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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Tvrdoća_čelika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tvrdoća_čelika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Tvrdoća čelika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tvrdoća_čelika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poboljšavanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poboljšavanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Poboljšavanje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poboljšavanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Čelici_za_poboljšavanje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Čelici_za_poboljšavanje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Čelici za poboljšavanje</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Čelici_za_poboljšavanje-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Uključi/isključi podsekciju Čelici za poboljšavanje</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Čelici_za_poboljšavanje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Čelici_za_površinsko_kaljenje" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Čelici_za_površinsko_kaljenje"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Čelici za površinsko kaljenje</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Čelici_za_površinsko_kaljenje-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gašenje_čelika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gašenje_čelika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Gašenje čelika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gašenje_čelika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Izvori" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Izvori"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Izvori</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Izvori-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaljenje</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 33 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-33" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">33 jezika</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_(%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%86%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="رواية (تكنولوجيا) — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="رواية (تكنولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Закаляване — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Закаляване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tremp_de_l%27acer" title="Tremp de l'acer — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tremp de l'acer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%86_%DA%A9%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%86" title="کوینچ کردن — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کوینچ کردن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalen%C3%AD" title="Kalení — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Kalení" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abschrecken_(Metallurgie)" title="Abschrecken (Metallurgie) — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Abschrecken (Metallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%86%CE%AE_(%CE%BC%CE%B5%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%81%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Βαφή (μεταλλουργία) — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βαφή (μεταλλουργία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quenching" title="Quenching — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Quenching" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hardado" title="Hardado — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Hardado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Templado" title="Templado — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Templado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aro_(metalurgia)" title="Aro (metalurgia) — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Aro (metalurgia)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%AF%D9%87%DB%8C_(%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%98%DB%8C)" title="آبدهی (متالورژی) — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آبدهی (متالورژی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karkaisu" title="Karkaisu — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karkaisu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trempe_(m%C3%A9tallurgie)" title="Trempe (métallurgie) — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Trempe (métallurgie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%A9mpera_(metalurxia)" title="Témpera (metalurxia) — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Témpera (metalurxia)" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9D" title="חיסום — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיסום" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Kaljenje — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kaljenje" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%AD%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Մխում — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մխում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trattamento_di_tempra" title="Trattamento di tempra — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Trattamento di tempra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="dobar članak"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%84%BC%E5%85%A5%E3%82%8C" title="焼入れ — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="焼入れ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8B%B4%EA%B8%88%EC%A7%88" title="담금질 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="담금질" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afschrikken" title="Afschrikken — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Afschrikken" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quencher" title="Quencher — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Quencher" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%AAmpera_(metalurgia)" title="Têmpera (metalurgia) — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Têmpera (metalurgia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C4%83lire" title="Călire — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Călire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Закалка металла — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Закалка металла" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Kaljenje — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kaljenje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ga%C5%A1enje" title="Gašenje — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Gašenje" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sl%C3%A4ckh%C3%A4rdning" title="Släckhärdning — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Släckhärdning" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Гартування — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Гартування" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B4i_(nhi%E1%BB%87t_luy%E1%BB%87n)" title="Tôi (nhiệt luyện) — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tôi (nhiệt luyện)" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%AC%E7%81%AB" title="淬火 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="淬火" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B7%AC%E7%81%AB" title="淬火 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="淬火" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871335#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kaljenje" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Stranica</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Kaljenje&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Razgovor</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Latinica</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div 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projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Quenching" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q871335" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Stavka na Wikipodacima</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg/300px-Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="206" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg/450px-Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg/600px-Peacemaker-p1030061.jpg 2x" data-file-width="966" data-file-height="663" /></a><figcaption>Kopija revolvera <i>Colt 1873</i>, na kojoj se vide boje od kaljenja ili <a href="/wiki/Otvrdnjavanje_povr%C5%A1ine_%C4%8Delika" title="Otvrdnjavanje površine čelika">otvrdnjavanja površine čelika</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg/300px-Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg/450px-Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg/600px-Tempering_colors_in_steel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1922" data-file-height="746" /></a><figcaption>Kaljeni čelik nakon popuštanja. Različite boje pokazuju temperature na koje je čelik bio zagrijan. Svijetlo žuta boja na lijevoj strani prikazuje temperaturu od 204 °C, a svijetlo plava boja na desnoj strani pokazuje temperaturu od 337 °C. </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:DiagrammeTTT.GIF" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DiagrammeTTT.GIF/300px-DiagrammeTTT.GIF" decoding="async" width="300" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DiagrammeTTT.GIF/450px-DiagrammeTTT.GIF 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/DiagrammeTTT.GIF/600px-DiagrammeTTT.GIF 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="575" /></a><figcaption>Dijagram izotermne pretvorbe ili izotermni TTT dijagram (<a href="/wiki/Engleski_jezik" title="Engleski jezik">engl</a>. <i>Time-temperature transformation</i>) za čelik.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/thumb/1/18/Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg/300px-Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="375" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/thumb/1/18/Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg/450px-Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/sh/thumb/1/18/Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg/600px-Krivulja_hladenja_zeljeza.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>Krivulja hlađenja čistog željeza.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Kaljenje</b> <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a> je <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_obrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinska obrada">toplinska obrada</a> kojom se postiže otvrdnuće <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a>. Ono se sastoji od austenizacije (zagrijavanje u γ-područje ili <a href="/wiki/Austenit" title="Austenit">austenit</a>) i ohlađivanja takvom brzinom da se znatan dio (najbolje cijeli dio) austenita pretvori u <a href="/wiki/Martenzit" title="Martenzit">martenzit</a>. Temperatura kaljenja (austenizacije) iskustveno se izračunava primjenom vrijednosti temperature A<sub>c3</sub> (za podeutektoidne) i temperature A<sub>c1</sub> (za nadeutektoidne čelike): </p> <dl><dd><dl><dd>T<sub>K</sub> = A<sub>c3</sub> + (30 – 70) <a href="/wiki/Kelvin" title="Kelvin">K</a>; odnosno T<sub>K</sub> = A<sub>c1</sub> + (50 – 70) K</dd></dl></dd></dl> <p>Kod čelika su te temperature uvijek navedene, i to s napomenom u kojem se sredstvu čelik kali. Kaljenje može biti u u <a href="/wiki/Soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli">slanoj</a> vodi, <a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">vodi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mineralna_ulja&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mineralna ulja (stranica ne postoji)">ulju</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Zrak" class="mw-redirect" title="Zrak">zraku</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tvrdoća_čelika"><span id="Tvrdo.C4.87a_.C4.8Delika"></span>Tvrdoća čelika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Tvrdoća čelika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tvrdoća čelika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">Tvrdoća</a> čelika (<a href="/wiki/Martenzit" title="Martenzit">martenzita</a>) nakon kaljenja ovisi najviše o udjelu <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a>. Kod <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a> s malim udjelom ugljika (manjim od 0,25%) nakon kaljenja se postiže premala tvrdoća, a i zbog djelomičnog razugljičenja površine. Zbog toga se čelici s udjelom ugljika manjim od 0,3% u pravilu ne kale, za razliku od <b>čelika za poboljšanje</b> s udjelom ugljika od 0,3% do 0,6%. Pri kaljenju nastaju u čeliku <a href="/wiki/Naprezanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Naprezanje">naprezanja</a> zbog fazne pretvorbe (razlike u obujmima između <a href="/wiki/Austenit" title="Austenit">austenita</a> i martenzita). Zbog tih naprezanja čelik se može deformirati ili puknuti. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Minimalna naprezanja (teorijski nula) u čeliku postižu se tzv. <b>kaljenjem bez naprezanja</b> (<b>martempering</b>), što je poseban oblik stupnjevitog kaljenja pri kojem nastaje martenzit istovremeno po cijelom presjeku. Naprezanja kaljenja smanjuju se također i primjenom tzv. <b>prekinutog kaljenja</b>, kada se čelik kali u sredstvu s većim, a zatim s manjim intenzitetom ohlađivanja. </p><p>Unutarnja naprezanja u kaljenom čeliku smanjuju se <a href="/wiki/Izoterma" title="Izoterma">izotermnim</a> žarenjem (<a href="/wiki/Popu%C5%A1tanje" title="Popuštanje">popuštanjem</a>) na temperaturama od 150 ºC do 200 ºC (bez osjetnog sniženja mehaničkih svojstava čelika) ili toplinskim obradama koji slijede nakon kaljenja. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaljivost" title="Kaljivost">Kaljivost</a> čelika, odnosno njegova tvrdoća nakon kaljenja, ovisi prije svega o udjelu ugljika u čeliku. Tvrdoća martenzita se povećava s povećanjem udjela ugljika u martenzitu do približno 0,6%. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Kaljivost" title="Kaljivost">Prokaljivost</a> je mogućnost zakaljivanja čelika u dubinu, a ovisi o više utjecajnih čimbenika. Najveći utjecaj na prokaljivost imaju legirni elementi. Prokaljivost jedni povećavaju (<a href="/wiki/Mangan" title="Mangan">Mn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krom" class="mw-redirect" title="Krom">Cr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Molibden" title="Molibden">Mo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nikal" class="mw-redirect" title="Nikal">Ni</a>), a drugi ju smanjuju (<a href="/wiki/Kobalt" title="Kobalt">Co</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aluminij" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminij">Al</a>, <a href="/wiki/Titanij" title="Titanij">Ti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volfram" title="Volfram">V</a>). Djelovanje na prokaljivost ovisi o vrsti pojedinačnih legirnih elemenata ili o skupini legirnih elemenata, te o njihovim udjelima. Djelovanje ugljika na prokaljivost zanemarivo je u usporedbi s djelovanjem legirnih elemenata. Prokaljivost čelika uspoređuje se na temelju Jominyjeva pokusa, a prokaljivost čeličnih dijelova ocjenjuje se na osnovi kritičnog promjera, koji se određuje po Grossmannovoj metodi. <sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Poboljšavanje"><span id="Pobolj.C5.A1avanje"></span>Poboljšavanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Poboljšavanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Poboljšavanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Poboljšavanje je složena <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_obrada" class="mw-redirect" title="Toplinska obrada">toplinska obrada</a> koja se sastoji od kaljenja, te <a href="/wiki/Popu%C5%A1tanje" title="Popuštanje">popuštanja</a> pri povišenim <a href="/wiki/Temperatura" title="Temperatura">temperaturama</a>. Poboljšavanjem se mogu postići optimalne kombinacije <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cvrsto%C4%87a" title="Čvrstoća">čvrstoće</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tvrdo%C4%87a" title="Tvrdoća">tvrdoće</a> i žilavosti čelika za određenu primjenu. Najveći učinak ima ta toplinska obrada kod čelika za poboljšanje s udjelom ugljika od 0,3% do 0,6%, a dijele se na ugljične i legirane. </p><p>Nakon kaljenja čelici imaju veliku čvrstoću, ali su veoma krhki. Popuštanjem se povećava žilavost kaljenog čelika, a smanjuje se čvrstoća. <a href="/wiki/Popu%C5%A1tanje" title="Popuštanje">Popuštanje</a> je toplinska obrada, u pravilu nakon kaljenja, kako bi se postigla određena svojstva, prije svega žilavost i <a href="/wiki/Duktilnost" title="Duktilnost">duktilnost</a>. Sastoji se od zagrijavanja na određenu temperaturu (ispod A<sub>c1</sub>), izotermnog držanja na toj temperaturi (npr. 1 sat) i ohlađivanju primjerenom brzinom. Postupak se može i ponoviti. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Martenzit" title="Martenzit">Martenzitna</a> je <a href="/wiki/Mikrostruktura" title="Mikrostruktura">mikrostruktura</a> čelika nestabilna i mijenja se pri zagrijavanju na povišene temperature. Promjene ovise o temperaturi popuštanja koja seže od približno 100 ºC do temperature A<sub>e1</sub>. Odabirom temperature popuštanja mogu se postići sve moguće vrijednosti čvrstoće čelika između kaljenog i praktički <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDarenje" title="Žarenje">žarenog</a> (sferoidiziranog) stanja. </p><p>Poseban je primjer poboljšavanja tzv. izotermno poboljšavanje (<b>austempering</b>), kad se čelik s temperature austenizacije brzo ohladi u <a href="/wiki/Soli" class="mw-redirect" title="Soli">solnoj</a> ili kovinskoj kupelji, u temperaturnom području <a href="/wiki/Bainit" title="Bainit">bainita</a>, te izotermno transformira u bainit, koji ima razmjerno veliku čvrstoću i žilavost. <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Čelici_za_poboljšavanje"><span id=".C4.8Celici_za_pobolj.C5.A1avanje"></span>Čelici za poboljšavanje</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Čelici za poboljšavanje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Čelici za poboljšavanje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Čelici za poboljšavanje pripadaju skupini nelegiranih ili niskolegiranih konstrukcijskih <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Celik" title="Čelik">čelika</a> koji kaljenjem i visokim popuštanjem (>500 °C) postižu odgovarajuću <a href="/wiki/Granica_razvla%C4%8Denja" title="Granica razvlačenja">granicu razvlačenja</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vla%C4%8Dna_%C4%8Dvrsto%C4%87a" title="Vlačna čvrstoća">vlačnu čvrstoću</a> i žilavost. Kaljenjem se nastoji postići što potpunija martenzitna mikrostruktura po presjeku, tj. što viša prokaljenost. Ova skupina čelika sadrži 0,25 - 0,60% <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a> koji utječe na njihovu zakaljivost. U čelike za poboljšanje ubrajaju se i <b>čelici za cementaciju</b> koji nisu pougljičeni, ali su kaljeni s temperature <a href="/wiki/Austenit" title="Austenit">austenitizacije</a> jezgre, te popušteni pri temperaturi oko 200 °C ili iznad 500 °C. <sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Čelici_za_površinsko_kaljenje"><span id=".C4.8Celici_za_povr.C5.A1insko_kaljenje"></span>Čelici za površinsko kaljenje</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Čelici za površinsko kaljenje" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Čelici za površinsko kaljenje"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Otvrdnjavanje_povr%C5%A1ine_%C4%8Delika" title="Otvrdnjavanje površine čelika">Otvrdnjavanje površine čelika</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Plamenim ili indukcijskim površinskim kaljenjem može se postići visoka otpornost na trošenje i <a href="/wiki/Dinamika" class="mw-disambig" title="Dinamika">dinamička</a> izdržljivost površinskih slojeva nekih čelika za poboljšanje. Takvim postupkom postižu se svojstva površine koja su slična svojstvima <a href="/wiki/Cementiranje_%C4%8Delika" title="Cementiranje čelika">cementiranog čelika</a>, ali su svojstva sredine presjeka znatno bolja. </p><p>Površinski se mogu kaliti nelegirani ili niskolegirani čelici s oko 0,35 - 0,60% <a href="/wiki/Ugljik" class="mw-redirect" title="Ugljik">ugljika</a>, koji se zbog visoke <a href="/wiki/Toplinska_vodljivost" title="Toplinska vodljivost">toplinske vodljivosti</a> mogu brzo zagrijavati i hladiti, a da ne dođe do velikih toplinskih <a href="/wiki/Naprezanje" class="mw-redirect" title="Naprezanje">naprezanja</a> i površinskih napuknuća. Ova skupina čelika ima sniženi udio <a href="/wiki/Fosfor" title="Fosfor">fosfora</a> (< 0,025% nelegirani, tj. < 0,035% niskolegirani čelici), što osigurava visoku žilavost i jednoličnost tvrdoće zakaljenog sloja. Prema normama (DIN i HRN) najčešće se za površinsko kaljenje koriste čelici: C35G (Č 1431), C45G (Č 1531), C53G (Č 1633), 46Cr2 (Č 4133), 42CrMo4 (Č 4732). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gašenje_čelika"><span id="Ga.C5.A1enje_.C4.8Delika"></span>Gašenje čelika</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Gašenje čelika" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Gašenje čelika"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gašenje spada u postupke toplinske obrade metalnih <a href="/wiki/Legura" title="Legura">legura</a>, a provodi se u svrhu postizanja odgovarajućih mehaničkih svojstava legura bez nastanka <a href="/wiki/Lom_materijala" title="Lom materijala">loma</a>, uz tolerantnu razinu deformacija i zaostalih naprezanja. Općenito, gašenje čelika je ohlađivanje čelika s temperature <a href="/wiki/Austenit" title="Austenit">austenitizacije</a> brzinama većim od brzina koje odgovaraju ohlađivanju na mirnom zraku. Zbog velikih brzina ohlađivanja, gašenjem se onemogućuju ravnotežne pretvorbe pri ohlađivanju, a legura se udaljuje od stabilnog stanja. Dvije su osnovne vrste gašenja: </p> <ul><li>kaljenje pri kojem se visokotemperaturna faza transformira u novu neravnotežnu fazu;</li> <li>gašenje bez faznih pretvorbi kada se u leguri ustaljuje visokotemperaturna faza.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Izvori">Izvori</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Izvori" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>uredi</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Izvori"><span>uredi kod</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41378145">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Strojarski priručnik", Bojan Kraut, Tehnička knjiga Zagreb 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140704150245/http://www.simet.unizg.hr/nastava/predavanja/Fizikalna%20metalurgija%20I.pdf/view">Arhivirano</a> 2014-07-04 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> "Fizikalna metalurgija I", dr.sc. Tanja Matković, dr.sc. Prosper Matković, www.simet.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Tehnička enciklopedija", glavni urednik Hrvoje Požar, Grafički zavod Hrvatske, 1987.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Prilagodba materijala", www.ffri.uniri.hr, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> "Specijalni čelici", skripta - Sveučilište u Zagrebu, www.simet.unizg.hr, 2011.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Izvor: <a dir="ltr" href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&oldid=41137736">https://sh.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kaljenje&oldid=41137736</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Kategorije" title="Posebno:Kategorije">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Metalurgija" title="Kategorija:Metalurgija">Metalurgija</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Sakrivena kategorija: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Kategorija:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ova stranica je posljednji put izmijenjena 29. augusta 2021. u 14:19.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tekst je dostupan pod licencom <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike</a>; mogu se primijeniti i dodatni uslovi. 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