uncertain origin. The <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a>, most often regarded as an Italic tribe,<a href="#cite_note-332">[332]</a> chiefly inhabited the <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a>, but extended as far east as <a href="/wiki/Friuli-Venezia_Giulia" title="Friuli-Venezia Giulia">Friuli-Venezia Giulia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Istria" title="Istria">Istria</a>, and had colonies as far south as Lazio.<a href="#cite_note-ven3-333">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[334]</a> Beginning in the 8th century BC, Greeks arrived in Italy and founded cities along the coast of southern Italy and eastern Sicily, which became known as <a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a> ("Greater Greece"). The Greeks were frequently at war with the native Italic tribes, but nonetheless managed to <a href="/wiki/Hellenization" title="Hellenization">Hellenize</a> and assimilate a good portion of the indigenous population located along eastern Sicily and the Southern coasts of the Italian mainland.<a href="#cite_note-335">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[336]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Karl_Julius_Beloch" title="Karl Julius Beloch">Beloch</a> the number of Greek citizens in south Italy at its greatest extent reached only 80,000–90,000, while the local people subjected by the Greeks were between 400,000 and 600,000.<a href="#cite_note-337">[337]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-338">[338]</a> By the 4th and 3rd century BC, Greek power in Italy was challenged and began to decline, and many Greeks were pushed out of peninsular Italy by the native <a href="/wiki/Oscans" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscans">Oscan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brutti" class="mw-redirect" title="Brutti">Brutti</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lucanians" title="Lucanians">Lucani</a> tribes.<a href="#cite_note-339">[339]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg/220px-A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg/330px-A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg/440px-A_duel._Fresco_from_Lucanian_tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="643" /></a><figcaption>Duel of Lucanian warriors, fresco from a tomb of the 4th century BC</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Gauls" title="Gauls">Gauls</a> crossed the Alps and <a href="/wiki/Roman-Gallic_wars#Cisalpine" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman-Gallic wars">invaded northern Italy in the 4th and 3rd centuries BC</a>, settling in the area that became known as <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Cisalpine Gaul</a> ("Gaul on this side of the Alps"). Although named after the Gauls, the region was mostly inhabited by indigenous tribes, namely the Ligures, Etruscans, Veneti and <a href="/wiki/Euganei" title="Euganei">Euganei</a>. Estimates by Beloch and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brunt" title="Peter Brunt">Brunt</a> suggest that in the 3rd century BC the Gaulish settlers of north Italy numbered between 130,000 and 140,000 out of a total population of about 1.4 million.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-338">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ligt,_2012._p._43-44-340">[340]</a> The Northern half of Cisalpine Gaul was already inhabited by the Celtic <a href="/wiki/Lepontii" title="Lepontii">Lepontii</a> since the Bronze Age. Speaking about the Alpine region, the Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The <a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a> are inhabited by numerous nations, but all <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Keltic</a> with the exception of the Ligurians, and these, though of a different race, closely resemble them in their manner of life.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-326">[326]</a></blockquote> According to <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny</a> and <a href="/wiki/Livy" title="Livy">Livy</a>, after the invasion of the Gauls, some of the Etruscans living in the Po Valley sought refuge in the Alps and became known as the <a href="/wiki/Raeti" class="mw-redirect" title="Raeti">Raeti</a>.<a href="#cite_note-341">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[342]</a> The Raeti inhabited the region of <a href="/wiki/Trentino-Alto_Adige" class="mw-redirect" title="Trentino-Alto Adige">Trentino-Alto Adige</a>, as well as eastern <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tyrol_(state)" title="Tyrol (state)">Tyrol</a> in western <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ladin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladin people">Ladins</a> of north-eastern Italy and the <a href="/wiki/Romansh_people" title="Romansh people">Romansh people</a> of Switzerland are said to be descended from the Raeti.<a href="#cite_note-343">[343]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman">Roman</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Roman">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Colonia (Roman)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Romancoloniae2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Romancoloniae2.jpg" decoding="async" width="208" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="208" data-file-height="234" /></a><figcaption>Map of Roman coloniae during the second century in Italy</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>—who according to legend originally consisted of <a href="/wiki/Roman_tribe" title="Roman tribe">three ancient tribes</a>: Latins, Sabines and Etruscans<a href="#cite_note-344">[344]</a>—would go on to <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman conquest of Italy">conquer the whole Italian peninsula</a>. During the Roman period hundreds of cities and colonies were established throughout Italy, including <a href="/wiki/Florence" title="Florence">Florence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Como" title="Como">Como</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavia" title="Pavia">Pavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Padua" title="Padua">Padua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Verona" title="Verona">Verona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vicenza" title="Vicenza">Vicenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a> and many others. Initially many of these cities were colonized by Latins, but later also included colonists belonging to the other Italic tribes who had become Latinized and joined to Rome. After the Roman conquest of Italy "the whole of Italy had become Latinized".<a href="#cite_note-345">[345]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul#Gallic_expansion_and_Roman_conquest" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Roman conquest of Cisalpine Gaul</a> and the widespread confiscations of Gallic territory, some of the Gaulish population was either killed or expelled.<a href="#cite_note-346">[346]</a><a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_5.1.10-347">[347]</a> Many colonies were established by the Romans in the former Gallic territory of Cisalpine Gaul, which was then settled by Roman and Italic people. These colonies included <a href="/wiki/Bologna" title="Bologna">Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Modena" title="Modena">Modena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reggio_Emilia" title="Reggio Emilia">Reggio Emilia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parma" title="Parma">Parma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piacenza" title="Piacenza">Piacenza</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cremona" title="Cremona">Cremona</a> and <a href="/wiki/Forl%C3%AC" title="Forlì">Forlì</a>. According to <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Cispadane peoples occupy all that country which is encircled by the Apennine Mountains towards the Alps as far as Genua and Sabata. The greater part of the country used to be occupied by the Boii, Ligures, Senones, and <a href="/wiki/Gaesatae" title="Gaesatae">Gaesatae</a>; but since the Boii have been driven out, and since both the Gaesatae and the Senones have been annihilated, only the Ligurian tribes and the Roman colonies are left.<a href="#cite_note-Strabo,_5.1.10-347">[347]</a></blockquote> The <a href="/wiki/Boii" title="Boii">Boii</a>, the most powerful and numerous of the Gallic tribes, were expelled by the Romans after 191 BC and settled in <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a>, while the <a href="/wiki/Insubres" title="Insubres">Insubres</a> still lived in <a href="/wiki/Mediolanum" title="Mediolanum">Mediolanum</a> in the 1st century BC.<a href="#cite_note-348">[348]</a> Population movement and exchange among people from different regions was not uncommon during the Roman period. Latin colonies were founded at <a href="/wiki/Rimini" title="Rimini">Ariminum</a> in 268 and at <a href="/wiki/Fermo" title="Fermo">Firmum</a> in 264,<a href="#cite_note-349">[349]</a> while large numbers of <a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a>, who previously inhabited the region, were moved to <a href="/wiki/Paestum" title="Paestum">Paestum</a> and settled along the river <a href="/wiki/Sele_(river)" title="Sele (river)">Silarus</a> in <a href="/wiki/Campania" title="Campania">Campania</a>. Between 180 and 179 BC, 47,000 Ligures belonging to the Apuani tribe were removed from their home along the modern Ligurian-Tuscan border and deported to <a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a>, an area corresponding to inland Campania, while Latin colonies were established in their place at <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Luni,_Italy" title="Luni, Italy">Luni</a>.<a href="#cite_note-350">[350]</a> Such population movements contributed to the rapid Romanization and Latinization of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Italy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-351">[351]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Middle_Ages_and_modern_period">Middle Ages and modern period</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Middle Ages and modern period">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif/220px-Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="199" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif/330px-Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif/440px-Map_of_the_Lombard_colonies_in_Sicily.gif 2x" data-file-width="632" data-file-height="572" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombard (Northern Italian) colonies</a> of Sicily: in light blue: the cities where Gallo-Italic language is spoken today. In dark blue: the cities where there is a good influence of the Gallo-Italic language. In purple: ancient Gallo-Italic colonies, the influence in these cities is variable, also some districts of <a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a> were colonized.</figcaption></figure> A large Germanic confederation of <a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turcilingi" title="Turcilingi">Turcilingi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rugians" class="mw-redirect" title="Rugians">Rugians</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Odoacer" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a>, invaded and settled Italy in 476.<a href="#cite_note-352">[352]</a> They were preceded by <a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a>, including 30,000 warriors with their families, who settled in the Po Valley in 371,<a href="#cite_note-353">[353]</a> and by <a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a> who settled between Northwestern Italy and Southern France in 443.<a href="#cite_note-Vauthier_Adams-354">[354]</a> The Germanic tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Theoderic_the_Great" class="mw-redirect" title="Theoderic the Great">Theoderic the Great</a> conquered Italy and presented themselves as upholders of Latin culture, mixing <a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Roman culture together with Gothic culture</a>, in order to legitimize their rule amongst Roman subjects who had a long-held belief in the superiority of Roman culture over foreign "<a href="/wiki/Barbarian" title="Barbarian">barbarian</a>" Germanic culture.<a href="#cite_note-355">[355]</a> Since Italy had a population of several million, the Goths did not constitute a significant addition to the local population.<a href="#cite_note-356">[356]</a> At the height of their power, there were several thousand Ostrogoths in a population of 6 or 7 million.<a href="#cite_note-Vauthier_Adams-354">[354]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[357]</a> Before them, <a href="/wiki/Radagaisus" title="Radagaisus">Radagaisus</a> led tens of thousands of Goths in Italy in 406, though figures may be too high as ancient sources routinely inflated the numbers of tribal invaders.<a href="#cite_note-358">[358]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)" title="Gothic War (535–554)">Gothic War</a>, which devastated the local population, the Ostrogoths were defeated. Nevertheless, according to Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Procopius_of_Caesarea" class="mw-redirect" title="Procopius of Caesarea">Procopius of Caesarea</a>, the Ostrogothic population was allowed to live peacefully in Italy with their Rugian allies under Roman sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-359">[359]</a> But in the sixth century, another Germanic tribe known as the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Longobards</a> invaded Italy, which in the meantime had been reconquered by the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The Longobards were a small minority compared to the roughly four million people in Italy at the time.<a href="#cite_note-Santosuosso_44-360">[360]</a> They were later followed by the <a href="/wiki/Bavarian_dynasty" title="Bavarian dynasty">Bavarians</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a>, who conquered and ruled most of Italy. Some groups of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> settled in parts of the northern Italian peninsula between the 7th and the 8th centuries,<a href="#cite_note-361">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-362">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-363">[363]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Bulgars" title="Bulgars">Bulgars</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Alcek" title="Alcek">Alcek</a> settled in <a href="/wiki/Sepino" title="Sepino">Sepino</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bojano" title="Bojano">Bojano</a> and <a href="/wiki/Isernia" title="Isernia">Isernia</a>. These Bulgars preserved their speech and identity until the late 8th century.<a href="#cite_note-364">[364]</a> Following Roman rule, Sicily, Corsica and Sardinia were conquered by the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a>, then by the Ostrogoths, and finally by the Byzantines. At one point, Sardinia grew increasingly autonomous from the Byzantine rule to the point of organizing itself into <a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">four sovereign Kingdoms</a>, known as "Judicates", that would last until the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragonese</a> conquest in the 15th century. Corsica came under the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Kingdom of the Lombards</a> and later under the maritime Republics of <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a>. In 687, Sicily became the Byzantine <a href="/wiki/Sicily_(theme)" title="Sicily (theme)">Theme of Sicily</a>; during the course of the <a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93Byzantine_wars" title="Arab–Byzantine wars">Arab–Byzantine wars</a>, Sicily gradually became the <a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Sicily" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirate of Sicily">Emirate of Sicily</a> (831–1072). Later, a series of conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a> would bring about the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/County_of_Sicily" title="County of Sicily">County of Sicily</a>, and eventually the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards of Sicily</a> (not to be confused with the Longobards), coming from <a href="/wiki/Northern_Italy" title="Northern Italy">Northern Italy</a>, settled in the central and eastern part of Sicily. After the marriage between the Norman <a href="/wiki/Roger_I_of_Sicily" title="Roger I of Sicily">Roger I of Sicily</a> and <a href="/wiki/Adelaide_del_Vasto" title="Adelaide del Vasto">Adelaide del Vasto</a>, descendant of the <a href="/wiki/Aleramici" title="Aleramici">Aleramici</a> family, many Northern Italian colonisers (known collectively as Lombards) left their homeland, in the Aleramici's possessions in <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a> (then known as Lombardy), to settle on the island of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.it-365">[365]</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[366]</a> Before them, other Lombards arrived in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, with an expedition departed in 1038, led by the Byzantine commander <a href="/wiki/George_Maniakes" title="George Maniakes">George Maniakes</a>,<a href="#cite_note-367">[367]</a> which for a very short time managed to snatch Messina and <a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Syracuse</a> from <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> rule. The Lombards who arrived with the Byzantines settled in <a href="/wiki/Maniace" title="Maniace">Maniace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Randazzo" title="Randazzo">Randazzo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Troina" title="Troina">Troina</a>, while a group of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> and other Lombards from Liguria settled in <a href="/wiki/Caltagirone" title="Caltagirone">Caltagirone</a>.<a href="#cite_note-368">[368]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg/200px-Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg/300px-Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg/400px-Map_of_Tuscan_settlements_in_Sicily.jpg 2x" data-file-width="518" data-file-height="445" /></a><figcaption>Map of Tuscan settlements in Sicily</figcaption></figure> During the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Hohenstaufen" title="Hohenstaufen">Swabian</a> rule under the Holy Roman Emperor <a href="/wiki/Frederick_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor">Frederick II</a>, who spent most of his life as <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">king of Sicily</a> in his court in <a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Moors were progressively eradicated until the massive deportation of the last <a href="/wiki/Muslims" title="Muslims">Muslims</a> of Sicily.<a href="#cite_note-369">[369]</a> As a result of the Arab expulsion, many towns across Sicily were left depopulated. By the 12th century, Swabian kings granted immigrants from northern Italy (particularly <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liguria" title="Liguria">Liguria</a>), <a href="/wiki/Latium" title="Latium">Latium</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> in central Italy, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French regions</a> of <a href="/wiki/Normandy" title="Normandy">Normandy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> (all collectively known as Lombards.)<a href="#cite_note-370">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-371">[371]</a> settlement into Sicily, re-establishing the Latin element into the island, a legacy which can be seen in the many <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Italic_of_Sicily" title="Gallo-Italic of Sicily">Gallo-Italic</a> dialects and towns found in the interior and western parts of Sicily, brought by these settlers.<a href="#cite_note-372">[372]</a> It is believed that the Lombard immigrants in Sicily over a couple of centuries were a total of about 200,000.<a href="#cite_note-373">[373]</a><a href="#cite_note-374">[374]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[375]</a> An estimated 20,000 <a href="/wiki/Swabians" title="Swabians">Swabians</a> and 40,000 <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> settled in the southern half of Italy during this period.<a href="#cite_note-376">[376]</a> Additional Tuscan migrants settled in Sicily after the Florentine conquest of Pisa in 1406.<a href="#cite_note-377">[377]</a> Some of the expelled Muslims were deported to <a href="/wiki/Lucera" title="Lucera">Lucera</a> (Lugêrah, as it was known in Arabic). Their numbers eventually reached between 15,000 and 20,000,<a href="#cite_note-378">[378]</a> leading Lucera to be called Lucaera Saracenorum because it represented the last stronghold of Islamic presence in Italy. The colony thrived for 75 years until it was sacked in 1300 by Christian forces under the command of the <a href="/wiki/Capetian_House_of_Anjou" title="Capetian House of Anjou">Angevin</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_II_of_Naples" title="Charles II of Naples">Charles II of Naples</a>. The city's Muslim inhabitants were exiled or sold into slavery,<a href="#cite_note-379">[379]</a> with many finding asylum in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-380">[380]</a> After the expulsions of Muslims in Lucera, Charles II replaced Lucera's Saracens with Christians, chiefly <a href="/wiki/Burgundy_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgundy (region)">Burgundian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provence" title="Provence">Provençal</a> soldiers and farmers,<a href="#cite_note-381">[381]</a> following an initial settlement of 140 Provençal families in 1273.<a href="#cite_note-382">[382]</a> A remnant of the descendants of these Provençal colonists, still speaking a <a href="/wiki/Franco-Proven%C3%A7al_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Franco-Provençal language">Franco-Provençal dialect</a>, has survived until the present day in the villages of <a href="/wiki/Faeto" title="Faeto">Faeto</a> and <a href="/wiki/Celle_di_San_Vito" title="Celle di San Vito">Celle di San Vito</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:275px;max-width:275px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:128px;max-width:128px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_(Zeno_Fotografie).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/126px-Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="126" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/189px-Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg/252px-Gebr%C3%BCder_Alinari_-_Giuseppe_Mazzini_%28Zeno_Fotografie%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1129" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:143px;max-width:143px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Garibaldi_(1866).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg/141px-Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="141" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg/212px-Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg/282px-Garibaldi_%281866%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1576" data-file-height="1930" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Mazzini" title="Giuseppe Mazzini">Giuseppe Mazzini</a> (left), highly influential leader of the Italian revolutionary movement; and <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> (right), celebrated as one of the greatest generals of modern times<a href="#cite_note-scholar_and_patriot-383">[383]</a> and as the "Hero of the Two Worlds",<a href="#cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-384">[384]</a> who commanded and fought in many military campaigns that led to <a href="/wiki/Italian_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian unification">Italian unification</a></div></div></div></div> Substantial migrations of Lombards to Naples, Rome and Palermo, continued in the 16th and 17th centuries, driven by the constant overcrowding in the north.<a href="#cite_note-385">[385]</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[386]</a> Beside that, minor but significant settlements of <a href="/wiki/Slavs" title="Slavs">Slavs</a> (the so-called <a href="/wiki/Schiavone" title="Schiavone">Schiavoni</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Arbereshe</a> in Italy have been recorded, while <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> soldiers - the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Guards_(France)" title="Scottish Guards (France)">Garde Ecossaise</a> - who served the French King, <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a>, settled in the mountains of <a href="/wiki/Piedmont" title="Piedmont">Piedmont</a>.<a href="#cite_note-387">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[388]</a> The geographical and cultural proximity with Southern Italy pushed Albanians to cross the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Otranto" title="Strait of Otranto">Strait of Otranto</a>, especially after <a href="/wiki/Skanderbeg" title="Skanderbeg">Skanderbeg</a>'s death and the conquest of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>. In defense of the Christian religion and in search of soldiers loyal to the Spanish crown, <a href="/wiki/Alfonso_V_of_Aragon" title="Alfonso V of Aragon">Alfonso V of Aragon</a>, also king of Naples, invited Arbereshe soldiers to move to Italy with their families. In return the king guaranteed to Albanians lots of land and a favourable taxation. Arbereshe and Schiavoni were used to repopulate abandoned villages or villages whose population had died in earthquakes, plagues and other catastrophes. Albanian soldiers were also used to quell rebellions in Calabria. Slavic colonies were established in eastern <a href="/wiki/Friuli" title="Friuli">Friuli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-389">[389]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a><a href="#cite_note-390">[390]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Molise" title="Molise">Molise</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a>).<a href="#cite_note-391">[391]</a> Between the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, there were several waves of immigration of Albanians into Italy, in addition to another in the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-392">[392]</a> The descendants of these Albanian emigrants, many still retaining the <a href="/wiki/Albanian_language" title="Albanian language">Albanian language</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh_language" title="Arbëresh language">Arbëresh</a> dialect, have survived throughout southern Italy, numbering about 260,000 people,<a href="#cite_note-RhzMMTTdIC_2010,_p._18-393">[393]</a> with roughly 80,000 to 100,000 speaking the Albanian language.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.bg-394">[394]</a><a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-395">[395]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_surnames">Italian surnames</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Italian surnames">edit</a>]</div> Most of <a href="/wiki/Italian_name#Surnames" title="Italian name">Italy's surnames</a> (cognomi), with the exception of a few areas marked by linguistic minorities, derive from Italian and arose from an individual's peculiar (physical, etc.) qualities (e.g. Rossi, Bianchi, Quattrocchi, Mancini, Grasso, etc.), occupation (Ferrari, Auditore, Sartori, Tagliabue, etc.), relation of fatherhood or lack thereof (De Pretis, Orfanelli, Esposito, Trovato, etc.), and geographic location (<a href="/wiki/Padova" class="mw-redirect" title="Padova">Padovano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pisa" title="Pisa">Pisano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lecce" title="Lecce">Leccese</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lucca" title="Lucca">Lucchese</a>, etc.). Some of them also indicate a remote foreign origin (<a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germans" title="Germans">Tedesco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanese</a>, etc.). <table role="presentation" class="wikitable mw-collapsible"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Most common surnames<a href="#cite_note-396">[396]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>Rossi </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td>Ferrari </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td>Russo </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td>Bianchi </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td>Romano </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td>Gallo </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td>Costa </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td>Fontana </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td>Conti </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td>Esposito </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td>Ricci </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td>Bruno </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td>Rizzo </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td>Moretti </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td>De Luca </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td>Marino </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td>Greco </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td>Barbieri </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td>Lombardi </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td>Giordano </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Italian_diaspora">Italian diaspora</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Italian diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oriundo" title="Oriundo">Oriundo</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/550px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/825px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg/1100px-Map_of_the_Italian_Diaspora_in_the_World.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2192" data-file-height="1135" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a> worldwide <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Italy</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 10,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 1,000,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 100,000</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  + 10,000</div> </div> </figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian migration outside Italy</a> took place, in different migrating cycles, for centuries.<a href="#cite_note-Cohen-397">[397]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">diaspora</a> in high numbers took place after Italy's unification in 1861 and continued through 1914 with the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a>. This rapid outflow and migration of Italian people across the globe can be attributed to factors such as the internal economic slump that emerged alongside Italy's unification, family, and the industrial boom that occurred in the world surrounding Italy.<a href="#cite_note-gabaccia-398">[398]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-399">[399]</a> Italy after its unification did not seek nationalism but sought work instead.<a href="#cite_note-gabaccia-398">[398]</a> However, a unified state did not automatically constitute a sound economy. The global economic expansion, ranging from Britain's <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> in the late 18th and through mid 19th century, to the use of slave labor in the Americas did not hit Italy until much later (with the exception of the "industrial triangle" between <a href="/wiki/Milan" title="Milan">Milan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>)<a href="#cite_note-gabaccia-398">[398]</a> This lag resulted in a deficit of work available in Italy and the need to look for work elsewhere. The mass industrialization and urbanization globally resulted in higher labor mobility and the need for Italians to stay anchored to the land for economic support declined.<a href="#cite_note-:1-399">[399]</a> Moreover, better opportunities for work were not the only incentive to move; family played a major role and the dispersion of Italians globally. Italians were more likely to migrate to countries where they had family established beforehand.<a href="#cite_note-:1-399">[399]</a> These ties are shown to be stronger in many cases than the monetary incentive for migration, taking into account a familial base and possibly an Italian migrant community, greater connections to find opportunities for work, housing etc.<a href="#cite_note-:1-399">[399]</a> Thus, thousands of Italian men and women left Italy and dispersed around the world and this trend only increased as the First World War approached. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:156px;max-width:156px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/154px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg" decoding="async" width="154" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/231px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg/308px-David_-_Napoleon_crossing_the_Alps_-_Malmaison1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1169" data-file-height="1371" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Napoleon" title="Napoleon">Napoleon</a>, the most notable <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">Italian French</a> personality. He was ethnically Italian of Corsican origin, whose family was of <a href="/wiki/Genoa" title="Genoa">Genoese</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscan</a> ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-400">[400]</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:182px;max-width:182px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:180px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/180px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/270px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg/360px-Pope_Francis_in_March_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="996" data-file-height="996" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Pope_Francis" title="Pope Francis">Pope Francis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentines" title="Italian Argentines">Argentine of Italian descent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-401">[401]</a> About 60% of Argentina's population has Italian ancestry.<a href="#cite_note-402">[402]</a></div></div></div></div></div> Notably, it was not as if Italians had never migrated before; internal migration between North and Southern Italy before unification was common. Northern Italy caught on to industrialization sooner than Southern Italy, therefore it was considered more modern technologically, and tended to be inhabited by the bourgeoisie.<a href="#cite_note-:2-403">[403]</a> Alternatively, rural and agro-intensive Southern Italy was seen as economically backward and was mainly populated by lower class peasantry.<a href="#cite_note-:2-403">[403]</a> Given these disparities, prior to unification (and arguably after) the two sections of Italy, North and South were essentially seen by Italians and other nations as separate countries. So, migrating from one part of Italy to next could be seen as though they were indeed migrating to another country or even continent.<a href="#cite_note-:2-403">[403]</a> Furthermore, large-scale migrations phenomena did not recede until the late 1920s, well into the Fascist regime, and a subsequent wave can be observed after the end of the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>. Another wave is currently happening due to the ongoing <a href="/wiki/Italian_government_debt" title="Italian government debt">debt crisis</a>. Over 80 million people of full or part Italian descent live outside Europe, with about 50 million living in <a href="/wiki/South_America" title="South America">South America</a> (mostly in <a href="/wiki/Italian_Brazilian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Brazilian">Brazil</a>, which has the largest number of Italian descendants outside Italy,<a href="#cite_note-Brazil-65">[65]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Argentine" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Argentine">Argentina</a>, where over 62.5% of the population have at least one Italian ancestor),<a href="#cite_note-Matanza-7">[7]</a> about 23 million living in North America (<a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">United States</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Canadian">Canada</a>) and 1 million in Oceania (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Australian" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Australian">Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_New_Zealanders" title="Italian New Zealanders">New Zealand</a>). Others live in other parts of Europe (primarily the <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Italians in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Germany" title="Italians in Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_France" title="Italians in France">France</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italians in Switzerland">Switzerland</a>). <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg/550px-Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg.png" decoding="async" width="550" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg/825px-Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg/1100px-Map_of_regions_with_Little_Italys.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption>World map of first level subdivisions (states, counties, provinces, etc.) that are home to <a href="/wiki/Little_Italy" title="Little Italy">Little Italys</a> or Italian neighbourhoods</figcaption></figure> A historical Italian community has also existed in <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Genoese_in_Gibraltar" title="History of the Genoese in Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a> since the 16th century. To a lesser extent, people of full or partial Italian descent are also found in Africa (most notably in the former Italian colonies of <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Eritrea</a>, which has 100,000 descendants,<a href="#cite_note-404">[404]</a><a href="#cite_note-camera.it-405">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-babelfish.yahoo.com-406">[406]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somalis" title="Italian Somalis">Somalia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Libyans">Libya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italians_of_Ethiopia" title="Italians of Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>, and in others countries such as <a href="/wiki/Italian_South_Africans" title="Italian South Africans">South Africa</a>, with 77,400 descendants,<a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_Tunisians" title="Italian Tunisians">Tunisia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Egyptians" title="Italian Egyptians">Egypt</a>), in the Middle East (in recent years the <a href="/wiki/Italians_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Italians in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> has maintained a desirable destination for Italian immigrants, with currently 10,000 Italian immigrants), and Asia (<a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a> is home to a sizeable Italian community).<a href="#cite_note-Italian-World-5">[5]</a> Regarding the diaspora, there are many individuals of Italian descent who are possibly eligible for Italian citizenship by method of jus sanguinis, which is from the Latin meaning "by blood". However, just having Italian ancestry is not enough to qualify for Italian citizenship. To qualify, one must have at least one Italian-born citizen ancestor who, after emigrating from Italy to another country, had passed citizenship onto their children before they naturalized as citizens of their newly adopted country. The Italian government does not have a rule regarding on how many generations born outside of Italy can claim Italian nationality.<a href="#cite_note-407">[407]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_of_Italian_speakers">Geographic distribution of Italian speakers</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution of Italian speakers">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_Italian_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of Italian speakers">Geographical distribution of Italian speakers</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional Italian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages of Italy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Suisse_italiene.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/220px-Suisse_italiene.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/330px-Suisse_italiene.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Suisse_italiene.png/440px-Suisse_italiene.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Italian language in Switzerland</a></figcaption></figure> The majority of Italian nationals are native speakers of the country's official language, <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, or a variety thereof, that is <a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">regional Italian</a>. However, many of them also speak a <a href="/wiki/Regional_or_minority_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Regional or minority language">regional or minority language</a> native to Italy, the existence of which predates the national language.<a href="#cite_note-britannica-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-worldatlas-54">[54]</a> Although there is disagreement on the total number, according to <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>, there are approximately 30 <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages native to Italy</a>, although many are often misleadingly referred to as "Italian <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialects</a>".<a href="#cite_note-istat-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-istat.it-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-maiden-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-unesco-57">[57]</a> Italian is an official language of <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a> and is spoken fluently by the majority of the countries' populations. Italian is the third most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> (after German and French; see <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Italian" title="Swiss Italian">Swiss Italian</a>), though its use there has moderately declined since the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-offstat-408">[408]</a> It is official both on the national level and on regional level in two <a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Canton of Switzerland">cantons</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ticino" title="Ticino">Ticino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grisons" title="Grisons">Grisons</a>. In the latter canton, however, it is only spoken by a small minority, in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Grisons" title="Italian Grisons">Italian Grisons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-409">[a]</a> Ticino, which includes <a href="/wiki/Lugano" title="Lugano">Lugano</a>, the largest Italian-speaking city outside Italy, is the only canton where Italian is predominant.<a href="#cite_note-410">[409]</a> Italian is also used in administration and official documents in <a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-411">[410]</a> Italian is also spoken by a minority in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> and France, especially in the southeastern part of the country.<a href="#cite_note-2008census-412">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-413">[412]</a> Italian was the official language in <a href="/wiki/Savoy" title="Savoy">Savoy</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Nice" title="Nice">Nice</a> until 1860, when they were both annexed by France under the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin</a>, a development that triggered the "<a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a>", or the emigration of a quarter of the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Italians" title="Niçard Italians">Niçard Italians</a> to Italy,<a href="#cite_note-414">[413]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_Vespers" title="Niçard Vespers">Niçard Vespers</a>. Italian was the official language of <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a> until 1859.<a href="#cite_note-415">[414]</a> Italian is generally understood in Corsica by the population resident therein who speak <a href="/wiki/Corsican_language" title="Corsican language">Corsican</a>, which is an Italo-Romance idiom similar to Tuscan.<a href="#cite_note-Corsican-416">[415]</a> Italian was the official language in <a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a> until 1860, when it was replaced by the French.<a href="#cite_note-miglioverde-417">[416]</a> This was due to the annexation of the surrounding <a href="/wiki/County_of_Nice" title="County of Nice">County of Nice</a> to France following the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Turin_(1860)" title="Treaty of Turin (1860)">Treaty of Turin (1860)</a>.<a href="#cite_note-miglioverde-417">[416]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:373px;max-width:373px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:237px;max-width:237px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:SloveniaItalian.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SloveniaItalian.png/235px-SloveniaItalian.png" decoding="async" width="235" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SloveniaItalian.png/353px-SloveniaItalian.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/SloveniaItalian.png/470px-SloveniaItalian.png 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="429" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Marked in red, the municipalities in which the <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">Italian language is co-official in Slovenia</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:132px;max-width:132px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Italians_in_Istria_2001.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italians_in_Istria_2001.png/130px-Italians_in_Istria_2001.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italians_in_Istria_2001.png/195px-Italians_in_Istria_2001.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Italians_in_Istria_2001.png/260px-Italians_in_Istria_2001.png 2x" data-file-width="335" data-file-height="407" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Percent of inhabitants with <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Croatia" title="Italian language in Croatia">Italian native tongue in the Croatian Istria</a></div></div></div></div></div> It formerly had official status in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Albania" title="Venetian Albania">Venetian Albania</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Istria" class="mw-redirect" title="Venetian Istria">Venetian Istria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Venetian_Dalmatia" title="Venetian Dalmatia">Venetian Dalmatia</a>), parts of <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> (because of the <a href="/wiki/Venetian_rule_in_the_Ionian_Islands" title="Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands">Venetian rule in the Ionian Islands</a> and by the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Islands_of_the_Aegean" title="Italian Islands of the Aegean">Kingdom of Italy in the Dodecanese</a>). Italian is widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a>, where nearly two-thirds of the population can speak it fluently.<a href="#cite_note-Europoll-418">[417]</a> Italian served as Malta's official language until 1934, when it was abolished by the British colonial administration amid strong local opposition.<a href="#cite_note-419">[418]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Slovenia" title="Italian language in Slovenia">Italian language in Slovenia</a> is an officially recognized <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in the country.<a href="#cite_note-ita-slo-420">[419]</a> The official census, carried out in 2002, reported 2,258 ethnic Italians (<a href="/wiki/Istrian_Italians" title="Istrian Italians">Istrian Italians</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Slovenia" title="Slovenia">Slovenia</a> (0.11% of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-stat-421">[420]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_Croatia" title="Italian language in Croatia">Italian language in Croatia</a> is an official minority language in the country, with many schools and public announcements published in both languages.<a href="#cite_note-ita-slo-420">[419]</a> The 2001 census in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> reported 19,636 ethnic Italians (Istrian Italians and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatian_Italians" title="Dalmatian Italians">Dalmatian Italians</a>) in the country (some 0.42% of the total population).<a href="#cite_note-dzs-422">[421]</a> Their numbers dropped dramatically after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a>, which caused the emigration of between 230,000 and 350,000 Istrian Italians and Dalmatian Italians.<a href="#cite_note-423">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-query.nytimes.com-424">[423]</a> Italian was the official language of the <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> from 1492 to 1807.<a href="#cite_note-425">[424]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_empire_1940.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG/310px-Italian_empire_1940.PNG" decoding="async" width="310" height="217" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/39/Italian_empire_1940.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="344" data-file-height="241" /></a><figcaption>Italy and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">its colonial possessions</a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> It formerly had official status in <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a> due to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">annexation of the country to the Kingdom of Italy</a> (1939–1943). Albania has a large population of non-native speakers, with over half of the population having some knowledge of the Italian language.<a href="#cite_note-426">[425]</a> The Albanian government has pushed to make Italian a compulsory second language in schools.<a href="#cite_note-427">[426]</a> The Italian language is well-known and studied in Albania,<a href="#cite_note-428">[427]</a> due to its historical ties and geographical proximity to Italy and to the diffusion of Italian television in the country.<a href="#cite_note-429">[428]</a> Due to heavy Italian influence during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Italian colonial period</a>, Italian is still understood by some in former colonies.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-395">[395]</a> Although it was the primary language in <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> since <a href="/wiki/Italian_Libya" title="Italian Libya">colonial rule</a>, Italian greatly declined under the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Libya_under_Muammar_Gaddafi" title="History of Libya under Muammar Gaddafi">rule of Muammar Gaddafi</a>, who expelled the <a href="/wiki/Italian_settlers_in_Libya" title="Italian settlers in Libya">Italian Libyan</a> population and made <a href="/wiki/Modern_Standard_Arabic" title="Modern Standard Arabic">Arabic</a> the sole official language of the country.<a href="#cite_note-430">[429]</a> A few hundred Italian settlers returned to Libya in the 2000s. Italian was the official language of <a href="/wiki/Eritrea" title="Eritrea">Eritrea</a> during <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritrea" title="Italian Eritrea">Italian colonisation</a>. Italian is today used in commerce, and it is still spoken especially among elders; besides that, Italian words are incorporated as loan words in the main language spoken in the country (Tigrinya). The capital city of Eritrea, <a href="/wiki/Asmara" title="Asmara">Asmara</a>, still has several Italian schools, established during the colonial period. In the early 19th century, Eritrea was the country with the highest number of Italians abroad, and the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Eritreans" title="Italian Eritreans">Italian Eritreans</a> grew from 4,000 during World War I to nearly 100,000 at the beginning of World War II.<a href="#cite_note-431">[430]</a> In Asmara there are two Italian schools, the <a href="/wiki/Italian_School_of_Asmara" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian School of Asmara">Italian School of Asmara</a> (Italian primary school with a <a href="/wiki/Montessori_education" title="Montessori education">Montessori</a> department) and the <a href="/wiki/Liceo_Sperimentale_%22G._Marconi%22" class="mw-redirect" title="Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi"">Liceo Sperimentale "G. Marconi"</a> (Italian international senior high school). Italian was also introduced to <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> through colonialism and was the sole official language of administration and education during the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Somaliland" title="Italian Somaliland">colonial period</a> but fell out of use after government, educational and economic infrastructure were destroyed in the <a href="/wiki/Somali_Civil_War" title="Somali Civil War">Somali Civil War</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/440px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png" decoding="async" width="440" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/660px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg/880px-Italian_USC2000_PHS.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="959" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_language_in_the_United_States" title="Italian language in the United States">Italian language in the United States</a></figcaption></figure> Italian is also spoken by large <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">immigrant and expatriate communities</a> in the Americas and Australia.<a href="#cite_note-ethnologue.com-395">[395]</a> Although over 17 million <a href="/wiki/Italian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian American">Americans are of Italian descent</a>, only a little over one million people in the United States speak Italian at home.<a href="#cite_note-432">[431]</a> Nevertheless, an Italian language media market does exist in the country.<a href="#cite_note-433">[432]</a> In Canada, Italian is the second most spoken non-official language when <a href="/wiki/Varieties_of_Chinese" title="Varieties of Chinese">varieties of Chinese</a> are not grouped together, with 375,645 claiming Italian as their <a href="/wiki/Demolinguistic_descriptors_used_in_Canada#Mother_tongue" title="Demolinguistic descriptors used in Canada">mother tongue</a> in 2016.<a href="#cite_note-434">[433]</a> Italian immigrants to South America have also brought a presence of the language to that continent. According to some sources, Italian is the second most spoken language in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a><a href="#cite_note-435">[434]</a> after the official language of Spanish, although its number of speakers, mainly of the older generation, is decreasing. Italian bilingual speakers can be found in the Southeast of Brazil as well as in the South, corresponding to 2.07% of the total population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-436">[435]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, Italian is the most spoken language after Spanish and <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, with around 200,000 speakers.<a href="#cite_note-L'ITALIANO_IN_VENEZUELA-437">[436]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>, people that speak Italian as their home language is 1.1% of the total population of the country.<a href="#cite_note-438">[437]</a> In Australia, Italian is the second most spoken foreign language after Chinese, with 1.4% of the population speaking it as their home language.<a href="#cite_note-439">[438]</a> The main Italian-language newspapers published outside Italy are the <a href="/wiki/L%27Osservatore_Romano" title="L'Osservatore Romano">L'Osservatore Romano</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>), the L'Informazione di San Marino (<a href="/wiki/San_Marino" title="San Marino">San Marino</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_del_Ticino" title="Corriere del Ticino">Corriere del Ticino</a> and the <a href="/wiki/LaRegione_Ticino" title="LaRegione Ticino">laRegione Ticino</a> (<a href="/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a>), the <a href="/wiki/La_Voce_del_Popolo" title="La Voce del Popolo">La Voce del Popolo</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>), the Corriere d'Italia (Germany), the L'italoeuropeo (United Kingdom), the Passaparola (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>), the <a href="/wiki/America_Oggi" title="America Oggi">America Oggi</a> (United States), the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_Canadese" title="Corriere Canadese">Corriere Canadese</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Corriere_Italiano" title="Corriere Italiano">Corriere Italiano</a> (Canada), the Il punto d'incontro (Mexico), the L'Italia del Popolo (<a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a>), the Fanfulla (Brazil), the Gente d'Italia (<a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>), the La Voce d'Italia (<a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Il_Globo" title="Il Globo">Il Globo</a> (Australia) and the La gazzetta del Sud Africa (South Africa).<a href="#cite_note-440">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-441">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-442">[441]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/220px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/330px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg/440px-ItalSchoolRijeka.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1330" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Italian_Secondary_School,_Rijeka" title="Italian Secondary School, Rijeka">Italian Secondary School in Rijeka/Fiume</a></figcaption></figure> Italian is widely taught in many schools around the world, but rarely as the first foreign language. In the 21st century, technology also allows for the continual spread of the Italian language, as people have new ways to learn how to speak, read, and write languages at their own pace and at any given time. For example, the free website and application <a href="/wiki/Duolingo" title="Duolingo">Duolingo</a> has 4.94 million English speakers learning the Italian language.<a href="#cite_note-443">[442]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Italian_Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs">Italian Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, every year there are more than 200,000 foreign students who study the Italian language; they are distributed among the 90 <a href="/wiki/Italian_Cultural_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Cultural Institute">Institutes of Italian Culture</a> that are located around the world, in the 179 Italian schools located abroad, or in the 111 Italian lecturer sections belonging to foreign schools where Italian is taught as a language of culture.<a href="#cite_note-esteri.it-444">[443]</a> As of 2022, Australia had the highest number of students learning Italian in the world. This occurred because of support by the Italian community in Australia and the Italian Government and also because of successful educational reform efforts led by local governments in Australia.<a href="#cite_note-445">[444]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Influence_and_derived_languages">Influence and derived languages</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Influence and derived languages">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Italian diaspora</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Talian.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/220px-Talian.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="190" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/330px-Talian.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Talian.svg/440px-Talian.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1095" data-file-height="946" /></a><figcaption>Municipalities where <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> is co-official in <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Brazil</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/220px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/330px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg/440px-Placard_piemont%C3%A8is_a_San_Fransesch_an_Argentin-a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="720" /></a><figcaption>Trilingual sign in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco,_C%C3%B3rdoba" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco, Córdoba">San Francisco, Argentina</a>, in Spanish, Italian and <a href="/wiki/Piedmontese_language" title="Piedmontese language">Piedmontese</a>.</figcaption></figure> From the late 19th to the mid-20th century, thousands of Italians settled in Argentina, Uruguay, Southern Brazil and Venezuela, as well as in Canada and the United States, where they formed a physical and cultural presence. In some cases, colonies were established where variants of regional <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">languages of Italy</a> were used, and some continue to use this regional language. Examples are <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_do_Sul" title="Rio Grande do Sul">Rio Grande do Sul</a>, Brazil, where <a href="/wiki/Talian_dialect" title="Talian dialect">Talian</a> is used, and the town of <a href="/wiki/Chipilo" title="Chipilo">Chipilo</a> near Puebla, Mexico; each continues to use a derived form of <a href="/wiki/Venetian_language" title="Venetian language">Venetian</a> dating back to the nineteenth century. Another example is <a href="/wiki/Cocoliche" title="Cocoliche">Cocoliche</a>, an Italian–Spanish <a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a> once spoken in <a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a> and especially in <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Lunfardo" title="Lunfardo">Lunfardo</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lingua_franca">Lingua franca</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Lingua franca">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Lingua_Franca" title="Mediterranean Lingua Franca">Mediterranean Lingua Franca</a></div> Starting in late <a href="/wiki/Medieval" class="mw-redirect" title="Medieval">medieval</a> times in much of Europe and the Mediterranean, Latin was replaced as the primary commercial language by Italian language variants (especially Tuscan and Venetian). These variants were consolidated during the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a> with the strength of Italy and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_humanism" title="Renaissance humanism">humanism</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_arts" title="The arts">the arts</a>. During that period, Italy held artistic sway over the rest of Europe. It was the norm for all educated gentlemen to make the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Tour" title="Grand Tour">Grand Tour</a>, visiting Italy to see its great historical monuments and works of art. It thus became expected to learn at least some Italian. In England, while the classical languages <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> were the first to be learned, Italian became the second most common modern language after French, a position it held until the late 18th century when it tended to be replaced by German. <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a>, for instance, wrote some of his early poetry in Italian. Within the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, Italian is known by a large part of the ecclesiastical hierarchy and is used in substitution for Latin in some official documents. Italian <a href="/wiki/Loanword" title="Loanword">loanwords</a> continue to be used in most languages in matters of art and music (especially classical music including opera), in the design and fashion industries, in some sports like <a href="/wiki/Football_(association)" class="mw-redirect" title="Football (association)">football</a><a href="#cite_note-446">[445]</a> and especially in culinary terms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/48px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/64px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilians" title="Sicilians">Sicilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="Sardinians">Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladin people">Ladins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Italians">List of Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sardinians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sardinians">List of Sardinians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sicilians" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sicilians">List of Sicilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sammarinese" title="Sammarinese">Sammarinese</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-409"><a href="#cite_ref-409">^</a> Italian is the main language of the valleys of <a href="/wiki/Val_Calanca" title="Val Calanca">Calanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mesolcina" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesolcina">Mesolcina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valle_Bregaglia" class="mw-redirect" title="Valle Bregaglia">Bregaglia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Val_Poschiavo" title="Val Poschiavo">val Poschiavo</a>. In the village of <a href="/wiki/Maloja,_Switzerland" title="Maloja, Switzerland">Maloja</a>, it is spoken by about half the population. It is also spoken by a minority in the village of <a href="/wiki/Bivio" title="Bivio">Bivio</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Instat-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Instat_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instat_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Instat_1-2">c</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf">"Indicatori demografici Istat (Italian)"</a> (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181115161621/https://www.istat.it/it/files/2017/03/Indicatori-Demografici.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 15 November 2018. Retrieved 14 November 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Indicatori+demografici+Istat+%28Italian%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.istat.it%2Fit%2Ffiles%2F2017%2F03%2FIndicatori-Demografici.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-askanews-2"><a href="#cite_ref-askanews_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.askanews.it/esteri/2020/02/04/sono-circa-80-milioni-gli-oriundi-italiani-nel-mondo-pn_20200204_00081/">"Sono circa 80 milioni gli oriundi italiani nel mondo"</a> (in Italian). 4 February 2020. Retrieved 10 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sono+circa+80+milioni+gli+oriundi+italiani+nel+mondo&rft.date=2020-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.askanews.it%2Festeri%2F2020%2F02%2F04%2Fsono-circa-80-milioni-gli-oriundi-italiani-nel-mondo-pn_20200204_00081%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5270&Itemid=478&cod_pais=ITA&tipo=ficha_pais&lang=pt-BR">"República Italiana"</a>. itamaraty.gov.br. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191025135656/http://www.itamaraty.gov.br/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=5270&Itemid=478&cod_pais=ITA&tipo=ficha_pais&lang=pt-BR">Archived</a> from the original on 25 October 2019. Retrieved 25 December 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itamaraty.gov.br&rft.atitle=Rep%C3%BAblica+Italiana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itamaraty.gov.br%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D5270%26Itemid%3D478%26cod_pais%3DITA%26tipo%3Dficha_pais%26lang%3Dpt-BR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progettoculturale.it/cci_new/documenti_cei/2011-03/08-23/4%20-%20Rapp%20Italiani.pdf">"Rapporto italiani nel mondo"</a> (PDF). Progetto culturale (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progetto+culturale&rft.atitle=Rapporto+italiani+nel+mondo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progettoculturale.it%2Fcci_new%2Fdocumenti_cei%2F2011-03%2F08-23%2F4%2520-%2520Rapp%2520Italiani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Italian-World-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Italian-World_5-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080227022729/http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf">"Italiani nel Mondo: diaspora italiana in cifre"</a> [Italians in the World: Italian diaspora in figures] (PDF) (in Italian). Migranti Torino. 30 April 2004. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.migranti.torino.it/Documenti%20%20PDF/italianial%20ster05.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2008. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Italiani+nel+Mondo%3A+diaspora+italiana+in+cifre&rft.pub=Migranti+Torino&rft.date=2004-04-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.migranti.torino.it%2FDocumenti%2520%2520PDF%2Fitalianial%2520ster05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progettoculturale.it/cci_new/documenti_cei/2011-03/08-23/4%20-%20Rapp%20Italiani.pdf">"Rapporto italiani nel mondo"</a> (PDF). Progetto culturale (in Italian).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progetto+culturale&rft.atitle=Rapporto+italiani+nel+mondo&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progettoculturale.it%2Fcci_new%2Fdocumenti_cei%2F2011-03%2F08-23%2F4%2520-%2520Rapp%2520Italiani.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Matanza-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Matanza_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Matanza_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartamento_de_Derecho_y_Ciencias_Políticas_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Matanza2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_La_Matanza" title="National University of La Matanza">Universidad Nacional de La Matanza</a> (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s">"Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina"</a>. infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar (in Spanish). <q>Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar&rft.atitle=Historias+de+inmigrantes+italianos+en+Argentina&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.au=Departamento+de+Derecho+y+Ciencias+Pol%C3%ADticas+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+de+La+Matanza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfouniversidades.siu.edu.ar%2Fnoticia.php%3Ftitulo%3Dhistorias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina%26id%3D1432%23.U2cKkYHa70s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">"Total ancestry categories tallied for people with one or more ancestry categories reported 2010 American Community Survey 1-Year Estimates"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Census_Bureau" title="United States Census Bureau">United States Census Bureau</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table">the original</a> on 18 January 2015. 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Cheltenham: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 378. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84376-127-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-84376-127-0"><bdi>1-84376-127-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160424063123/https://books.google.com/books?id=6meikazgxksC">Archived</a> from the original on 24 April 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Regions+and+regionalism+in+Europe&rft.place=Cheltenham&rft.pages=378&rft.pub=Edward+Elgar+Publishing&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-84376-127-0&rft.aulast=Keating&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6meikazgxksC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Manco-72"><a href="#cite_ref-Manco_72-0">^</a> Alberto Manco, Italia. 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Ryle, M & Soper, K. in Jerome Lectures, Seventeenth Series, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Giovanni Brizzi, Roma. Potere e identità: dalle origini alla nascita dell'impero cristiano, Bologna, Patron, 2012 p. 94 </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017" class="citation book cs1">Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=cato+italy+south+of+the+Alps&pg=PT49">The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd-1st Century BCE</a>. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780198152958" title="Special:BookSources/9780198152958"><bdi>9780198152958</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Livy+on+the+Hannibalic+War&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-17&rft.isbn=9780198152958&rft.aulast=Levene&rft.aufirst=D.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLsRDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dcato%2Bwalls%2Bof%2BItaly%26pg%3DPA108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarlà-Uhink2017" class="citation book cs1">Carlà-Uhink, Filippo (25 September 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dSY-DwAAQBAJ&q=Tota+Italia+essays&pg=PT454">The "Birth" of Italy: The Institutionalization of Italy as a Region, 3rd-1st Century BCE</a>. 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Enciclopedia Italiana. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141021011134/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/gallia-cisalpina_(Enciclopedia-Italiana)/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 October 2014. Retrieved 14 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=treccani.it&rft.atitle=Gallia+Cisalpina&rft.aulast=Aurigemma&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fenciclopedia%2Fgallia-cisalpina_%28Enciclopedia-Italiana%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy">"Italy (ancient Roman territory)"</a>. britannica.com. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131110232259/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/297743/Italy">Archived</a> from the original on 10 November 2013. Retrieved 10 November 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=britannica.com&rft.atitle=Italy+%28ancient+Roman+territory%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F297743%2FItaly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Treccani-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Treccani_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/la-riorganizzazione-amministrativa-dell-italia-costantino-roma-il-senato-e-gli-equilibri-dell-italia-romana_%28Enciclopedia-Costantiniana%29/">"La riorganizzazione amministrativa dell'Italia. Costantino, Roma, il Senato e gli equilibri dell'Italia romana"</a> (in Italian). 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Remus. Un mito di Roma (in Italian). Quasar. p. xiii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8871401485" title="Special:BookSources/978-8871401485"><bdi>978-8871401485</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remus.+Un+mito+di+Roma&rft.pages=xiii&rft.pub=Quasar&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-8871401485&rft.aulast=Wiseman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeaveney1987" class="citation book cs1">Keaveney, Arthur (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Rome and the Unification of Italy</a>. London: Croom Helm. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781904675372" title="Special:BookSources/9781904675372"><bdi>9781904675372</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190711052218/https://books.google.com/books?id=ojoOAAAAQAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 29 October 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+and+the+Unification+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Croom+Helm&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9781904675372&rft.aulast=Keaveney&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DojoOAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Giannelli-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Giannelli_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Giannelli_95-1">b</a> G. Giannelli (1965). Trattato di storia romana. 1. L'Italia antica e la Repubblica romana. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marco_Polo_–_Exploration-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Marco_Polo_–_Exploration_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Marco_Polo_–_Exploration_96-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/marco-polo">"Marco Polo – Exploration"</a>. History.com. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-36292-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-36292-X"><bdi>0-521-36292-X</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160428062727/https://books.google.com/books?id=ZEaSdNBL0sgC&pg=PA105">Archived</a> from the original on 28 April 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Cambridge+Medieval+History%3A+Volume+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=105&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0-521-36292-X&rft.aulast=McKitterick&rft.aufirst=Rosamond&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DZEaSdNBL0sgC%26pg%3DPA105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKemp2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Martin_Kemp_(art_historian)" title="Martin Kemp (art historian)">Kemp, Martin</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/groveart/view/10.1093/gao/9781884446054.001.0001/oao-9781884446054-e-7000050401">"Leonardo da Vinci"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Grove_Art_Online" title="Grove Art Online">Grove Art Online</a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T050401">10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.T050401</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884446-05-4"><bdi>978-1-884446-05-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Leonardo+da+Vinci&rft.btitle=Grove+Art+Online&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.article.T050401&rft.isbn=978-1-884446-05-4&rft.aulast=Kemp&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordartonline.com%2Fgroveart%2Fview%2F10.1093%2Fgao%2F9781884446054.001.0001%2Foao-9781884446054-e-7000050401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> (subscription or <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oxfordartonline.com/page/subscribe#public">UK public library membership</a> required) </li> <li id="cite_note-Burke1998-99"><a href="#cite_ref-Burke1998_99-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurke1998" class="citation book cs1">Burke, Peter (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=WWKnnbajUUQC">The European Renaissance: Centers and Peripheries</a>. Wiley. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19845-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-631-19845-1"><bdi>978-0-631-19845-1</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160430005436/https://books.google.com/books?id=WWKnnbajUUQC">Archived</a> from the original on 30 April 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+European+Renaissance%3A+Centers+and+Peripheries&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-631-19845-1&rft.aulast=Burke&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWWKnnbajUUQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-livescience.com-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livescience.com_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience.com_100-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livescience.com_100-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livescience.com/42510-amerigo-vespucci.html">Szalay, Jessie. Amerigo Vespuggi: Facts, Biography & Naming of America (citing Erika Cosme of Mariners Museum & Park, Newport News VA). 20 September 2017 (accessed 23 June 2019)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Though the modern state of Italy had yet to be established, the Latin equivalent of the <a href="#Name">term Italian</a> had been in use for natives of <a href="/wiki/Italian_geographical_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian geographical region">the region</a> since antiquity. See <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Elder" title="Pliny the Elder">Pliny the Elder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Epistulae_(Pliny)" title="Epistulae (Pliny)">Letters</a> 9.23. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Encyclopædia Britannica, 1993 ed., Vol. 16, pp. 605ff / Morison, Christopher Columbus, 1955 ed., pp. 14ff </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/03126d.htm">"Catholic Encyclopedia "John & Sebastian Cabot""</a>. newadvent. 2007. 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ABC-CLIO. p. 504. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781610699952" title="Special:BookSources/9781610699952"><bdi>9781610699952</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italian+Americans%3A+The+History+and+Culture+of+a+People&rft.pages=504&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781610699952&rft.au=Eric+Martone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DMHJ1DQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreene1837" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Greene" title="George Washington Greene">Greene, George Washington</a> (1837). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1qsuAAAAYAAJ&pg=PAPA13">The Life and Voyages of Verrazzano</a>. Cambridge University: Folsom, Wells, and Thurston. p. 13. Retrieved 18 August 2017 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Voyages+of+Verrazzano&rft.place=Cambridge+University&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Folsom%2C+Wells%2C+and+Thurston&rft.date=1837&rft.aulast=Greene&rft.aufirst=George+Washington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1qsuAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 156. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=156&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_tri-coloured_standard-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_tri-coloured_standard_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_tri-coloured_standard_107-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">The tri-coloured standard</a>.Getting to Know Italy, Ministry of Foreign Affairs (retrieved 5 October 2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080223131121/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/EN/Benvenuti_in_Italia/Conoscere_Italia/bandieraInno.htm">Archived</a> 23 February 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-miolegale-108"><a href="#cite_ref-miolegale_108-0">^</a> Article 1 of the law n. 671 of 31 December 1996 ("National celebration of the bicentenary of the first national flag") </li> <li id="cite_note-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662-109"><a href="#cite_ref-Cita|Ferorelli_|p._662_109-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFerorelli1925" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ferorelli, Nicola (1925). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.risorgimento.it/rassegna/index.php?id=10511&ricerca_inizio=0&ricerca_query=&ricerca_ordine=DESC&ricerca_libera=">"La vera origine del tricolore italiano"</a>. Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (in Italian). XII (fasc. III): 662.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Rassegna+Storica+del+Risorgimento&rft.atitle=La+vera+origine+del+tricolore+italiano&rft.volume=XII&rft.issue=fasc.+III&rft.pages=662&rft.date=1925&rft.aulast=Ferorelli&rft.aufirst=Nicola&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.risorgimento.it%2Frassegna%2Findex.php%3Fid%3D10511%26ricerca_inizio%3D0%26ricerca_query%3D%26ricerca_ordine%3DDESC%26ricerca_libera%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarozziVecchio1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. pp. 67–68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6"><bdi>88-15-07163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+e+il+tricolore&rft.pages=67-68&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-15-07163-6&rft.aulast=Tarozzi&rft.aufirst=Fiorenza&rft.au=Vecchio%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. Storia avventurosa della nostra bandiera (in Italian). Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarozziVecchio1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Tarozzi, Fiorenza; Vecchio, Giorgio (1999). Gli italiani e il tricolore (in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6" title="Special:BookSources/88-15-07163-6"><bdi>88-15-07163-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+italiani+e+il+tricolore&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=88-15-07163-6&rft.aulast=Tarozzi&rft.aufirst=Fiorenza&rft.au=Vecchio%2C+Giorgio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaiorinoMarchetti_TricamoZagami2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Maiorino, Tarquinio; Marchetti Tricamo, Giuseppe; Zagami, Andrea (2002). Il tricolore degli italiani. 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Arnoldo Mondadori Editore. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-04-50946-2"><bdi>978-88-04-50946-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+tricolore+degli+italiani.+Storia+avventurosa+della+nostra+bandiera&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Arnoldo+Mondadori+Editore&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-04-50946-2&rft.aulast=Maiorino&rft.aufirst=Tarquinio&rft.au=Marchetti+Tricamo%2C+Giuseppe&rft.au=Zagami%2C+Andrea&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.quirinale.it/page/inno">"Fratelli d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). 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Retrieved 28 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Repubblica+italiana+%26%23124%3B+Treccani%2C+il+portale+del+sapere&rft.pub=Treccani.it&rft.aulast=Tobagi&rft.aufirst=Benedetta&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.treccani.it%2Fscuola%2Flezioni%2Fstoria%2Fla_repubblica_italiana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.corriere.it/International/english/articoli/2012/03/08/borsellino.shtml">"New Arrests for Via D'Amelio Bomb Attack"</a>. corriere.it. 8 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=New+Arrests+for+Via+D%27Amelio+Bomb+Attack&rft.pub=corriere.it&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.corriere.it%2FInternational%2Fenglish%2Farticoli%2F2012%2F03%2F08%2Fborsellino.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dickie2007p416-119"><a href="#cite_ref-Dickie2007p416_119-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Dickie2007" class="citation book cs1">John Dickie (2007). Cosa Nostra. A History of the Sicilian Mafia. Hodder & Stoughton. p. 416. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0340935262" title="Special:BookSources/978-0340935262"><bdi>978-0340935262</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cosa+Nostra.+A+History+of+the+Sicilian+Mafia&rft.pages=416&rft.pub=Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0340935262&rft.au=John+Dickie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ipezzimancanti.it/download/Tagliavia%20sentenza.pdf">"Sentenza del processo di 1º grado a Francesco Tagliavia per le stragi del 1993"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sentenza+del+processo+di+1%C2%BA+grado+a+Francesco+Tagliavia+per+le+stragi+del+1993&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ipezzimancanti.it%2Fdownload%2FTagliavia%2520sentenza.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.parlamento.it/application/xmanager/projects/parlamento/Reso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf">"Audizione del procuratore Sergio Lari dinanzi alla Commissione Parlamentare Antimafia – XVI LEGISLATURA (PDF)"</a> (PDF).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Audizione+del+procuratore+Sergio+Lari+dinanzi+alla+Commissione+Parlamentare+Antimafia+%E2%80%93+XVI+LEGISLATURA+%28PDF%29.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.parlamento.it%2Fapplication%2Fxmanager%2Fprojects%2Fparlamento%2FReso.steno.26.3.2012Int..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeheroes-122"><a href="#cite_ref-timeheroes_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFISRAELY2006" class="citation magazine cs1">ISRAELY, JEFF (24 October 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html">"Giovanni Falcone & Paolo Borsellino"</a>. Time. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180829095322/http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,1549798,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on 29 August 2018. Retrieved 9 September 2018 – via content.time.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time&rft.atitle=Giovanni+Falcone+%26+Paolo+Borsellino&rft.date=2006-10-24&rft.aulast=ISRAELY&rft.aufirst=JEFF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C1549798%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Marvin Perry, Myrna Chase, James Jacob, Margaret Jacob, Theodore H. Von Laue (1 January 2012). Western Civilization: Since 1400. Cengage Learning. p. 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Retrieved 5 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nonne+come+chef&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sololibri.net%2FLe-ricette-della-nonna-Alla.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-history-world.org-151">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_151-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_151-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_151-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history-world.org_151-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130123082708/http://history-world.org/enlightenment_throughout_europe.htm">"The Enlightenment throughout Europe"</a>. history-world.org. Archived from the original on 23 January 2013. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history-world.org&rft.atitle=The+Enlightenment+throughout+Europe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistory-world.org%2Fenlightenment_throughout_europe.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-maritain.nd.edu-152"><a href="#cite_ref-maritain.nd.edu_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm">"History of Philosophy 70"</a>. maritain.nd.edu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033238/http://maritain.nd.edu/jmc/etext/hop70.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=maritain.nd.edu&rft.atitle=History+of+Philosophy+70&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmaritain.nd.edu%2Fjmc%2Fetext%2Fhop70.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHostettler2011" class="citation book cs1">Hostettler, John (2011). Cesare Beccaria: The Genius of 'On Crimes and Punishments'. Hampshire: Waterside Press. p. 160. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1904380634" title="Special:BookSources/978-1904380634"><bdi>978-1904380634</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cesare+Beccaria%3A+The+Genius+of+%27On+Crimes+and+Punishments%27&rft.place=Hampshire&rft.pages=160&rft.pub=Waterside+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1904380634&rft.aulast=Hostettler&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nunzio_Pernicone_pp._111-113-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Nunzio_Pernicone_pp._111-113_154-0">^</a> Nunzio Pernicone, Italian Anarchism 1864–1892, pp. 111–113, AK Press 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-Montessori-155"><a href="#cite_ref-Montessori_155-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://amshq.org/Montessori-Education/Introduction-to-Montessori">"Introduction to Montessori Method"</a>. American Montessori Society.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Montessori+Method&rft.pub=American+Montessori+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Famshq.org%2FMontessori-Education%2FIntroduction-to-Montessori&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garin-156"><a href="#cite_ref-Garin_156-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarin2008" class="citation book cs1">Garin, Eugenio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVP3vBmDktQC">History of Italian Philosophy</a>. VIBS. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789042023215" title="Special:BookSources/9789042023215"><bdi>9789042023215</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Italian+Philosophy&rft.pub=VIBS&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9789042023215&rft.aulast=Garin&rft.aufirst=Eugenio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVP3vBmDktQC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloom1994" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Bloom" title="Harold Bloom">Bloom, Harold</a> (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/westerncanonbook00bloorich">The Western Canon</a>. Harcourt Brace. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780151957477" title="Special:BookSources/9780151957477"><bdi>9780151957477</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Western+Canon&rft.pub=Harcourt+Brace&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=9780151957477&rft.aulast=Bloom&rft.aufirst=Harold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwesterncanonbook00bloorich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> See also <a href="/wiki/Western_canon" title="Western canon">Western canon</a> for other "canons" that include the Divine Comedy. </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Duckworth, George Eckel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BuLEo5U9sb0C&pg=PA3">The nature of Roman comedy: a study in popular entertainment.</a> University of Oklahoma Press, 1994. p. 3. Web. 15 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LHA_SydyKOYC&pg=PAPA39">Poetry and Drama: Literary Terms and Concepts</a>. The Rosen Publishing Group. 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-490-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61530-490-5"><bdi>978-1-61530-490-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 18 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poetry+and+Drama%3A+Literary+Terms+and+Concepts.&rft.pub=The+Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-61530-490-5&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DLHA_SydyKOYC%26pg%3DPAPA39&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrandPertile1999" class="citation book cs1">Brand, Peter; <a href="/wiki/Lino_Pertile" title="Lino Pertile">Pertile, Lino</a>, eds. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&pg=PAPA5">"2 – Poetry. Francis of Assisi (pp. 5ff.)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC">The Cambridge History of Italian Literature</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66622-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-66622-0"><bdi>978-0-521-66622-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610172548/https://books.google.com/books?id=3uq0bObScHMC&printsec=frontcover">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=2+%E2%80%93+Poetry.+Francis+of+Assisi+%28pp.+5ff.%29&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Italian+Literature&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-521-66622-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3uq0bObScHMC%26pg%3DPAPA5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Alessandro-Manzoni">"Alessandro Manzoni | Italian author"</a>. Encyclopedia Britannica.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Alessandro+Manzoni+%26%23124%3B+Italian+author&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FAlessandro-Manzoni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newrepublic.com/article/115276/giacomo-leopardis-zibaldone-reviewed-adam-kirsch">The Least Known Masterpiece of European Literature</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170822050017/https://newrepublic.com/article/115276/giacomo-leopardis-zibaldone-reviewed-adam-kirsch">Archived</a> 22 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, New Republic </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/leopardi/projects/index.aspx">The Zibaldone project</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150523011333/http://www.birmingham.ac.uk/research/activity/leopardi/projects/index.aspx">Archived</a> 23 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, University of Birmingham </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/">"All Nobel Prizes in Literature"</a>. Nobelprize.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110529091551/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=All+Nobel+Prizes+in+Literature&rft.pub=Nobelprize.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnobelprize.org%2Fnobel_prizes%2Fliterature%2Flaureates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.melogranoarte.it/storia-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia/">"Storia del Teatro nelle città d'Italia"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 27 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+Teatro+nelle+citt%C3%A0+d%27Italia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.melogranoarte.it%2Fstoria-del-teatro-nelle-citta-ditalia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brunelleschi.imss.fi.it/itinerari/itinerario/storiateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html">"Storia del teatro: lo spazio scenico in Toscana"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 28 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro%3A+lo+spazio+scenico+in+Toscana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrunelleschi.imss.fi.it%2Fitinerari%2Fitinerario%2Fstoriateatrospazioscenicotoscana.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> Of this second root <a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> he speaks of a true alternative culture to the official one: although widespread as an idea, some scholars such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=Giovanni_Antonucci&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giovanni Antonucci (page does not exist)">Giovanni Antonucci</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni_Antonucci" class="extiw" title="it:Giovanni Antonucci">it</a>] do not agree in considering it as such. In this regard, see <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonucci1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). Storia del teatro italiano (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. pp. 10–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8879839747" title="Special:BookSources/978-8879839747"><bdi>978-8879839747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro+italiano&rft.pages=10-14&rft.pub=Newton+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8879839747&rft.aulast=Antonucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAntonucci1995" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Antonucci, Giovanni (1995). Storia del teatro italiano (in Italian). Newton Compton Editori. p. 18. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8879839747" title="Special:BookSources/978-8879839747"><bdi>978-8879839747</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+teatro+italiano&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Newton+Compton+Editori&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-8879839747&rft.aulast=Antonucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMitchell1999" class="citation book cs1">Mitchell, Tony (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jrdMAgAAQBAJ">Dario Fo: People's Court Jester (Updated and Expanded)</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Methuen_Publishing" title="Methuen Publishing">Methuen</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-413-73320-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-413-73320-3"><bdi>0-413-73320-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dario+Fo%3A+People%27s+Court+Jester+%28Updated+and+Expanded%29&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-413-73320-3&rft.aulast=Mitchell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjrdMAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScuderi2011" class="citation book cs1">Scuderi, Antonio (2011). Dario Fo: Framing, Festival, and the Folkloric Imagination. Lanham (Md.): Lexington Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780739151112" title="Special:BookSources/9780739151112"><bdi>9780739151112</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dario+Fo%3A+Framing%2C+Festival%2C+and+the+Folkloric+Imagination&rft.pub=Lanham+%28Md.%29%3A+Lexington+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780739151112&rft.aulast=Scuderi&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/literature/1997/summary/">"The Nobel Prize in Literature 1997"</a>. www.nobelprize.org. Retrieved 12 July 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=www.nobelprize.org&rft.atitle=The+Nobel+Prize+in+Literature+1997&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nobelprize.org%2Fprizes%2Fliterature%2F1997%2Fsummary%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChaffee,_JudithCrick,_Olly2015" class="citation book cs1">Chaffee, Judith; Crick, Olly (2015). The Routledge Companion to Commedia Dell'Arte. London and New York: Rutledge Taylor and Francis Group. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74506-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-74506-2"><bdi>978-0-415-74506-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Commedia+Dell%27Arte&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=Rutledge+Taylor+and+Francis+Group&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-415-74506-2&rft.au=Chaffee%2C+Judith&rft.au=Crick%2C+Olly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/balt/hd_balt.htm">"The Ballet"</a>. metmuseum.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=metmuseum.org&rft.atitle=The+Ballet&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metmuseum.org%2Ftoah%2Fhd%2Fbalt%2Fhd_balt.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080209205503/http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine">"Andros on Ballet – Catherine Medici De"</a>. michaelminn.net. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michaelminn.net/andros/index.php?de_medici_catherine">the original</a> on 9 February 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=michaelminn.net&rft.atitle=Andros+on+Ballet+%E2%80%93+Catherine+Medici+De&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.michaelminn.net%2Fandros%2Findex.php%3Fde_medici_catherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuzmick_Hansell1980" class="citation book cs1">Kuzmick Hansell, Kathleen (1980). Opera and Ballet at the Regio Ducal Teatro of Milan, 1771-1776: A Musical and Social History. Vol. I. University of California. p. 200.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Opera+and+Ballet+at+the+Regio+Ducal+Teatro+of+Milan%2C+1771-1776%3A+A+Musical+and+Social+History&rft.pages=200&rft.pub=University+of+California&rft.date=1980&rft.aulast=Kuzmick+Hansell&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988">[ISBN unspecified] </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> Code of <a href="/wiki/Canon_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canon Law">Canon Law</a>, Can. 252, § 3 <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200219191727/http://www.vatican.va/archive/ENG1104/__PW.HTM">Archived</a> 19 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Clarendon-177"><a href="#cite_ref-Clarendon_177-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1941" class="citation journal cs1">Singer, C. (1941). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mPIgAAAAMAAJ">"A Short History of Science to the Nineteenth Century"</a>. Clarendon Press: 217.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+Short+History+of+Science+to+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.pages=217&rft.date=1941&rft.aulast=Singer&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmPIgAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Whitehouse-178"><a href="#cite_ref-Whitehouse_178-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhitehouse2009" class="citation book cs1">Whitehouse, D. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancegeniu0000whit">Renaissance Genius: Galileo Galilei & His Legacy to Modern Science</a>. Sterling Publishing. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/renaissancegeniu0000whit/page/219">219</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6977-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4027-6977-1"><bdi>978-1-4027-6977-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Renaissance+Genius%3A+Galileo+Galilei+%26+His+Legacy+to+Modern+Science&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-4027-6977-1&rft.aulast=Whitehouse&rft.aufirst=D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frenaissancegeniu0000whit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hobbes-179"><a href="#cite_ref-Hobbes_179-0">^</a> Thomas Hobbes: Critical Assessments, Volume 1. Preston King. 1993. p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-Disraeli-180"><a href="#cite_ref-Disraeli_180-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDisraeli1835" class="citation book cs1">Disraeli, I. (1835). Curiosities of Literature. W. Pearson & Company. p. 371.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Curiosities+of+Literature&rft.pages=371&rft.pub=W.+Pearson+%26+Company&rft.date=1835&rft.aulast=Disraeli&rft.aufirst=I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hong-181"><a href="#cite_ref-Hong_181-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Hong" class="citation book cs1">Hong, Sungook (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monoskop.org/images/f/f4/Hong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf">Wireless: From Marconi's Black-Box to the Audion</a> (PDF). Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press. p. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-262-08298-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-262-08298-5"><bdi>0-262-08298-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Wireless%3A+From+Marconi%27s+Black-Box+to+the+Audion&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pages=1&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-262-08298-5&rft.au=Hong%2C+Sungook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmonoskop.org%2Fimages%2Ff%2Ff4%2FHong_Sungook_Wireless_From_Marconis_Black-Box_to_the_Audion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-guardian.co.uk-182"><a href="#cite_ref-guardian.co.uk_182-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2002" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (17 June 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews">"Bell did not invent telephone, US rules"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161202074757/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/jun/17/humanities.internationaleducationnews">Archived</a> from the original on 2 December 2016. Retrieved 17 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bell+did+not+invent+telephone%2C+US+rules&rft.date=2002-06-17&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2002%2Fjun%2F17%2Fhumanities.internationaleducationnews&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> Several Italian encyclopaedias claim Meucci as the inventor of the telephone, including: – the "Treccani" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ricerca/meucci">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170811062529/http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/ricerca/meucci/">Archived</a> 11 August 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – the Italian version of Microsoft digital encyclopaedia, Encarta. – Enciclopedia Italiana di Scienze, Lettere ed Arti (Italian Encyclopedia of Science, Literature and Arts). </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOrlando1998" class="citation journal cs1">Orlando, Lucia (1998). "Physics in the 1930s: Jewish Physicists' Contribution to the Realization of the "New Tasks" of Physics in Italy". Historical Studies in the Physical and Biological Sciences. 29 (1): 141–181. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27757806">10.2307/27757806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/27757806">27757806</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Physical+and+Biological+Sciences&rft.atitle=Physics+in+the+1930s%3A+Jewish+Physicists%27+Contribution+to+the+Realization+of+the+%22New+Tasks%22+of+Physics+in+Italy&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=141-181&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27757806&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F27757806%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Orlando&rft.aufirst=Lucia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Howard_Eves" title="Howard Eves">Eves, Howard</a>. 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A&C Black. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781441160690" title="Special:BookSources/9781441160690"><bdi>9781441160690</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Italian+Cinema&rft.pub=A%26C+Black&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781441160690&rft.aulast=Bondanella&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHgOl4LWswLQC%26q%3DDivine%2Bcomedy%252C%2Bfirst%2Bart%2Bfilm%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuzzi2016" class="citation book cs1">Luzzi, Joseph (30 March 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4LT1CwAAQBAJ&q=Italy+art+film">A Cinema of Poetry: Aesthetics of the Italian Art Film</a>. JHU Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781421419848" title="Special:BookSources/9781421419848"><bdi>9781421419848</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Cinema+of+Poetry%3A+Aesthetics+of+the+Italian+Art+Film&rft.pub=JHU+Press&rft.date=2016-03-30&rft.isbn=9781421419848&rft.aulast=Luzzi&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4LT1CwAAQBAJ%26q%3DItaly%2Bart%2Bfilm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180320195614/https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie/">"L'œuvre cinématographique des frères Lumière - Pays: Italie"</a> (in French). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue-lumiere.com/pays/italie/">the original</a> on 20 March 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L%27%C5%93uvre+cin%C3%A9matographique+des+fr%C3%A8res+Lumi%C3%A8re+-+Pays%3A+Italie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue-lumiere.com%2Fpays%2Fitalie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180321124127/https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini/">"Il Cinema Ritrovato - Italia 1896 - Grand Tour Italiano"</a> (in Italian). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://festival.ilcinemaritrovato.it/proiezione/italy-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini/">the original</a> on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+Cinema+Ritrovato+-+Italia+1896+-+Grand+Tour+Italiano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffestival.ilcinemaritrovato.it%2Fproiezione%2Fitaly-1896-in-honor-of-aldo-bernardini%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivio.quirinale.it/aspr/gianni-bisiach/AV-002-000398/26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere">"26 febbraio 1896 - Papa Leone XIII filmato Fratelli Lumière"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 1 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=26+febbraio+1896+-+Papa+Leone+XIII+filmato+Fratelli+Lumi%C3%A8re&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchivio.quirinale.it%2Faspr%2Fgianni-bisiach%2FAV-002-000398%2F26-febbraio-1896-papa-leone-xiii-filmato-fratelli-lumiere&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-treccani-cinematografia-213">^ <a href="#cite_ref-treccani-cinematografia_213-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-treccani-cinematografia_213-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">"Cinematografia", Dizionario enciclopedico italiano (in Italian), vol. III, <a href="/wiki/Treccani" title="Treccani">Treccani</a>, 1970, p. 226</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Cinematografia&rft.btitle=Dizionario+enciclopedico+italiano&rft.pages=226&rft.pub=Treccani&rft.date=1970&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrea_Fioravanti2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Andrea Fioravanti (2006). La "storia" senza storia. Racconti del passato tra letteratura, cinema e televisione (in Italian). Morlacchi Editore. p. 121. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-6074-066-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-6074-066-3"><bdi>978-88-6074-066-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+%22storia%22+senza+storia.+Racconti+del+passato+tra+letteratura%2C+cinema+e+televisione&rft.pages=121&rft.pub=Morlacchi+Editore&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-88-6074-066-3&rft.au=Andrea+Fioravanti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_K._Klepper1999" class="citation book cs1">Robert K. Klepper (1999). Silent Films, 1877-1996: A Critical Guide to 646 Movies. McFarland. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0595-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-0595-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-0595-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Silent+Films%2C+1877-1996%3A+A+Critical+Guide+to+646+Movies&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-0595-4&rft.au=Robert+K.+Klepper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_Robertson1991" class="citation book cs1">Patrick Robertson (1991). Guinness Book of Movie Facts and Feats. Abbeville Press. p. 217. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-236-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55859-236-0"><bdi>978-1-55859-236-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Guinness+Book+of+Movie+Facts+and+Feats&rft.pages=217&rft.pub=Abbeville+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-55859-236-0&rft.au=Patrick+Robertson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Alberti2014" class="citation book cs1">John Alberti (2014). Screen Ages: A Survey of American Cinema. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65028-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-317-65028-7"><bdi>978-1-317-65028-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Screen+Ages%3A+A+Survey+of+American+Cinema&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-317-65028-7&rft.au=John+Alberti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.brevestoriadelcinema.org/04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie/">"Il cinema delle avanguardie"</a> (in Italian). 30 September 2017. Retrieved 13 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+cinema+delle+avanguardie&rft.date=2017-09-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.brevestoriadelcinema.org%2F04-4-il-cinema-delle-avanguardie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-katz-219">^ <a href="#cite_ref-katz_219-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-katz_219-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEphraim_Katz2001" class="citation cs2">Ephraim Katz (2001), "Italy", The Film Encyclopedia, HarperResource, pp. 682–685</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Italy&rft.btitle=The+Film+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=682-685&rft.pub=HarperResource&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Ephraim+Katz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrunetta2002" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Brunetta, Gian Piero (2002). Storia del cinema mondiale (in Italian). Vol. III. Einaudi. pp. 357–359. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-14528-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-14528-6"><bdi>978-88-06-14528-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+del+cinema+mondiale&rft.pages=357-359&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-88-06-14528-6&rft.aulast=Brunetta&rft.aufirst=Gian+Piero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shockwavemagazine.it/cinema-serietv/vittorio-de-sica-regista-attore/">"Vittorio De Sica: l'eclettico regista capace di fotografare la vera Italia"</a> (in Italian). 6 July 2020. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vittorio+De+Sica%3A+l%27eclettico+regista+capace+di+fotografare+la+vera+Italia&rft.date=2020-07-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshockwavemagazine.it%2Fcinema-serietv%2Fvittorio-de-sica-regista-attore%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ew.com/article/1996/04/19/50-greatest-directors-and-their-100-best-movies/">"The 50 Greatest Directors and Their 100 Best Movies"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Entertainment_Weekly" title="Entertainment Weekly">Entertainment Weekly</a>. 19 April 1996. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190607165813/https://ew.com/article/1996/04/19/50-greatest-directors-and-their-100-best-movies/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 June 2019. 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Chicago Sun-Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227023704/http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009. Retrieved 8 September 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chicago+Sun-Times&rft.atitle=The+Bicycle+Thief+%2F+Bicycle+Thieves+%281949%29&rft.aulast=Ebert&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frogerebert.suntimes.com%2Fapps%2Fpbcs.dll%2Farticle%3FAID%3D%2F19990319%2FREVIEWS08%2F903190306%2F1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151211230213/http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358">"The 25 Most Influential Directors of All Time"</a>. MovieMaker Magazine. 7 July 2002. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moviemaker.com/archives/moviemaking/directing/articles-directing/the-25-most-influential-directors-of-all-time-3358/">the original</a> on 11 December 2015. 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Washington D.C.: American Association for the Advancement of Science (published 8 November 2019): 708–714. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019Sci...366..708A">2019Sci...366..708A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826">10.1126/science.aay6826</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2318%2F1715466">2318/1715466</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7093155">7093155</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31699931">31699931</a>. <q>Interestingly, although Iron Age individuals were sampled from both Etruscan (n=3) and Latin (n=6) contexts, we did not detect any significant differences between the two groups with f4 statistics in the form of f4(RMPR_Etruscan, RMPR_Latin; test population, Onge), suggesting shared origins or extensive genetic exchange between them.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Ancient+Rome%3A+A+genetic+crossroads+of+Europe+and+the+Mediterranean&rft.volume=366&rft.issue=6466&rft.pages=708-714&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019Sci...366..708A&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F31699931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.aay6826&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2318%2F1715466&rft.aulast=Antonio&rft.aufirst=Margaret+L.&rft.au=Gao%2C+Ziyue&rft.au=M.+Moots%2C+Hannah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7093155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Posth2021-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Posth2021_323-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPosthZaroSpyrou2021" class="citation journal cs1">Posth, Cosimo; Zaro, Valentina; Spyrou, Maria A. (24 September 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462907">"The origin and legacy of the Etruscans through a 2000-year archeogenomic time transect"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Advances" title="Science Advances">Science Advances</a>. 7 (39): eabi7673. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi7673">10.1126/sciadv.abi7673</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8462907">8462907</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34559560">34559560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Advances&rft.atitle=The+origin+and+legacy+of+the+Etruscans+through+a+2000-year+archeogenomic+time+transect&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=39&rft.pages=eabi7673&rft.date=2021-09-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8462907%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F34559560&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fsciadv.abi7673&rft.aulast=Posth&rft.aufirst=Cosimo&rft.au=Zaro%2C+Valentina&rft.au=Spyrou%2C+Maria+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8462907&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomo1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9on_Homo" title="Léon Homo">Homo, Léon</a> (1996). Primitive Italy. Routledge. p. 45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415155809" title="Special:BookSources/9780415155809"><bdi>9780415155809</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Primitive+Italy&rft.pages=45&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9780415155809&rft.aulast=Homo&rft.aufirst=L%C3%A9on&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> Karl Viktor Müllenhoff, Deutsche Alterthurnskunde, I volume. </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-326">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_326-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_326-1">b</a> Strabo, Geography, book 2, chapter 5, section 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> Dominique François Louis Roget de Belloguet, Ethnogénie gauloise, ou Mémoires critiques sur l'origine et la parenté des Cimmériens, des Cimbres, des Ombres, des Belges, des Ligures et des anciens Celtes. Troisiéme partie: Preuves intellectuelles. Le génie gaulois, Paris 1868. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> Gilberto Oneto Paesaggio e architettura delle regioni padano-alpine dalle origini alla fine del primo millennio, Priuli e Verlucc, editori 2002, pp. 34–36, 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> See, in particular <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcEvedy1967" class="citation book cs1">McEvedy, Colin (1967). The Penguin Atlas of Ancient History by Colin McEvedy. p. 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Penguin+Atlas+of+Ancient+History+by+Colin+McEvedy&rft.pages=29&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=McEvedy&rft.aufirst=Colin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> Leonard Robert Palmer, The Latin Language, London: Faber and Faber, 1954, p. 54 </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSciarretta2010" class="citation book cs1">Sciarretta, Antonio (2010). Toponomastica d'Italia. Nomi di luoghi, storie di popoli antichi. Milano: Mursia. pp. 174–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-425-4017-5"><bdi>978-88-425-4017-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toponomastica+d%27Italia.+Nomi+di+luoghi%2C+storie+di+popoli+antichi&rft.place=Milano&rft.pages=174-194&rft.pub=Mursia&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-88-425-4017-5&rft.aulast=Sciarretta&rft.aufirst=Antonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> According, among others, to: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProsdocimi1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Prosdocimi, Aldo Luigi (1993). Popoli e civiltà dell'Italia antica (in Italian). Vol. 6/1. Spazio Tre.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popoli+e+civilt%C3%A0+dell%27Italia+antica&rft.pub=Spazio+Tre&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Prosdocimi&rft.aufirst=Aldo+Luigi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> Cf. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillar2008" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Villar, Francisco (2008). Gli Indoeuropei e le origini dell'Europa (in Italian). Il Mulino. p. 490.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+Indoeuropei+e+le+origini+dell%27Europa&rft.pages=490&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Villar&rft.aufirst=Francisco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ven3-333"><a href="#cite_ref-ven3_333-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.venetoimage.com/svc.htm">"Venetoimage – Canova e Possagno"</a>. Venetoimage.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033239/http://www.venetoimage.com/svc.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Venetoimage.com&rft.atitle=Venetoimage+%E2%80%93+Canova+e+Possagno&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.venetoimage.com%2Fsvc.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> (C. Plinii, Naturalis Historia, III, 68–69) </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Saylor_Foundation" class="citation web cs1">The Saylor Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.saylor.org/site/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/HIST301-4.3.2-AncientPeopleoftItaly-FINAL.pdf">"The Ancient People of Italy"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 19 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Saylor.org&rft.atitle=The+Ancient+People+of+Italy&rft.au=The+Saylor+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saylor.org%2Fsite%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2013%2F02%2FHIST301-4.3.2-AncientPeopleoftItaly-FINAL.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayden" class="citation web cs1">Hayden, Olivia E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dl.tufts.edu/file_assets/tufts:UA005.025.005.00001">"Urban Planning in the Greek Colonies in Sicily and Magna Graecia"</a>. Tufts University, 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925122740/http://dl.tufts.edu/file_assets/tufts:UA005.025.005.00001">Archived</a> from the original on 25 September 2015. Retrieved 23 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tufts+University%2C+2013&rft.atitle=Urban+Planning+in+the+Greek+Colonies+in+Sicily+and+Magna+Graecia&rft.aulast=Hayden&rft.aufirst=Olivia+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdl.tufts.edu%2Ffile_assets%2Ftufts%3AUA005.025.005.00001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> P. A. Brunt, Italian manpower, 225 B.C.-A.D. 14, Oxford University Press, 1971, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-338">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_338-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_338-1">b</a> La popolazione del Mondo Greco-Romano, Karl Julius Beloch </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Dictionary of Greek and Roman Geography, Vol. 1, Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. 1854. p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-Ligt,_2012._p._43-44-340"><a href="#cite_ref-Ligt,_2012._p._43-44_340-0">^</a> Luuk De Ligt, Peasants, Citizens and Soldiers: Studies in the Demographic History of Roman Italy 225 BC – AD 100. 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Bradford, With Arrow, Sword, and Spear: A History of Warfare in the Ancient World, Praeger Publishers, 2001, p. 191 </li> <li id="cite_note-Strabo,_5.1.10-347">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_5.1.10_347-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Strabo,_5.1.10_347-1">b</a> Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> Strabo, Geography, book 5, chapter 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaveley1989" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Staveley, ES (1989). "Rome and Italy in the Early Third Century". In Walbank, Frank William (ed.). The Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. VII: the Hellenistic World: Part 2: The Rise of Rome to 220 BC. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 425. <q>Certainly, steps designed to consolidate her hold in the north-east followed this incident in quick succession: the foundation in 268 of the Latin colony of Ariminum .... the annexation of the whole Picentine land save for … Ancona and … Asculum; the transportation of large numbers of Picentes to the ager Picentinus on the west coast, and finally in 264 the planting of a second large Latin colony on the coast at Firmum.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rome+and+Italy+in+the+Early+Third+Century&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+Ancient+History&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=425&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Staveley&rft.aufirst=ES&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> Ettore Pais, Ancient Italy: Historical and Geographical Investigations in Central Italy, Magna Graecia, Sicily, and Sardinia, The University of Chicago Press, 1908 </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> Patrick Bruun, Studies in the romanization of Etruria, Vol. 1–7, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> Jordanes, Getica 243 </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae 28,5,15 </li> <li id="cite_note-Vauthier_Adams-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vauthier_Adams_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vauthier_Adams_354-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul2000" class="citation book cs1">Paul, Vauthier Adams (3 August 2000). Experiencing World History. NYU Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Experiencing+World+History&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2000-08-03&rft.aulast=Paul&rft.aufirst=Vauthier+Adams&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWard-Perkins2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bryan_Ward-Perkins" title="Bryan Ward-Perkins">Ward-Perkins, Bryan</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward">The Fall of Rome: And the End of Civilization</a>. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fallofromeendofc00ward/page/31">31</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280564-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-280564-5"><bdi>978-0-19-280564-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Fall+of+Rome%3A+And+the+End+of+Civilization&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-19-280564-5&rft.aulast=Ward-Perkins&rft.aufirst=Bryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffallofromeendofc00ward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> Frank N. Magill, The Middle Ages: Dictionary of World Biography, Volume 2, Salem Press, Inc. 1998, p. 895. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> William A. Sumruld, Augustine and the Arians: The Bishop of Hippo's Encounters with Ulfilan Arianism, Associated Press University Presses 1994, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelbr_ck1990" class="citation book cs1">Delbr_ck, Hans (1990). The barbarian invasions. U of Nebraska Press. p. 286.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+barbarian+invasions&rft.pages=286&rft.pub=U+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Delbr_ck&rft.aufirst=Hans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> De Bello Gothico IV 32, pp. 241–245; this reference stems from the pen of the Byzantine historian, Procopius, who accompanied Justinian's leading general, Belisarius, on his exploits between 527 and 540. This included the campaigns against the Ostrogoths, which is the subject of De Bello Gothico. </li> <li id="cite_note-Santosuosso_44-360"><a href="#cite_ref-Santosuosso_44_360-0">^</a> Antonio Santosuosso, Barbarians, Marauders, and Infidels: The Ways of Medieval Warfare, Westview Press 2004, p. 44. </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiaconis787" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Deacon" title="Paul the Deacon">Diaconis, Paulus</a> (787). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080517112407/http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php">Historia Langobardorum</a>. Monte Cassino, Italy. Book V chapter 29. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northvegr.org/lore/langobard/033.php">the original</a> on 17 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+Langobardorum&rft.place=Monte+Cassino%2C+Italy&rft.pages=Book+V+chapter+29&rft.date=787&rft.aulast=Diaconis&rft.aufirst=Paulus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northvegr.org%2Flore%2Flangobard%2F033.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCorbanese1983" class="citation book cs1">Corbanese, G. G. (1983). Il Friuli, Trieste e l'Istria: dalla Preistoria alla caduta del Patriarcato d'Aquileia (Grande Atlante Cronologico ed.). Udine: Del Bianco.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Il+Friuli%2C+Trieste+e+l%27Istria%3A+dalla+Preistoria+alla+caduta+del+Patriarcato+d%27Aquileia&rft.place=Udine&rft.edition=Grande+Atlante+Cronologico&rft.pub=Del+Bianco&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Corbanese&rft.aufirst=G.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFG.1981" class="citation book cs1">G., Barbina (1981). Codroipo (Il ponte ed.).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codroipo&rft.edition=Il+ponte&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=G.&rft.aufirst=Barbina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGolden1992" class="citation book cs1">Golden, Peter B. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/12545004">An Introduction to the History of the Turkic Peoples</a>. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz. p. 245. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783447032742" title="Special:BookSources/9783447032742"><bdi>9783447032742</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Introduction+to+the+History+of+the+Turkic+Peoples&rft.place=Wiesbaden&rft.pages=245&rft.pub=Otto+Harrassowitz&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=9783447032742&rft.aulast=Golden&rft.aufirst=Peter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F12545004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.it-365"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.it_365-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoudMetcalfe2002" class="citation journal cs1">Loud, G. A.; Metcalfe, Alex (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323">"Following the marriage to his third wife, Adelaide, from the Aleramici clan in Piedmont, many northern Italians (the sources refer to them as lombardi, as opposed to the longobardi from southern Italy) settled on the island of Sicily from the late Eleventh century onwards"</a>. The Society of Norman Italy. Brill, Leiden: 323. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9004125418" title="Special:BookSources/9004125418"><bdi>9004125418</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160610135950/https://books.google.com/books?id=1IBspuVRwnUC&pg=PA323">Archived</a> from the original on 10 June 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Society+of+Norman+Italy&rft.atitle=Following+the+marriage+to+his+third+wife%2C+Adelaide%2C+from+the+Aleramici+clan+in+Piedmont%2C+many+northern+Italians+%28the+sources+refer+to+them+as+lombardi%2C+as+opposed+to+the+longobardi+from+southern+Italy%29+settled+on+the+island+of+Sicily+from+the+late+Eleventh+century+onwards.&rft.pages=323&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9004125418&rft.aulast=Loud&rft.aufirst=G.+A.&rft.au=Metcalfe%2C+Alex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1IBspuVRwnUC%26pg%3DPA323&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> These Lombard colonisers were natives from Northern Italy and should not be confused with the <a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombard</a> Germanic tribe, who were referred to as Longobardi to distinguish them from the locals of the region who were known as Lombardi. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> Jules Gay, L'Italie meridionale et l'empire Byzantin, Parigi 1904, vol. II, p. 450-453. </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> David Abulafia, Le due Italie: relazioni economiche fra il regno normanno di Sicilia e i comuni settentrionali, Cambridge University Press 1977 (trad. it. Guida Editori, Napoli 1991), p. 114. </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAbulafia2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Abulafia" title="David Abulafia">Abulafia, David</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hGkfAQAAIAAJ">Mediterranean encounters, economic, religious, political, 1100–1550</a>. Ashgate Publishing. p. 236. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86078-841-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-86078-841-5"><bdi>0-86078-841-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160504184610/https://books.google.com/books?id=hGkfAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 4 May 2016. Retrieved 12 December 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mediterranean+encounters%2C+economic%2C+religious%2C+political%2C+1100%E2%80%931550&rft.pages=236&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-86078-841-5&rft.aulast=Abulafia&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhGkfAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSocietà_Siciliana_per_la_Storia_Patria._Archivio_Storico_Siciliano1876" class="citation web cs1">Società Siciliana per la Storia Patria. Archivio Storico Siciliano (12 December 1876). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/archiviostoricos24soci">"Archivio Storico Siciliano"</a>. Palermo. Retrieved 12 December 2017 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archivio+Storico+Siciliano&rft.pub=Palermo&rft.date=1876-12-12&rft.au=Societ%C3%A0+Siciliana+per+la+Storia+Patria.+Archivio+Storico+Siciliano&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farchiviostoricos24soci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-371"><a href="#cite_ref-371">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarone2003" class="citation book cs1">Barone, Francesco (2003). "Islām in Sicilia nel XII e XIII secolo: ortoprassi, scienze religiose e tasawwuf". In Di Bella, Saverio; Tomasello, Dario (eds.). L'Islam in Europa tra passato e futuro. Cosenza: Pellegrini Editore. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/88-8101-159-X" title="Special:BookSources/88-8101-159-X"><bdi>88-8101-159-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Isl%C4%81m+in+Sicilia+nel+XII+e+XIII+secolo%3A+ortoprassi%2C+scienze+religiose+e+tasawwuf&rft.btitle=L%27Islam+in+Europa+tra+passato+e+futuro&rft.place=Cosenza&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Pellegrini+Editore&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=88-8101-159-X&rft.aulast=Barone&rft.aufirst=Francesco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/aidone-morgantina-history.php">"History and etymology of Aidone and Morgantina"</a>. Italy This Way. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121105070045/http://www.italythisway.com/places/articles/aidone-morgantina-history.php">Archived</a> from the original on 5 November 2012. Retrieved 22 September 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+and+etymology+of+Aidone+and+Morgantina&rft.pub=Italy+This+Way&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.italythisway.com%2Fplaces%2Farticles%2Faidone-morgantina-history.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> According to the most credible hypothesis this settlement dates back to a period between the eleventh century and the thirteenth century. Cfr. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFToso2008" class="citation book cs1">Toso, Fiorenzo (2008). Le minoranze linguistiche in Italia. Bologna: Il Mulino. p. 137. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-15-12677-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-15-12677-1"><bdi>978-88-15-12677-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+minoranze+linguistiche+in+Italia&rft.place=Bologna&rft.pages=137&rft.pub=Il+Mulino&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-88-15-12677-1&rft.aulast=Toso&rft.aufirst=Fiorenzo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBartalotta" class="citation web cs1">Bartalotta, Enrica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.siciliafan.it/minoranze-etniche-sicilia-i-lombardi/">"Minoranze etniche di Sicilia: i Lombardi"</a>. siciliafan.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170420122203/http://www.siciliafan.it/minoranze-etniche-sicilia-i-lombardi/">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=siciliafan.it&rft.atitle=Minoranze+etniche+di+Sicilia%3A+i+Lombardi&rft.aulast=Bartalotta&rft.aufirst=Enrica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.siciliafan.it%2Fminoranze-etniche-sicilia-i-lombardi%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLanza" class="citation web cs1">Lanza, Manfredu. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.casalenews.it/cultura/le-colonie-lombarde-si-insediano-in-sicilia-21269.html">"Le colonie 'lombarde' si insediano in Sicilia"</a>. casalenews.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033638/http://www.casalenews.it/cultura/le-colonie-lombarde-si-insediano-in-sicilia-21269.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casalenews.it&rft.atitle=Le+colonie+%27lombarde%27+si+insediano+in+Sicilia&rft.aulast=Lanza&rft.aufirst=Manfredu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.casalenews.it%2Fcultura%2Fle-colonie-lombarde-si-insediano-in-sicilia-21269.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMusca1985" class="citation book cs1">Musca, Giosuè (15–17 October 1985). Terra e uomini nel Mezzogiorno normanno-svevo: atti delle settime Giornate normanno-sveve. Bari: EDIZIONI DEDALO.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terra+e+uomini+nel+Mezzogiorno+normanno-svevo%3A+atti+delle+settime+Giornate+normanno-sveve&rft.place=Bari&rft.pub=EDIZIONI+DEDALO&rft.date=1985-10-15%2F1985-10-17&rft.aulast=Musca&rft.aufirst=Giosu%C3%A8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFB._Fanucci1788" class="citation book cs1">B. Fanucci, Giovanni (1788). Orazione accademica sull'istoria militare Pisana. Prosperi. p. 100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Orazione+accademica+sull%27istoria+militare+Pisana&rft.pages=100&rft.pub=Prosperi&rft.date=1788&rft.aulast=B.+Fanucci&rft.aufirst=Giovanni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbera" class="citation book cs1">Barbera, Henry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7ZiKIfC4uBMC&pg=PA175">The Military Factor in Social Change Vol. 2</a>. Transaction Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781412837811" title="Special:BookSources/9781412837811"><bdi>9781412837811</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082314/https://books.google.it/books?id=7ZiKIfC4uBMC&pg=PA175&lpg=PA175">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Military+Factor+in+Social+Change+Vol.+2&rft.pub=Transaction+Publishers&rft.isbn=9781412837811&rft.aulast=Barbera&rft.aufirst=Henry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7ZiKIfC4uBMC%26pg%3DPA175&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-379"><a href="#cite_ref-379">^</a> Julie Taylor. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120629142609/http://www.umd.umich.edu/univ/ur/press_releases/nov03/taylorbook_pr.html">Muslims in Medieval Italy: The Colony at Lucera</a>. Lanham, Md.: Lexington Books. 2003. </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> Ataullah Bogdan Kopanski. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iiu.edu.my/deed/quran/albanian/Albchapt.htm">Islamization of Shqeptaret: The clas of Religions in Medieval Albania.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091125004644/http://www.iiu.edu.my/deed/quran/albanian/Albchapt.htm">Archived</a> 25 November 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-381"><a href="#cite_ref-381">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaninCarlson2013" class="citation book cs1">Janin, Hunt; Carlson, Ursula (2 July 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3sjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55">Mercenaries in Medieval and Renaissance Europe</a>. McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780786472741" title="Special:BookSources/9780786472741"><bdi>9780786472741</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181017082232/https://books.google.it/books?id=Y3sjAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA55&lpg=PA55#v=onepage&q=charles%20ii%20burgundians%20lucera">Archived</a> from the original on 17 October 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mercenaries+in+Medieval+and+Renaissance+Europe&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2013-07-02&rft.isbn=9780786472741&rft.aulast=Janin&rft.aufirst=Hunt&rft.au=Carlson%2C+Ursula&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3sjAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA55&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|work=</code> ignored (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#periodical_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.san.beck.org/7-7-ItalianCityStates.html">"Italian City States 1250–1453 by Sanderson Beck"</a>. beck.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150714190021/http://www.san.beck.org/7-7-ItalianCityStates.html">Archived</a> from the original on 14 July 2015. 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Manchester University Press – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scholar+and+Patriot&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DiWK7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPAPA133%26q%3DGaribaldi%252Bone%252Bof%252Bthe%252Bgreatest%252Bgenerals%252Bof%252Bmodern%252Btime&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica-384"><a href="#cite_ref-Garibaldi_on_Encyclopædia_Britannica_384-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">"Giuseppe Garibaldi (Italian revolutionary)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140226091529/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/225978/Giuseppe-Garibaldi">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2014. 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Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Storiamediterranea.it&rft.atitle=L%27EMIGRAZIONE+ALLA+ROVESCIA%3A+TRA+VALCHIAVENNA+E+SICILIA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.storiamediterranea.it%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Fmediterranea%2Fp2492%2Fr1206.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-387"><a href="#cite_ref-387">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-40865981">"The Italian highlanders who may have Scottish roots"</a>. BBC News. 10 August 2017. 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Uni-konstanz.de. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033638/http://www.uni-konstanz.de/FuF/Philo/Sprachwiss/slavistik/acqua/Resetar_Libro_completo1.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Uni-konstanz.de&rft.atitle=LE+COLONIE+SERBOCROATE+DELL%27ITALIA+MERIDIONALE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.uni-konstanz.de%2FFuF%2FPhilo%2FSprachwiss%2Fslavistik%2Facqua%2FResetar_Libro_completo1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-392"><a href="#cite_ref-392">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arbitalia.it/storia/migrazioni.htm">"LE MIGRAZIONI DEGLI ARBERESHE"</a> (PDF). Arbitalia.it. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170525033637/http://www.arbitalia.it/storia/migrazioni.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2017. Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arbitalia.it&rft.atitle=LE+MIGRAZIONI+DEGLI+ARBERESHE&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arbitalia.it%2Fstoria%2Fmigrazioni.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-RhzMMTTdIC_2010,_p._18-393"><a href="#cite_ref-RhzMMTTdIC_2010,_p._18_393-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=31RhzMMTTdIC&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB+people&pg=PA18">Ethnobotany in the New Europe: People, Health and Wild Plant Resources, vol. 14, Manuel Pardo de Santayana, Andrea Pieroni, Rajindra K. Puri, Berghahn Books, 2010</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160205065444/https://books.google.com/books?id=31RhzMMTTdIC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB%20people">Archived</a> 5 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84545-814-1" title="Special:BookSources/1-84545-814-1">1-84545-814-1</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.bg-394"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.bg_394-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hyR_dqdZ5SQC&q=Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB+people&pg=PA110">Handbook of ethnotherapies, Christine E. Gottschalk-Batschkus, Joy C. 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Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ethnologue.com&rft.atitle=Albanian%2C+Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ethnologue.com%2Flanguage%2Faae%2F%2A%2A%2AEDITION%2A%2A%2A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-396"><a href="#cite_ref-396">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mappadeicognomi.it/classifica_cognomi_piu_diffusi.php">"Classifica dei cognomi più diffusi in Italia (ranking of the most common surnames in Italy)"</a>. Mappa dei Cognomi. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190511130921/https://www.mappadeicognomi.it/classifica_cognomi_piu_diffusi.php">Archived</a> from the original on 11 May 2019. 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New York: Routledge: University of Washington Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/italysmanydiaspo00gaba/page/58">58</a>–80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780295979182" title="Special:BookSources/9780295979182"><bdi>9780295979182</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Italy%27s+Many+Diasporas&rft.place=New+York%3A+Routledge&rft.pages=58-80&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780295979182&rft.aulast=Gabaccia&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fitalysmanydiaspo00gaba&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-399">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_399-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoretti1999" class="citation journal cs1">Moretti, Enrico (1 January 1999). 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Retrieved 12 December 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Vatican.va&rft.atitle=Biography+%E2%80%93+Francis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vatican.va%2Fholy_father%2Ffrancesco%2Fbiography%2Fdocuments%2Fpapa-francesco-biografia-bergoglio_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-402"><a href="#cite_ref-402">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepartamento_de_Derecho_y_Ciencias_Políticas_de_la_Universidad_Nacional_de_La_Matanza2011" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Departamento de Derecho y Ciencias Políticas de la <a href="/wiki/National_University_of_La_Matanza" title="National University of La Matanza">Universidad Nacional de La Matanza</a> (14 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar/noticia.php?titulo=historias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina&id=1432#.U2cKkYHa70s">"Historias de inmigrantes italianos en Argentina"</a> (in Spanish). infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar. <q>Se estima que en la actualidad, el 90% de la población argentina tiene alguna ascendencia europea y que al menos 25 millones están relacionados con algún inmigrante de Italia.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historias+de+inmigrantes+italianos+en+Argentina&rft.pub=infouniversidades.siu.edu.ar&rft.date=2011-11-14&rft.au=Departamento+de+Derecho+y+Ciencias+Pol%C3%ADticas+de+la+Universidad+Nacional+de+La+Matanza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finfouniversidades.siu.edu.ar%2Fnoticia.php%3Ftitulo%3Dhistorias_de_inmigrantes_italianos_en_argentina%26id%3D1432%23.U2cKkYHa70s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-403">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_403-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_403-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_403-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoe2002" class="citation book cs1">Moe, Nelson (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/viewfromvesuvius00moen">The View from Vesuvius Italian Culture and the Southern Question How did Southern Italy Become "The South"?</a>. 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"the largest city in Ticino, and the largest Italian-speaking city outside of Italy." </li> <li id="cite_note-411"><a href="#cite_ref-411">^</a> The Vatican City State appendix to the <a href="/wiki/Acta_Apostolicae_Sedis" title="Acta Apostolicae Sedis">Acta Apostolicae Sedis</a> is entirely in Italian. </li> <li id="cite_note-2008census-412"><a href="#cite_ref-2008census_412-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.monaco-iq.com/society">"Society"</a>. Monaco-IQ Business Intelligence. Lydia Porter. 2007–2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130815074527/http://www.monaco-iq.com/society">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2013. 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Bradt Travel Guides. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781841624457" title="Special:BookSources/9781841624457"><bdi>9781841624457</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Istria&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Bradt+Travel+Guides&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781841624457&rft.au=Thammy+Evans&rft.au=Rudolf+Abraham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1_VCBtYq1H4C%26pg%3DPA11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-query.nytimes.com-424"><a href="#cite_ref-query.nytimes.com_424-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._Markham1987" class="citation news cs1">James M. 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Retrieved 28 July 2014. <q>Today, even though for political reasons English is the most widely taught foreign language in Albanian schools, Italian is anyway the most widespread foreign language.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Education+et+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9s+Plurilingues&rft.atitle=La+lingua+italiana+in+Albania&rft.issue=22&rft.pages=51-56&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Longo&rft.aufirst=Maurizio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cebip.com%2Fdownload.asp%3Ffile%3D%2Felementi%2Fwww%2Fesp022_07_longo.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-429"><a href="#cite_ref-429">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLongoAdemiBulija2010" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Longo, Maurizio; Ademi, Esmeralda; Bulija, Mirjana (June 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cebip.com/datapage.asp?l=1&id=40">"Una quantificazione della penetrazione della lingua italiana in Albania tramite la televisione (III)"</a> [A quantification of the diffusion of the Italian language in Albania via television] (PDF). 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Retrieved 22 January 2017. <q>L'italiano come lingua acquisita o riacquisita è largamente diffuso in Venezuela: recenti studi stimano circa 200.000 studenti di italiano nel Paese</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Italiano+LinguaDue&rft.atitle=L%27ITALIANO+IN+VENEZUELA&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=20&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.13130%2F2037-3597%2F1921&rft.aulast=Bernasconi&rft.aufirst=Giulia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.openaire.eu%2Fsearch%2Fpublication%3FarticleId%3Ddoajarticles%3A%3Ae2c6e2d8ae5915079007d321c21defb0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/eti2019">"Encuesta Telefónica de Idiomas (ETI) 2019"</a>. Instituto Nacional de Estadística Instituto Nacional de Estadística – Uruguay. 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201028151823/https://www.ine.gub.uy/web/guest/eti2019">Archived</a> from the original on 28 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+Instituto+Nacional+de+Estad%C3%ADstica+%E2%80%93+Uruguay&rft.atitle=Encuesta+Telef%C3%B3nica+de+Idiomas+%28ETI%29+2019&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ine.gub.uy%2Fweb%2Fguest%2Feti2019&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusdata.abs.gov.au/census_services/getproduct/census/2011/quickstat/0">"2011 Census QuickStats: Australia"</a>. 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Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QUOTIDIANI+ITALIANI+ALL%27ESTERO&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fipse.com%2Fquotites.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-441"><a href="#cite_ref-441">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.conteallestero.it/articoli-psicologo-all-estero/come-si-informano-gli-italiani-all-estero">"Come si informano gli italiani all'estero"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Come+si+informano+gli+italiani+all%27estero&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.conteallestero.it%2Farticoli-psicologo-all-estero%2Fcome-si-informano-gli-italiani-all-estero&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-442"><a href="#cite_ref-442">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.radioascolta.it/t-giornale-italo-brasiliano-(Fanfulla)/#:~:text=Il%20Fanfulla%20%C3%A8%20il%20giornale,brasiliani%20che%20vivevano%20in%20Brasile.">"Il giornale italo-brasiliano (Fanfulla)"</a> (in Italian). Retrieved 6 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Il+giornale+italo-brasiliano+%28Fanfulla%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.radioascolta.it%2Ft-giornale-italo-brasiliano-%28Fanfulla%29%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIl%2520Fanfulla%2520%25C3%25A8%2520il%2520giornale%2Cbrasiliani%2520che%2520vivevano%2520in%2520Brasile.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-443"><a href="#cite_ref-443">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.duolingo.com/courses">"duolingo"</a>. duolingo. Retrieved 18 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=duolingo&rft.atitle=duolingo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.duolingo.com%2Fcourses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-esteri.it-444"><a href="#cite_ref-esteri.it_444-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110807061658/http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Cultura/PromozioneLinguaItaliana/DatiStatisticheInsegnamentoLingua.htm">"Dati e statistiche"</a>. Esteri.it. 28 September 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esteri.it/MAE/IT/Politica_Estera/Cultura/PromozioneLinguaItaliana/DatiStatisticheInsegnamentoLingua.htm">the original</a> on 7 August 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dati+e+statistiche&rft.pub=Esteri.it&rft.date=2007-09-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.esteri.it%2FMAE%2FIT%2FPolitica_Estera%2FCultura%2FPromozioneLinguaItaliana%2FDatiStatisticheInsegnamentoLingua.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHajekAlianiSlaughter2022" class="citation journal cs1">Hajek, John; Aliani, Renata; Slaughter, Yvette (November 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2022.30">"From the Periphery to the Center Stage: The Mainstreaming of Italian in the Australian Education System (1960s to 1990s)"</a>. History of Education Quarterly. 62 (4): 475–97. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fheq.2022.30">10.1017/heq.2022.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:253447737">253447737</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Education+Quarterly&rft.atitle=From+the+Periphery+to+the+Center+Stage%3A+The+Mainstreaming+of+Italian+in+the+Australian+Education+System+%281960s+to+1990s%29&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=475-97&rft.date=2022-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fheq.2022.30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A253447737%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Hajek&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Aliani%2C+Renata&rft.au=Slaughter%2C+Yvette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fheq.2022.30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-446"><a href="#cite_ref-446">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ilsonline.it/italy/italianlanguage.html">"Italian Language"</a>. ilsonline.it. Retrieved 7 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ilsonline.it&rft.atitle=Italian+Language&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ilsonline.it%2Fitaly%2Fitalianlanguage.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaupe_et_al.2021" class="citation journal cs1">Saupe, Tina; et al. (21 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cell.com/current-biology/abstract/S0960-9822(21)00535-2">"Ancient genomes reveal structural shifts after the arrival of Steppe-related ancestry in the Italian Peninsula"</a>. Current Biology. 31 (12): 2576–2591.e12. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021CBio...31E2576S">2021CBio...31E2576S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.022">10.1016/j.cub.2021.04.022</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/11585%2F827581">11585/827581</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0960-9822">0960-9822</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33974848">33974848</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:234471370">234471370</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Biology&rft.atitle=Ancient+genomes+reveal+structural+shifts+after+the+arrival+of+Steppe-related+ancestry+in+the+Italian+Peninsula&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=2576-2591.e12&rft.date=2021-06-21&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F11585%2F827581&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A234471370%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2021CBio...31E2576S&rft.issn=0960-9822&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cub.2021.04.022&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33974848&rft.aulast=Saupe&rft.aufirst=Tina&rft.au=Montinaro%2C+Francesco&rft.au=Scaggion%2C+Cinzia&rft.au=Carrara%2C+Nicola&rft.au=Kivisild%2C+Toomas&rft.au=D%27Atanasio%2C+Eugenia&rft.au=Hui%2C+Ruoyun&rft.au=Solnik%2C+Anu&rft.au=Lebrasseur%2C+Oph%C3%A9lie&rft.au=Larson%2C+Greger&rft.au=Alessandri%2C+Luca&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cell.com%2Fcurrent-biology%2Fabstract%2FS0960-9822%2821%2900535-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Italians&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaretti1768" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Marc%27Antonio_Baretti" title="Giuseppe Marc'Antonio Baretti">Baretti, Joseph</a> (1768). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/anaccountmanner02baregoog">An account of the manners and customs of Italy</a>. London: T. Davies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+account+of+the+manners+and+customs+of+Italy&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Davies&rft.date=1768&rft.aulast=Baretti&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fanaccountmanner02baregoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLyman1820" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Lyman_(militiaman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodore Lyman (militiaman)">Lyman, Theodore</a> (1820). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalstatei00lymagoog">The political state of Italy</a>. Boston: Wells and Lilly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+political+state+of+Italy&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Wells+and+Lilly&rft.date=1820&rft.aulast=Lyman&rft.aufirst=Theodore&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalstatei00lymagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeopardi1824" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Leopardi" title="Giacomo Leopardi">Leopardi, Giacomo</a> (1824). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Y3IbAQAAIAAJ">Discorso sopra lo stato presente dei costumi degl'italiani</a> (in Italian). Venice: Marsilio Editore. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788831751964" title="Special:BookSources/9788831751964"><bdi>9788831751964</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Discorso+sopra+lo+stato+presente+dei+costumi+degl%27italiani&rft.place=Venice&rft.pub=Marsilio+Editore&rft.date=1824&rft.isbn=9788831751964&rft.aulast=Leopardi&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DY3IbAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMicali1832" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Micali, Giuseppe (1832). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/storiadeglianti07micagoog">Storia degli antichi popoli italiani</a> (in Italian). Florence: Tipografia Dante.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Storia+degli+antichi+popoli+italiani&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Tipografia+Dante&rft.date=1832&rft.aulast=Micali&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fstoriadeglianti07micagoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPrezzolini1921" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Prezzolini" title="Giuseppe Prezzolini">Prezzolini, Giuseppe</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nQVtIsx9cSgC">Codice della vita italiana</a> (in Italian). Florence: La Voce. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788873710226" title="Special:BookSources/9788873710226"><bdi>9788873710226</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Codice+della+vita+italiana&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=La+Voce&rft.date=1921&rft.isbn=9788873710226&rft.aulast=Prezzolini&rft.aufirst=Giuseppe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnQVtIsx9cSgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDevoto1951" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Devoto" title="Giacomo Devoto">Devoto, Giacomo</a> (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mEQfAAAAMAAJ">Gli antichi italici</a> (in Italian). Florence: Vallecchi.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gli+antichi+italici&rft.place=Florence&rft.pub=Vallecchi&rft.date=1951&rft.aulast=Devoto&rft.aufirst=Giacomo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmEQfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBollati1996" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bollati, Giulio (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ylRoAAAAMAAJ">L'italiano: il carattere nazionale come storia e come invenzione</a> (in Italian). Turin: Einaudi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788806142643" title="Special:BookSources/9788806142643"><bdi>9788806142643</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27italiano%3A+il+carattere+nazionale+come+storia+e+come+invenzione&rft.place=Turin&rft.pub=Einaudi&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=9788806142643&rft.aulast=Bollati&rft.aufirst=Giulio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DylRoAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AItalians" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" title="Template:Ethnic groups in Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" title="Template talk:Ethnic groups in Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic groups in Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Italy">Ethnic groups in Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration to Italy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical minority communities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABresh%C3%AB_people" title="Arbëreshë people">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Croats</a> (<a href="/wiki/Molise_Croats" title="Molise Croats">Molise Croats</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germans_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Germans in Italy">Germans</a> (<a href="/wiki/Cimbrian_language" title="Cimbrian language">Cimbrian</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B2cheno_language" title="Mòcheno language">Mocheno</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Tyroleans" class="mw-redirect" title="South Tyroleans">South Tyroleans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walser" class="mw-redirect" title="Walser">Walser</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_people" title="Griko people">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards_of_Sicily" title="Lombards of Sicily">Lombards of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_minority_in_Italy" title="Slovene minority in Italy">Slovenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy" title="Serbs in Italy">Serbs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ethno-linguistic minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arb%C3%ABreshe_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arbëreshe language">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algherese_dialect" title="Algherese dialect">Catalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aostan_French" title="Aostan French">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vald%C3%B4tain_dialect" title="Valdôtain dialect">Franco-Provençal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friulan_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Friulan language">Friulian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_distribution_of_German_speakers" title="Geographical distribution of German speakers">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griko_dialect" class="mw-redirect" title="Griko dialect">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ladin_language" title="Ladin language">Ladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occitan_language" title="Occitan language">Occitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_language" title="Sardinian language">Sardinian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovene_language" title="Slovene language">Slovene</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scattered minorities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Italy" title="Australians in Italy">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Jews" title="Italian Jews">Italian Jews</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jews_of_San_Nicandro" title="Jews of San Nicandro">Jews of San Nicandro</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Italy" title="Romani people in Italy">Romani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Muslim_Roma" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim Roma">Khorakhane</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romani_people_in_Romania" title="Romani people in Romania">Romanian Roma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sinti" title="Sinti">Sinti</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Immigrants and expatriates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Immigration_to_Italy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Immigration_to_Italy" title="Template:Immigration to Italy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Immigration_to_Italy" title="Template talk:Immigration to Italy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration_to_Italy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Immigration to Italy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Immigration_to_Italy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration to Italy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanians_in_Italy" title="Albanians in Italy">Albanians</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bosniaci_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Bosniaci in Italia">Bosnians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_in_Italy" title="British in Italy">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarians_in_Italy" title="Bulgarians in Italy">Bulgarians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croats_of_Italy" title="Croats of Italy">Croats</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francesi_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Francesi in Italia">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greeks_in_Italy" title="Greeks in Italy">Greeks</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovari_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Kosovari in Italia">Kosovars</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macedoni_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Macedoni in Italia">Macedonians</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moldavi_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Moldavi in Italia">Moldovans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_people_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish people in Italy">Poles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanians_in_Italy" title="Romanians in Italy">Romanians</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russi_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Russi in Italia">Russians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbs_in_Italy" title="Serbs in Italy">Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenians_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Slovenians in Italy">Slovenians</a></li> <li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spagnoli_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Spagnoli in Italia">Spaniards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swiss_people_in_Italy" title="Swiss people in Italy">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainians_in_Italy" title="Ukrainians in Italy">Ukrainians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African_emigrants_to_Italy" title="African emigrants to Italy">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algerians_in_Italy" title="Algerians in Italy">Algerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verdeans_in_Italy" title="Cape Verdeans in Italy">Cape Verdeans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congolese_people_in_Italy" title="Congolese people in Italy">Congolese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptians_in_Italy" title="Egyptians in Italy">Egyptians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopians_in_Italy" title="Ethiopians in Italy">Ethiopians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritreans_in_Italy" title="Eritreans in Italy">Eritreans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghanaians_in_Italy" title="Ghanaians in Italy">Ghanaians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moroccans_in_Italy" title="Moroccans in Italy">Moroccans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigerian_people_in_Italy" title="Nigerian people in Italy">Nigerians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegalese_people_in_Italy" title="Senegalese people in Italy">Senegalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalis_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Somalis in Italy">Somalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisians_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisians in Italy">Tunisians</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabs_in_Italy" title="Arabs in Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenians_in_Italy" title="Armenians in Italy">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshis_in_Italy" title="Bangladeshis in Italy">Bangladeshis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_people_in_Italy" title="Chinese people in Italy">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipinos_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipinos in Italy">Filipinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indians_in_Italy" title="Indians in Italy">Indians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepalis_in_Italy" title="Nepalis in Italy">Nepalis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistanis_in_Italy" title="Pakistanis in Italy">Pakistanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lankans_in_Italy" title="Sri Lankans in Italy">Sri Lankans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamils_in_Italy" title="Tamils in Italy">Tamils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turks_in_Italy" title="Turks in Italy">Turks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas and Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brasiliani_in_Italia" class="extiw" title="it:Brasiliani in Italia">Brazilians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australians_in_Italy" title="Australians in Italy">Australians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_people_in_Italy" title="Cuban people in Italy">Cubans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peruvians_in_Italy" title="Peruvians in Italy">Peruvians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguayans_in_Italy" title="Uruguayans in Italy">Uruguayans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Italy_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Italy_topics" title="Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Italy_topics" title="Template talk:Italy topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Italy_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Italy topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Italy_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Italy" title="Outline of Italy">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italy" title="History of Italy">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Overview</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Italian_history" title="Timeline of Italian history">Timeline of Italian history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_citizenship" title="History of Italian citizenship">Citizenship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Currency and coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Italy" title="Economic history of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_fashion" title="History of Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_flags" title="List of Italian flags">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Italy" title="Genetic history of Italy">Genetic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historic_states_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="List of historic states of Italy">Historic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Italy" title="History of the Jews in Italy">Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Italy" title="LGBT history in Italy">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy" title="Military history of Italy">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_history_of_Italy" title="Music history of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Italy" title="Name of Italy">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Italy" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Italy">Postage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_rail_transport_in_Italy" title="History of rail transport in Italy">Railways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Prehistory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Italy" title="Prehistoric Italy">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Italy" title="Neolithic Italy">Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanovan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terramare_culture" title="Terramare culture">Terramare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rinaldone_culture" title="Rinaldone culture">Rinaldone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_culture" title="Apennine culture">Apennine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golasecca_culture" title="Golasecca culture">Golasecca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canegrate_culture" title="Canegrate culture">Canegrate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latial_culture" title="Latial culture">Latial</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_peoples_of_Italy" title="List of ancient peoples of Italy">Ancient peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italic_peoples" title="Italic peoples">Italic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Latins_(Italic_tribe)" title="Latins (Italic tribe)">Latins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osci" title="Osci">Osci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picentes" title="Picentes">Picentes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnites" title="Samnites">Samnites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umbri" title="Umbri">Umbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Veneti" title="Adriatic Veneti">Veneti</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisalpine_Gaul" title="Cisalpine Gaul">Celts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magna_Graecia" title="Magna Graecia">Magna Graecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligures" title="Ligures">Ligures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messapians" title="Messapians">Messapians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Ancient Rome</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Kingdom" title="Roman Kingdom">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Republic" title="Roman Republic">Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_expansion_in_Italy" title="Roman expansion in Italy">Roman conquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Italy" title="Roman Italy">Roman Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Empire</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Empire</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Middle Ages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Italy in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li>Italy under <a href="/wiki/Odoacer#King_of_Italy" title="Odoacer">Odoacer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Lombards" title="Kingdom of the Lombards">Lombards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Holy_Roman_Empire)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Holy Roman Empire)">the Holy Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinian_medieval_kingdoms" title="Sardinian medieval kingdoms">the Sardinian Judicates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam_in_southern_Italy" title="History of Islam in southern Italy">Arabs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_southern_Italy" title="Norman conquest of southern Italy">Normans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guelphs_and_Ghibellines" title="Guelphs and Ghibellines">Guelphs and Ghibellines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_League" title="Lombard League">Lombard League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sicily" title="Kingdom of Sicily">Kingdom of Sicily</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Sicilian_Vespers" title="War of the Sicilian Vespers">War of the Sicilian Vespers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Naples" title="Kingdom of Naples">Kingdom of Naples</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_city-states" title="Italian city-states">Italian city-states</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Florence" title="Republic of Florence">Florence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Siena" title="Republic of Siena">Siena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Milan" title="Duchy of Milan">Milan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_republics" title="Maritime republics">Maritime republics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Venice" title="Republic of Venice">Venice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa" title="Republic of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Pisa" title="Republic of Pisa">Pisa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Amalfi" title="Duchy of Amalfi">Amalfi</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Kingdom of Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Grand Duchy of Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Duchy of Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Renaissance" title="Italian Renaissance">Renaissance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Wars" title="Italian Wars">Italian Wars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_modern_Italy" title="History of early modern Italy">Early Modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy_(Napoleonic)" title="Kingdom of Italy (Napoleonic)">Napoleonic Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lombardy%E2%80%93Venetia" title="Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia">Austrian occupation and Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Kingdom of the Two Sicilies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Late modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Italy" title="Unification of Italy">Unification</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="First Italian War of Independence">First War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Second Italian War of Independence">Second War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ni%C3%A7ard_exodus" title="Niçard exodus">Niçard exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expedition_of_the_Thousand" title="Expedition of the Thousand">Expedition of the Thousand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy">Proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Italian_War_of_Independence" title="Third Italian War of Independence">Third War of Independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Rome" title="Capture of Rome">Capture of Rome</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kingdom_of_Italy_(1861%E2%80%931946)" title="History of the Kingdom of Italy (1861–1946)">Monarchy and the World Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Empire" title="Italian Empire">Colonial Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_I" title="Military history of Italy during World War I">World War I</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_entry_into_World_War_I" title="Italian entry into World War I">Fourth War of Independence</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Fascist Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Fascist_regime_in_Italy" title="Fall of the Fascist regime in Italy">Fall of the Fascist regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Resistance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Social Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">Civil War</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">Contemporary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Italian_Republic" title="History of the Italian Republic">Republic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1946_Italian_institutional_referendum" title="1946 Italian institutional referendum">Institutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istrian%E2%80%93Dalmatian_exodus" title="Istrian–Dalmatian exodus">Istrian–Dalmatian exodus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_economic_miracle" title="Italian economic miracle">Economic Boom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Years_of_Lead_(Italy)" title="Years of Lead (Italy)">Years of Lead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxi_Trial" title="Maxi Trial">Maxi Trial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mani_pulite" title="Mani pulite">Mani pulite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Italy" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Italy">Coronavirus pandemic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Italy" title="Geography of Italy">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italy_(geographical_region)" title="Italy (geographical region)">Italian geographical region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Peninsula">Peninsula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Italy" title="Climate of Italy">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Italy" title="Climate change in Italy">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Italy" title="Geology of Italy">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Italy" title="Fauna of Italy">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Italy" title="Flora of Italy">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Italy" title="List of mountains in Italy">Mountains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_foothills" title="Alpine foothills">Prealps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alps" title="Alps">Alps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apennine_Mountains" title="Apennine Mountains">Apennines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Italy" title="Volcanism of Italy">Volcanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Italy" title="List of volcanoes in Italy">Volcanoes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_beaches_in_Italy" title="List of beaches in Italy">Beaches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_canals_in_Italy" title="List of canals in Italy">Canals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Italy" title="List of caves in Italy">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Italy" title="List of earthquakes in Italy">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Italy" title="List of islands of Italy">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Italy" title="List of lakes of Italy">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Marine_Protected_Areas_of_Italy" title="List of Marine Protected Areas of Italy">Marine protected areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_of_Italy" title="List of national parks of Italy">National parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regional_parks_of_Italy" title="List of regional parks of Italy">Regional parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Italy" title="List of rivers of Italy">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_valleys_of_Italy" title="List of valleys of Italy">Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Italy" title="Politics of Italy">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Italy" title="Constitution of Italy">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Italy" title="Elections in Italy">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Italy" title="Foreign relations of Italy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Italy" title="Government of Italy">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Italy" title="Human rights in Italy">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Italy">LGBT rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Italy" title="Judiciary of Italy">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Italy" title="Law of Italy">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Italy" title="Law enforcement in Italy">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Armed_Forces" title="Italian Armed Forces">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_nationality_law" title="Italian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Parliament" title="Italian Parliament">Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Italy" title="List of political parties in Italy">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Italy" title="President of Italy">President</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Italy" title="List of presidents of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Italy" title="Prime Minister of Italy">Prime Minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Italy" title="List of prime ministers of Italy">List</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Italy)" title="Council of Ministers (Italy)">Council of Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy" title="Regions of Italy">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Italy" title="Provinces of Italy">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_cities_of_Italy" title="Metropolitan cities of Italy">Metropolitan cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Italy" title="List of cities in Italy">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comune" title="Comune">Comune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_municipalities_of_Italy" title="List of municipalities of Italy">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_intelligence_agencies" title="Italian intelligence agencies">Security and intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Italy" title="Economy of Italy">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_regions_by_GDP" title="List of Italian regions by GDP">Italian regions by GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Italy" title="Agriculture in Italy">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Italy" title="Automotive industry in Italy">Automotive industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Italy" title="Banking in Italy">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Italy" title="List of banks in Italy">Banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_of_Italy" title="Bank of Italy">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_brands" title="List of Italian brands">Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Italy" title="List of companies of Italy">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Italy" title="Energy in Italy">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_exports_of_Italy" title="List of exports of Italy">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Italy" title="Science and technology in Italy">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_question" title="Southern question">Southern question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borsa_Italiana" title="Borsa Italiana">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Italy" title="Taxation in Italy">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Italy" title="Tourism in Italy">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Italy" title="List of trade unions in Italy">Trade unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Italy" title="Transport in Italy">Transport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Italy" title="List of airports in Italy">air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_in_Italy" title="Rail transport in Italy">rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roads_in_Italy" title="Roads in Italy">road</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_welfare_state" title="Italian welfare state">Welfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_wine" title="Italian wine">Wine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Italy" title="Category:Society of Italy">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nobility_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobility of Italy">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Italy" title="Censorship in Italy">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Italy" title="Corruption in Italy">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Italy" title="Crime in Italy">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Italy" title="Demographics of Italy">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Italy" title="Education in Italy">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_diaspora" title="Italian diaspora">Emigration and diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambling_in_Italy" title="Gambling in Italy">Gambling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_in_Italy" title="Health in Italy">Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Italy" title="Healthcare in Italy">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Italy" title="Immigration to Italy">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Italian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Italians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Italy" title="List of people from Italy">People</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Italy" title="Languages of Italy">Languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Regional_Italian" title="Regional Italian">Regional</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_provinces_by_life_expectancy" title="List of Italian provinces by life expectancy">Life expectancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Italy" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Italy">Orders, decorations, and medals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Italy" title="Poverty in Italy">Poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostitution_in_Italy" title="Prostitution in Italy">Prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_public_administration" title="Italian public administration">Public administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Italy" title="Racism in Italy">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Italy" title="Religion in Italy">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_class_in_Italy" title="Social class in Italy">Social class</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Italy" title="Terrorism in Italy">Terrorism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Italy" title="Water supply and sanitation in Italy">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Italy" title="Women in Italy">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Italy" title="Culture of Italy">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duecento" title="Duecento">Duecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trecento" title="Trecento">Trecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quattrocento" title="Quattrocento">Quattrocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinquecento" title="Cinquecento">Cinquecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seicento" title="Seicento">Seicento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Italian_culture_(1700s)" title="History of Italian culture (1700s)">Settecento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Neoclassical_and_19th-century_art" title="Italian Neoclassical and 19th-century art">Ottocento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Il_Canto_degli_Italiani" title="Il Canto degli Italiani">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Architecture of Italy">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_art" title="Italian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_castles_in_Italy" title="List of castles in Italy">Castles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cathedrals_in_Italy" title="List of cathedrals in Italy">Cathedrals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Italy" title="Cinema of Italy">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Italy" title="Emblem of Italy">Coat of arm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_cuisine" title="Italian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_design" title="Italian design">Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_fashion" title="Italian fashion">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Italy" title="Flag of Italy">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Italy" title="Folklore of Italy">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_gardens_in_Italy" title="List of gardens in Italy">Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_in_Italy" title="Internet in Italy">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italophilia" title="Italophilia">Italophilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_libraries_in_Italy" title="List of libraries in Italy">Libraries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Italy" title="Mass media in Italy">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Italy" title="List of museums in Italy">Museums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Italy" title="Music of Italy">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mythology_of_Italy" title="Mythology of Italy">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Italy" title="National symbols of Italy">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_palaces_in_Italy" title="List of palaces in Italy">Palaces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_philosophy" title="Italian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Italy" title="Public holidays in Italy">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Italy" title="Sport in Italy">Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Italy" title="Television in Italy">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Italy" title="Theatre of Italy">Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditions_of_Italy" title="Traditions of Italy">Traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Italy" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Italy">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/16px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/24px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Italy" title="Category:Italy">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/21px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/32px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/03/Flag_of_Italy.svg/42px-Flag_of_Italy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Italy" title="Portal:Italy">Italy</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/21px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/32px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Flag_of_Europe.svg/42px-Flag_of_Europe.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="810" data-file-height="540" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:European_Union" title="Portal:European Union">European Union</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/19px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/29px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/38px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Italians at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Italiani" class="extiw" title="c:Italiani">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Italians" class="extiw" title="q:Italians">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50001#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q50001#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/980750/">FAST</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4608309-1">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85068860">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939213j">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939213j">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564310">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph117646&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007565587705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12856">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italians&oldid=1263581224">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Italians&oldid=1263581224</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Ethnic_groups_in_Italy" 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[\"CITEREFDupanloupBertorelleChikhiBarbujani2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEbert\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEphraim_Katz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEric_Martone2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerorelli1925\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFioritoDi_GaetanoGuarreraRosa2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrancesco_Belsito2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFG.1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabaccia2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGambino1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarin2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGhirottoTassiFumagalliColonna2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGibbons2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGolden1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoring2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreene1837\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHaakLazaridisPattersonRohland2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHajekAlianiSlaughter2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHallSoskice2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayden\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazlitt1851\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHomo1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHostettler2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFISRAELY2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJames_M._Markham1987\"] = 1,\n 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