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{"work":{"id":97162719,"created_at":"2023-02-19T06:49:48.383-08:00","from_world_paper_id":227957977,"updated_at":"2024-11-27T10:49:19.269-08:00","_data":{"publisher":"Informa UK Limited","ai_title_tag":"Transformation of Social Protection in Tamil Nadu Through Tech","grobid_abstract":"Article (Accepted Version) http://sro.sussex.ac.uk Carswell, Grace and De Neve, Geert (2021) Transparency, exclusion and mediation: how digital and biometric technologies are transforming social protection in Tamil Nadu, India. Oxford Development Studies.","publication_date":"2021,,","publication_name":"Oxford Development Studies","grobid_abstract_attachment_id":"98860640"},"document_type":"paper","pre_hit_view_count_baseline":null,"quality":"high","language":"en","title":"Transparency, exclusion and mediation: how digital and biometric technologies are transforming social protection in Tamil Nadu, India","broadcastable":false,"draft":null,"has_indexable_attachment":true,"indexable":true}}["work"]; window.loswp.workCoauthors = [1097952]; window.loswp.locale = "en"; window.loswp.countryCode = "SG"; window.loswp.cwvAbTestBucket = ""; window.loswp.designVariant = "ds_vanilla"; window.loswp.fullPageMobileSutdModalVariant = "full_page_mobile_sutd_modal"; window.loswp.useOptimizedScribd4genScript = false; window.loswp.appleClientId = 'edu.academia.applesignon';</script><script defer="" src="https://accounts.google.com/gsi/client"></script><div class="ds-loswp-container"><div 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data-landing_url="https://www.academia.edu/97162719/Transparency_exclusion_and_mediation_how_digital_and_biometric_technologies_are_transforming_social_protection_in_Tamil_Nadu_India" data-login_uri="https://www.academia.edu/registrations/google_one_tap" data-moment_callback="onGoogleOneTapEvent" id="g_id_onload"></div><div class="ds-top-related-works--grid-container"><div class="ds-related-content--container ds-top-related-works--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="7524888" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/7524888/The_Unique_Identity_UID_Project_Biometrics_and_Re_Imagining_Governance_in_India">The Unique Identity (UID) Project, Biometrics and Re-Imagining Governance in India </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="190538" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/Swagato">Swagato Sarkar</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Oxford Development Studies, 2014</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">At various points in its existence, the Indian state has deployed technologies to govern the nation. Recently, the state has undertaken a number of large-scale projects to make use of digital technology. The most controversial of these is the Unique Identity (UID) project, which is registering biometric, along with demographic, information about residents. This paper seeks to understand what is at stake politically in this technological intervention. It aims to explore the political logics and consequences of such a biometric system. It argues that UID re-imagines the economy and the state–citizen relationship as a series of transactions. Theoretically, the main thrust of this paper is to understand the “general economy of power”, as Michel Foucault calls it, which is unfolding in India around the issues of capitalist growth, inequality, social protection and terrorism—and UID signals the technological potential for the convergence of these concerns.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Unique Identity (UID) Project, Biometrics and Re-Imagining Governance in India ","attachmentId":34091634,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/7524888/The_Unique_Identity_UID_Project_Biometrics_and_Re_Imagining_Governance_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/7524888/The_Unique_Identity_UID_Project_Biometrics_and_Re_Imagining_Governance_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="1" data-entity-id="37052775" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/37052775/Coded_citizenship_Biometrics_identity_and_de_socializing_technologies_in_South_Asia">Coded citizenship. Biometrics, identity and de-socializing technologies in South Asia</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="4575374" href="https://unisi.academia.edu/SolinasPierGiorgio">Solinas Pier Giorgio</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Convenor Uniqueness, ubiquity, authenticity; the expanding demosfphere of egos Notes for discussion The Aadhaar program is now complete. The whole adult population of India has been registered in the megarchive , the central database that folds for each individual his identity digital code, some basic demographic details , photo, fingerprints, iris scan. It took almost ten years to realize this gigantic data repository, the largest in the world, the largest identity mega database hyper-connected in real time through an electronic system of data sharing , matching control, and remote authentication (from the centre to the periphery, from every single office, bank, shop selling subsided goods to the national data centre). A great invisible machine that ensures, or should assure the truth, the true identity of each cardholder, of every applicant who brings his UID and demands any service to agency, office, bank : borrowed money, basic necessities, a job, a grant, a pension a driving license, a reserved quota… According to the inspiring idea of the project, the principle that was to guide this historic enterprise had a precise label: inclusion. Navigating in an ocean of diversity by means of an equal key for each carrier: this is the challenge. The Indian society was, and is still largely, made up of a number of classes, groups, ethnic clusters, religions, languages, castes (jatis). Each had and has its own regime of recognition , customs, ant cultural style. In a sense, each of these aggregates replicates a sort of society, a society within the larger community of the nation. The nation embodies a polymorphic crowd of identities; as a great living body, Indian society in its wholeness lives as a complex organism, a body-nation encompassing many internal secondary bodies, more or less vast, but each cohesive and endowed with its own ethos. The dialectic between unity and multiplicity, between totality and particularity, so classical in the history of the country, continuously induces difference, hierarchy, exclusion. The negative had (and has) the power to produce its effects: aside the Hindu, the non-Hindu, aside the twice-born, the un-twice-born, the non-veg, the not-pure… etc. The "not" particle marks lines, gaps,</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Coded citizenship. Biometrics, identity and de-socializing technologies in South Asia","attachmentId":57003645,"attachmentType":"docx","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/37052775/Coded_citizenship_Biometrics_identity_and_de_socializing_technologies_in_South_Asia","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/37052775/Coded_citizenship_Biometrics_identity_and_de_socializing_technologies_in_South_Asia"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="2" data-entity-id="3218108" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/3218108/Oxford_Pro_Bono_Publico_Biometric_Information_and_Privacy_in_India">Oxford Pro Bono Publico: Biometric Information and Privacy in India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="2681423" href="https://oxford.academia.edu/ChrisMcConnachie">Chris McConnachie</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">This report was prepared to assist the Centre for Law and Policy Research in drafting a petition to the Supreme Court of India, challenging the constitutional validity of the Unique Identification Number (UID) scheme, otherwise known as the ‘Aadhaar’ scheme. The UID scheme aims to issue all 1.2 billion Indian residents with a universal identification number, linked with biometric and demographic data that will be stored on a centralised database. Three types of biometric data will be collected: facial photographs, finger prints and iris scans. If completed, this will be world’s largest biometric database. However, India currently lacks comprehensive data privacy protection laws and the draft National Identification Authority of India Bill 2010 contains limited safeguards. OPBP was requested to prepare research on two questions: a) have biometric identification schemes in other countries been challenged on privacy grounds? And b) in jurisdictions that collect biometric data, what measures are in place to protect citizens’ right to privacy?</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Oxford Pro Bono Publico: Biometric Information and Privacy in India","attachmentId":31089017,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/3218108/Oxford_Pro_Bono_Publico_Biometric_Information_and_Privacy_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/3218108/Oxford_Pro_Bono_Publico_Biometric_Information_and_Privacy_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="3" data-entity-id="70643653" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/70643653/Privacy_at_the_Margins_The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India">Privacy at the Margins| The Poverty of Privacy: Understanding Privacy Trade-Offs From Identity Infrastructure Users in India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103677862" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaritaSeshagiri">Sarita Seshagiri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Communication, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What trade-offs in privacy do low-income people make in dealing with state identity systems, and on what basis? We examine perspectives on Aadhaar, a national identification system for Indian residents that assigns a 12-digit number based on biometric identifiers. We draw on qualitative interviews with low-income respondents ( N = 150) in six sites spanning three Indian states. In their encounters with state identity systems, respondents weigh their privacy concerns against their need to be seen by the state and in light of their previous interactions with the state. They negotiate their privacy practices by gauging what they are offering their data in exchange for and whether the rationale for data collection resonates with them. In parallel, they use their previous interactions with the state to make decisions about when to be visible to the state and when they value their privacy more and in evaluating whether information collectors and their tools are credible. Finally, we find ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Privacy at the Margins| The Poverty of Privacy: Understanding Privacy Trade-Offs From Identity Infrastructure Users in India","attachmentId":80309587,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/70643653/Privacy_at_the_Margins_The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/70643653/Privacy_at_the_Margins_The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="4" data-entity-id="125576091" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/125576091/STS_Citizenship_In_India_Parsing_The_Complexity_of_Digital_Identity_Systems">STS Citizenship In India Parsing The Complexity of Digital Identity Systems</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="117810" href="https://jgls.academia.edu/VidyaSubramanian">Vidya Subramanian</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Science, Technology and Society, 2024</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The biometric identity project in India called Aadhaar was established with the purported intent of giving every resident of India a unique ID to ensure that social security measures and other welfare mechanisms would reach the last mile. The collection of biometrics (fingerprints, eye scans and photographs), it was emphasised, was to ensure that no duplicates were created and each ID would be unique, and thus was built the world’s largest data management project. However, since then, there have been several problems of duplication, implementation issues, failure of infrastructure, security breaches and privacy issues. Buttressing the digital identity project have been several moves to push digitalisation in other spheres as well. The article intends to study this digitalisation of individual identity in India and posit that there are several pockets of resistance that challenge this framing of the digitalised citizen as a data subject and the reduction of individual identity into biometrics alone. There are two people’s movements that show how this digital turn towards a technological understanding of citizenship is being challenged: the widespread peaceful protests of 2019–2020 against the Citizenship Amendment Act (CAA), and the 2015–2016 Save the Internet campaign for net neutrality. This author hopes to show that both online and offline, the ideas of what it means to be a citizen of India remain in flux, challenging the notion of a passive data subject and positing a political, rights-bearing citizen in opposition to it.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"STS Citizenship In India Parsing The Complexity of Digital Identity Systems","attachmentId":119594093,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/125576091/STS_Citizenship_In_India_Parsing_The_Complexity_of_Digital_Identity_Systems","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/125576091/STS_Citizenship_In_India_Parsing_The_Complexity_of_Digital_Identity_Systems"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="5" data-entity-id="115514187" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/115514187/Marginalized_Aadhaar_How_the_World_s_Largest_Digital_Identification_Programme_Led_to_the_Exclusion_of_Marginalized_Communities">Marginalized Aadhaar: How the World’s Largest Digital Identification Programme Led to the Exclusion of Marginalized Communities</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="288059376" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SubhashishPanigrahi">Subhashish Panigrahi</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Yoti, 2021</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">Aadhaar, India’s biometric-based ID, has been widely discussed since its inception in 2008-2009: from Aadhaar’s widest reach in enrolling majority of India’s 1.31 billion population, to the constitutional validity of Aadhaar, to the exclusion of marginalized communities and other human rights issues, and topics related to privacy, security and data protection. Through documentary research for the film “Marginalized Aadhaar”, I have investigated mostly three main areas. First: how lack of access to information - both before Aadhaar enrollment and during its implementation - has excluded marginalized groups. Key marginalisation factors include socio-ethnic, linguistic, economic and gender issues. Second: how the Aadhaar ecosystem has led to a violation of human rights and digital rights (human rights in digital environments). Several rights advocates and researchers both from India and elsewhere who have investigated ID systems, disability, linguistic issues and Free/Libre and Open Source software have covered many aspects related to this issue while elaborating further on how the Aadhaar project changed its course from an identity project to a mass identification/surveillance programme. Third: how the lack of openness and transparency are linked, and lead to the building of technological tools of mass exclusion.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Marginalized Aadhaar: How the World’s Largest Digital Identification Programme Led to the Exclusion of Marginalized Communities","attachmentId":111903629,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/115514187/Marginalized_Aadhaar_How_the_World_s_Largest_Digital_Identification_Programme_Led_to_the_Exclusion_of_Marginalized_Communities","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/115514187/Marginalized_Aadhaar_How_the_World_s_Largest_Digital_Identification_Programme_Led_to_the_Exclusion_of_Marginalized_Communities"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="6" data-entity-id="43779840" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/43779840/The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India">The Poverty of Privacy Understanding Privacy Trade-Offs From Identity Infrastructure Users in India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="382506" href="https://lse.academia.edu/EmrysSchoemaker">Emrys Schoemaker</a><span>, </span><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="103677862" href="https://independent.academia.edu/SaritaSeshagiri">Sarita Seshagiri</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">International Journal of Communication , 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">What trade-offs in privacy do low-income people make in dealing with state identity systems, and on what basis? We examine perspectives on Aadhaar, a national identification system for Indian residents that assigns a 12-digit number based on biometric identifiers. We draw on qualitative interviews with low-income respondents (N = 150) in six sites spanning three Indian states. In their encounters with state identity systems, respondents weigh their privacy concerns against their need to be seen by the state and in light of their previous interactions with the state. They negotiate their privacy practices by gauging what they are offering their data in exchange for and whether the rationale for data collection resonates with them. In parallel, they use their previous interactions with the state to make decisions about when to be visible to the state and when they value their privacy more and in evaluating whether information collectors and their tools are credible. Finally, we find preliminary indications that respondents harbor unique privacy concerns around the networked nature of identity systems such as Aadhaar.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"The Poverty of Privacy Understanding Privacy Trade-Offs From Identity Infrastructure Users in India","attachmentId":64094435,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/43779840/The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/43779840/The_Poverty_of_Privacy_Understanding_Privacy_Trade_Offs_From_Identity_Infrastructure_Users_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="7" data-entity-id="40178248" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/40178248/Biometric_bodies_Or_how_to_make_electronic_fingerprinting_work_in_India">Biometric bodies, Or how to make electronic fingerprinting work in India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="11703290" href="https://uni-leipzig.academia.edu/UrsulaRao">Ursula Rao</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Body & Society, 2018</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">The rapid spread of electronic fingerprinting not only creates new regimes of surveillance but compels users to adopt novel ways of performing their bodies to suit the new technology. This ethnography uses two Indian case studies-of a welfare office and a workplace-to unpack the processes by which biometric devices become effective tools for determining identity. While in the popular imaginary biometric technology is often associated with providing disinterested and thus objective evaluation of identity, in practice "failures to enrol" and "false rejects" frequently cause crises of representation. People address these by tinkering with their bodies and changing the rules, and in the process craft biometric bodies. There are assembled bodies that link people and objects in ways considered advantageous for specific identity regimes. By using assemblage theory, the article proposes an alternative interpretation of new surveillance regimes as fluid practices that solidify through the agency of multiple actors who naturalise particular power/knowledge arrangements.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Biometric bodies, Or how to make electronic fingerprinting work in India","attachmentId":60400703,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/40178248/Biometric_bodies_Or_how_to_make_electronic_fingerprinting_work_in_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/40178248/Biometric_bodies_Or_how_to_make_electronic_fingerprinting_work_in_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="8" data-entity-id="44066081" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/44066081/Digital_Identity_and_Exclusion_in_Welfare_Notes_from_the_Public_Distribution_System_in_Andhra_Pradesh_and_Karnataka">Digital Identity and Exclusion in Welfare Notes from the Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="88469005" href="https://iiitbac.academia.edu/HartejSingh">Hartej Singh</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">Proceedings of the 2020 International Conference on Information and Communication Technologies and Development (ICTD2020), 2020</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">In this note, we explore the relationship between digital biomet-ric ID systems and social exclusion by understanding the user of experiences of the Public Distribution System(PDS) in India. Drawing upon ethnographic fieldwork in the states of Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh, we investigate how people engage with the digital biometric ID system of Aadhaar, given that the recent Aadhaar-enabled push towards computerisation of the PDS. We find that this has opened up avenues for exclusion. This note lays out the key exclusion problems. The overall objective of the study is to understand how seemingly neutral technology may in fact become exclusionary in practice.</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Digital Identity and Exclusion in Welfare Notes from the Public Distribution System in Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka","attachmentId":64409566,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/44066081/Digital_Identity_and_Exclusion_in_Welfare_Notes_from_the_Public_Distribution_System_in_Andhra_Pradesh_and_Karnataka","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/44066081/Digital_Identity_and_Exclusion_in_Welfare_Notes_from_the_Public_Distribution_System_in_Andhra_Pradesh_and_Karnataka"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div><div class="ds-related-work--container js-wsj-grid-card" data-collection-position="9" data-entity-id="67367505" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-wsj-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/67367505/Building_on_Digital_ID_for_Inclusive_Services_Lessons_from_India">Building on Digital ID for Inclusive Services: Lessons from India</a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-wsj-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="39683106" href="https://independent.academia.edu/AlanGelb">Alan Gelb</a></div><p class="ds-related-work--metadata ds2-5-body-xs">2019</p><p class="ds-related-work--abstract ds2-5-body-sm">India has emerged as a leader in building on its biometric digital ID (Aadhaar) to reform service and program delivery. It moved quickly to consolidate the rollout of Aadhaar, and then to embed the unique Aadhaar number into program databases. A range of applications, including digital signature and payments, was then constructed on top of the Aadhaar foundation (the India Stack). Together with partners, the Center for Global Development is analyzing the effects of Aadhaar-based reforms. India offers lessons for many other countries as their focus evolves from rolling out an ID system towards using it to improve the efficiency and inclusivity of service delivery. Some programs using Aadhaar are federally administered but others are implemented at state level. It is already clear that some states and sectors are reforming better than others, generally because of better design of the digital reforms or stronger capacity to implement them. The three programs we discuss below highlight ...</p><div class="ds-related-work--ctas"><button class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"wsj-grid-card-download-pdf-modal","work_title":"Building on Digital ID for Inclusive Services: Lessons from India","attachmentId":78210331,"attachmentType":"pdf","work_url":"https://www.academia.edu/67367505/Building_on_Digital_ID_for_Inclusive_Services_Lessons_from_India","alternativeTracking":true}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">download</span><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">Download free PDF</span></button><a class="ds2-5-text-link ds2-5-text-link--inline js-wsj-grid-card-view-pdf" href="https://www.academia.edu/67367505/Building_on_Digital_ID_for_Inclusive_Services_Lessons_from_India"><span class="ds2-5-text-link__content">View PDF</span><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 18px" translate="no">chevron_right</span></a></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--wrapper js-loswp-sticky-ctas hidden"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--grid-container"><div class="ds-sticky-ctas--container"><button class="ds2-5-button js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"continue-reading-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98860640,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}">See full PDF</button><button class="ds2-5-button ds2-5-button--secondary js-swp-download-button" data-signup-modal="{"location":"download-pdf-button--sticky-ctas","attachmentId":98860640,"attachmentType":"pdf","workUrl":null}"><span class="material-symbols-outlined" style="font-size: 20px" translate="no">download</span>Download PDF</button></div></div></div><div class="ds-below-fold--grid-container"><div class="ds-work--container js-loswp-embedded-document"><div class="attachment_preview" data-attachment="Attachment_98860640" style="display: none"><div class="js-scribd-document-container"><div class="scribd--document-loading js-scribd-document-loader" style="display: block;"><img alt="Loading..." src="//a.academia-assets.com/images/loaders/paper-load.gif" /><p>Loading Preview</p></div></div><div style="text-align: center;"><div class="scribd--no-preview-alert js-preview-unavailable"><p>Sorry, preview is currently unavailable. You can download the paper by clicking the button above.</p></div></div></div></div><div class="ds-sidebar--container js-work-sidebar"><div class="ds-related-content--container"><h2 class="ds-related-content--heading">Related papers</h2><div class="ds-related-work--container js-related-work-sidebar-card" data-collection-position="0" data-entity-id="11800310" data-sort-order="default"><a class="ds-related-work--title js-related-work-grid-card-title ds2-5-body-md ds2-5-body-link" href="https://www.academia.edu/11800310/Surveillance_as_method_The_challenge_of_studying_the_Unique_Identification_System_UID_in_India">Surveillance as method The challenge of studying the Unique Identification System (UID) in India </a><div class="ds-related-work--metadata"><a class="js-related-work-grid-card-author ds2-5-body-sm ds2-5-body-link" data-author-id="1163232" href="https://ens.academia.edu/JPeterBurgess">J. 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