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cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Timeline subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Neolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Neolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chalcolithic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chalcolithic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Chalcolithic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chalcolithic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stone_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stone_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Stone Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stone_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Bronze Age</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_distribution_of_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Geographic distribution of megaliths</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_megaliths-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Geographic distribution of megaliths subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Geographic_distribution_of_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-European_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>European megaliths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tombs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tombs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.1</span> <span>Tombs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tombs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_structures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_structures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Other structures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_structures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spread_of_megalithic_architecture_in_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spread_of_megalithic_architecture_in_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spread_of_megalithic_architecture_in_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-African_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#African_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>African megaliths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-African_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>West Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.3</span> <span>Central Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Eastern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eastern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.4</span> <span>Eastern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.5</span> <span>Southern Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asian_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asian_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Asian megaliths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asian_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1</span> <span>North East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Northern_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.1</span> <span>Northern style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southern_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southern_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.2</span> <span>Southern style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southern_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Capstone_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Capstone_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.1.3</span> <span>Capstone style</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Capstone_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Southeast_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2</span> <span>Southeast Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Living_megalith_culture_of_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Living_megalith_culture_of_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.2.1</span> <span>Living megalith culture of Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Living_megalith_culture_of_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3.4</span> <span>West Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Melanesian_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Melanesian_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Melanesian megaliths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Melanesian_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Micronesian_megaliths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Micronesian_megaliths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Micronesian megaliths</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Micronesian_megaliths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_theories" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_theories"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern theories</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Modern_theories-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Modern theories subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Modern_theories-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Purposes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Purposes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Purposes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Purposes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methods_of_construction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methods_of_construction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Methods of construction</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methods_of_construction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types_of_megalithic_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_of_megalithic_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Types of megalithic structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types_of_megalithic_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_megalith-building_cultures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_megalith-building_cultures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Contemporary megalith-building cultures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Contemporary_megalith-building_cultures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Contemporary megalith-building cultures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_megalith-building_cultures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Toraja_of_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Toraja_of_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>The Toraja of Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Toraja_of_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Marapu_of_Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Marapu_of_Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>The Marapu of Indonesia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Marapu_of_Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References_in_literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References_in_literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References in literature</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References_in_literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Further reading subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.1</span> <span>Articles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11.2</span> <span>Books</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Megalith</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 64 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-64" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">64 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliet" title="Megaliet – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Megaliet" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%84_(%D8%A2%D8%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1)" title="جندل (آثار) – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جندل (آثار)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meqalit" title="Meqalit – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Meqalit" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE" title="মহাশ্ম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মহাশ্ম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Мегаліты – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мегаліты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мегалит – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мегалит" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%C3%A0lit" title="Megàlit – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Megàlit" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мегалит – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Мегалит" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Megalith" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Megalith" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliit" title="Megaliit – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Megaliit" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%86%DA%AF" title="خرسنگ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="خرسنگ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9galithe" title="Mégalithe – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mégalithe" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalyt" title="Megalyt – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Megalyt" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meigilit" title="Meigilit – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Meigilit" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meg%C3%A1lito" title="Megálito – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Megálito" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B1%B0%EC%84%9D%EA%B8%B0%EB%85%90%EB%AC%BC" title="거석기념물 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="거석기념물" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A5%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%AB%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B5%D6%81%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Մեգալիթյան կառույցներ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մեգալիթյան կառույցներ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="महापाषाण – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="महापाषाण" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalitho" title="Megalitho – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Megalitho" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalito" title="Megalito – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Megalito" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%92%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%AA" title="מגלית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מגלית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%94%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%97%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="მეგალითები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მეგალითები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megal%C3%AEt" title="Megalît – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Megalît" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalitas" title="Megalitas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Megalitas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мегалит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Мегалит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B7%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="महापाषाण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="महापाषाण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliet" title="Megaliet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Megaliet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%BF%B5%E7%89%A9" title="巨石記念物 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="巨石記念物" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalittiske_monument" title="Megalittiske monument – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Megalittiske monument" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalitt" title="Megalitt – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Megalitt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Budowle_megalityczne" title="Budowle megalityczne – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Budowle megalityczne" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monumento_megal%C3%ADtico" title="Monumento megalítico – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monumento megalítico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мегалит – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мегалит" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Megalith" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliti" title="Megaliti – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Megaliti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8F(Megalith)" title="මහාශිලා(Megalith) – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="මහාශිලා(Megalith)" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Megalith" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Мегалит – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Мегалит" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliti" title="Megaliti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Megaliti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9galitikum" title="Mégalitikum – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Mégalitikum" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megaliitti" title="Megaliitti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Megaliitti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalitiska_monument" title="Megalitiska monument – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Megalitiska monument" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="பெருங்கற்காலம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெருங்கற்காலம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97" title="เมกะลิท – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เมกะลิท" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megalit" title="Megalit – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Megalit" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82" title="Мегаліт – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мегаліт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%E1%BB%B1_th%E1%BA%A1ch" title="Cự thạch – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Cự thạch" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%A8%E7%9F%B3%E6%96%87%E5%8C%96" title="巨石文化 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="巨石文化" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megal%C4%97t%C4%81" title="Megalėtā – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Megalėtā" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh 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class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Large stone used to build a structure or monument</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg/220px-%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg/330px-%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg/440px-%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2144" data-file-height="1424" /></a><figcaption>Dolmen at <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island" title="Ganghwa Island">Ganghwa Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> (c. 300 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Man_poseert_tussen_megalieten_bij_Batoeberak_TMnr_10025819.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic Batu Brak in Batu Brak District, West Lampung Regency, Lampung Province, Indonesia (c. 2100 BC)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum,_Sylt,_Germany.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg/220px-Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg/330px-Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg/440px-Megalithic_grave_Harhoog_in_Keitum%2C_Sylt%2C_Germany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2664" data-file-height="1568" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic grave <a href="/wiki/Harhoog" title="Harhoog">Harhoog</a> in <a href="/wiki/Keitum" title="Keitum">Keitum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sylt" title="Sylt">Sylt</a>, Germany (c. 3000 BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>megalith</b> is a large <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stone</a> that has been used to construct a prehistoric structure or monument, either alone or together with other stones. There are over 35,000 structures or arrangements in Europe alone, located widely from Sweden to the Mediterranean sea.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The word was first used in 1849 by the British antiquarian <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Herbert" title="Algernon Herbert">Algernon Herbert</a> in reference to <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and derives from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%B3%CE%B1%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:μέγας">mega</a>" for great and "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%CE%BB%CE%AF%CE%B8%CE%BF%CF%82" class="extiw" title="wikt:λίθος">lithos</a>" for stone. Most extant megaliths were erected between the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period (although earlier <a href="/wiki/Mesolithic" title="Mesolithic">Mesolithic</a> examples are known) through the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic period</a> and into the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1908[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfolkmemory00johngoogpagen61_67]_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1908[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfolkmemory00johngoogpagen61_67]-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_definitions">Types and definitions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types and definitions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While "megalith" is often used to describe a single piece of stone, it also can be used to denote one or more rocks hewn in definite shapes for special purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-PriceFeinman2005_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PriceFeinman2005-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been used to describe structures built by people from many parts of the world living in many different periods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The most widely known megaliths are not <a href="/wiki/Tomb" title="Tomb">tombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Single_stones">Single stones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Single stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg/220px-Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg/330px-Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg/440px-Megaliths_in_Baalbek_quarry_10216.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3016" /></a><figcaption>The largest megalith of the ancient world, found in <a href="/wiki/Baalbek" title="Baalbek">Baalbek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, was quarried during the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <dl><dt>Menhir</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a> is the name used in <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western Europe</a> for a single upright stone erected in <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> times; sometimes called a "<a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">standing stone</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Monolith</dt> <dd>Any single standing stone erected in prehistoric times.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Capstone style</dt> <dd>Single megaliths placed horizontally, often over burial chambers, without the use of support stones.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multiple_stones">Multiple stones</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Multiple stones"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt>Alignments</dt> <dd>Multiple megaliths placed in relation to each other with intention. Often placed in <a href="/wiki/Stone_rows" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone rows">rows</a> or <a href="/wiki/Spirals" class="mw-redirect" title="Spirals">spirals</a>. Some alignments, such as the <a href="/wiki/Carnac_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnac Stones">Carnac Stones</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France, consist of thousands of stones.</dd> <dt>Megalithic walls</dt> <dd>Also called <i><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopean Walls">Cyclopean walls</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Stone circles</dt> <dd>In most languages <a href="/wiki/Stone_Circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Circles">stone circles</a> are called "cromlechs" (a word in the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a>); the word "<a href="/wiki/Cromlech" title="Cromlech">cromlech</a>" is sometimes used with that meaning in English.</dd> <dt>Dolmen</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a> is a stone table, consisting of a wide stone supported by several other stones<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>Cist</dt> <dd>A <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a> is a small stone-built coffin-like box or <a href="/wiki/Ossuary" title="Ossuary">ossuary</a> used to hold the <a href="/wiki/Dead_body" class="mw-redirect" title="Dead body">bodies of the dead</a>. Burials are megalithic forms very similar to dolmens in structure. These type of burials were completely underground.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe,_Urfa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe%2C_Urfa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4288" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a> was inhabited from around 9500 BCE to at least 8000 BCE. Göbekli Tepe was designated a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2018, recognising its outstanding universal value as "one of the first manifestations of human-made monumental architecture.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Neolithic">Neolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Neolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_Culture.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Megalithic_Culture.PNG/220px-Megalithic_Culture.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Megalithic_Culture.PNG/330px-Megalithic_Culture.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Megalithic_Culture.PNG 2x" data-file-width="352" data-file-height="397" /></a><figcaption>Spread of megalithic culture in Europe</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/220px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/330px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg/440px-Klekkende_H%C3%B8j_barrow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1803" data-file-height="786" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j" title="Klekkende Høj">Klekkende Høj</a> passage grave, Denmark, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500-2800 BC</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9000 BC: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Asia_Minor" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia Minor">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> (<a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a> and other sites); perhaps proto-<a href="/wiki/Hattians" title="Hattians">Hattian</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, a yet to be named culture (the oldest discovered ceremonial structures in the world).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7400 BC: A 12 m long <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolith</a> probably weighing around 15,000 kg found submerged 40 m under water in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Sicily" title="Strait of Sicily">Strait of Sicily</a> south-west of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>. Its origin and purpose are unknown.<sup id="cite_ref-Lodolo_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodolo-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 7000 BC: Construction in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Canaanite">proto-Canaanite</a> Israel (<a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000 BC: Constructions in Portugal (<a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Almendres Cromlech</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>) – Possibly first standing stones in Portugal.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5000 BC: Emergence of the Atlantic <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, the age of agriculture along the western shores of Europe during the sixth millennium BC pottery culture of <a href="/wiki/La_Almagra" class="mw-redirect" title="La Almagra">La Almagra</a>, Spain nearby, perhaps precedent from Africa.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4800 BC: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Poitou" title="Poitou">Poitou</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon" title="Tumulus of Bougon">Bougon</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4500 BC: Constructions in south Egypt (<a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4300 BC: Constructions in south Spain (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolmen_de_Alberite&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolmen de Alberite (page does not exist)">Dolmen de Alberite</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1diz" title="Cádiz">Cádiz</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 4000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a>), Portugal (<a href="/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Zambujeiro" title="Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro">Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro, Évora</a>), France (central and southern), <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, Spain (<a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a>), England and <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, Constructions in Andalusia, Spain (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alberite_Dolmen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alberite Dolmen (page does not exist)">Villa Martín, Cádiz</a>), Construction in <a href="/wiki/Proto-Canaanite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Canaanite">proto-Canaanite</a> Israel c. 4000~3000 BC: Constructions in the rest of the proto-Canaanite <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rujm_el-Hiri" title="Rujm el-Hiri">Rujm el-Hiri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a>.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3700 BC: Constructions in Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Banbridge_(district)" title="Banbridge (district)">Knockiveagh</a> and elsewhere).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3600 BC: Constructions in <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Skorba" class="mw-redirect" title="Skorba">Skorba</a> temples).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/220px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/330px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg/440px-Los_Millares_recreacion_cuadro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="739" /></a><figcaption>A model of the prehistoric town of <a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>, with its walls (Andalusia, Spain)</figcaption></figure></li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3600 BC: Constructions in England (<a href="/wiki/Maumbury_Rings" title="Maumbury Rings">Maumbury Rings</a> and <a href="/wiki/Godmanchester" title="Godmanchester">Godmanchester</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a> temples).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3500 BC: Constructions in Spain (<a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1laga" title="Málaga">Málaga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Guadiana" title="Guadiana">Guadiana</a>), Ireland (south-west), France (<a href="/wiki/Arles" title="Arles">Arles</a> and the north), Malta (and elsewhere in the Mediterranean), Belgium (north-east), and Germany (central and south-west).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3400 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (circular graves), Ireland (<a href="/wiki/Newgrange" title="Newgrange">Newgrange</a>), <a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_the_Netherlands" title="Megaliths in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a> (north-east), Germany (northern and central) Sweden and Denmark.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300 BC: Constructions in France (<a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a>)</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3200 BC: Constructions in Malta (<a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tarxien" title="Tarxien">Tarxien</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100 BC: Constructions in Russia (<a href="/wiki/Dolmens_of_North_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens of North Caucasus">Dolmens of North Caucasus</a>)</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3000 BC: Constructions in Sardinia (earliest construction phase of the prehistoric altar of <a href="/wiki/Monte_d%27Accoddi" title="Monte d'Accoddi">Monte d'Accoddi</a>), France (<a href="/wiki/Saumur" title="Saumur">Saumur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dordogne" title="Dordogne">Dordogne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Languedoc" title="Languedoc">Languedoc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biscay" title="Biscay">Biscay</a>, and the Mediterranean coast), Spain (<a href="/wiki/Los_Millares" title="Los Millares">Los Millares</a>), Sicily, Belgium (<a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, as well as the first <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henges</a> (circular earthworks) in Britain.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Chalcolithic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg/220px-Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg/330px-Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg/440px-Zorats_Karer_aerial_view.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1485" data-file-height="816" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a> in Armenia</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BC: Constructions in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/La_Trinit%C3%A9-sur-Mer" title="La Trinité-sur-Mer">Le Menec</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kermario" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermario">Kermario</a> and elsewhere), Italy (<a href="/wiki/Otranto" title="Otranto">Otranto</a>), Sardinia, and <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> (northeast), plus the climax of the megalithic <a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Bell-beaker culture</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Peninsula" title="Iberian Peninsula">Iberia</a>, Germany, and the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a> (stone circle at <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>). With the bell-beakers, the Neolithic period gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>, the age of copper.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2500 BC: Tombs at <a href="/wiki/Algarve" title="Algarve">Algarve</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Additionally, a problematic dating (by <a href="/wiki/Optically_stimulated_luminescence" title="Optically stimulated luminescence">optically stimulated luminescence</a>) of Quinta da Queimada Menhir in western Algarve indicates "a very early period of megalithic activity in the Algarve, older than in the rest of Europe and [similar to] the famous Anatolian site of Göbekli Tepe"<sup id="cite_ref-Lodol_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodol-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>c. 2400 BC: The Bell-beaker culture was dominant in Britain, and hundreds of smaller <a href="/wiki/Stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone circles">stone circles</a> were built in the British Isles at this time.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stone_Age">Stone Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Stone Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2100 BC:The highest plateau Lampung, West Lampung Regency, Batu Brak Liwa, Indonesia Megalith Site.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bronze Age"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Daorson,_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Daorson, Bosnia and Herzegovina" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/250px-Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/375px-Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg/500px-Daorson%2C_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Daorson" title="Daorson">Daorson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia</a>, built around a prehistoric central fortified settlement or <a href="/wiki/Acropolis" title="Acropolis">acropolis</a> (existed there cca. 17–16th to the end of the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, cca. 9–8th c. BCE), surrounded by <a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_masonry" title="Cyclopean masonry">cyclopean walls</a> (similar to <a href="/wiki/Mycenae" title="Mycenae">Mycenae</a>) dated to the 4th c. BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Urbano_biće-1996-Brkljača-IIS_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Urbano_biće-1996-Brkljača-IIS-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-UNESCO-Stolac_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-UNESCO-Stolac-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2000 BC: Constructions in Brittany (<a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer" title="Locmariaquer">Er Grah</a>), Italy : (<a href="/wiki/Bari" title="Bari">Bari</a>); Sicily (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cava_dei_Servi,_Cava_Lazzaro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cava dei Servi, Cava Lazzaro (page does not exist)">Cava dei Servi, Cava Lazzaro</a>);, and Scotland (<a href="/wiki/Callanish" title="Callanish">Callanish</a>). The Chalcolithic period gave way to the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> in western and northern Europe.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1800 BC: Constructions in Italy (<a href="/wiki/Giovinazzo" title="Giovinazzo">Giovinazzo</a>, in Sardinia started the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuragic civilisation">nuragic civilisation</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500 BC: Constructions in Portugal (<a href="/wiki/Alter_do_Ch%C3%A3o" title="Alter do Chão">Alter Pedroso</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peneda-Ger%C3%AAs_National_Park" title="Peneda-Gerês National Park">Mourela</a>).</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1400 BC: Burial of the <a href="/wiki/Egtved_Girl" title="Egtved Girl">Egtved Girl</a> in Denmark, whose body is today one of the best-preserved examples of its kind.</li> <li><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1200 BC: Last vestiges of the megalithic tradition in the Mediterranean and elsewhere following the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Collapse" class="mw-redirect" title="Bronze Age Collapse">Bronze Age Collapse</a>. Megalithic construction persisted in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Egypt</a> into the Iron Age.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution_of_megaliths">Geographic distribution of megaliths</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution of megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_megaliths">European megaliths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: European megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Triangle_megalith,_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily,.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG/220px-Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG/330px-Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG/440px-Triangle_megalith%2C_Fondachelli_Fantina_Sicily%2C.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>Triangular prismatic megalith of Valle Levante, <a href="/wiki/Fondachelli-Fantina" title="Fondachelli-Fantina">Fondachelli-Fantina</a>, Sicily</figcaption></figure> <p>The most common type of megalithic construction in Europe is the <a href="/wiki/Portal_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal tomb">portal tomb</a>—a chamber consisting of upright stones (<a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">orthostats</a>) with one or more large flat capstones forming a roof. Many portal tombs have been found to contain human remains, but it is debated if their primary function was use as burial sites. The megalithic structures in the northwest of France are believed to be the oldest in Europe based on radiocarbon dating.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though generally known as "dolmens", the term most accepted by archaeologists is "portal tomb". Local names for portal tombs exist in multiple locations, such as <i>anta</i> in <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Spain)" title="Galicia (Spain)">Galicia</a> and Portugal, <i>stazzone</i> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, <i>hunebed</i> in the Netherlands, <i>Hünengrab</i> in Germany, <i>dysse</i> in Denmark, and <i>cromlech</i> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>. It is assumed that most portal tombs were originally covered by earthen mounds. </p><p>The second-most-common tomb type is the <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a>. It normally consists of a square, circular, or cruciform chamber with a slabbed or <a href="/wiki/Corbelling" class="mw-redirect" title="Corbelling">corbelled</a> roof, accessed by a long, straight passageway, with the whole structure covered by a circular mound of earth. Sometimes it is also surrounded by an external stone kerb. Prominent examples include the sites of <a href="/wiki/Bru_na_Boinne" class="mw-redirect" title="Bru na Boinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a> in Ireland, <a href="/wiki/Maes_Howe" class="mw-redirect" title="Maes Howe">Maes Howe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a> in France. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Paulnabrone.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/220px-Paulnabrone.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/330px-Paulnabrone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Paulnabrone.jpg/440px-Paulnabrone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone portal tomb</a>, Ireland</figcaption></figure> <p>The third tomb type is a diverse group known as <a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">gallery graves</a>. These are axially arranged chambers placed under elongated mounds. The Irish <a href="/wiki/Court_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Court tomb">court tombs</a>, British <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a>, and German <i>Steinkisten</i> belong to this group. </p><p>Standing stones, or <a href="/wiki/Menhirs" class="mw-redirect" title="Menhirs">menhirs</a> as they are known in France, are very common throughout Europe, where some 50,000 examples have been noted.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some of these are thought to have an astronomical function as a marker or foresight.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In some areas, long and complex "alignments" of such stones exist, the largest known example being located at <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In parts of Britain and Ireland a relatively common type of megalithic construction is the <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circle</a>, of which examples include <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beltany_stone_circle" title="Beltany stone circle">Beltany</a>. These, too, display evidence of astronomical alignments, both solar and lunar. Stonehenge, for example, is famous for its <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a> alignment. Examples of stone circles are also found in the rest of Europe. The circle at <a href="/wiki/Lough_Gur" title="Lough Gur">Lough Gur</a>, near Limerick in Ireland has been dated to the Beaker period, approximately contemporaneous with Stonehenge. The stone circles are assumed to be of later date than the tombs, straddling the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Ages</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tombs">Tombs</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tombs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hunebed-d27.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hunebed-d27.jpg/220px-Hunebed-d27.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hunebed-d27.jpg/330px-Hunebed-d27.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Hunebed-d27.jpg/440px-Hunebed-d27.jpg 2x" data-file-width="624" data-file-height="442" /></a><figcaption>Large, T-shaped <i>Hunebed</i> D27 in <a href="/wiki/Borger-Odoorn" title="Borger-Odoorn">Borger-Odoorn</a>, Netherlands</figcaption></figure> <p>Megalithic tombs are aboveground burial chambers, built of large <a href="/wiki/Stone_slab" title="Stone slab">stone slabs</a> (megaliths) laid on edge and covered with earth or other, smaller stones. They are a type of <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">chamber tomb</a>, and the term is used to describe the structures built across <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Europe" title="Atlantic Europe">Atlantic Europe</a>, the Mediterranean, and neighbouring regions, mostly during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> period, by Neolithic farming communities. They differ from the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrows</a> through their structural use of stone. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png/180px-Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png/270px-Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png/360px-Construcci%C3%B3n_megalito.png 2x" data-file-width="508" data-file-height="598" /></a><figcaption>Construction of a megalith grave</figcaption></figure> <p>There is a huge variety of megalithic tombs. The free-standing single chamber <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portal_dolmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal dolmen">portal dolmens</a> found in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Netherlands, Sweden, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a>, and elsewhere consist of a large flat stone supported by three, four, or more standing stones. They were covered by a stone <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a> or earth <a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">barrow</a>. </p><p>In Italy, dolmens can be found especially in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>. There are more than 100 dolmen dating to the Neolithic (3500–2700 BC) and the most famous is called <i>Dolmen di Sa Coveccada</i> (near <a href="/wiki/Mores,_Sardinia" title="Mores, Sardinia">Mores</a>). During the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Nuragic_civilization" title="Nuragic civilization">Nuragic civilization</a> built c. 800 <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giants' grave</a>, a type of megalithic <a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">gallery grave</a> that can be found throughout <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> with different structures. The earliest megalithic tombs in Sardinia are the circular graves of the so-called <a href="/wiki/Arzachena_culture" title="Arzachena culture">Arzachena culture</a>, also found in <a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southern_France" title="Southern France">southern France</a> and eastern Spain. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/220px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/330px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg/440px-Dolmenmontebubbonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption>Dolmen of Monte Bubbonia (<a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>)</figcaption></figure> <p>Dolmens are also in Apulia and in Sicily. In this latter region, they are small structures located in Mura Pregne (<a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>), Sciacca (<a href="/wiki/Agrigento" title="Agrigento">Agrigento</a>), Monte Bubbonia (<a href="/wiki/Province_of_Caltanissetta" title="Province of Caltanissetta">Caltanissetta</a>), Butera (Caltanissetta), Cava Lazzaro (<a href="/wiki/Syracuse,_Sicily" title="Syracuse, Sicily">Siracusa</a>), Cava dei Servi (<a href="/wiki/Ragusa,_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Ragusa, Italy">Ragusa</a>), Avola (Siracusa), and <a href="/wiki/Argimusco" title="Argimusco">Argimusco</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montalbano_Elicona" title="Montalbano Elicona">Montalbano Elicona</a> (<a href="/wiki/Messina" title="Messina">Messina</a>). Dating to the Early Bronze Age (2200–1800 BC), the prehistoric Sicilian buildings were covered by a circular mound of earth. In the dolmen of Cava dei Servi, archaeologists found numerous human bone fragments and some splinters of Castelluccian ceramics (Early Bronze Age) which confirmed the burial purpose of the artefact.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPiccolo201314–17_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPiccolo201314–17-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalito_Aquila,_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_(ME).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG/220px-Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG/330px-Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG/440px-Megalito_Aquila%2C_Altopiano_dell%27Argimusco_%28ME%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2288" data-file-height="1712" /></a><figcaption>Eagle, one of the Megaliths of <a href="/wiki/Argimusco" title="Argimusco">Argimusco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Examples with outer areas, not used for burial, are also known. The <a href="/wiki/Court_Cairn" class="mw-redirect" title="Court Cairn">Court Cairns</a> of southwest <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and northern Ireland, the <a href="/wiki/Severn-Cotswold_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Severn-Cotswold tomb">Severn-Cotswold tombs</a> of southwest England and the <a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted gallery graves</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> region in France share many internal features, although the links between them are not yet fully understood. That they often have antechambers or forecourts is thought to imply a desire on the part of the builders to emphasize a special <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> or physical separation of the dead from the living. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulus_Saint-Michel_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg/220px-Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg/330px-Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg/440px-Tumulus_Saint-Michel_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Saint-Michel_tumulus" title="Saint-Michel tumulus">Saint-Michel tumulus</a>, megalith grave in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Megalithic tombs appear to have been used by communities for the long-term deposition of the remains of their dead, and some seem to have undergone alteration and enlargement. The organization and effort required to erect these large stones suggest that the societies concerned placed great emphasis on the proper treatment of their dead. The <a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">ritual</a> significance of the tombs is supported by the presence of <a href="/wiki/Pre-historic_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-historic art">pre-historic art</a> carved into the stones at some sites. Hearths and deposits of pottery and animal bone found by archaeologists around some tombs also implies that some form of burial feast or sacrificial rites took place there. </p><p>Further examples of megalithic tombs include the stalled cairn at <a href="/wiki/Midhowe_Chambered_Cairn" title="Midhowe Chambered Cairn">Midhowe</a> in Orkney and the passage grave at <a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a> on <a href="/wiki/Anglesey" title="Anglesey">Anglesey</a>. There are also extensive grave sites with up to 60 megaliths at <a href="/wiki/Louisenlund_(Bornholm)" title="Louisenlund (Bornholm)">Louisenlund</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gryet" title="Gryet">Gryet</a> on the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/Bornholm" title="Bornholm">Bornholm</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite its name, the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone Tomb">Stone Tomb</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> was not a tomb but rather a sanctuary. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Other_structures">Other structures</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Other structures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/180px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/270px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg/360px-Cup_and_ring_marks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_marks" class="mw-redirect" title="Cup and ring marks">Cup and ring marks</a>, in England</figcaption></figure> <p>In association with the megalithic constructions across Europe, there are often large <a href="/wiki/Earthworks_(archaeology)" title="Earthworks (archaeology)">earthworks</a> of various designs—ditches and banks (like the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_Cursus" title="Dorset Cursus">Dorset Cursus</a>), broad terraces, circular enclosures known as <a href="/wiki/Henges" class="mw-redirect" title="Henges">henges</a>, and frequently artificial mounds such as <a href="/wiki/Silbury_Hill" title="Silbury Hill">Silbury Hill</a> in England and <a href="/wiki/Sassari" title="Sassari">Monte d'Accoddi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> (the prehistoric step pyramid). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spread_of_megalithic_architecture_in_Europe">Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spread of megalithic architecture in Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nurage1rp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nurage1rp.jpg/220px-Nurage1rp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nurage1rp.jpg/330px-Nurage1rp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Nurage1rp.jpg/440px-Nurage1rp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="909" data-file-height="676" /></a><figcaption>Nuraghe in Sardinia</figcaption></figure> <p>In Europe megaliths are, in general, constructions erected during the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> or late Stone Age and <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a> or Copper Age (4500–1500 BC). The megalithic structures of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> are believed to be the oldest in Europe. Perhaps the most famous megalithic structure is <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> in England. In Sardinia, in addition to dolmens, menhirs and circular graves there are also more than 8000 megalithic structures made by a Nuragic civilisation, called <a href="/wiki/Nuraghe" title="Nuraghe">Nuraghe</a>: buildings similar to towers (sometimes with really complex structures) made using only rocks. They are often near <a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">giant's grave</a> or the other megalithic monuments. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg/220px-Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg/330px-Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg/440px-Tumulus_de_Kercado_2005_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Tumulus</a> of Kercado, near <a href="/wiki/Carnac_Stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnac Stones">Carnac</a>. Smaller but older structure in the area. (Part of the <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a> is visible)</figcaption></figure> <p>The French <a href="/wiki/Comte_de_Caylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Comte de Caylus">Comte de Caylus</a> was the first to describe the <a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac stones</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Jean-Baptiste_Legrand_d%27Aussy" title="Pierre Jean-Baptiste Legrand d'Aussy">Pierre Jean-Baptiste Legrand d'Aussy</a> introduced the terms <i><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">menhir</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a></i>, both taken from the <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton language</a>, into antiquarian terminology. He mistakenly interpreted megaliths as Gallic tombs. In Britain, the <a href="/wiki/Antiquarian" title="Antiquarian">antiquarians</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">Aubrey</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">Stukeley</a> conducted early research into megaliths. In 1805, <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Cambry" title="Jacques Cambry">Jacques Cambry</a> published a book called <i>Monuments celtiques, ou recherches sur le culte des Pierres, précédées d'une notice sur les Celtes et sur les Druides, et suivies d'Etymologie celtiques</i>, where he proposed a <a href="/wiki/Celt" class="mw-redirect" title="Celt">Celtic</a> stone cult. This unproven connection between <a href="/wiki/Druids" class="mw-redirect" title="Druids">druids</a> and megaliths has haunted the public imagination ever since.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Belgium, there are the <a href="/wiki/W%C3%A9ris_megaliths" title="Wéris megaliths">Wéris megaliths</a> at Wéris, a little town situated in the <a href="/wiki/Ardennes" title="Ardennes">Ardennes</a>. In the Netherlands, megalithic structures can be found in the northeast of the country, mostly in the province of <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>. <a href="/wiki/Knowth" title="Knowth">Knowth</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> neolithic complex in Ireland, dating from c. 3500–3000 BC. It contains more than a third of the total number of examples of <a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">megalithic art</a> in all Europe, with over 200 decorated stones found during excavations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="African_megaliths">African megaliths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: African megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a> at the southwest corner of the western Egyptian desert was once a large lake in the <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubian</a> Desert, located 500 miles south of modern-day <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the 5th millennium BC, the peoples in <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a> had fashioned an astronomical device that accurately marks the summer <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">solstice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Findings indicate that the region was occupied only seasonally, likely only in the summer when the local lake filled with water for grazing <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are other megalithic stone circles in the southwestern desert. </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a>, located in Egypt and broader region of the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, there is a megalithic cultural complex (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Animal_sacrifice" title="Animal sacrifice">sacrificed cow</a> burial site, <a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">solar calendar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Altar" title="Altar">altar</a>) that dates between 4000 BCE and 2000 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Likely part of Copper Age and Bronze Age <a href="/wiki/Traditional_Berber_religion#Megalithic_culture" title="Traditional Berber religion">cultural traditions of megalith-building</a>, megaliths (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a>) were constructed in <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean Basin">Mediterranean</a> North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Africa">West Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: West Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Cross-River_State" class="mw-redirect" title="Cross-River State">Cross-River State</a>, Nigeria, there are <a href="/wiki/Ikom_monoliths" title="Ikom monoliths">megalithic monoliths</a> of an anthropomorphic nature.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At <a href="/wiki/Tondidarou" title="Tondidarou">Tondidarou</a>, in the Malian Lakes Region, there are megaliths of an anthropomorphic nature (e.g., face, navel, <a href="/wiki/Scarifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Scarifications">scarifications</a>) that date between 600 CE and 700 CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1350 BCE and 1500/1600 CE, <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian megaliths</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>) were constructed for the purpose of <a href="/wiki/Veneration_of_the_dead#Serer_of_Senegal_and_Gambia" title="Veneration of the dead">ancestral reverence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Africa">Central Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Central Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the northwestern region of the <a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a>, there are <a href="/wiki/Bouar#Bouar_Megaliths" title="Bouar">megaliths</a> that were created for various purposes (e.g., burial, ritual performances).<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between late 3rd millennium BCE and mid-2nd millennium CE, megaliths (e.g., monuments, cairn burials) were constructed in the regions (e.g., Eastern <a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Region" title="Adamawa Region">Adamawa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oubanguian" class="mw-redirect" title="Oubanguian">Oubanguian</a> Ridge, <a href="/wiki/Chad_Basin#Drainage_basin_extent" title="Chad Basin">Chad/Congo watershed</a>) in Central African Republic and Cameroon, throughout various periods (e.g., Balimbé: 2000 BCE – 1000 BCE; Early Gbabiri: 950 BCE – 200 BCE; Late Gbabiri: 200 BCE – 500 CE; Bouboun: 500 CE – 1600 CE), for various purposes (e.g., ritual practices, territorial marking).<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Eastern_Africa">Eastern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Eastern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Highlands" title="Ethiopian Highlands">Ethiopian Highlands</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a>, the earliest construction of megaliths occurred.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From this region and its megalith-building tradition (e.g., dolmens, <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> with burial chambers organized in cemeteries), the subsequent traditions in other areas of <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> likely developed.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the late 1st millennium BCE, the urban civilization of <a href="/wiki/Axum" title="Axum">Axum</a> developed a megalithic <a href="/wiki/Stele#Horn_of_Africa" title="Stele">stelae</a>-building tradition, which commemorated Axumite royalty and elites, that persisted until the <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Africa#Early_Church" title="Christianity in Africa">Christian</a> period of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aksum#Axumite_Empire" title="Kingdom of Aksum">Axum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the Sidamo Province, the megalithic monoliths of the stelae-building cultural tradition were utilized as tombstones in cemeteries (e.g., Arussi, Konso, Sedene, Tiya, Tuto Felo), and have engraved anthropomorphic features (e.g., swords, masks), phallic form, and some of that served as markers of territory.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sidamo Province has the most megaliths in Ethiopia.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2nd millennium BCE, Namoratunga (Monolith Circles) megaliths were constructed as burials the eastern <a href="/wiki/Lake_Turkana" title="Lake Turkana">Turkana</a> region of northwestern <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Namoratunga" class="mw-redirect" title="Namoratunga">Namoratunga</a>, a group of megaliths dated 300 BC, was used by <a href="/wiki/Cushitic_languages" title="Cushitic languages">Cushitic</a>-speaking people as an alignment with star systems tuned to a lunar calendar of 354 days. This site was excavated by B. N. Lynch and L. H. Robins of <a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University" title="Michigan State University">Michigan State University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Additionally, <a href="/wiki/Tiya_(archaeological_site)" title="Tiya (archaeological site)">Tiya</a> in central <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a> has a number of old megaliths. Some of these ancient structures feature engravings, and the area is a World Heritage Site. Megaliths are also found within the Valley of Marvels in the East Hararghe area. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southern_Africa">Southern Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Southern Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the mid-2nd millennium CE, the megalithic funerary monuments of <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> were constructed amid the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Madagascar#Rise_of_the_great_kingdoms" title="History of Madagascar">emergent period</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Merina Kingdom</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some of the megaliths remain utilized by <a href="/wiki/Malagasy_language" title="Malagasy language">Malagasy</a>-speakers for funerary practices (e.g., ceremony of turning the dead) in present-day.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_30-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asian_megaliths">Asian megaliths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Asian megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/220px-Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/330px-Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/440px-Example_of_a_northern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5760" data-file-height="4312" /></a><figcaption>Northern-style megalithic burial dolmen from <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island" title="Ganghwa Island">Ganghwa Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Megalithic burials are found in Northeast and Southeast Asia. They are found mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>. They are also found in the <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shandong" title="Shandong">Shandong</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zhejiang" title="Zhejiang">Zhejiang</a> in China, the East Coast of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a> and <a href="/wiki/Shikoku" title="Shikoku">Shikoku</a> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/%C4%90%E1%BB%93ng_Nai_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Đồng Nai Province">Đồng Nai Province</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>. Some living megalithic traditions are found on the island of <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>. The greatest concentration of megalithic burials is in Korea. Archaeologists estimate that there are 15,000 to 100,000 southern megaliths in the Korean Peninsula.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical estimates hover around the 30,000 mark for the entire peninsula, which in itself constitutes some 40% of all dolmens worldwide (see <a href="/wiki/Dolmen#Asia" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="North_East_Asia">North East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: North East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Northern_style">Northern style</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Northern style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northeast Asian megalithic traditions originated from <a href="/wiki/Gojoseon" title="Gojoseon">Gojoseon</a>, which was in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Manchuria" title="Manchuria">Manchuria</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a>. This was prominent within the <a href="/wiki/Liao_River" title="Liao River">Liao River</a> basin in particular in the early phases.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199270_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199270-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The practice of erecting megalithic burials spread quickly from the Liao River Basin and into the Korean Peninsula, where the structure of megaliths is geographically and chronologically distinct. The earliest megalithic burials are called "northern" or "table-style" because they feature an above-ground burial chamber formed by heavy stone slabs that form a rectangular cist.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199268_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An oversized capstone is placed over the stone slab burial chamber, giving the appearance of a table-top. These megalithic burials date to the early part of the <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun pottery period</a> (c. 1500–850 BC) and are distributed, with a few exceptions, north of the <a href="/wiki/Han_River_(Korea)" title="Han River (Korea)">Han River</a>. Few northern-style megaliths in North Korea and Manchuria contain <a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">grave goods</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Liaoning_bronze_dagger_culture" title="Liaoning bronze dagger culture">Liaoning bronze daggers</a>, prompting some archaeologists to interpret the burials as the graves of chiefs or preeminent individuals.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1999_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, whether a result of grave-robbery or intentional mortuary behaviour, most northern megaliths contain no grave goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Southern_style">Southern style</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Southern style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg/180px-Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/98/Orim-dongmegalithpetroglyph.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="219" /></a><figcaption>Representations of a dagger (right) and two human figures, one of which is kneeling (left), carved into the capstone of Megalithic Burial No. 5, Orim-dong, <a href="/wiki/Yeosu" title="Yeosu">Yeosu</a>, Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>Southern-style megalithic burials are distributed in the southern <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>. It is thought that most of them date to the latter part of the Early <a href="/wiki/Mumun_pottery_period" title="Mumun pottery period">Mumun</a> or to the Middle Mumun Period.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199268_36-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERheeChoi199268-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTENelson1999_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTENelson1999-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Southern-style megaliths are typically smaller in scale than northern megaliths. The interment area of southern megaliths has an underground burial chamber made of earth or lined with thin stone slabs. A massive capstone is placed over the interment area and is supported by smaller propping stones. Most of the megalithic burials on the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a> are of the southern type. </p><p>As with northern megaliths, southern examples contain few, if any, artifacts. However, a small number of megalithic burials contain fine red-burnished pottery, bronze daggers, polished groundstone daggers, and greenstone ornaments. Southern megalithic burials are often found in groups, spread out in lines that are parallel with the direction of streams. Megalithic cemeteries contain burials that are linked together by low stone platforms made from large river cobbles. Broken red-burnished pottery and charred wood found on these platforms has led archaeologists to hypothesize that these platform were sometimes used for ceremonies and rituals.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capstones of many southern megaliths have 'cup-marks' carvings. A small number of capstones have human and dagger representations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Capstone_style">Capstone style</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Capstone style"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/220px-Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/330px-Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg/440px-Example_of_a_southern-style_dolmen_at_Ganghwa_Island.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>Example of a southern-style dolmen at <a href="/wiki/Ganghwa_Island" title="Ganghwa Island">Ganghwa Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></figcaption></figure> <p>These megaliths are distinguished from other types by the presence of a burial shaft, sometimes up to 4 m in depth, which is lined with large cobbles.<sup id="cite_ref-Bale_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bale-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large capstone is placed over the burial shaft without propping stones. Capstone-style megaliths are the most monumental type in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Peninsula">Korean Peninsula</a>, and they are primarily distributed near or on the south coast of Korea. It seems that most of these burials date to the latter part of the Middle Mumun (c. 700–550 BC), and they may have been built into the early part of the Late Mumun. An example is found near modern <a href="/wiki/Changwon" title="Changwon">Changwon</a> at Deokcheon-ni, where a small cemetery contained a capstone burial (No. 1) with a massive, rectangularly shaped, stone and earthen platform. Archaeologists were not able to recover the entire feature, but the low platform was at least 56×18 m in size. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Asia">Southeast Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Southeast Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Indonesia" title="Archaeology of Indonesia">Archaeology of Indonesia</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Living_megalith_culture_of_Indonesia">Living megalith culture of Indonesia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Living megalith culture of Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg/220px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg/330px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg/440px-COLLECTIE_TROPENMUSEUM_Monolithen_in_Toraja_TMnr_10005152.jpg 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> monolith, c. 1935</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Indonesia" title="List of islands of Indonesia">Indonesian archipelago</a> is the host of <a href="/wiki/Austronesian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Austronesian people">Austronesian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Melanesians" title="Melanesians">Melanesians</a> megalith cultures both past and present. Living megalith cultures can be found on <a href="/wiki/Nias" title="Nias">Nias</a>, an isolated island off the western coast of <a href="/wiki/North_Sumatra" title="North Sumatra">North Sumatra</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Batak" title="Batak">Batak</a> people in the interior of North Sumatra, on <a href="/wiki/Ngada_Regency" title="Ngada Regency">Flores</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a> island in <a href="/wiki/East_Nusa_Tenggara" title="East Nusa Tenggara">East Nusa Tenggara</a> and also <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> people from the interior of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>. These megalith cultures remained preserved, isolated and undisturbed well into the late 19th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Desa_Megalitikum_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Desa_Megalitikum-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several megalith sites and structures are also found across Indonesia. Menhirs, dolmens, stone tables, and ancestral stone statues were discovered in various sites in <a href="/wiki/Java" title="Java">Java</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulawesi" title="Sulawesi">Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lesser_Sunda_Islands" title="Lesser Sunda Islands">Lesser Sunda Islands</a>, and <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea" title="New Guinea">New Guinea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Sistem_Registrasi_Nasional_Cagar_Budaya_2017_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sistem_Registrasi_Nasional_Cagar_Budaya_2017-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Cipari" class="mw-redirect" title="Cipari">Cipari</a> megalith site also in West Java displays monoliths, stone terraces, and sarcophagi.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lore_Lindu_National_Park" title="Lore Lindu National Park">Lore Lindu National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_Sulawesi" title="Central Sulawesi">Central Sulawesi</a> houses ancient megalith relics such as ancestral stone statues, mostly located in the Bada, Besoa and Napu valleys.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Archaeology_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Archaeology in India">Archaeology in India</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/220px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/330px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/440px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Cross section of a megalithic burial site</figcaption></figure> <p>Megaliths in South Asia are dated before 3000 BC, with recent findings dated back to 5000 BC in southern India.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megaliths are found in almost all parts of South Asia. There is also a broad time evolution with the megaliths in central India and the upper Indus valley where the oldest megaliths are found, while those in the east also old shows evidence of continued traditions of living megalithic practices until recently.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahia_and_Menon_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahia_and_Menon-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A large fraction of these are assumed to be associated with burial or post burial rituals, including memorials for those whose remains may or may not be available. The case-example is that of Brahmagiri, which was excavated by Wheeler (1975) and helped establish the culture sequence in south Indian prehistory. However, there is another distinct class of megaliths that do not seem to be associated with burials.<sup id="cite_ref-Vahia_and_Menon_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vahia_and_Menon-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MarayoorDolmen.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/220px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/330px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/MarayoorDolmen.JPG/440px-MarayoorDolmen.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic dolmen in <a href="/wiki/Marayur" title="Marayur">Marayoor</a>, India</figcaption></figure> <p>In South Asia, megaliths of all kinds are noted; these vary from <a href="/wiki/List_of_menhirs#India" title="List of menhirs">menhirs</a>, rock-cut burial, chamber tomb, <a href="/wiki/List_of_dolmens#India" title="List of dolmens">dolmens</a>, stone alignment, stone circles and anthropomorphic statue figures.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahiaMenonAbbasYadav20104_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahiaMenonAbbasYadav20104-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are broadly classified into two (potentially overlapping) classes (after Moorti, 1994, 2008): <i>Sepulchral</i> (containing remains of the dead), or memorial stones where mortal remains along with funerary objects are placed; and <i>Non-sepulchral</i> including large patterned placement of stones over a wide area. The 'non-sepulchral' type is associated with astronomy and cosmology in South Asia and in other parts of the world (Menon and Vahia, 2010).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEVahiaMenonAbbasYadav20103–4_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVahiaMenonAbbasYadav20103–4-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the context of prehistoric anthropomorphic figures in India, (Rao 1988/1999, Upinder Singh 2008) note that it is unclear what these giant anthropomorph statues symbolize. They usually occur in association with megalithic monuments and are located in megalithic burial grounds, and may have been connected with ancestor worship.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="West_Asia">West Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: West Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Matzevah" title="Matzevah">Matzevah</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg/220px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg/330px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg/440px-G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4117" data-file-height="1449" /></a><figcaption>Göbekli Tepe</figcaption></figure> <p>At a number of sites in southeastern Turkey, ceremonial complexes with large T-shaped megalithic <a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">orthostats</a>, dating from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Pottery_Neolithic" title="Pre-Pottery Neolithic">Pre-Pottery Neolithic</a> (PPN, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 9600–7000 cal BC), have been discovered. </p><p>At the most famous of these sites, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a>, parts of the oldest level (III) have been <a href="/wiki/Carbon_14_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon 14 dating">C14-dated</a> as far back as to the mid-10th millennium BC (cal).<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On this level, 20 great stone circles (up to 20 meters in diameter) with <a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">standing stones</a> up to 7 meters high have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 5 of these circles have so far (as of 2019) been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of the standing stones are richly ornamented with carved reliefs of "[b]ears, boars, snakes, foxes, wildcats, aurochs, gazelle, quadruped reptiles, birds, spiders, insects, quadrupeds, scorpions" and other animals; in addition, some of the stones are carved in low profile with stylized human features (arms, hands, loincloths, but <i>no heads</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the younger level (II) rectangular structures with smaller megaliths have been excavated. In the surrounding area, several village sites incorporating elements similar to those of Göbekli Tepe have been identified.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four of these have Göbekli Tepe's characteristic T-shaped standing stones, though only one of them, <a href="/wiki/Neval%C4%B1_%C3%87ori" title="Nevalı Çori">Nevalı Çori</a>, has so far been excavated.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Göbekli Tepe itself, no traces of habitation have so far been found, nor any trace of agriculture or cultivated plants, though bones of wild animals and traces of wild edible plants, along with many grinding stones, have been unearthed.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is thus assumed that these structures (which have been characterized as the first known ceremonial architecture)<sup id="cite_ref-ArchMag_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ArchMag-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were erected by <a href="/wiki/Hunter-gatherer" title="Hunter-gatherer">hunter-gatherers</a>. </p><p> Göbekli Tepe's oldest structures are about 7,000 years older than the <a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a> megaliths, although it is doubtful that any of the European megalithic traditions (<a href="#European_megaliths">see below</a>) are derived from them.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karahunj_-_standing_stones_(5127916747).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg/220px-Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg/330px-Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg/440px-Karahunj_-_standing_stones_%285127916747%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3167" data-file-height="2262" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer"><i>Armenian Stonehenge</i></a>)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ader,_Jordan.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG/180px-Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG/270px-Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG/360px-Ader%2C_Jordan.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2112" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>Standing stone at Ader, Southern Jordan</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">Dolmens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standing_stones" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stones">standing stones</a> have been found in large areas in other parts of West Asia starting at the <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkish</a> border in the north of <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a>, southwards down to <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a>. They can be encountered in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a>, Syria, <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>. The largest concentration can be found in southern Syria and along the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>; these are threatened with destruction. They date from the late Chalcolithic or Early Bronze Age.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheltema2008_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema2008-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megaliths have also been found on <a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pirazmian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pirazmian">Pirazmian</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iran" title="Iran">Iran</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Barda_Balka" title="Barda Balka">Barda Balka</a> in <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Atlit-Yam,_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones,_restoration.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG/220px-Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG/330px-Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG/440px-Atlit-Yam%2C_Ritual_structure_made_of_stones%2C_restoration.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1578" data-file-height="1146" /></a><figcaption>Megalithic structure at <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a>, Israel</figcaption></figure> <p>A semicircular arrangement of megaliths was found in Israel at <a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a>, a site that is now under the sea. It is a very early example, dating from the <a href="/wiki/7th_millennium_BC" title="7th millennium BC">7th millennium BC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The most concentrated occurrence of dolmens in particular is in a large area on both sides of the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Rift_Valley" title="Jordan Rift Valley">Jordan Rift Valley</a>, with greater predominance on the eastern side. They occur first and foremost on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Hauran" title="Hauran">Hauran</a>, and in Jordan, which probably has the largest concentration of dolmen in West Asia. In Saudi Arabia, only very few dolmen have been identified so far in the <a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a>. They seem, however, to re-emerge in Yemen in small numbers, and thus could indicate a continuous tradition related to those of <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Smeisani,_Amman,_Jordan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/220px-Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/330px-Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg/440px-Smeisani%2C_Amman%2C_Jordan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2832" data-file-height="2128" /></a><figcaption>Standing stone in <a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a>, Jordan.</figcaption></figure> <p>The standing stone has a very ancient tradition in West Asia, dating back from <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamian</a> times. Although not always 'megalithic' in the true sense, they occur throughout the area and can reach 5 metres or more in some cases (such as at <a href="/wiki/Al_Karak" class="mw-redirect" title="Al Karak">Ader</a> in Jordan). This phenomenon can also be traced through many passages from the <a href="/wiki/Old_Testament" title="Old Testament">Old Testament</a>, such as those related to <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>, the grandson of <a href="/wiki/Abraham" title="Abraham">Abraham</a>, who poured oil over a stone that he erected after his famous dream in which angels climbed to heaven (Genesis 28:10–22). Jacob is also described as putting up stones at other occasions, whereas <a href="/wiki/Moses" title="Moses">Moses</a> erected twelve pillars symbolizing the tribes of Israel. The tradition of venerating standing stones continued in <a href="/wiki/Nabatean" class="mw-redirect" title="Nabatean">Nabatean</a> times. Related phenomena, such as cupholes, rock-cut tombs and circles, also occur in West Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Melanesian_megaliths">Melanesian megaliths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Melanesian megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megaliths occur in many parts of <a href="/wiki/Melanesia" title="Melanesia">Melanesia</a>, mainly in <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay_Province" title="Milne Bay Province">Milne Bay Province</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vanuatu" title="Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a>. Few excavations have been made and little is known about the structures. The megalith tomb Otuyam at <a href="/wiki/Kiriwina" title="Kiriwina">Kiriwina</a> has been dated to be approximately 2,000 years old which indicates that megaliths are an old custom in Melanesia. However very few megaliths have been dated. The constructions have been used for different rituals. For example, tombs, sacrifices and rituals of fecundity. Dance sites exist next to some megaliths. In some places in Melanesia rituals are continued to be held at the sacred megalith sites. The fact that the beliefs are alive is a reason that most excavations have been stopped at the sites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Micronesian_megaliths">Micronesian megaliths</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Micronesian megaliths"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megalithic structures in Micronesia reach their most developed form on the islands of <a href="/wiki/Pohnpei" title="Pohnpei">Pohnpei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kosrae" title="Kosrae">Kosrae</a> in the Eastern Caroline Islands. On these two islands there was extensive use of prismatic basalt columns to build upland building complexes such as those at Salapwuk on Pohnpei and Menka on Kosrae. These building sites, remote from the ocean, appear to have been abandoned early. Megalithic building then shifted to constructing networks of artificial islands on the coast that supported a multitude of common, royal and religious structures. Dating of the structures is difficult but the complex at <a href="/wiki/Nan_Madol" title="Nan Madol">Nan Madol</a> on Pohnpei was probably inhabited as early as c. 800, probably as artificial islands, with the more elaborate buildings and religious structures added to the site from 1000 to 1400 AD. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_theories">Modern theories</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Modern theories"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Purposes">Purposes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Purposes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Megaliths were used for a variety of purposes ranging from serving as boundary markers of territory, being reminder of past events, to being part of the society's religion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189222–23_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189222–23-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Common motifs including crooks and axes seem to be symbols of political power, much as the crook was a symbol of Egyptian pharaohs. Amongst the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> of India, <a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>, North Africa, North America, and South America, the worship of these stones, or the use of these stones to symbolize a spirit or deity, is a possibility.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189223_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189223-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the early 20th century, some scholars believed that all megaliths belonged to one global "Megalithic culture"<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Hyperdiffusionism" title="Hyperdiffusionism">hyperdiffusionism</a>, e.g. "the Manchester school",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster_Brown1976267_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster_Brown1976267-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Elliot_Smith" title="Grafton Elliot Smith">Grafton Elliot Smith</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._J._Perry" title="W. J. Perry">William James Perry</a>), but this has long been disproved by modern dating methods.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Nor is it believed any longer that there was a pan-European megalithic culture, although regional cultures existed, even within such small areas as the British Isles. The archaeologist Euan Mackie wrote, "Likewise it cannot be doubted that important regional cultures existed in the Neolithic period and can be defined by different kinds of stone circles and local pottery styles (Ruggles & Barclay 2000: figure 1). No-one has ever been rash enough to claim a nationwide unity of all aspects of Neolithic archaeology!".<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Methods_of_construction">Methods of construction</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Methods of construction"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Much scholarship over history has suggested that Stone Age peoples moved the large stones on cylindrical wooden rollers. However, there is some disagreement with this theory, specifically as experiments have indicated that this method is impractical on uneven ground. In some contemporary megalith building cultures, such as in <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, great emphasis is placed on the social status of moving heavy stones without the relief of rollers. In the majority of documented contemporary megalithic-building communities, the stones have been placed on timber sledges and dragged without rollers.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Types_of_megalithic_structure">Types of megalithic structure</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Types of megalithic structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The types of megalithic structure can be divided into two categories, the "polylithic type" and the "monolithic type".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeane1896124_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeane1896124-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Different megalithic structures include: </p> <table width="85%" cellspacing="3" style="border: 1px; margin-bottom: 3px;"> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <dl><dt>Polylithic type</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a>: a free-standing chamber, consisting of standing stones covered by a capstone as a lid. Dolmens were used for burial and were covered by mounds. <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_dolmen" title="Polygonal dolmen">Polygonal dolmens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taula" title="Taula">Taula</a>: a straight standing stone, topped with another forming a 'T' shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistvaen" class="mw-redirect" title="Cistvaen">Cistvaens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">Unchambered long barrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">Tumuli</a> or barrows</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairns</a> or <i>Galgals</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cromlech" title="Cromlech">Cromlech</a> (a <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a> term for a stone circle)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyclopean_wall" class="mw-redirect" title="Cyclopean wall">Cyclopean walls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuraghi" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuraghi">Nuraghi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giants%27_grave" title="Giants' grave">Giant's grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talayot" class="mw-redirect" title="Talayot">Talayots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Round Towers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marae" title="Marae">Marae</a> (<a href="/wiki/Polynesia" title="Polynesia">Polynesia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island#Ahu" title="Easter Island">Ahus</a> with <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pukao" title="Pukao">Pukao</a> (<a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>)</li></ul> </td> <td> </td> <td valign="top"> <dl><dt>Monolithic type</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a>: a large single upright standing stone.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetylus" class="mw-redirect" title="Baetylus">Baetylus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alignment_(archaeology)" title="Alignment (archaeology)">Alignments</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (or <a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a> avenues [e.g., Linear arrangement of upright, parallel standing stones])</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cycolith" class="mw-redirect" title="Cycolith">Cycoliths</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">stone circles</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilithon" title="Trilithon">Trilithon</a>: Two parallel upright stones with a horizontal stone (lintel) placed on top, e.g. Stonehenge.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthostat" class="mw-redirect" title="Orthostat">Orthostat</a>: an upright slab forming part of a larger structure.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statues" class="mw-redirect" title="Statues">Statues</a> such as most <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verraco" title="Verraco">Verraco</a>, central <a href="/wiki/Iberia" class="mw-redirect" title="Iberia">Iberia</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_megalith-building_cultures">Contemporary megalith-building cultures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Contemporary megalith-building cultures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Toraja_of_Indonesia">The Toraja of Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: The Toraja of Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The megalithic culture of the <a href="/wiki/Toraja" class="mw-redirect" title="Toraja">Toraja</a> people in the mountainous region of <a href="/wiki/South_Sulawesi" title="South Sulawesi">South Sulawesi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a> dates back to around 2500–1000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint noexcerpt Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS"><span title="website, no author, the next article is on zombies (March 2021)">better source needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="How is that 'contemporary'? There are at least 3000 years between the modern culture and the construction of the megaliths. Nor is there any reason to think the modern culture is that old. It's like calling the Bretons, Portuguese, English, Maltese and other modern European cultures 'contemporary megalith-building cultures', even though these cultures didn't exist 3000 years ago in any meaningful sense! (August 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Marapu_of_Indonesia">The Marapu of Indonesia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: The Marapu of Indonesia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In West <a href="/wiki/Sumba" title="Sumba">Sumba</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>, the more than 20,000 followers<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Marapu" title="Marapu">Marapu</a> <a href="/wiki/Animist" class="mw-redirect" title="Animist">animist</a> religion construct monolithic tombs by hand. Originally built with slave labor, the large tombs of nobles are now built by a class of dependents who are paid either in animals or cash (an amount equal to $0.65–0.90 per day). The tombs are planned long in advance, with families sometimes going into extreme debt to finance the construction. In 1971, one leading family sacrificed 350 buffalo over the course of a year in order to feed the 1,000 people necessary to drag the capstone 3 km from the quarry to the tombsite.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quarrying the stones for a tomb can take almost a month and typically involves 20–40 laborours, sometimes subcontracted by a relative. It can be months or years before the stones are actually transported to the gravesite, which is done traditionally by hand, using a wooden sled and rollers with the help of many members of the family's clan. Building the sled itself can take several days, and typically males between the ages of 10–60 are assembled to pull the stone from the quarry to the tombsite. Smaller capstones may be moved by a few hundred members of a clan, but larger ones can involve upwards of 2,000 individuals over many days. Sometimes the stones are draped with woven cloths given as gifts by relatives of the owner. The sidewalls are smaller and usually require fewer participants. The entire process is accompanied by large feasts and ritual singers provided by the owner. Some contemporary practitioners now choose to use large machinery and trucks to move the stones. </p><p>Once on site, the stones were traditionally assembled and mortared with a mix of water buffalo dung and ash, but are now more commonly cemented together. Typically, the walls are assembled first, and then the capstone is incrementally elevated to the height of the walls by means of a wood scaffolding which is inserted log by log at alternating ends. Once the capstone is at the correct height beside the walls it is slid into place above the tomb. Alternately, some tombs are constructed by dragging the capstone up a fabricated ramp and then assembling the sidewalls below it, before removing the ramp structure to let the capstone rest upon the walls. Often, but not always, the finished structure is decorated by a professional stone carver with symbolic motifs. The carving alone can at times take over a month to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_in_literature">References in literature</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: References in literature"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And Moses wrote down all the words of the Lord. He rose early in the morning and built an altar at the foot of the mountain, and twelve pillars, according to the twelve tribes of Israel.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>The Old Testament, Book of Exodus, 24:4 (400 BC)<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-packed"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Easter Island's Moai at Rano Raraku"><img alt="Easter Island's Moai at Rano Raraku" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/135px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/202px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg/270px-Moai_Rano_raraku.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">Moai</a> at <a href="/wiki/Rano_Raraku" title="Rano Raraku">Rano Raraku</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber,_Mane_Braz,_Brittany.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Inside the burial chamber at Mane Braz, Brittany, France"><img alt="Inside the burial chamber at Mane Braz, Brittany, France" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg/135px-Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg/202px-Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg/270px-Inside_the_remains_of_the_burial_chamber%2C_Mane_Braz%2C_Brittany.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Inside the burial chamber at <a href="/wiki/Mane_Braz" title="Mane Braz">Mane Braz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, France</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Menhirs at the Almendres Cromlech, Évora, Portugal"><img alt="Menhirs at the Almendres Cromlech, Évora, Portugal" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg/135px-Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg/203px-Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg/270px-Almendres_cromlech_3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1066" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Menhirs at the <a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Almendres Cromlech</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89vora" title="Évora">Évora</a>, Portugal</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 153.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 151.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Abakan08.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Megalithic tomb in Khakasiya, Russian Federation"><img alt="Megalithic tomb in Khakasiya, Russian Federation" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abakan08.jpg/227px-Abakan08.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abakan08.jpg/340px-Abakan08.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Abakan08.jpg/453px-Abakan08.jpg 2x" data-file-width="701" data-file-height="557" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Megalithic tomb in <a href="/wiki/Khakasiya" class="mw-redirect" title="Khakasiya">Khakasiya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Federation" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 181.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 179.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Capstones of southern-style megalithic burials in Guam-ri, Jeollabuk-do, Korea"><img alt="Capstones of southern-style megalithic burials in Guam-ri, Jeollabuk-do, Korea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG/269px-Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG/403px-Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG/538px-Guam_Dolmen_Sites.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1840" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Capstones of southern-style megalithic burials in Guam-ri, <a href="/wiki/Jeollabuk-do" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeollabuk-do">Jeollabuk-do</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 309.33333333333px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 307.33333333333px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ales_stenar_bred.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ale's Stones at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden"><img alt="Ale's Stones at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ales_stenar_bred.jpg/461px-Ales_stenar_bred.jpg" decoding="async" width="308" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ales_stenar_bred.jpg/692px-Ales_stenar_bred.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Ales_stenar_bred.jpg/922px-Ales_stenar_bred.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ale%27s_Stones" title="Ale's Stones">Ale's Stones</a> at Kåseberga, around ten kilometres south east of Ystad, Sweden</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:BrynCelliDdu3.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales"><img alt="Bryn Celli Ddu in Wales" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/270px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/405px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/BrynCelliDdu3.jpg/540px-BrynCelliDdu3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Talaiot.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Talaiot in Majorca"><img alt="Talaiot in Majorca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Talaiot.jpg/240px-Talaiot.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Talaiot.jpg/360px-Talaiot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Talaiot.jpg/480px-Talaiot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Talaiot" title="Talaiot">Talaiot</a> in <a href="/wiki/Majorca" class="mw-redirect" title="Majorca">Majorca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Giant's grave near Dorgali in Sardinia, Italy"><img alt="Giant's grave near Dorgali in Sardinia, Italy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/240px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/360px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg/480px-Sa_ena_e_thomes_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Giant's grave near <a href="/wiki/Dorgali" title="Dorgali">Dorgali</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a>, Italy</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 82px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 80px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deer-stone.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Deer stone near Mörön in Mongolia"><img alt="Deer stone near Mörön in Mongolia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Deer-stone.jpg/120px-Deer-stone.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Deer-stone.jpg/180px-Deer-stone.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Deer-stone.jpg/240px-Deer-stone.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1500" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Deer stone near <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B6r%C3%B6n_(city)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mörön (city)">Mörön</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="the Great Menhir of Er Grah in Brittany, the largest known single stone erected by Neolithic man, which later fell down"><img alt="the Great Menhir of Er Grah in Brittany, the largest known single stone erected by Neolithic man, which later fell down" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg/240px-Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg/360px-Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg/480px-Bretagne_Morbihan_Locmariaquer_14015.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">the <a href="/wiki/Broken_Menhir_of_Er_Grah" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Menhir of Er Grah">Great Menhir of Er Grah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a>, the largest known single stone erected by Neolithic man, which later fell down</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 92px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 90px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taula-Menorca.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Taula in Talati de Dalt, Menorca"><img alt="Taula in Talati de Dalt, Menorca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taula-Menorca.jpg/135px-Taula-Menorca.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taula-Menorca.jpg/202px-Taula-Menorca.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Taula-Menorca.jpg/270px-Taula-Menorca.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><i><a href="/wiki/Taula" title="Taula">Taula</a></i> in Talati de Dalt, <a href="/wiki/Menorca" title="Menorca">Menorca</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 182px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 180px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Megaliths with engraved figures in Tiya, southern Ethiopia"><img alt="Megaliths with engraved figures in Tiya, southern Ethiopia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG/270px-Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG/405px-Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG/540px-Tiya_St%C3%A8les.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Megaliths with engraved figures in <a href="/wiki/Tiya_(archaeological_site)" title="Tiya (archaeological site)">Tiya</a>, southern <a href="/wiki/Ethiopia" title="Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 130.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 128.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolmen of Avola (Sicily, Italy)"><img alt="Dolmen of Avola (Sicily, Italy)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG/193px-Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG" decoding="async" width="129" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG/290px-Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG/387px-Dolmen_di_Avola.JPG 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dolmen of <a href="/wiki/Avola" title="Avola">Avola</a> (Sicily, Italy)</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolmen at the Kuejiyeh dolmen field close to Madaba, Jordan"><img alt="Dolmen at the Kuejiyeh dolmen field close to Madaba, Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/240px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/360px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg/480px-Dolmen_kueijiyeh.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Dolmen at the Kuejiyeh dolmen field close to <a href="/wiki/Madaba" title="Madaba">Madaba</a>, Jordan</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 162.66666666667px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 160.66666666667px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Dolmen of Menga in Antequera, Spain"><img alt="Dolmen of Menga in Antequera, Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg/241px-Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg/361px-Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg/481px-Dolmen_de_Menga_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4140" data-file-height="3100" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga" title="Dolmen of Menga">Dolmen of Menga</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antequera" title="Antequera">Antequera</a>, Spain</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_megalithic_tombs" title="Irish megalithic tombs">Irish megalithic tombs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_individual_rocks" title="List of individual rocks">List of individual rocks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_megalithic_sites" class="mw-redirect" title="List of megalithic sites">List of megalithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Megalithic_monuments_in_Europe" title="Category:Megalithic monuments in Europe">Megalithic monuments in Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_the_Urals" title="Megaliths in the Urals">Megaliths in the Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature_worship" title="Nature worship">Nature worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plain_of_Jars" title="Plain of Jars">Plain of Jars</a> ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Khorat_Plateau" title="Khorat Plateau">Khorat Plateau</a> in Thailand in the south, through Laos and to <a href="/wiki/Dima_Hasao" class="mw-redirect" title="Dima Hasao">Dima Hasao</a> of northerneastern India.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_of_Megalithic_Culture" title="Route of Megalithic Culture">Route of Megalithic Culture</a> – tourist route from Osnabrück to Oldenburg via some 33 Megalithic sites.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_of_Junapani" title="Stone circles of Junapani">Stone circles of Junapani</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Construction of large stone monuments in the rest of the classical world consisted of assembled sections of relatively small stones, including most construction in Egypt. Elsewhere in the world some megalithic construction persisted: Occasionally large stone sculptures, relief carvings, and open pillared temples were carved in-place in cliff-faces, out of natural rock.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/articles/europe-megalithic-monuments-france-sea-routes-mediterranean-180971467/">"Europe's Megalithic Monuments Originated in France and Spread by Sea Routes, New Study Suggests"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Europe%27s+Megalithic+Monuments+Originated+in+France+and+Spread+by+Sea+Routes%2C+New+Study+Suggests&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.smithsonianmag.com%2Farticles%2Feurope-megalithic-monuments-france-sea-routes-mediterranean-180971467%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herbert, A. <i>Cyclops Christianus, or the supposed Antiquity of Stonehenge.</i> London, J. Petheram, 1849.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200102234739/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/11-12/history-europe-megaliths-solstice/">"Europe's Mighty Megaliths Mark the Winter Solstice"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/National_Geographic_Society" title="National Geographic Society">National Geographic Society</a></i>. 21 December 2017. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationalgeographic.com/history/magazine/2017/11-12/history-europe-megaliths-solstice/">the original</a> on 2020-01-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Geographic+Society&rft.atitle=Europe%27s+Mighty+Megaliths+Mark+the+Winter+Solstice&rft.date=2017-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalgeographic.com%2Fhistory%2Fmagazine%2F2017%2F11-12%2Fhistory-europe-megaliths-solstice%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson1908[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfolkmemory00johngoogpagen61_67]-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson1908[httpsarchiveorgdetailsfolkmemory00johngoogpagen61_67]_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1908">Johnson (1908)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkmemory00johngoog/page/n61">67</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PriceFeinman2005-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PriceFeinman2005_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPriceFeinman2005" class="citation book cs1">Price, T. 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Definition of <i>megalith</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vintageviews.org/vv-tl/pages/Cem_Glossary.htm">the original</a> on 2013-06-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-07-28</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rochester%27s+History%3A+An+Illustrated+Timeline&rft.atitle=Glossary+of+Cemetery+Terms&rft.pages=Definition+of+%27%27megalith%27%27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vintageviews.org%2Fvv-tl%2Fpages%2FCem_Glossary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/baalbek-myth-megalith">"Baalbek myth megalith"</a>. <i>New Yorker</i>. Annals of Technology.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Yorker&rft.atitle=Baalbek+myth+megalith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newyorker.com%2Ftech%2Fannals-of-technology%2Fbaalbek-myth-megalith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (May 2020)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dictionary.cambridge.org/fr/dictionnaire/anglais/menhir">"menhir"</a>. <i>Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary & Thesaurus</i>. 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London. pp. 62–71.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=After+the+Ice+%E2%80%93+A+global+human+History%2C+21%2C000%E2%80%935%2C000+BC&rft.place=London&rft.pages=62-71&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Mithen%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEScheltema2008-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEScheltema2008_62-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheltema2008">Scheltema (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427361-400-atlit-yam-israel">"Atlit-Yam, Israel"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Atlit-Yam%2C+Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20427361-400-atlit-yam-israel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span>, from the feature by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJo_Marchant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jo Marchant (28 November 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427361-100-drowned-cities-myths-and-secrets-of-the-deep">"Drowned cities: Myths and secrets of the deep"</a>. <i>New Scientist</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Scientist&rft.atitle=Drowned+cities%3A+Myths+and+secrets+of+the+deep&rft.date=2009-11-28&rft.au=Jo+Marchant&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newscientist.com%2Farticle%2Fmg20427361-100-drowned-cities-myths-and-secrets-of-the-deep&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189222–23-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189222–23_64-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed1892">Goblet d'Alviella & Wicksteed (1892)</a>, pp. 22–23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189223-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed189223_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed1892">Goblet d'Alviella & Wicksteed (1892)</a>, p. 23.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gaillard, Gérald (2004) <i>The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists</i>. Routledge. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415228255" title="Special:BookSources/0415228255">0415228255</a>, p. 48</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELancaster_Brown1976267-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELancaster_Brown1976267_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLancaster_Brown1976">Lancaster Brown (1976)</a>, p. 267.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackoe, Euan W, "The structure and skills of British Neolithic Society: a brief response to Clive Ruggles & Gordon Barclay. (Response)", <i>Antiquity</i> September 2002</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, Barney (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fojoa.12142">"Roll Me a Great Stone: A Brief Historiography of Megalithic Construction and the Genesis of the Roller Hypothesis"</a>. <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>. <b>37</b> (3): 267–281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fojoa.12142">10.1111/ojoa.12142</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Roll+Me+a+Great+Stone%3A+A+Brief+Historiography+of+Megalithic+Construction+and+the+Genesis+of+the+Roller+Hypothesis&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=267-281&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fojoa.12142&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Barney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fojoa.12142&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeane1896124-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKeane1896124_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKeane1896">Keane (1896)</a>, p. 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLancaster_Brown1976">Lancaster Brown (1976)</a>, p. 6: "French word alignement is used to describe standing stones arranged in rows to form long ‘processional' avenues".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://medium.com/@suedavies_77888/the-megaliths-of-indonesia-4f4df24ff52d">"The Megaliths of Indonesia"</a>. 12 February 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Megaliths+of+Indonesia&rft.date=2019-02-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedium.com%2F%40suedavies_77888%2Fthe-megaliths-of-indonesia-4f4df24ff52d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/03/17/marapu-people-struggle-get-their-beliefs-recognized.html">"Marapu people struggle to get their beliefs recognized"</a>. <i>The Jjakarta Post</i>. 17 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jjakarta+Post&rft.atitle=Marapu+people+struggle+to+get+their+beliefs+recognized&rft.date=2014-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thejakartapost.com%2Fnews%2F2014%2F03%2F17%2Fmarapu-people-struggle-get-their-beliefs-recognized.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEveleigh" class="citation news cs1">Eveleigh, Mark. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/sumba-island-marapu-religion-nihi-tombs-sacrifices-worlds-most-expensive-nihiwatu-bali-a7847006.html">"Sumba: Inside Indonesia's secretive Marapu religion"</a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Independent" title="The Independent">The Independent</a></i>. Sumba travel / Indonesia travel. London, UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220512/https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/asia/sumba-island-marapu-religion-nihi-tombs-sacrifices-worlds-most-expensive-nihiwatu-bali-a7847006.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-05-12. <q>Sumba's Marapu religion is possibly the most expensive to follow in the world.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=Sumba%3A+Inside+Indonesia%27s+secretive+Marapu+religion&rft.aulast=Eveleigh&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fasia%2Fsumba-island-marapu-religion-nihi-tombs-sacrifices-worlds-most-expensive-nihiwatu-bali-a7847006.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://passagetoindonesia.com/files/West-Sumba---The-megalithic-tradition-.pdf">The megalithic tradition</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Passage to Indonesia</i> (Report). West Sumba.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=report&rft.btitle=The+megalithic+tradition&rft.series=West+Sumba&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpassagetoindonesia.com%2Ffiles%2FWest-Sumba---The-megalithic-tradition-.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://biblia.com/bible/esv/Exodus%2024:4">"Exodus 24:4 ESV – And Moses wrote down all the… | Biblia"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-12-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Exodus+24%3A4+ESV+%E2%80%93+And+Moses+wrote+down+all+the%E2%80%A6+%26%23124%3B+Biblia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbiblia.com%2Fbible%2Fesv%2FExodus%252024%3A4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Works cited"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoblet_d'AlviellaWicksteed1892" class="citation book cs1">Goblet d'Alviella, E.; Wicksteed, P. H. (1892). <i>Lectures on the origin and growth of the conception of God as illustrated by anthropology and history</i>. London: Williams and Norgate.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lectures+on+the+origin+and+growth+of+the+conception+of+God+as+illustrated+by+anthropology+and+history&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Williams+and+Norgate&rft.date=1892&rft.aulast=Goblet+d%27Alviella&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Wicksteed%2C+P.+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeane1896" class="citation book cs1">Keane, A. H. (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ethnologyintwop00keangoog"><i>Ethnology</i></a>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnology&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Keane&rft.aufirst=A.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fethnologyintwop00keangoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1908" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Walter (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/folkmemory00johngoog"><i>Folk-Memory: Or, The Continuity of British Archaeology</i></a>. Oxford: Clarendon Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Folk-Memory%3A+Or%2C+The+Continuity+of+British+Archaeology&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1908&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Walter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffolkmemory00johngoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLancaster_Brown1976" class="citation book cs1">Lancaster Brown, P. (1976). <i>Megaliths, Myths, and Men: An Introduction to Astro-archaeology</i>. New York: Taplinger Pub. Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megaliths%2C+Myths%2C+and+Men%3A+An+Introduction+to+Astro-archaeology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Taplinger+Pub.+Co.&rft.date=1976&rft.aulast=Lancaster+Brown&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPiccolo2013" class="citation book cs1">Piccolo, Salvatore (2013). <i>Ancient Stones: The Prehistoric Dolmens of Sicily</i>. Thornham/Norfolk: Brazen Head Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9565106-2-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9565106-2-4"><bdi>978-0-9565106-2-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Stones%3A+The+Prehistoric+Dolmens+of+Sicily&rft.place=Thornham%2FNorfolk&rft.pub=Brazen+Head+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9565106-2-4&rft.aulast=Piccolo&rft.aufirst=Salvatore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheltema2008" class="citation book cs1">Scheltema, H. G. (2008). <i>Megalithic Jordan: An Introduction and Field Guide</i>. Amman, Jordan: The American Center of Oriental Research. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9957-8543-3-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-9957-8543-3-1"><bdi>978-9957-8543-3-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Megalithic+Jordan%3A+An+Introduction+and+Field+Guide&rft.place=Amman%2C+Jordan&rft.pub=The+American+Center+of+Oriental+Research&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9957-8543-3-1&rft.aulast=Scheltema&rft.aufirst=H.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles">Articles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Articles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>KL Feder, "Irrationality and Popular Archaeology". <i>American Antiquity</i>, Vol. 49, No. 3 (July 1984), pp. 525–541. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F280358">10.2307/280358</a></li> <li>A Fleming, "Megaliths and post-modernism. The case of Wales". <i>Antiquity</i>, 2005.</li> <li>A Fleming, "Phenomenology and the Megaliths of Wales: a Dreaming Too Far?". <i>Oxford Journal of Archaeology</i>, 1999</li> <li>HJ Fleure, HJE Peake, "Megaliths and Beakers". <i>The Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland</i>, Vol. 60, Jan. – Jun., 1930 (Jan. – Jun., 1930), pp. 47–71. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2843859">10.2307/2843859</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">P Hiscock (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070610111040/http://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/resources/cult/aocult.htm">"The New Age of alternative archaeology of Australia"</a>. <i>Archaeology in Oceania</i>. <b>31</b> (3): 152–164. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1996.tb00358.x">10.1002/j.1834-4453.1996.tb00358.x</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arts.anu.edu.au/arcworld/resources/cult/aocult.htm">the original</a> on 2007-06-10.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archaeology+in+Oceania&rft.atitle=The+New+Age+of+alternative+archaeology+of+Australia&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=152-164&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fj.1834-4453.1996.tb00358.x&rft.au=P+Hiscock&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farts.anu.edu.au%2Farcworld%2Fresources%2Fcult%2Faocult.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>G Kubler, "Period, Style and Meaning in Ancient American Art". <i>New Literary History</i>, Vol. 1, No. 2, A Symposium on Periods (Winter, 1970), pp. 127–144. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F468624">10.2307/468624</a></li> <li>J McKim Malville, F Wendorf, AA Mazar, R Schild, "Megaliths and Neolithic astronomy in southern Egypt". <i>Nature</i>, 1998.</li> <li>MW Ovenden, DA Rodger, "Megaliths and Medicine Wheels". <i>Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society</i>, 1978</li> <li>A Sherratt, "The Genesis of Megaliths". <i>World Archaeology</i>. 1990. (JSTOR)</li> <li>A Thom, "Megaliths and Mathematics". <i>Antiquity</i>, 1966.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1">D Turnbull (2002). "Performance and Narrative, Bodies and Movement in the Construction of Places and Objects, Spaces and Knowledges: The Case of the Maltese Megaliths". <i>Theory, Culture & Society</i>. <b>19</b> (5–6): 125–143. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F026327602761899183">10.1177/026327602761899183</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145375098">145375098</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Theory%2C+Culture+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Performance+and+Narrative%2C+Bodies+and+Movement+in+the+Construction+of+Places+and+Objects%2C+Spaces+and+Knowledges%3A+The+Case+of+the+Maltese+Megaliths&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=5%E2%80%936&rft.pages=125-143&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F026327602761899183&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145375098%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.au=D+Turnbull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMegalith" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Books"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>Asthana, S. (1976). <i>History and archaeology of India's contacts with other countries, from earliest times to 300 B.C.</i>. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp.</li> <li>Deo, S. B. (1973). <i>Problem of South Indian megaliths</i>. Dharwar: Kannada Research Institute, Karnatak University.</li> <li>Goudsward, D., & Stone, R. E. (2003). <i>America's Stonehenge: the </i>. Boston: Branden Books.</li> <li>Illustrated Encyclopedia of Humankind (The): <i>Worlds Apart</i> (1994) Weldon Owen Pty Limited</li> <li>Moffett, M., Fazio, M. W., & Wodehouse, L. (2004). <i>A world history of architecture</i>. Boston: McGraw-Hill.</li> <li>Nelson, Sarah M. (1993) <i>The Archaeology of Korea</i>. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.</li> <li>O'Kelly, M. J., et al. (1989). <i>Early Ireland: An Introduction to Irish Prehistory</i>. Cambridge University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0521336872" title="Special:BookSources/0521336872">0521336872</a></li> <li>Parker, Joanne (editor) (2009). <i>Written On Stone: The Cultural Reception of British Prehistoric Monuments</i> (Cambridge Scholars Publishing; 2009). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1443813389" title="Special:BookSources/1443813389">1443813389</a></li> <li>Patton, Mark (1993). <i>Statements in Stone: monuments and society in Neolithic Brittany</i>. Routledge. 209 pages. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0415067294" title="Special:BookSources/0415067294">0415067294</a></li> <li>Pohribný, Jan (photo) & Richards, J (introduction) (2007). <i>Magic Stones; the secret world of ancient megaliths</i>. London: Merrell. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1858944135" title="Special:BookSources/978-1858944135">978-1858944135</a></li> <li>Pozzi, Alberto (2013). <i>Megalithism – Sacred and Pagan Architecture in Prehistory</i>. Universal Publisher. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1612332550" title="Special:BookSources/978-1612332550">978-1612332550</a></li> <li>Stukeley, W., Burl, A., & Mortimer, N. (2005). <i>Stukeley's 'Stonehenge': an unpublished manuscript, 1721–1724</i>. New Haven [Conn.]: Yale University Press.</li> <li>Subbayya, K. K. (1978). <i>Archaeology of Coorg with special reference to megaliths</i>. Mysore: Geetha Book House.</li> <li>Tyler, J. M. (1921). <i>The new stone age in northern Europe</i>. New York: C. Scribner's Sons.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/megalith" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/megalith">megalith</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://megalithica.ru/">Catalog of megaliths</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithicireland.com">MegalithicIreland.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bruno.marc1.free.fr/dolmen">Dolmens, Menhirs & Stones-Circles in the South of France</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/">Megaliths in Charente-Maritime, France</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100428024505/http://site.voila.fr/megalithis/">Archived</a> 2010-04-28 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070110000913/http://megalith.ru/en/">Dolmen Path – Russian Megaliths</a> (archived 10 January 2007)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithic.co.uk/">The Megalithic Portal and Megalith Map</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.megalithomania.com/">Index of Megalithic monuments in Ireland</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themodernantiquarian.com/">The Modern Antiquarian</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120312110327/http://www.pretanicworld.com/monuments.html">Pretanic World – Megaliths and Monuments</a> (archived 12 March 2012)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/19990125093651/http://www.bigstones.com/">Modern Megalith-Building</a> (archived 25 January 1999)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="European_megaliths" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:European_megaliths" title="Template:European megaliths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:European_megaliths" title="Template talk:European megaliths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:European_megaliths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:European megaliths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="European_megaliths" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">European <a class="mw-selflink selflink">megaliths</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armenia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metsamor_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Metsamor Castle">Metsamor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zorats_Karer" class="mw-redirect" title="Zorats Karer">Zorats Karer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Azerbaijan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gobustan_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Gobustan National Park">Gobustan Rocks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bulgaria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beglik_Tash" title="Beglik Tash">Beglik Tash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_pit_of_Garlo" title="Sacred pit of Garlo">Garlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatul_Sanctuary" title="Tatul Sanctuary">Tatul Sanctuary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">France</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnenez" title="Barnenez">Barnenez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus_of_Bougon" title="Tumulus of Bougon">Tumulus of Bougon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caixa_de_Rotllan" title="Caixa de Rotllan">Caixa de Rotllan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnac_stones" title="Carnac stones">Carnac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_de_Champ-Dolent" title="Menhir de Champ-Dolent">Menhir de Champ-Dolent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Bagneux" title="Dolmen de Bagneux">Dolmen de Bagneux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broken_Menhir_of_Er_Grah" class="mw-redirect" title="Broken Menhir of Er Grah">Broken Menhir of Er Grah</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dolmen_de_Man%C3%A9-Kerioned&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned (page does not exist)">Dolmen de Mané-Kerioned</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filitosa" title="Filitosa">Filitosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallardet_Dolmen" title="Gallardet Dolmen">Gallardet Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gavrinis" title="Gavrinis">Gavrinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrespil" title="Harrespil">Harrespil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoti%C3%A9_de_Viviane" title="Hotié de Viviane">Hotié de Viviane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerz%C3%A9rho" title="Kerzérho">Kerzérho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths" title="Locmariaquer megaliths">Locmariaquer megaliths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mane_Braz" title="Mane Braz">Mane Braz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paddaghju" title="Paddaghju">Paddaghju</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peyre-Brune" title="Peyre-Brune">Peyre-Brune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tombeau_de_Merlin" title="Tombeau de Merlin">Tombeau de Merlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tremeca" title="Tremeca">Tremeca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verziau_of_Gargantua" title="Verziau of Gargantua">Verziau of Gargantua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Germany</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altendorf_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Altendorf (megalithic tomb)">Altendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denghoog" title="Denghoog">Denghoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fraubillen_cross" title="Fraubillen cross">Fraubillen cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harhoog" title="Harhoog">Harhoog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancken-Granitz_dolmens" title="Lancken-Granitz dolmens">Lancken-Granitz dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lohra_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Lohra (megalithic tomb)">Lohra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Megaliths in Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niedertiefenbach_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Niedertiefenbach (megalithic tomb)">Niedertiefenbach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldendorfer_Totenstatt" title="Oldendorfer Totenstatt">Oldendorfer Totenstatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riesenstein_(Wolfershausen)" title="Riesenstein (Wolfershausen)">Riesenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Route_of_Megalithic_Culture" title="Route of Megalithic Culture">Route of Megalithic Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sieben_Steinh%C3%A4user" title="Sieben Steinhäuser">Sieben Steinhäuser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wotanstein_(Hesse)" title="Wotanstein (Hesse)">Wotanstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z%C3%BCschen_(megalithic_tomb)" title="Züschen (megalithic tomb)">Züschen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guernsey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Castel_Menhir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Castel Menhir (page does not exist)">Castel Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Creux_%C3%A8s_Fa%C3%AFes" title="Le Creux ès Faïes">Le Creux ès Faïes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9hus_Dolmen" title="Déhus Dolmen">Déhus Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Fouillages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Fouillages (page does not exist)">Les Fouillages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Gran%27m%C3%A8re_du_Chimqui%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="La Gran'mère du Chimquière">La Gran'mère du Chimquière</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_Tr%C3%A9pied&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Trépied (page does not exist)">Le Trépied</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Varde&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Varde (page does not exist)">La Varde</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_five-stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of five-stone circles">List of five-stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_multiple-stone_circles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of multiple-stone circles">List of multiple-stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aideen%27s_Grave" title="Aideen's Grave">Aideen's Grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardgroom" title="Ardgroom">Ardgroom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ardristan_standing_stones" title="Ardristan standing stones">Ardristan standing stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beltany_stone_circle" title="Beltany stone circle">Beltany stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohonagh" title="Bohonagh">Bohonagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brennanstown_Portal_Tomb" title="Brennanstown Portal Tomb">Brennanstown Portal Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brownshill_dolmen" title="Brownshill dolmen">Brownshill dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carraig_%C3%A1_Mhaistin_stone" title="Carraig á Mhaistin stone">Carraig á Mhaistin stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrigagulla" title="Carrigagulla">Carrigagulla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrowmore" title="Carrowmore">Carrowmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlenalacht_Stone_Row" title="Castlenalacht Stone Row">Castlenalacht Stone Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlestrange_Stone" title="Castlestrange Stone">Castlestrange Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creevykeel_Court_Tomb" title="Creevykeel Court Tomb">Creevykeel Court Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drombeg_stone_circle" title="Drombeg stone circle">Drombeg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaulstown_Portal_Tomb" title="Gaulstown Portal Tomb">Gaulstown Portal Tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glantane_East" title="Glantane East">Glantane East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grange_stone_circle" title="Grange stone circle">Grange stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_cross" title="High cross">High cross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kealkill_stone_circle" title="Kealkill stone circle">Kealkill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knocknakilla" title="Knocknakilla">Knocknakilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meehambee_Dolmen" title="Meehambee Dolmen">Meehambee Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Venus" title="Mount Venus">Mount Venus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piper%27s_Stones" title="Piper's Stones">Piper's Stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poulnabrone_dolmen" title="Poulnabrone dolmen">Poulnabrone dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reask" title="Reask">Reask</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templebryan_Stone_Circle" title="Templebryan Stone Circle">Templebryan Stone Circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turoe_Stone" title="Turoe Stone">Turoe Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uragh_Stone_Circle" title="Uragh Stone Circle">Uragh Stone Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jersey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jersey_dolmens" title="Jersey dolmens">Jersey dolmens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Hougue_Bie" title="La Hougue Bie">La Hougue Bie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Malta</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_Temples_of_Malta" title="Megalithic Temples of Malta">Megalithic Temples</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_l-Imramma" title="Borġ l-Imramma">Borġ l-Imramma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bor%C4%A1_in-Nadur" title="Borġ in-Nadur">Borġ in-Nadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bu%C4%A1ibba_Temple" title="Buġibba Temple">Buġibba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debdieba" title="Debdieba">Debdieba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A0gantija" title="Ġgantija">Ġgantija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6a%C4%A1ar_Qim" title="Ħaġar Qim">Ħaġar Qim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6al_%C4%A0inwi_temple" title="Ħal Ġinwi temple">Ħal Ġinwi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kordin_Temples" title="Kordin Temples">Kordin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mnajdra" title="Mnajdra">Mnajdra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Qortin_l-Imdawwar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Qortin l-Imdawwar (page does not exist)">Qortin l-Imdawwar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Verna" title="Santa Verna">Santa Verna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skorba_Temples" title="Skorba Temples">Skorba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ta%27_%C4%A6a%C4%A1rat_Temples" title="Ta' Ħaġrat Temples">Ta' Ħaġrat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Mar%C5%BCiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta' Marżiena (page does not exist)">Ta' Marżiena</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ta%27_Raddiena&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ta' Raddiena (page does not exist)">Ta' Raddiena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tal-Qadi_Temple" title="Tal-Qadi Temple">Tal-Qadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarxien_Temples" title="Tarxien Temples">Tarxien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tas-Sil%C4%A1" title="Tas-Silġ">Tas-Silġ</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xemxija_Temple&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Xemxija Temple (page does not exist)">Xemxija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xrobb_l-G%C4%A7a%C4%A1in_Temple" title="Xrobb l-Għaġin Temple">Xrobb l-Għaġin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%A6al_Saflieni_Hypogeum" title="Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum">Ħal Saflieni Hypogeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xag%C4%A7ra_Stone_Circle" title="Xagħra Stone Circle">Xagħra Stone Circle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Netherlands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hunebed" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunebed">Hunebed</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Poland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%85chn%C3%B3wko" title="Brąchnówko">Brąchnówko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grzybnica" class="mw-redirect" title="Grzybnica">Grzybnica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odry,_Poland" title="Odry, Poland">Odry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W%C4%99siory" title="Węsiory">Węsiory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portugal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Almendres_Cromlech" title="Almendres Cromlech">Almendres Cromlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Adrenunes" title="Anta de Adrenunes">Anta de Adrenunes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Agualva" title="Anta de Agualva">Anta de Agualva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_do_Alto_da_Toupeira" title="Anta do Alto da Toupeira">Anta do Alto da Toupeira‎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_do_Barrocal" title="Antas do Barrocal">Antas do Barrocal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_de_Carcavelos" title="Anta de Carcavelos">Anta de Carcavelos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Estria" title="Anta da Estria">Anta da Estria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_da_Valeira" title="Antas da Valeira">Antas da Valeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_do_Monte_Abra%C3%A3o" title="Anta do Monte Abraão">Anta do Monte Abraão</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antas_do_Olival_da_P%C3%AAga" title="Antas do Olival da Pêga">Antas do Olival da Pêga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Pedra_dos_Mouros" title="Anta da Pedra dos Mouros">Anta da Pedra dos Mouros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_das_Pedras_Grandes" title="Anta das Pedras Grandes">Anta das Pedras Grandes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anta_da_Vidigueira" title="Anta da Vidigueira">Anta da Vidigueira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Zambujeiro" title="Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro">Great Dolmen of Zambujeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barreira_Megalithic_Complex" title="Barreira Megalithic Complex">Barreira Megalithic Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Cunha_Baixa" title="Dolmen of Cunha Baixa">Dolmen of Cunha Baixa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Carapito_I" title="Dolmen of Carapito I">Dolmen of Carapito I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dolmen_of_Comenda_da_Igreja" title="Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja">Great Dolmen of Comenda da Igreja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_of_Outeiro" title="Menhir of Outeiro">Menhir of Outeiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir_of_Bulhoa" title="Menhir of Bulhoa">Menhir of Bulhoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_Maria_do_Meio_Cromlech" title="Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech">Vale Maria do Meio Cromlech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xerez_Cromlech" title="Xerez Cromlech">Xerez Cromlech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Russia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dolmens_of_North_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens of North Caucasus">Dolmens of North Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Horseman#Thunder_Stone" title="Bronze Horseman">Thunder Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megaliths_in_the_Urals" title="Megaliths in the Urals">Megaliths in the Urals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_geoglyph" title="Russian geoglyph">Russian geoglyph</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scandinavia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Picture_stone" title="Picture stone">Picture stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runestone" title="Runestone">Runestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle_(Iron_Age)" title="Stone circle (Iron Age)">Stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_ship" title="Stone ship">Stone ships</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Spain</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antequera_Dolmens_Site" title="Antequera Dolmens Site">Antequera Dolmens Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabola_de_la_Hechicera" title="Chabola de la Hechicera">Chabola de la Hechicera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cova_d%27en_Daina" title="Cova d'en Daina">Cova d'en Daina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Axeitos" title="Dolmen de Axeitos">Dolmen de Axeitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Guadalperal" title="Dolmen of Guadalperal">Dolmen of Guadalperal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_of_Menga" title="Dolmen of Menga">Dolmen of Menga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_la_Pastora" title="Dolmen de la Pastora">Dolmen de la Pastora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_del_prado_de_L%C3%A1cara" title="Dolmen del prado de Lácara">Dolmen del prado de Lácara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Soto" title="Dolmen de Soto">Dolmen de Soto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen_de_Viera" title="Dolmen de Viera">Dolmen de Viera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Torre-La_Janera_megalithic_site" title="La Torre-La Janera megalithic site">La Torre–La Janera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_Matge" class="mw-redirect" title="Son Matge">Son Matge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Obelisk_of_Theodosius" title="Obelisk of Theodosius">Obelisk of Theodosius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ukraine</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boundary_Stones_(Ukraine)" title="Boundary Stones (Ukraine)">Boundary Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United<br />Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">England</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arbor_Low" title="Arbor Low">Arbor Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avebury" title="Avebury">Avebury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbrook_One" title="Barbrook One">Barbrook One</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkrigg_stone_circle" title="Birkrigg stone circle">Birkrigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boscawen-Un" title="Boscawen-Un">Boscawen-Un</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boskednan_stone_circle" title="Boskednan stone circle">Boskednan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bridestones" title="The Bridestones">Bridestones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brown_Willy_Cairns" class="mw-redirect" title="Brown Willy Cairns">Brown Willy Cairns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bull_Ring" title="The Bull Ring">Bull Ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnmoor_stone_circles" title="Burnmoor stone circles">Burnmoor stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlerigg_stone_circle" title="Castlerigg stone circle">Castlerigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craddock_Moor_stone_circle" title="Craddock Moor stone circle">Craddock Moor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Arrows" title="Devil's Arrows">Devil's Arrows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doll_Tor" title="Doll Tor">Doll Tor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drizzlecombe" title="Drizzlecombe">Drizzlecombe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duloe_stone_circle" title="Duloe stone circle">Duloe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernacre" title="Fernacre">Fernacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Wells" title="Five Wells">Five Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gardom%27s_Edge" title="Gardom's Edge">Gardom's Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goodaver_stone_circle" title="Goodaver stone circle">Goodaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grey_Wethers" title="Grey Wethers">Grey Wethers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoarstones" title="Hoarstones">Hoarstones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hordron_Edge_stone_circle" title="Hordron Edge stone circle">Hordron Edge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hurlers_(stone_circles)" title="The Hurlers (stone circles)">Hurlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leper_Stone" title="Leper Stone">Leper Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_Meg_and_Her_Daughters" title="Long Meg and Her Daughters">Long Meg and Her Daughters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%AAn-an-Tol" title="Mên-an-Tol">Mên-an-Tol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Merry_Maidens" title="The Merry Maidens">Merry Maidens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mitchell%27s_Fold" title="Mitchell's Fold">Mitchell's Fold</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulfra_Quoit" title="Mulfra Quoit">Mulfra Quoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Ladies" title="Nine Ladies">Nine Ladies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Stones,_Altarnun" title="Nine Stones, Altarnun">Nine Stones, Altarnun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_Stones_Close" title="Nine Stones Close">Nine Stones Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Pipers" title="The Pipers">Pipers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollright_Stones" title="Rollright Stones">Rollright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudston_Monolith" title="Rudston Monolith">Rudston Monolith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scorhill" title="Scorhill">Scorhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stannon_stone_circle" title="Stannon stone circle">Stannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanton_Drew_stone_circles" title="Stanton Drew stone circles">Stanton Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stripple_stones" title="Stripple stones">Stripple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swinside" title="Swinside">Swinside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trethevy_Quoit" title="Trethevy Quoit">Trethevy Quoit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trippet_stones" title="Trippet stones">Trippet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Ireland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aughlish" title="Aughlish">Aughlish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballynoe_stone_circle" title="Ballynoe stone circle">Ballynoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaghmore" title="Beaghmore">Beaghmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corick" title="Corick">Corick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drumskinny" title="Drumskinny">Drumskinny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legananny_Dolmen" title="Legananny Dolmen">Legananny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Ring" title="Giant's Ring">Giant's Ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scotland</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_recumbent_stone_circles" title="List of recumbent stone circles">List of recumbent stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auld_Bourtreebush" title="Auld Bourtreebush">Auld Bourtreebush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balquhain" title="Balquhain">Balquhain</a></li> <li>Callanish <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_Stones" title="Callanish Stones">I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_II" title="Callanish II">II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_III" title="Callanish III">III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_IV" title="Callanish IV">IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_VIII" title="Callanish VIII">VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Callanish_X" title="Callanish X">X</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlin_stone" title="Carlin stone">Carlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cat_Stane" title="Cat Stane">Cat Stane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clach_an_Trushal" title="Clach an Trushal">Clach an Trushal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colmeallie_stone_circle" title="Colmeallie stone circle">Colmeallie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunnideer_stone_circle" title="Dunnideer stone circle">Dunnideer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drybridge#Standing_stone" title="Drybridge">Drybridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easter_Aquhorthies_stone_circle" title="Easter Aquhorthies stone circle">Easter Aquhorthies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkton_of_Bourtie_stone_circle" title="Kirkton of Bourtie stone circle">Kirkton of Bourtie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loanhead_of_Daviot_stone_circle" title="Loanhead of Daviot stone circle">Loanhead of Daviot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lochmaben_Stone" title="Lochmaben Stone">Lochmaben Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictish_stone" title="Pictish stone">Pictish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Brodgar" title="Ring of Brodgar">Ring of Brodgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheldon_stone_circle" title="Sheldon stone circle">Sheldon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_Stones_of_Stenness" title="Standing Stones of Stenness">Stenness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steinacleit" title="Steinacleit">Steinacleit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strichen_Stone_Circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Strichen Stone Circle">Strichen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunhoney" title="Sunhoney">Sunhoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomnaverie_stone_circle" title="Tomnaverie stone circle">Tomnaverie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrebagger_stone_circle" title="Tyrebagger stone circle">Tyrebagger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonder_Bognie" title="Yonder Bognie">Yonder Bognie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barclodiad_y_Gawres" title="Barclodiad y Gawres">Barclodiad y Gawres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedd_Arthur" title="Bedd Arthur">Bedd Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bedd_Taliesin" title="Bedd Taliesin">Bedd Taliesin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodowyr" title="Bodowyr">Bodowyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Cader_Faner" title="Bryn Cader Faner">Bryn Cader Faner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Celli_Ddu" title="Bryn Celli Ddu">Bryn Celli Ddu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryn_Gwyn_stones" title="Bryn Gwyn stones">Bryn Gwyn stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capel_Garmon" title="Capel Garmon">Capel Garmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carreg_Coetan_Arthur" title="Carreg Coetan Arthur">Carreg Coetan Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carreg_Samson" title="Carreg Samson">Carreg Samson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coetan_Arthur" title="Coetan Arthur">Coetan Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foel_Chwern" title="Foel Chwern">Foel Chwern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llanfechell" title="Llanfechell">Llanfechell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lligwy_Burial_Chamber" title="Lligwy Burial Chamber">Lligwy Burial Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maen_Llia" title="Maen Llia">Maen Llia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maen_Madoc" title="Maen Madoc">Maen Madoc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmaenmawr#Prehistory" title="Penmaenmawr">Meini Hirion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moel_T%C5%B7_Uchaf" title="Moel Tŷ Uchaf">Moel Tŷ Uchaf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parc_Cwm_long_cairn" title="Parc Cwm long cairn">Parc Cwm long cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penrhos_Feilw_Standing_Stones" title="Penrhos Feilw Standing Stones">Penrhos Feilw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentre_Ifan" title="Pentre Ifan">Pentre Ifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Lythans_burial_chamber" title="St Lythans burial chamber">St Lythans burial chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trefignath" title="Trefignath">Trefignath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tinkinswood" title="Tinkinswood">Tinkinswood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%B7_Newydd_Burial_Chamber" title="Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber">Tŷ Newydd Burial Chamber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whetstones_(stone_circle)" title="Whetstones (stone circle)">Whetstones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Isle of Man</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manx_runestones" title="Manx runestones">Manx runestones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axial_stone_circle" title="Axial stone circle">Axial stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_stone_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric stone circle">Concentric stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrespil" title="Harrespil">Harrespil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">Standing stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_stone_circle" title="Recumbent stone circle">Recumbent stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">Photographs of stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_megaliths" title="Template:Middle Eastern megaliths">Middle Eastern megaliths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_Eastern_megaliths" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_Eastern_megaliths" title="Template:Middle Eastern megaliths"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_Eastern_megaliths" title="Template talk:Middle Eastern megaliths"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_Eastern_megaliths" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle Eastern megaliths"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_Eastern_megaliths" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Middle Eastern <a class="mw-selflink selflink">megaliths</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Lebanon</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sands_of_Beirut" title="Sands of Beirut">Sands of Beirut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermel" title="Hermel">Hermel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kouachra" title="Kouachra">Kouachra</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tlail&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tlail (page does not exist)">Tlail</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wadi_Boura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wadi Boura (page does not exist)">Wadi Boura</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="10" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="Flint Dolmen in Johfiyeh in Jordan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg/120px-Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg/180px-Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg/240px-Dolmen_in_Johfiyeh_Irbid_north_of_Jordan_Dec2009.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1336" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Syria</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_Saint_Moses_the_Abyssinian" title="Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian">Stone circles, lines and tombs near the Monastery of Saint Moses the Abyssinian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Saudi Arabia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz" title="Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tihamah" title="Tihamah">Tihamah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Israel</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlit_Yam" title="Atlit Yam">Atlit Yam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_(ancient_city)" title="Dan (ancient city)">Dan (ancient city)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jordan</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Johfiyeh" title="Johfiyeh">Johfiyeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amman" title="Amman">Amman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Turkey</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6bekli_Tepe" title="Göbekli Tepe">Göbekli Tepe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karahan_Tepe" title="Karahan Tepe">Karahan Tepe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Egypt</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nabta_Playa" title="Nabta Playa">Nabta Playa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iran</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kharg_Island" title="Kharg Island">Kharg Island</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Iraq</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barda_Balka" title="Barda Balka">Barda Balka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Standing_stone" class="mw-redirect" title="Standing stone">Standing stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Concentric_stone_circle" class="mw-redirect" title="Concentric stone circle">Concentric stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Recumbent_stone_circle" title="Recumbent stone circle">Recumbent stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chambered_cairn" title="Chambered cairn">Chambered cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrespil" title="Harrespil">Harrespil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">Photographs of stone circles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:European_megaliths" title="Template:European megaliths">European megaliths</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Neolithic_Europe_(including_the_Chalcolithic)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Neolithic_Europe" title="Template:Neolithic Europe"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Neolithic_Europe" title="Template talk:Neolithic Europe"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic_Europe" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Neolithic Europe"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Neolithic_Europe_(including_the_Chalcolithic)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a> <small>(including the <a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a>)</small></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Mesolithic#Europe" title="Mesolithic">↑ Mesolithic Europe ↑</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Horizon_(archaeology)" title="Horizon (archaeology)">Horizons</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corded_Ware_culture" title="Corded Ware culture">Corded Ware culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Temperate_Neolithic" title="First Temperate Neolithic">First Temperate Neolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear Pottery culture</a> (LBK)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">Cultures</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baden_culture" title="Baden culture">Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beaker_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Beaker culture">Beaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boian_culture" title="Boian culture">Boian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butmir_culture" title="Butmir culture">Butmir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cernavod%C4%83_culture" title="Cernavodă culture">Cernavodă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cerny_culture" title="Cerny culture">Cerny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chass%C3%A9en_culture" title="Chasséen culture">Chasséen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortaillod_culture" title="Cortaillod culture">Cortaillod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co%C8%9Bofeni_culture" title="Coțofeni culture">Coțofeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucuteni%E2%80%93Trypillia_culture" title="Cucuteni–Trypillia culture">Cucuteni–Trypillia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danilo_culture" title="Danilo culture">Danilo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decea_Mure%C5%9Fului_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Decea Mureşului culture">Decea Mureşului</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dude%C8%99ti_culture" title="Dudești culture">Dudești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funnelbeaker_culture" title="Funnelbeaker culture">Funnelbeaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudo_culture" title="Gaudo culture">Gaudo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globular_Amphora_culture" title="Globular Amphora culture">Globular Amphora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gorne%C8%99ti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gornești culture">Gornești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumelni%C8%9Ba%E2%80%93Karanovo_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Gumelnița–Karanovo culture">Gumelnița–Karanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamangia_culture" title="Hamangia culture">Hamangia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horgen_culture" title="Horgen culture">Horgen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kakanj_culture" title="Kakanj culture">Kakanj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karanovo_culture" title="Karanovo culture">Karanovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lengyel_culture" title="Lengyel culture">Lengyel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narva_culture" title="Narva culture">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neman_culture" title="Neman culture">Neman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petre%C8%99ti_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Petrești culture">Petrești</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit%E2%80%93Comb_Ware_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Pit–Comb Ware culture">Pit–Comb Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitted_Ware_culture" title="Pitted Ware culture">Pitted Ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pfyn_culture" title="Pfyn culture">Pfyn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6ssen_culture" title="Rössen culture">Rössen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzucewo_culture" title="Rzucewo culture">Rzucewo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seine%E2%80%93Oise%E2%80%93Marne_culture" title="Seine–Oise–Marne culture">Seine–Oise–Marne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sesklo#Sesklo_culture" title="Sesklo">Sesklo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sopot_culture" title="Sopot culture">Sopot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sredny_Stog_culture" title="Sredny Stog culture">Sredny Stog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo%E2%80%93K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s%E2%80%93Cri%C8%99_culture" title="Starčevo–Körös–Criș culture">Starčevo–Körös–Criș</a> <div class="hlist inline"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Star%C4%8Devo_culture" title="Starčevo culture">Starčevo</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6r%C3%B6s_culture" title="Körös culture">Körös</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cri%C5%9F_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Criş culture">Criş</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisza_culture" title="Tisza culture">Tisza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiszapolg%C3%A1r_culture" title="Tiszapolgár culture">Tiszapolgár</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varna_culture" title="Varna culture">Varna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vin%C4%8Da_culture" title="Vinča culture">Vinča</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vu%C4%8Dedol_culture" title="Vučedol culture">Vučedol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wartberg_culture" title="Wartberg culture">Wartberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windmill_Hill_culture" title="Windmill Hill culture">Windmill Hill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Monumental<br /> architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_barrow" title="Bank barrow">Bank barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_entrance" title="Megalithic entrance">Megalithic entrance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polygonal_dolmen" title="Polygonal dolmen">Polygonal dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Rondel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">Stone row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">Unchambered long barrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Technology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool#Neolithic_industries" title="Stone tool">Lithic industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metallurgy_during_the_Copper_Age_in_Europe" title="Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">Neolithic long house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Danubian_culture" title="Danubian culture">Danubian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Europe_(archaeology)" title="Old Europe (archaeology)">Old Europe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_Europe" title="Bronze Age Europe">↓ Bronze Age Europe ↓</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gudi_(instrument)" title="Gudi (instrument)">gudi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_warfare" title="Prehistoric warfare">Prehistoric warfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diepkloof_Rock_Shelter" title="Diepkloof Rock Shelter">Symbols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Howiesons_Poort#Symbolism" title="Howiesons Poort">symbolism</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164240#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q164240#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4169266-4">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85083278">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mégalithes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343039">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Mégalithes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119343039">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00567277">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Monumentos megalíticos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX528036">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007562924905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td 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conference\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite dictionary\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 22,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Cn\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Doi\"] = 3,\n [\"Efn\"] = 1,\n [\"European Standing Stones\"] = 1,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 3,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 1,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 7,\n [\"Main\"] = 1,\n [\"Middle Eastern megaliths\"] = 1,\n [\"Neolithic Europe\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Prehistoric technology\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 12,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikiquote\"] = 1,\n [\"Wiktionary\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b7f745dd4-dmk4c","timestamp":"20241125110028","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Megalith","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Megalith","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q164240","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q164240","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-02-25T15:43:11Z","dateModified":"2024-10-16T19:42:31Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/a\/ae\/%EA%B0%95%ED%99%94%EC%A7%80%EC%84%9D%EB%AC%98%EC%9D%98_%EC%9C%84%EC%9A%A9.jpg","headline":"large stone used to build a structure or monument"}</script> </body> </html>