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1.4 Oil businesses 1901 to 1989 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_businesses_1901_to_1989-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Banking_and_financial_services_1919_to_1999" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Banking_and_financial_services_1919_to_1999"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Banking and financial services 1919 to 1999 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Banking_and_financial_services_1919_to_1999-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_businesses_1921_to_1947" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_businesses_1921_to_1947"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Coal businesses 1921 to 1947 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_businesses_1921_to_1947-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Publishing_businesses_1921_to_1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publishing_businesses_1921_to_1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Publishing businesses 1921 to 1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publishing_businesses_1921_to_1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aviation_businesses_1929_to_1959" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aviation_businesses_1929_to_1959"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Aviation businesses 1929 to 1959 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aviation_businesses_1929_to_1959-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_media_businesses_1981_to_2002" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_media_businesses_1981_to_2002"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Entertainment media businesses 1981 to 2002 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_media_businesses_1981_to_2002-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearson_Education_and_corporate_refocus_1998_to_2016" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearson_Education_and_corporate_refocus_1998_to_2016"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Pearson Education and corporate refocus 1998 to 2016 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearson_Education_and_corporate_refocus_1998_to_2016-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Scardino_and_new_focus_on_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scardino_and_new_focus_on_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.1 Scardino and new focus on education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scardino_and_new_focus_on_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pearson_Education_rebrands_as_Pearson_(2011)_and_Pearson_plc_rebrands_as_education-only_(2016)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pearson_Education_rebrands_as_Pearson_(2011)_and_Pearson_plc_rebrands_as_education-only_(2016)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10.2 Pearson Education rebrands as Pearson (2011) and Pearson plc rebrands as education-only (2016) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pearson_Education_rebrands_as_Pearson_(2011)_and_Pearson_plc_rebrands_as_education-only_(2016)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2017_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2017_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.11 2017 to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2017_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Organisational_structure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Organisational_structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Organisational structure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Organisational_structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Criticism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Criticism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pearson plc</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 29 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-29" aria-hidden="true" > 29 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="بيرسون – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بيرسون" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیرسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پیرسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(Unternehmen)" title="Pearson (Unternehmen) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pearson (Unternehmen)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="پیرسون – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پیرسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(maison_d%27%C3%A9dition)" title="Pearson (maison d'édition) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pearson (maison d'édition)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EC%96%B4%EC%8A%A8_(%EA%B8%B0%EC%97%85)" title="피어슨 (기업) – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="피어슨 (기업)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(azienda)" title="Pearson (azienda) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pearson (azienda)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%94%E3%82%A2%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3_(%E4%BC%81%E6%A5%AD)" title="ピアソン (企業) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ピアソン (企業)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(przedsi%C4%99biorstwo)" title="Pearson (przedsiębiorstwo) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pearson (przedsiębiorstwo)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Pearson (компания) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pearson (компания)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_PLC" title="Pearson PLC – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pearson PLC" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(yritys)" title="Pearson (yritys) – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pearson (yritys)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_(%C5%9Firket)" title="Pearson (şirket) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pearson (şirket)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pearson_plc" title="Pearson plc – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pearson plc" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9F%B9%E7%94%9F%E9%9B%86%E5%9C%98" title="培生集團 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="培生集團" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/C._Arthur_Pearson_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Arthur Pearson Ltd">C. Arthur Pearson Ltd</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1242257876">.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-label{padding-right:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-company .infobox-below{line-height:1.35em}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-company-locality,.mw-parser-output .ib-company-country{display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-company vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pearson plc</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Pearson_logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Pearson_logo.svg/220px-Pearson_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Pearson_logo.svg/330px-Pearson_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/35/Pearson_logo.svg/440px-Pearson_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="59" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image ib-company-logo logo"><a href="/wiki/File:Shellmexhouse.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shellmexhouse.jpg/220px-Shellmexhouse.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shellmexhouse.jpg/330px-Shellmexhouse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Shellmexhouse.jpg/440px-Shellmexhouse.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Eighty_Strand" class="mw-redirect" title="Eighty Strand">Eighty Strand</a>, Pearson's headquarters in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Formerly</th><td class="infobox-data nickname">S. Pearson & Son</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company type</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Public_limited_company" title="Public limited company">Public</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Ticker_symbol" title="Ticker symbol">Traded as</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">LSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.londonstockexchange.com/stock/PSON//">PSON</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">NYSE</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nyse.com/quote/XNYS:PSO">PSO</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/FTSE_100" class="mw-redirect" title="FTSE 100">FTSE 100</a> component</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/International_Securities_Identification_Number" title="International Securities Identification Number">ISIN</a></th><td class="infobox-data">GB0006776081 <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916402?uselang=en#P946" title="Edit this on Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this on Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Industry</th><td class="infobox-data category"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Education</li><li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">1844; 180 years ago (1844)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pearson" title="Samuel Pearson">Samuel Pearson</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Shell_Mex_House" title="Shell Mex House">Shell Mex House</a>, <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Key people</div></th><td class="infobox-data agent"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chairman" class="mw-redirect" title="Chairman">chairman</a>)</li><li>Omar Abbosh (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Products</th><td class="infobox-data">Educational materials (books, tests), Television distribution</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Services</th><td class="infobox-data category"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Educational assessment</li><li>school management</li><li>higher education</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Revenue</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> £3,674 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Earnings_before_interest_and_taxes" title="Earnings before interest and taxes">Operating income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> £498 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Net_income" title="Net income">Net income</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> £380 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Asset" title="Asset">Total assets</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> £6,727 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">Total equity</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/11px-Decrease2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/17px-Decrease2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Decrease2.svg/22px-Decrease2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> £3,988 million (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Number of employees</div></th><td class="infobox-data">17,612 (2023)<a href="#cite_note-results-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plc.pearson.com/">plc.pearson.com</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Pearson plc is a multinational corporation, headquartered in the UK, focused on educational publishing and services. Originating in 1844 and named S Pearson and Son by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pearson" title="Samuel Pearson">Samuel Pearson</a> in 1856, what began as a small local <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> business in <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire">Yorkshire</a> grew between 1880 and 1927 into a massive diversified international conglomerate under the subsequent leadership of Samuel's grandson <a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson" class="mw-redirect" title="Weetman Pearson">Weetman Pearson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> By the time of World War II, the company had major national and international subsidiaries in manufacturing, electricity, oil, coal, banking and financial services, publishing (periodicals and books), and aviation. After the Second World War and the British government's nationalisation of many industries, Pearson refocused on publishing and media. In 1984 the company changed its name from S. Pearson & Son plc to Pearson plc.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Under the leadership of CEO <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Scardino" title="Marjorie Scardino">Marjorie Scardino</a>, in 1998 the company formed <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>, and by 2016 education was Pearson plc's exclusive focus. As of 2023 Pearson Education, known since 2011 as simply Pearson, is Pearson plc's main subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson_PLC_AR2022-5">[5]</a> Pearson owns one of the GCSE <a href="/wiki/Examination_boards_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Examination boards in the United Kingdom">examining boards</a> for the UK, <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> Pearson plc has a primary listing on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> and is a constituent of the <a href="/wiki/FTSE_100_Index" title="FTSE 100 Index">FTSE 100 Index</a>. It has a secondary listing on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Stock_Exchange" title="New York Stock Exchange">New York Stock Exchange</a> in the form of <a href="/wiki/American_depositary_receipt" title="American depositary receipt">American depositary receipts</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_engineering_businesses_1844_to_1925">Civil engineering businesses 1844 to 1925</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Civil engineering businesses 1844 to 1925">edit</a>]</div> In 1844 <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pearson" title="Samuel Pearson">Samuel Pearson</a> became an associate partner in a small brickmaking and contracting <a href="/wiki/Civil_engineering" title="Civil engineering">civil engineering</a> company in <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, West Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> In 1856 Pearson's eldest son George entered the business, which became known as S Pearson & Son, "sanitary tube and brickmakers and contractors for local <a href="/wiki/Public_works" title="Public works">public works</a> in and around <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>".<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In 1880, control passed to Samuel's grandson <a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">Weetman Dickinson Pearson</a> (later 1st Viscount Cowdray), an engineer, who in 1890 moved the business to London and turned it into one of the world's largest construction companies.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Another of its prominent engineers was <a href="/wiki/Ernest_William_Moir" title="Ernest William Moir">Ernest William Moir</a> who, after working for Pearson on tunnels in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, became the contractor's agent on construction of the <a href="/wiki/Blackwall_Tunnel" title="Blackwall Tunnel">Blackwall Tunnel</a> under the River Thames in London between 1892 and 1897.<a href="#cite_note-Blackwall-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-History-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> Between 1880 and 1902 the company also built the Admiralty Harbour at <a href="/wiki/Dover" title="Dover">Dover</a>, the <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a> Dry Dock in Canada, the <a href="/wiki/East_River_Tunnels" title="East River Tunnels">East River Railway Tunnels</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, the Mexican Grand Canal that drained <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ferrocarril_Trans%C3%ADstmico" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferrocarril Transístmico">Tehuantepec Railway</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>, and railways and harbours around the world.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In November 1915, the firm began construction of <a href="/wiki/HM_Factory,_Gretna" title="HM Factory, Gretna">HM Factory, Gretna</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Cordite" title="Cordite">cordite</a> factory in the UK during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-s-15">[15]</a> The construction business was shut down in the 1920s.<a href="#cite_note-fundinguniverse-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> Its final projects included construction of the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_Reservoir" title="Silent Valley Reservoir">Silent Valley Reservoir</a> in Northern Ireland (contract awarded in 1923),<a href="#cite_note-BBCPt2-16">[16]</a> and completion of the <a href="/wiki/Sennar_Dam" title="Sennar Dam">Sennar Dam</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, in 1925.<a href="#cite_note-Engineer-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Manufacturing_businesses_1856_to_1993">Manufacturing businesses 1856 to 1993</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Manufacturing businesses 1856 to 1993">edit</a>]</div> In 1856 S Pearson & Son advertised itself as manufacturing sanitary tubes and bricks in Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> Manufacturing expanded beyond sanitary tubes and bricks to include a variety of items globally, including nuts and bolts, specialist glass, pottery, porcelain and fine china, and related items.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> Pearson acquired Allied English Potteries (including <a href="/wiki/Royal_Crown_Derby" title="Royal Crown Derby">Royal Crown Derby</a>) in 1964<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Doulton" title="Royal Doulton">Doulton & Co.</a> in November 1971, whereupon it merged those two potteries companies.<a href="#cite_note-potteryhistories-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> Pearson purchased the <a href="/wiki/Fairey_Aviation_Company" title="Fairey Aviation Company">Fairey Group</a> in 1980, and its engineering was merged with Doulton's industrial ceramics engineering.<a href="#cite_note-doultonusa-21">[21]</a> Pearson sold Doulton Glass Industries Ltd. in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-doultonusa-21">[21]</a> The Fairey Group became independent of Pearson in 1986 via a management buy-out.<a href="#cite_note-doultonusa-21">[21]</a> As Pearson refocused on its core publishing and media industries, it divested Royal Doulton, which was its remaining fine china division and the last of Pearson's manufacturing assets, in 1993.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-potteryhistories-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Electricity_businesses_1900_to_1960">Electricity businesses 1900 to 1960</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Electricity businesses 1900 to 1960">edit</a>]</div> The conglomerate entered the electrification market in 1900, when Weetman Pearson was requested to electrify Mexico's tramway system, and then the general electrical supply in the city of <a href="/wiki/Veracruz_(city)" title="Veracruz (city)">Vera Cruz</a> and elsewhere.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> This process was repeated in Chile.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> These electrical interests were consolidated into Whitehall Electric Investments Ltd. in 1922.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In 1929 the electricity businesses in Mexico and Chile were sold, but similar electricity utilities were developed in southwestern England until they were nationalised in 1948.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> All of Pearson's overseas electricity utility businesses, which had spread to Greece, were closed by 1960.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Oil_businesses_1901_to_1989">Oil businesses 1901 to 1989</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Oil businesses 1901 to 1989">edit</a>]</div> While building the <a href="/wiki/Tehuantepec_National_Railway" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehuantepec National Railway">Tehuantepec Railway</a> in Mexico for president <a href="/wiki/Porfirio_Diaz" class="mw-redirect" title="Porfirio Diaz">Porfirio Diaz</a>, Weetman Pearson learned of oil deposits in south Texas and Mexico and in 1901 began buying prospective oil lands in those places.<a href="#cite_note-Yergin230-24">[24]</a> After striking oil in Mexico in 1908,<a href="#cite_note-Emergence-25">[25]</a> he founded the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Eagle_Petroleum_Company" title="Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company">Mexican Eagle Petroleum Company</a> in 1909 to handle all of S Pearson and Sons' oil interests.<a href="#cite_note-Emergence-25">[25]</a> In 1919 the <a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Royal Dutch Shell Group</a> acquired a large share of, and management of, Mexican Eagle, and Pearson formed Whitehall Petroleum Corporation Ltd. to take over Pearson's oil interests and to prospect globally for oil.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> It established a major oil company in the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Amerada_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Amerada Corporation">Amerada Corporation</a>, in 1919.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Amerada was compulsorily acquired by the British government in 1941 due to World War II; a small interest was reacquired by Pearson in 1945.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In the 1950s Pearson expanded its North American oil and gas interests, and in the 1970s also expanded them globally.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> By 1989, Pearson divested its oil and gas exploration activities and sold Whitehall Petroleum.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Banking_and_financial_services_1919_to_1999">Banking and financial services 1919 to 1999</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Banking and financial services 1919 to 1999">edit</a>]</div> In 1919, Pearson founded Whitehall Trust Ltd. as a finance and issuing house.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In 1919 Pearson also acquired a 45% stake in the London branch of merchant bankers <a href="/wiki/Lazard" title="Lazard">Lazard Brothers</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dragging-27">[27]</a> an interest which was increased to 80% in 1932 during the depression years.<a href="#cite_note-dragging-27">[27]</a> In 1976 Pearson acquired a stake in Embankment Trust Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> By 1990 Pearson's stake in Lazard Brothers was reduced to 50% following Lazard's internationalization to Paris and New York,<a href="#cite_note-dragging-27">[27]</a> and Pearson acquired 10% stakes in the two overseas branches.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> In 1999, due to the company's refocus on education, publishing, and media, Pearson sold its Lazard holdings for £410 million.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-dragging-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_businesses_1921_to_1947">Coal businesses 1921 to 1947</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Coal businesses 1921 to 1947">edit</a>]</div> Following Wheetman Pearson's 1907 creation of <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Securities" title="Whitehall Securities">Whitehall Securities</a> as its holding company for all of Pearson's non-contracting industries,<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> beginning in 1921 Pearson partnered with <a href="/wiki/Dorman_Long" title="Dorman Long">Dorman Long</a><a href="#cite_note-kent_pdf-28">[28]</a> to form a coal-mining conglomerate in 1922,<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-kent_pdf-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grace_S-29">[29]</a> called Pearson & Dorman Long Ltd.<a href="#cite_note-NA_Pearson_Dorman-30">[30]</a> The company purchased and operated many <a href="/wiki/Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Colliery">collieries</a> in the UK through at least 1947.<a href="#cite_note-Grace_S-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-NA_Pearson_Dorman-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publishing_businesses_1921_to_1997">Publishing businesses 1921 to 1997</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Publishing businesses 1921 to 1997">edit</a>]</div> In 1921, Pearson purchased a number of local daily and weekly newspapers in the United Kingdom, which it combined to form the Westminster Press group.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Following the British government's acquisition and nationalisation of several of Pearson's aviation, fuel, and energy divisions in the early 1940s due to World War II,<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grace_S-29">[29]</a> <a href="/wiki/Angela_Pearson" title="Angela Pearson">Angela Murray</a> became a director of the Pearson group and the chair of the Westminster Press in 1953. The Press owned local newspapers including the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Mail" title="Oxford Mail">Oxford Mail</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Echo" title="The Northern Echo">The Northern Echo</a> and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brighton_Evening_News&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brighton Evening News (page does not exist)">Brighton Evening News</a> with the backing of the Westmnster Press they were encouraged to find local news.<a href="#cite_note-angela-31">[31]</a> Pearson entered the education market.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Experience-32">[32]</a> In 1957, it bought the <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a><a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> and acquired a 50% stake in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a>. It purchased the publisher <a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a> in 1968.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> Pearson was first listed on the <a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange" title="London Stock Exchange">London Stock Exchange</a> in 1969.<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> It bought the paperback publisher <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Books" title="Penguin Books">Penguin</a> in 1970,<a href="#cite_note-history-9">[9]</a> and the children's imprint <a href="/wiki/Ladybird_Books" title="Ladybird Books">Ladybird Books</a> in 1972.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> It bought a rival, the educational publisher <a href="/wiki/Pitman_Ltd" class="mw-redirect" title="Pitman Ltd">Pitman Ltd</a>, in 1985.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In 1996 Pearson sold Westminster Press to <a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> acquired the education division of <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a> from <a href="/wiki/News_Corporation_(1980%E2%80%932013)" class="mw-redirect" title="News Corporation (1980–2013)">News Corporation</a>,<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> and acquired book publishers <a href="/wiki/Scott_Foresman" title="Scott Foresman">Scott Foresman & Co.</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aviation_businesses_1929_to_1959">Aviation businesses 1929 to 1959</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Aviation businesses 1929 to 1959">edit</a>]</div> In 1929, Pearson's Whitehall Securities <a href="/wiki/Whitehall_Securities#Aviation_interests" title="Whitehall Securities">entered the aviation field</a>, purchasing an interest in <a href="/wiki/Airwork_Services" title="Airwork Services">Airwork Services</a>.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> By 1935 Whitehall Securities had major interests in a number of British airlines and aviation companies, including <a href="/wiki/Spartan_Air_Lines" title="Spartan Air Lines">Spartan Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saunders-Roe" title="Saunders-Roe">Saunders-Roe</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Airways_Limited" title="United Airways Limited">United Airways</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hillman%27s_Airways" title="Hillman's Airways">Hillman's Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Airways-39">[39]</a> In September 1935, Hillman's Airways, Spartan Air Lines, and United Airways merged to form <a href="/wiki/British_Airways_Ltd." class="mw-redirect" title="British Airways Ltd.">British Airways Ltd.</a><a href="#cite_note-Airways-39">[39]</a> In 1936, British Airways absorbed <a href="/wiki/British_Continental_Airways" title="British Continental Airways">British Continental Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crilly_Airways" title="Crilly Airways">Crilly Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Airways-39">[39]</a> In 1940, British Airways was nationalised due to World War II.<a href="#cite_note-Airways-39">[39]</a> In 1937 the company acquired <a href="/wiki/Northern_%26_Scottish_Airways" title="Northern & Scottish Airways">Northern & Scottish Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Highland_Airways_Limited" title="Highland Airways Limited">Highland Airways</a>, and merged them into a new company, <a href="/wiki/Scottish_Airways" title="Scottish Airways">Scottish Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bao-40">[40]</a> This airline was nationalised by the British government in 1947 and merged into <a href="/wiki/British_European_Airways" title="British European Airways">British European Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Bao-40">[40]</a> Pearson's aviation interests ended by 1959, when Saunders-Roe was sold to <a href="/wiki/Westland_Aircraft" title="Westland Aircraft">Westland Aircraft</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IDCH-7">[7]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_media_businesses_1981_to_2002">Entertainment media businesses 1981 to 2002</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Entertainment media businesses 1981 to 2002">edit</a>]</div> in 1981 Pearson's publishing subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Longman" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Longman">Pearson Longman</a> established Goldcrest Films and Television in 1981, led by the founder of <a href="/wiki/Goldcrest_Films" title="Goldcrest Films">Goldcrest Films</a>, John Eberts, and chaired by James Lee, chief executive of Pearson Longman.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> At its inception, the new concern owned 40% of Goldcrest Films.<a href="#cite_note-:0-41">[41]</a> In 1986, Pearson invested in the <a href="/wiki/British_Satellite_Broadcasting" title="British Satellite Broadcasting">British Satellite Broadcasting</a> consortium, which a few years later merged with <a href="/wiki/Sky_Television_(1984%E2%80%931990)" title="Sky Television (1984–1990)">Sky Television</a> to form a new company, <a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">British Sky Broadcasting</a> (BSkyB).<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> During the 1990s, the company acquired a number of TV production and broadcasting assets, including former <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> franchisee <a href="/wiki/Thames_Television" title="Thames Television">Thames Television</a>,<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> Australian production company <a href="/wiki/Reg_Grundy_Organisation" title="Reg Grundy Organisation">Grundy Television</a>,<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> U.S. television company All American Communications Inc.,<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Italian drama production company Mastrofilm,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> European animation financer and distributor EVA Entertainment,<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> and UK production company <a href="/wiki/Talkback_(production_company)" title="Talkback (production company)">Talkback Productions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> In 1994, Pearson acquired software publisher <a href="/wiki/The_Software_Toolworks" title="The Software Toolworks">The Software Toolworks</a> for US$462 million,<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> and rebranded it <a href="/wiki/Mindscape_(company)" title="Mindscape (company)">Mindscape</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> In 1998, Pearson sold Mindscape to <a href="/wiki/The_Learning_Company_(formerly_SoftKey)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Learning Company (formerly SoftKey)">The Learning Company</a> for US$150 million, taking a $346 million loss on the sale.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> In 2000, Pearson merged its television holdings with <a href="/wiki/CLT-UFA" class="mw-redirect" title="CLT-UFA">CLT-UFA</a> to form the <a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> In 2002 it exited the industry entirely by selling its 22% stake in RTL to <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pearson_Education_and_corporate_refocus_1998_to_2016">Pearson Education and corporate refocus 1998 to 2016</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pearson Education and corporate refocus 1998 to 2016">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scardino_and_new_focus_on_education">Scardino and new focus on education</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Scardino and new focus on education">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Scardino" title="Marjorie Scardino">Marjorie Scardino</a>, who was CEO of Pearson plc from 1997 to 2013, increasingly focused the conglomerate on education and on making education acquisitions.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> In 1998, Pearson plc purchased the education division of <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>, which included <a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a>,<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> and parts of <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Inc." title="Macmillan Inc.">Macmillan Inc.</a> including the Macmillan name.<a href="#cite_note-dustbin-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arm_Now-63">[63]</a> Later in 1998 it merged Simon & Schuster's educational business with Addison Wesley Longman to form <a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson_Education_launched-64">[64]</a> Pearson sold and divested most of its Simon & Schuster divisions in 1999.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In March 2000 Pearson acquired the illustrated reference publisher <a href="/wiki/Dorling_Kindersley" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorling Kindersley">Dorling Kindersley</a> and integrated it within Penguin.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> It acquired National Computer Systems (NCS) in September 2000, entering the educational assessment and school management systems market in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> In 2002, Pearson purchased <a href="/wiki/Rough_Guides" title="Rough Guides">Rough Guides</a>, the travel publisher, and brought it under Penguin.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> In 2003 it acquired <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-marking-69">[69]</a> a provider of qualifications in the UK, and in 2004 acquired about 80% stake in Meximerica Media Inc for the swelling U.S. Hispanic market.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> Pearson purchased a series of other testing and assessment businesses, including Knowledge Technologies in 2004,<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> AGS in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> and Promissor in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> It acquired National Evaluation Systems, a provider of customised state assessments for teacher certification in the US, in 2006<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> and acquired eCollege, a digital learning technology group, in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> It sold <a href="/wiki/Silver_Burdett" title="Silver Burdett">Silver Burdett</a> Ginn Religion, a Catholic publishing division it operated under the <a href="/wiki/Scott_Foresman" title="Scott Foresman">Scott Foresman</a> imprint, to <a href="/wiki/RCL_Benziger" title="RCL Benziger">RCL Benziger</a> in 2007.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> In 2007 Pearson Education sold the Macmillan name to <a href="/wiki/Holtzbrinck_Publishing_Group" title="Holtzbrinck Publishing Group">Holtzbrinck Publishing Group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-dustbin-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-Arm_Now-63">[63]</a> which had purchased Macmillan Publishing Ltd. in the late 1990s.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> In 2008 Pearson acquired <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_Assessment" title="Harcourt Assessment">Harcourt Assessment</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harcourt_(publisher)" title="Harcourt (publisher)">Harcourt Education International</a> from <a href="/wiki/Reed_Elsevier" class="mw-redirect" title="Reed Elsevier">Reed Elsevier</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> and merged them into Pearson Assessment & Information.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> In February 2008, Pearson announced the sale of its Pearson Data Management Division (formerly the scanner manufacturing and servicing division of NCS Inc.) to <a href="/wiki/Optical_answer_sheet" class="mw-redirect" title="Optical answer sheet">Scantron</a> Corporation (part of <a href="/wiki/M%26F_Worldwide" title="M&F Worldwide">M&F Worldwide</a>) which had been its main competitor.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> In 2010, Pearson acquired the adult English training service Wall Street Institute<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> and the school learning systems division of Sistema Educacional Brasileiro (SEB).<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Also in 2010, the company sold its 61% stake in Interactive Data to investment funds managed by <a href="/wiki/Silver_Lake_Partners" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Lake Partners">Silver Lake Partners</a> and <a href="/wiki/Warburg_Pincus" title="Warburg Pincus">Warburg Pincus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Pearson_Education_rebrands_as_Pearson_(2011)_and_Pearson_plc_rebrands_as_education-only_(2016)">Pearson Education rebrands as Pearson (2011) and Pearson plc rebrands as education-only (2016)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Pearson Education rebrands as Pearson (2011) and Pearson plc rebrands as education-only (2016)">edit</a>]</div> Pearson Education was rebranded as simply Pearson in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-About_Us_2011-84">[84]</a> In July 2011, Pearson announced the creation of <a href="/wiki/Pearson_College_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson College (UK)">Pearson College</a>, a British degree provider based in London.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> Also in 2011, Pearson acquired <a href="/wiki/Connections_Academy" title="Connections Academy">Connections Education</a> and agreed to sell its 50% stake in FTSE International Limited to the London Stock Exchange for £450 million.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> In 2011, Pearson also increased its stake in TutorVista to 76%.<a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> In May 2012 Pearson announced its acquisition of GlobalEnglish Corporation, an American <a href="/wiki/Business_English" title="Business English">Business English</a> software and solutions company, in an all-cash transaction.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> In October 2012 Pearson entered into talks with rival conglomerate Bertelsmann, over the possibility of combining their respective publishing companies, <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Group" title="Penguin Group">Penguin Group</a> and <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>,<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> and said it would merge Penguin Books with Bertelsmann's Random House to create the world's biggest consumer book publisher.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In February 2013, following government changes to apprenticeship funding rules, Pearson sold its Pearson in Practice, a UK vocational training business, to <a href="/wiki/West_Nottinghamshire_College" class="mw-redirect" title="West Nottinghamshire College">West Nottinghamshire College</a>, which renamed it Vision Workforce Skills.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> In May 2013, Pearson announced a new restructuring plan to invest in digital learning and emerging markets, after predicting weaker earnings.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> The change supported the decoupling of the Penguin consumer publishing business into a separate entity with Random House (forming Penguin Random House). The new structure combined the separate education companies, Pearson International and Pearson North America under one Pearson company and Pearson reorganised around three global lines of business – School, Higher Education and Professional. The Financial Times Group and Pearson English formed part of Pearson Professional.<a href="#cite_note-WSJ-95">[95]</a> In July 2014, the company announced it had cut 4,000 jobs, representing 10% of the company's workforce.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> Pearson announced in July 2015 that it had agreed to sell the FT Group, which includes business daily <a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a>, to Japanese media group <a href="/wiki/Nihon_Keizai_Shimbun" class="mw-redirect" title="Nihon Keizai Shimbun">Nikkei</a> for £844 million, or $1.32 billion. The sale does not include FT Group's London property at One Southwark Bridge.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> Pearson retained the publishing rights to FT Press and licensed the trademark from Nikkei.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In August 2015, Pearson's sold its 50% stake in <a href="/wiki/The_Economist" title="The Economist">The Economist</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Agnelli_family" title="Agnelli family">Agnelli family</a>,<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> who previously held 4.7% of the group.<a href="#cite_note-BrandRepublic_2015-07-28-100">[100]</a> The remaining 50% of The Economist Group is owned by the <a href="/wiki/Schroders" title="Schroders">Schroders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cadbury_family" title="Cadbury family">Cadburys</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Rothschild_family" title="Rothschild family">Rothschilds</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BrandRepublic_2015-07-28-100">[100]</a> Following the sale of its financial news publications Financial Times and The Economist in 2015, Pearson plc rebranded in January 2016 to focus solely on education, and the corporation adopted a new logo,<a href="#cite_note-rebrand-101">[101]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Interrobang" title="Interrobang">interrobang</a> (‽), a combination of a question mark and an exclamation point, meant to convey a "combination of excitement, curiosity and individuality"<a href="#cite_note-rebrand-101">[101]</a> and "the excitement and fun of learning".<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2017_to_present">2017 to present</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 2017 to present">edit</a>]</div> In July 2017, Pearson sold its Tutor Vista and Edurite lines of business to India-based education technology company, <a href="/wiki/Byju%27s" title="Byju's">Byju's</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> In July 2017, it also agreed to reduce its holding in Penguin Random House to 25%, by selling a 22% stake in the business to Bertelsmann.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> In August 2017 Pearson announced that it would cut 3,000 staff in an effort to save £300 million annually.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> In August 2017 it also sold the language-training subsidiary Global Education to Chinese company Pu-Xin Education.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> In 2019, Pearson sold its US K-12 courseware business to the private equity firm Nexus Capital Management,<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a> which rebranded it as Savvas Learning Company.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Pearson also sold its remaining 25% stake in <a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a> to <a href="/wiki/Bertelsmann" title="Bertelsmann">Bertelsmann</a>.<a href="#cite_note-retire-110">[110]</a> Pearson CEO <a href="/wiki/John_Fallon_(businessman)" title="John Fallon (businessman)">John Fallon</a> retired from the company in 2020,<a href="#cite_note-retire-110">[110]</a> and was succeeded by <a href="/wiki/Andy_Bird" title="Andy Bird">Andy Bird</a> on 19 October 2020.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> In December 2021, Pearson announced that <a href="/wiki/Omid_Kordestani" title="Omid Kordestani">Omid Kordestani</a> had been appointed as the chairman of the board of directors,<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> effective March 2022.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> In April 2022, Pearson announced it had acquired the online language learning platform, <a href="/wiki/Mondly" title="Mondly">Mondly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In April 2022, Pearson acquired ClutchPrep, which was renamed Channels and added to the Pearson website.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> In September 2023, CEO Andy Bird announced his impending retirement.<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_new_CEO-118">[118]</a> He was succeeded by Omar Abbosh, president of <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a>'s Industry Solutions business,<a href="#cite_note-Reuters_new_CEO-118">[118]</a> on 8 January 2024.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organisational_structure">Organisational structure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Organisational structure">edit</a>]</div> Pearson plc is a <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>, and conducts its business primarily through subsidiaries and other affiliates.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson_PLC_AR2022-5">[5]</a> As of December 2022, its main subsidiaries are:<a href="#cite_note-Pearson_PLC_AR2022-5">[5]</a> <ul><li>Pearson Education Inc. (United States)</li> <li>Pearson Education Ltd. (United Kingdom)</li> <li>NCS Pearson, Inc. (United States)</li></ul> According to the company's website, its business divisions consist of:<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> <ul><li>Assessment & Qualifications</li> <li>Virtual Learning</li> <li>English Language Learning</li> <li>Workforce Skills</li> <li>Higher Education</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticism">Criticism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Criticism">edit</a>]</div> Concerns exist around the amount of influence Pearson, being a commercial company, has on public education.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> Other concerns are around tax avoidance, high value contracts, and an instance of laying off teachers to offset the high costs of testing.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> In 2017, more than six out of ten Pearson shareholders voted against the chief executive's pay package of £1.5 million after the company made a record loss.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> Pearson US has been criticised for using offshore <a href="/wiki/Tax_avoidance" title="Tax avoidance">tax avoidance</a> schemes involving a host of companies at a service address in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Pearson owns <a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a>, a British education and examination board.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> Edexcel has produced qualifications which link to Pearson texts, although Edexcel also continues to endorse textbooks published by other companies.<a href="#cite_note-marking-69">[69]</a> Edexcel has also faced criticism over repeated leaks of exam material in consecutive years; police investigations into some of the incidents were referred to prosecutors.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In June 2010, Pearson plc received notification that the <a href="/wiki/Libyan_Investment_Authority" title="Libyan Investment Authority">Libyan Investment Authority</a> (LIA) founded by <a href="/wiki/Muammar_Gaddafi" title="Muammar Gaddafi">Muammar Gaddafi</a>'s son <a href="/wiki/Saif_al-Islam_Gaddafi" title="Saif al-Islam Gaddafi">Saif al-Islam Gaddafi</a> as a sovereign fund had acquired 24.4 million shares within the company via <a href="/wiki/Euroclear" title="Euroclear">Euroclear</a>. On further investigation, Pearson said the LIA may have acquired an additional 2.1 million shares, resulting in a total interest of 26.5 million shares. At the time, this represented a major holding of 3.27% within the company and the investment was worth around £280 million.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 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section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-results-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-results_1-5">f</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output 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.cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plc.pearson.com/sites/pearson-corp/files/pearson/annual-report-2023/2023-annual-report-and-accounts.pdf">"2023 Annual Report"</a> (PDF). Pearson plc. Retrieved 16 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=2023+Annual+Report&rft.pub=Pearson+plc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplc.pearson.com%2Fsites%2Fpearson-corp%2Ffiles%2Fpearson%2Fannual-report-2023%2F2023-annual-report-and-accounts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk/people/ap10/s-pearson-son-ltd">"S Pearson & Son Ltd"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Science_Museum_Group" title="Science Museum Group">Science Museum Group</a>. Retrieved 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Science+Museum+Group&rft.atitle=S+Pearson+%26+Son+Ltd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcollection.sciencemuseumgroup.org.uk%2Fpeople%2Fap10%2Fs-pearson-son-ltd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk/company/00053723">"PEARSON PLC"</a>. find-and-update.company-information.service.gov.uk. 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The New York Times. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0362-4331">0362-4331</a>. Retrieved 23 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pearson+to+Buy+a+Publisher+From+News+Corp.&rft.date=1996-02-10&rft.issn=0362-4331&rft.aulast=Gilpin&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F02%2F10%2Fbusiness%2Fpearson-to-buy-a-publisher-from-news-corp.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFabrikantMyerson1998" class="citation news cs1">Fabrikant, Geraldine; Myerson, Allen R. 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Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reuters&rft.atitle=Pearson+names+Microsoft+executive+Abbosh+CEO+as+Bird+retires&rft.date=2023-09-19&rft.aulast=Shabong&rft.aufirst=Yadarisa&rft.au=Mathews%2C+Eva&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fworld%2Fuk%2Fpearson-names-omar-abbosh-its-new-ceo-2023-09-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiampani2023" class="citation web cs1">Siampani, Anna (30 October 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ceoworld.biz/2023/10/30/pearson-confirms-omar-abbosh-will-assume-the-role-of-ceo-in-january/">"Pearson Confirms Omar Abbosh will Assume the role of CEO in January"</a>. CEOWorld. Retrieved 19 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CEOWorld&rft.atitle=Pearson+Confirms+Omar+Abbosh+will+Assume+the+role+of+CEO+in+January&rft.date=2023-10-30&rft.aulast=Siampani&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fceoworld.biz%2F2023%2F10%2F30%2Fpearson-confirms-omar-abbosh-will-assume-the-role-of-ceo-in-january%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plc.pearson.com/en-GB/company/our-business-divisions">"Our Business Divisions"</a>. plc.pearson.com. Retrieved 22 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=plc.pearson.com&rft.atitle=Our+Business+Divisions&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fplc.pearson.com%2Fen-GB%2Fcompany%2Four-business-divisions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansell2012" class="citation news cs1">Mansell, Warwick (16 July 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/education/2012/jul/16/pearson-multinational-influence-education-poliy">"Should Pearson, a giant multinational, be influencing our education policy?"</a>. The Guardian. London. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Should+Pearson%2C+a+giant+multinational%2C+be+influencing+our+education+policy%3F&rft.date=2012-07-16&rft.aulast=Mansell&rft.aufirst=Warwick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Feducation%2F2012%2Fjul%2F16%2Fpearson-multinational-influence-education-poliy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130928053128/http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/10/pearson-draws-criticism-from-new-york-to-texas-justified-or-unjustified/">"Pearson Draws Criticism From New York to Texas... Justified? Or Unjustified?"</a>. WiredAcademic. 24 October 2011. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiredacademic.com/2011/10/pearson-draws-criticism-from-new-york-to-texas-justified-or-unjustified/">the original</a> on 28 September 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WiredAcademic&rft.atitle=Pearson+Draws+Criticism+From+New+York+to+Texas...+Justified%3F+Or+Unjustified%3F&rft.date=2011-10-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wiredacademic.com%2F2011%2F10%2Fpearson-draws-criticism-from-new-york-to-texas-justified-or-unjustified%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMark_Sweney2017" class="citation web cs1">Mark Sweney (5 May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/business/2017/may/05/pearson-shareholders-reject-pay-revolt-john-fallon">"Pearson shareholders reject chief executive's £1.5m pay package | Business"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pearson+shareholders+reject+chief+executive%27s+%C2%A31.5m+pay+package+%26%23124%3B+Business&rft.date=2017-05-05&rft.au=Mark+Sweney&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbusiness%2F2017%2Fmay%2F05%2Fpearson-shareholders-reject-pay-revolt-john-fallon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTarek2015" class="citation web cs1">Tarek, Alia (3 July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161011073438/https://www.world.tax/articles/when-pearson-us-took-a-tax-break.php">"When Pearson US took a tax break – Courtesy of PwC"</a>. World Tax. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.world.tax/articles/when-pearson-us-took-a-tax-break.php">the original</a> on 11 October 2016. Retrieved 2 June 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Tax&rft.atitle=When+Pearson+US+took+a+tax+break+%E2%80%93+Courtesy+of+PwC&rft.date=2015-07-03&rft.aulast=Tarek&rft.aufirst=Alia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.world.tax%2Farticles%2Fwhen-pearson-us-took-a-tax-break.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.edexcel.com/Aboutus/who-we-are/our-people/smt/Pages/home.aspx">"The Senior Management Team"</a>. Pearson Edexcel.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Senior+Management+Team&rft.pub=Pearson+Edexcel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.edexcel.com%2FAboutus%2Fwho-we-are%2Four-people%2Fsmt%2FPages%2Fhome.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/education-48646188">"Edexcel launches investigation after A-level maths paper leaked online"</a>. BBC News. 15 June 2019. Retrieved 22 June 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Edexcel+launches+investigation+after+A-level+maths+paper+leaked+online&rft.date=2019-06-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation-48646188&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSweney2011" class="citation web cs1">Sweney, Mark (1 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/media/2011/mar/01/pearson-libyan-investment-authority-stake">"Pearson freezes stake held by Libyan Investment Authority"</a>. The Guardian. Retrieved 26 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Pearson+freezes+stake+held+by+Libyan+Investment+Authority&rft.date=2011-03-01&rft.aulast=Sweney&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fmedia%2F2011%2Fmar%2F01%2Fpearson-libyan-investment-authority-stake&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearson_plc&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pearson_plc" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pearson plc">Pearson plc</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plc.pearson.com/">Official website</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMary_H._Munroe2004" class="citation web cs1">Mary H. Munroe (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141020160102/http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/Pearson.htm">"Pearson Timeline"</a>. The Academic Publishing Industry: A Story of Merger and Acquisition. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulib.niu.edu/publishers/index.htm">the original</a> on 20 October 2014 – via Northern Illinois University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Academic+Publishing+Industry%3A+A+Story+of+Merger+and+Acquisition&rft.atitle=Pearson+Timeline&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Mary+H.+Munroe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulib.niu.edu%2Fpublishers%2Findex.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APearson+plc" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output 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selflink">Pearson plc</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pearson School</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heinemann_(publisher)" title="Heinemann (publisher)">Heinemann</a> (outside US)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_Notes" title="York Notes">York Notes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pearson Higher Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Cummings" title="Benjamin Cummings">Benjamin Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longman" title="Longman">Longman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Education" title="Pearson Education">Pearson Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a> College</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propero" title="Propero">Propero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pearson Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Addison-Wesley" title="Addison-Wesley">Addison-Wesley</a> Professional</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adobe_Systems" class="mw-redirect" title="Adobe Systems">Adobe</a> Press</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple</a> Certified</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyn_%26_Bacon" title="Allyn & Bacon">Allyn & Bacon</a> Professional</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cisco_Press" title="Cisco Press">Cisco Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FT_Press" title="FT Press">FT Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBM_Press" title="IBM Press">IBM Press</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/InformIT_(publisher)" class="mw-redirect" title="InformIT (publisher)">InformIT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peachpit" title="Peachpit">Peachpit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Assessment_%26_Information" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Assessment & Information">Pearson Assessment & Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_VUE" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson VUE">Pearson VUE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prentice_Hall" title="Prentice Hall">Prentice Hall</a> Professional</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sams_Publishing" title="Sams Publishing">Sams Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wharton_School_Press" title="Wharton School Press">Wharton School Press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_%26_Technology_Education_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Business & Technology Education Council">BTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connections_Academy" title="Connections Academy">Connections Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edexcel" title="Edexcel">Edexcel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_College_London" title="Pearson College London">Pearson College London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Language_Tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Language Tests">Pearson Language Tests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_Mex_House" title="Shell Mex House">80 Strand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glen_Moreno" title="Glen Moreno">Glen Moreno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weetman_Pearson,_1st_Viscount_Cowdray" title="Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray">Weetman Pearson, 1st Viscount Cowdray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjorie_Scardino" title="Marjorie Scardino">Marjorie Scardino</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former/defunct companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All_American_Television" title="All American Television">All American Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearson_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearson Television">Pearson Television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penguin_Random_House" title="Penguin Random House">Penguin Random House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RTL_Group" title="RTL Group">RTL Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fremantle_(company)" title="Fremantle (company)">Fremantle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotti_Brothers_Records" title="Scotti Brothers Records">Scotti Brothers Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Group" title="The Economist Group">The Economist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Software_Toolworks" title="The Software Toolworks">The Software Toolworks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pearson_plc" title="Category:Pearson plc">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Template talk:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Media in the United Kingdom"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Media_in_the_United_Kingdom" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Mass media in the United Kingdom">Media in the United Kingdom</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="UK_national_newspapers,_magazines,_and_other_periodicals" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">UK national newspapers, magazines, and other periodicals</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Newspapers(History,_Circulation)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom">Newspapers</a> (<a href="/wiki/History_of_British_newspapers" title="History of British newspapers">History</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom_by_circulation" title="List of newspapers in the United Kingdom by circulation">Circulation</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Broadsheet" title="Broadsheet">Broadsheet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Financial_Times" title="Financial Times">Financial Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Telegraph" title="The Sunday Telegraph">The Sunday Telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_Times" title="The Sunday Times">The Sunday Times</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compact_(newspaper)" title="Compact (newspaper)">Compact</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_(newspaper)" title="I (newspaper)">i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Observer" title="The Observer">The Observer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Middle-market_newspaper" title="Middle-market newspaper">Middle-market</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Express" title="Daily Express">Daily Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail" title="Daily Mail">Daily Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mail_on_Sunday" title="The Mail on Sunday">The Mail on Sunday</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tabloid_(newspaper_format)" title="Tabloid (newspaper format)">Tabloid</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mirror" title="Daily Mirror">Daily Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Mirror" title="Sunday Mirror">Sunday Mirror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morning_Star_(British_newspaper)" title="Morning Star (British newspaper)">Morning Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sunday_People" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sunday People">The Sunday People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_(United_Kingdom)" title="Daily Star (United Kingdom)">Daily Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Star_Sunday" title="Daily Star Sunday">Daily Star Sunday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_(United_Kingdom)" title="The Sun (United Kingdom)">The Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_Sport" title="Sunday Sport">Sunday Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weekend_Sport_(tabloid)" class="mw-redirect" title="Weekend Sport (tabloid)">Weekend Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midweek_Sport" class="mw-redirect" title="Midweek Sport">Midweek Sport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Magazines and other periodicals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines in the United Kingdom">List of magazines in the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magazines_by_circulation#United_Kingdom" title="List of magazines by circulation">List of magazines by circulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Radio_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Radio in the United Kingdom">Radio in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#National_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">National stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio" title="BBC Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1" title="BBC Radio 1">BBC Radio 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_1Xtra" title="BBC Radio 1Xtra">BBC Radio 1Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_2" title="BBC Radio 2">BBC Radio 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4" title="BBC Radio 4">BBC Radio 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_4_Extra" title="BBC Radio 4 Extra">BBC Radio 4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Live" title="BBC Radio 5 Live">BBC Radio 5 Live</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_5_Sports_Extra" title="BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra">BBC Radio 5 Sports Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_6_Music" title="BBC Radio 6 Music">BBC Radio 6 Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Asian_Network" title="BBC Asian Network">BBC Asian Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_World_Service" title="BBC World Service">BBC World Service</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_National_DAB" title="BBC National DAB">BBC National DAB</a> (multiplex)</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_National_Radio" title="Independent National Radio">Independent / commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Absolute_Radio_Network" title="Absolute Radio Network">Absolute Radio Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Forces_Broadcasting_Service" title="British Forces Broadcasting Service">BFBS Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_(radio_network)" title="Capital (radio network)">Capital</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Capital_Xtra" title="Capital Xtra">Capital Xtra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Classic_FM_(UK)" title="Classic FM (UK)">Classic FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Digital_One" title="Digital One">Digital One</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_(British_radio_network)" title="Gold (British radio network)">Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio" title="Greatest Hits Radio">Greatest Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Heart_(radio_network)" title="Heart (radio network)">Heart</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio" title="Hits Radio">Hits Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Jazz_FM_(UK)" title="Jazz FM (UK)">Jazz FM</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Kiss_Network" title="Kiss Network">Kiss Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC" title="LBC">LBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/LBC_News" title="LBC News">LBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_(UK_radio_station)" title="Magic (UK radio station)">Magic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Magic_Classical" title="Magic Classical">Magic Classical</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Premier_Christian_Radio" title="Premier Christian Radio">Premier Christian Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/RNIB_Connect_Radio" title="RNIB Connect Radio">RNIB Connect Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sound_Digital" title="Sound Digital">Sound Digital</a> (multiplex)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Smooth_Radio_(2014)" title="Smooth Radio (2014)">Smooth Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talksport" title="Talksport">talkSPORT</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Talkradio" title="Talkradio">TalkRadio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Times_Radio" title="Times Radio">Times Radio</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/United_Christian_Broadcasters" title="United Christian Broadcasters">UCB UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Radio_UK" title="Virgin Radio UK">Virgin Radio UK</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Radio_X_(United_Kingdom)" title="Radio X (United Kingdom)">Radio X</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Local_and_regional_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">Regional and local stations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Local_Radio" title="BBC Local Radio">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#BBC_Local_Radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of BBC Local Radio stations</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Scotland" title="BBC Radio Scotland">BBC Radio Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_nan_G%C3%A0idheal" title="BBC Radio nan Gàidheal">BBC Radio nan Gàidheal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Foyle" title="BBC Radio Foyle">BBC Radio Foyle</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru_2" title="BBC Radio Cymru 2">Cymru 2</a></dd></dl></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Independent_Local_Radio" title="Independent Local Radio">Independent / commercial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Community_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of community radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Commercial_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of local commercial radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Semi-national_analogue_and_digital_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of semi-national / regional analogue and digital radio stations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other stations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Hospital_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of hospital radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_radio_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Pirate radio in the United Kingdom">Pirate radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a> (RSL) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#RSL_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of RSL stations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_radio_stations" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of satellite radio stations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom#Student_and_schools_radio" title="List of radio stations in the United Kingdom">List of student and schools radio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FM_broadcasting_in_the_UK" class="mw-redirect" title="FM broadcasting in the UK">FM broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy" title="Radio Academy">Radio Academy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Academy_Awards" title="Radio Academy Awards">Radio Academy Awards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Independents_Group" title="Radio Independents Group">Radio Independents Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAJAR" title="RAJAR">RAJAR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most-listened-to_radio_programs" title="List of most-listened-to radio programs">Most listened to programmes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Television_in_the_UK" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Television in the UK</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Principalchannels(List)" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Principal channels (<a href="/wiki/List_of_television_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of television channels in the United Kingdom">List</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/BBC_Television" title="BBC Television">BBC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Three" title="BBC Three">BBC Three</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Four" title="BBC Four">BBC Four</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_News_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC News (TV channel)">BBC News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Parliament" title="BBC Parliament">BBC Parliament</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Alba" title="BBC Alba">BBC Alba</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/BBC_Scotland_(TV_channel)" title="BBC Scotland (TV channel)">BBC Scotland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBBC" title="CBBC">CBBC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CBeebies" title="CBeebies">CBeebies</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/ITV1" title="ITV1">ITV1</a>/<a href="/wiki/STV_(TV_channel)" title="STV (TV channel)">STV</a>/<a href="/wiki/UTV_(TV_channel)" title="UTV (TV channel)">UTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV2" title="ITV2">ITV2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV3" title="ITV3">ITV3</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITV4" title="ITV4">ITV4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ITVBe" title="ITVBe">ITVBe</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel 4</a>/<a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/S4C" title="S4C">S4C</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_(TV_channel)" title="E4 (TV channel)">E4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/E4_Extra" title="E4 Extra">E4 Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Film4" title="Film4">Film4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/More4" title="More4">More4</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/4seven" title="4seven">4seven</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Star" title="5Star">5Star</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5USA" title="5USA">5USA</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Select" title="5Select">5Select</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/5Action" title="5Action">5Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_(British_TV_channel)" title="Comedy Central (British TV channel)">Comedy Central</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Comedy_Central_Extra" title="Comedy Central Extra">Comedy Central Extra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Music_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Music (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Music</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_Hits_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV Hits (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV Hits</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_80s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 80s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 80s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/MTV_90s_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="MTV 90s (British and Irish TV channel)">MTV 90s</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nickelodeon_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nickelodeon (British and Irish TV channel)">Nickelodeon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nicktoons_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nicktoons (British TV channel)">Nicktoons</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Nick_Jr._(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Nick Jr. (British and Irish TV channel)">Nick Jr.</a></dd> <dd>Nick Jr. Too</dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sky_UK" title="Sky UK">Sky UK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Challenge_(TV_channel)" title="Challenge (TV channel)">Challenge</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Arts" title="Sky Arts">Sky Arts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Atlantic" title="Sky Atlantic">Sky Atlantic</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Cinema" title="Sky Cinema">Sky Cinema</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Comedy" title="Sky Comedy">Sky Comedy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Crime" title="Sky Crime">Sky Crime</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Documentaries" title="Sky Documentaries">Sky Documentaries</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/History_(European_TV_channel)" title="History (European TV channel)">Sky History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/H2_(A%26E_Networks)" title="H2 (A&E Networks)">Sky History 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Kids_(TV_channel)" title="Sky Kids (TV channel)">Sky Kids</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Max" title="Sky Max">Sky Max</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Mix" title="Sky Mix">Sky Mix</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Nature" title="Sky Nature">Sky Nature</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_News" title="Sky News">Sky News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Replay" title="Sky Replay">Sky Replay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sci-Fi" title="Sky Sci-Fi">Sky Sci-Fi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Showcase" title="Sky Showcase">Sky Showcase</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Box_Office" title="Sky Box Office">Sky Sports Box Office</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_F1" title="Sky Sports F1">Sky Sports F1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_News" title="Sky Sports News">Sky Sports News</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports_Racing" title="Sky Sports Racing">Sky Sports Racing</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Sports" title="Sky Sports">Sky Sports</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sky_Witness_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Witness (TV channel)">Sky Witness</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/UKTV" title="UKTV">UKTV</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Alibi" title="U&Alibi">U&Alibi</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Dave" title="U&Dave">U&Dave</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Drama" title="U&Drama">U&Drama</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Eden" title="U&Eden">U&Eden</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Gold" title="U&Gold">U&Gold</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26W" title="U&W">U&W</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/U%26Yesterday" title="U&Yesterday">U&Yesterday</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Animal_Planet_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal Planet (British TV channel)">Animal Planet</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Boomerang_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Boomerang (British and Irish TV channel)">Boomerang</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Network_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoon Network (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoon Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cartoonito_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Cartoonito (British and Irish TV channel)">Cartoonito</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/CNN_International" title="CNN International">CNN International</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Channel_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Channel (British and Irish TV channel)">Discovery Channel</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_History" title="Discovery History">Discovery History</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Science_(European_TV_channel)" title="Discovery Science (European TV channel)">Discovery Science</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Discovery_Turbo" title="Discovery Turbo">Discovery Turbo</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/DMAX_(British_TV_channel)" title="DMAX (British TV channel)">DMAX</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_1" title="Eurosport 1">Eurosport 1</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Eurosport_2" title="Eurosport 2">Eurosport 2</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Food_Network" title="Food Network">Food Network</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/HGTV_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="HGTV (British and Irish TV channel)">HGTV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Investigation_Discovery_(European_TV_channel)" title="Investigation Discovery (European TV channel)">Investigation Discovery</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_(TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Quest (TV channel)">Quest</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Quest_Red" title="Quest Red">Quest Red</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Really_(TV_channel)" title="Really (TV channel)">Really</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TLC_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="TLC (British and Irish TV channel)">TLC</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/TNT_Sports_(United_Kingdom)" title="TNT Sports (United Kingdom)">TNT Sports</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Narrative Entertainment UK Limited</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Action" title="Great! Action">Great! Action</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Movies" title="Great! Movies">Great! Movies</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_Romance" title="Great! Romance">Great! Romance</a></dd> <dd>Great! Real</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Great!_TV" title="Great! TV">Great! TV</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_(British_and_Irish_TV_channel)" title="Pop (British and Irish TV channel)">Pop</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Pop_Max" title="Pop Max">Pop Max</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services and platforms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon Prime Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_iPlayer" title="BBC iPlayer">BBC iPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cable_television_by_region#United_Kingdom" title="Cable television by region">cable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_4_(VoD_service)" title="Channel 4 (VoD service)">Channel 4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital television in the United Kingdom">digital</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Digital terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">digital terrestrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_DTT_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of DTT channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EE_TV" title="EE TV">EE TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freely" title="Freely">Freely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freesat" title="Freesat">Freesat</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat%2B" title="Freesat+">Freesat+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High-definition_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="High-definition television in the United Kingdom">high-definition</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_HD_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of HD channels in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ITVX" title="ITVX">ITVX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Player" title="STV Player">STV Player</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Local television in the United Kingdom">local television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My5" title="My5">My5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Now_(streaming_service)" title="Now (streaming service)">Now</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount%2B" title="Paramount+">Paramount+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pop_Player" title="Pop Player">Pop Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Restricted_Service_Licence" title="Restricted Service Licence">Restricted Service Licence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Satellite_television" title="Television in the United Kingdom">satellite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_Astra_28.2%C2%B0E_(Ireland_and_the_United_Kingdom)" title="List of free-to-air channels at Astra 28.2°E (Ireland and the United Kingdom)">List of channels</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky Group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freesat_from_Sky" title="Freesat from Sky">Freesat from Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Demand_(Sky)" title="On Demand (Sky)">On Demand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B" title="Sky+">Sky+</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky%2B_HD" title="Sky+ HD">Sky+ HD</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV" title="TalkTalk TV">TalkTalk TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TVPlayer" title="TVPlayer">TVPlayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/U_(streaming_service)" title="U (streaming service)">U</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_TV" title="Virgin TV">Virgin Media</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FilmFlex" title="FilmFlex">FilmFlex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TiVo" title="TiVo">TiVo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%2B" title="V+">V+</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YouView" title="YouView">YouView</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue television in the United Kingdom">analogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Analogue_terrestrial_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Analogue terrestrial television in the United Kingdom">analogue terrestrial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Store" title="BBC Store">BBC Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_TV_Store" title="TalkTalk TV Store">TalkTalk TV Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Film4oD" title="Film4oD">Film4oD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real_Digital" title="Real Digital">Real Digital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Top_Up_TV" title="Top Up TV">Top Up TV</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Studios</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3_Mills_Studios" title="3 Mills Studios">3 Mills Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Cymru_Wales_New_Broadcasting_House" title="BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House">BBC Cymru Wales New Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Elstree_Centre" title="BBC Elstree Centre">BBC Elstree Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Pacific_Quay" title="BBC Pacific Quay">BBC Pacific Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bottle_Yard_Studios" title="The Bottle Yard Studios">The Bottle Yard Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House" title="Broadcasting House">Broadcasting House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Belfast" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Bristol" title="Broadcasting House, Bristol">Broadcasting House, Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock10_(television_facility)" title="Dock10 (television facility)">Dock10</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elstree_Studios_(Shenley_Road)" title="Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)">Elstree Studios (Shenley Road)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gas_Street_Studios" title="Gas Street Studios">Gas Street Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Leeds_Studios" title="The Leeds Studios">The Leeds Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Maidstone_Studios" title="The Maidstone Studios">The Maidstone Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mailbox_Birmingham" title="Mailbox Birmingham">Mailbox Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MediaCityUK" title="MediaCityUK">MediaCityUK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granada_Studios" title="Granada Studios">Old Granada Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riverside_Studios" title="Riverside Studios">Riverside Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roath_Lock" title="Roath Lock">Roath Lock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sharp_Project" title="The Sharp Project">The Sharp Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Campus" title="Sky Campus">Sky Campus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Space_Studios_Manchester" title="Space Studios Manchester">Space Studios Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_London" title="Television Centre, London">Television Centre, London</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Cardiff" title="Broadcasting House, Cardiff">Broadcasting House, Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dickenson_Road_Studios" title="Dickenson Road Studios">Dickenson Road Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_Studios" title="Fountain Studios">Fountain Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hospital_Club" title="The Hospital Club">The Hospital Club</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lime_Grove_Studios" title="Lime Grove Studios">Lime Grove Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limehouse_Studios" title="Limehouse Studios">Limehouse Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_London_Studios" title="The London Studios">The London Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MGM-British_Studios" title="MGM-British Studios">MGM-British Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Broadcasting_House,_Manchester" title="New Broadcasting House, Manchester">New Broadcasting House, Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pebble_Mill_Studios" title="Pebble Mill Studios">Pebble Mill Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teddington_Studios" title="Teddington Studios">Teddington Studios</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne">Television Centre, Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_Centre,_Southampton" title="Television Centre, Southampton">Television Centre, Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Boat_Studios" title="Upper Boat Studios">Upper Boat Studios</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Television in Northern Ireland">Television in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Scotland" title="Television in Scotland">in Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Wales" title="Television in Wales">in Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_former_TV_channels_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of former TV channels in the United Kingdom">Defunct channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_International_Television_Festival" title="Edinburgh International Television Festival">Edinburgh International Television Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#History" title="Television in the United Kingdom">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_British_television" title="List of years in British television">List of years</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of television stations in the United Kingdom">List of channels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_United_Kingdom#Viewing_statistics" title="Television in the United Kingdom">Viewing statistics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_most_watched_television_broadcasts#United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="List of most watched television broadcasts">Most-watched broadcasts</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Companies_and_organisations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Companies and organisations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major companies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ascential" title="Ascential">Ascential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banijay_UK_Productions" title="Banijay UK Productions">Banijay UK Productions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bauer_Media_Audio_UK" title="Bauer Media Audio UK">Bauer Media Audio UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channel_Four_Television_Corporation" title="Channel Four Television Corporation">Channel Four Television Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_Mail_and_General_Trust" title="Daily Mail and General Trust">Daily Mail and General Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dentsu_International" title="Dentsu International">Dentsu International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economist_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="Economist Group">Economist Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EMI_Music_Publishing" title="EMI Music Publishing">EMI Music Publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Future_plc" title="Future plc">Future plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Global_Media_%26_Entertainment" title="Global Media & Entertainment">Global Media & Entertainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Media_Group" title="Guardian Media Group">Guardian Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haymarket_Media_Group" title="Haymarket Media Group">Haymarket Media Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITN" title="ITN">ITN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITV_plc" title="ITV plc">ITV plc</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Narrative_Capital&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Narrative Capital (page does not exist)">Narrative Capital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_World" title="National World">National World</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_Broadcasting" title="News Broadcasting">News Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/News_UK" title="News UK">News UK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newsquest" title="Newsquest">Newsquest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_%26_Shell" title="Northern & Shell">Northern & Shell</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Holdings" title="Press Holdings">Press Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_plc" title="Reach plc">Reach plc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reuters" title="Reuters">Reuters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Group" title="Sky Group">Sky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STV_Group" title="STV Group">STV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syco" class="mw-redirect" title="Syco">Syco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TalkTalk_Group" title="TalkTalk Group">TalkTalk Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramount_Networks_UK_%26_Australia" title="Paramount Networks UK & Australia">Paramount Networks UK & Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Media_O2" title="Virgin Media O2">Virgin Media O2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">The Walt Disney Company (UK) Ltd.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._Discovery_EMEA" title="Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA">Warner Bros. Discovery EMEA</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Resources</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arqiva" title="Arqiva">Arqiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_book_publishers_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of largest book publishers of the United Kingdom">List of largest UK book publishers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government and regulatory bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advertising_Standards_Authority_(United_Kingdom)" title="Advertising Standards Authority (United Kingdom)">Advertising Standards Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Board" title="BBC Board">BBC Board</a> (formerly: <a href="/wiki/BBC_Trust" title="BBC Trust">BBC Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_of_Governors_of_the_BBC" title="Board of Governors of the BBC">Board of Governors of the BBC</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Board_of_Film_Classification" title="British Board of Film Classification">British Board of Film Classification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Film_Institute" title="British Film Institute">British Film Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture,_Media_and_Sport_Committee" title="Culture, Media and Sport Committee">Culture, Media, and Sport Select Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Department_for_Culture,_Media_and_Sport" title="Department for Culture, Media and Sport">Department for Culture, Media and Sport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Press_Standards_Organisation" title="Independent Press Standards Organisation">Independent Press Standards Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ofcom" title="Ofcom">Ofcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Press_Recognition_Panel" title="Press Recognition Panel">Press Recognition Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S4C_Authority" title="S4C Authority">S4C Authority</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry and trades bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Academy_of_Film_and_Television_Arts" title="British Academy of Film and Television Arts">British Academy of Film and Television Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Phonographic_Industry" title="British Phonographic Industry">British Phonographic Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting,_Entertainment,_Cinematograph_and_Theatre_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union">Broadcasting, Entertainment, Cinematograph and Theatre Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clearcast" title="Clearcast">Clearcast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_TV_Group" title="Digital TV Group">Digital TV Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_(trade_union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Equity (trade union)">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everyone_TV" title="Everyone TV">Everyone TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_Against_Copyright_Theft" title="Federation Against Copyright Theft">Federation Against Copyright Theft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_Publishers_Guild" title="Independent Publishers Guild">Independent Publishers Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_of_Journalists" title="National Union of Journalists">National Union of Journalists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Publishers_Association" title="The Publishers Association">The Publishers Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Television_Society" title="Royal Television Society">Royal Television Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_Independent_Broadcasting" title="United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting">United Kingdom Independent Broadcasting</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Academy" title="BBC Academy">BBC Academy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Film_and_Television_School" title="National Film and Television School">National Film and Television School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Science_and_Media_Museum" title="National Science and Media Museum">National Science and Media Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Regional_and_student_media" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Regional and student media</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Regional media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Media in England <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Birmingham" title="Media in Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_London" title="Media in London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Manchester" title="Media in Manchester">Manchester</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Scotland" title="Media of Scotland">Media in Scotland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Aberdeen" title="Media in Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Dundee" title="Media in Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Glasgow" title="Media in Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Wales" title="Media of Wales">Media in Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Media_in_Cardiff" title="Media in Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Student media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Student_television_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Student television in the United Kingdom">Student television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_student_newspapers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="List of student newspapers in the United Kingdom">Student press</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Mass_media_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Mass media in the United Kingdom">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_FTSE_100_companies_of_the_United_Kingdom_→_FTSE_250" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FTSE_100_Index_constituents" title="Template:FTSE 100 Index constituents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FTSE_100_Index_constituents" title="Template talk:FTSE 100 Index constituents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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companies of the United Kingdom   → <a href="/wiki/FTSE_250_Index" title="FTSE 250 Index">FTSE 250</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/3i" title="3i">3i</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Admiral_Group" title="Admiral Group">Admiral Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airtel_Africa" title="Airtel Africa">Airtel Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo_American_plc" title="Anglo American plc">Anglo American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antofagasta_plc" title="Antofagasta plc">Antofagasta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ashtead_Group" title="Ashtead Group">Ashtead Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Associated_British_Foods" title="Associated British Foods">Associated British Foods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AstraZeneca" title="AstraZeneca">AstraZeneca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auto_Trader_Group" title="Auto Trader Group">Auto Trader Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aviva" title="Aviva">Aviva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%26M" title="B&M">B&M</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BAE_Systems" title="BAE Systems">BAE Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclays" title="Barclays">Barclays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barratt_Redrow" title="Barratt Redrow">Barratt Redrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beazley_plc" title="Beazley plc">Beazley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkeley_Group_Holdings" title="Berkeley Group Holdings">Berkeley Group Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_American_Tobacco" title="British American Tobacco">British American Tobacco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Land" title="British Land">British Land</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">BT Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bunzl" title="Bunzl">Bunzl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centrica" title="Centrica">Centrica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coca-Cola_Hellenic_Bottling_Company" title="Coca-Cola Hellenic Bottling Company">Coca-Cola HBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Group" title="Compass Group">Compass Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convatec" title="Convatec">Convatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croda_International" title="Croda International">Croda International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DCC_plc" title="DCC plc">DCC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diageo" title="Diageo">Diageo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diploma_plc" title="Diploma plc">Diploma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EasyJet" title="EasyJet">EasyJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavour_Mining" title="Endeavour Mining">Endeavour Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entain" title="Entain">Entain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experian" title="Experian">Experian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F_%26_C_Investment_Trust" title="F & C Investment Trust">F & C Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frasers_Group" title="Frasers Group">Frasers Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fresnillo_plc" title="Fresnillo plc">Fresnillo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glencore" title="Glencore">Glencore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK_plc" title="GSK plc">GSK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haleon" title="Haleon">Haleon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halma_plc" title="Halma plc">Halma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hargreaves_Lansdown" title="Hargreaves Lansdown">Hargreaves Lansdown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hikma_Pharmaceuticals" title="Hikma Pharmaceuticals">Hikma Pharmaceuticals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiscox" title="Hiscox">Hiscox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdens_Joinery" title="Howdens Joinery">Howdens Joinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HSBC" title="HSBC">HSBC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IHG_Hotels_%26_Resorts" title="IHG Hotels & Resorts">IHG Hotels & Resorts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IMI_plc" title="IMI plc">IMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Brands" title="Imperial Brands">Imperial Brands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Informa" title="Informa">Informa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intermediate_Capital_Group" title="Intermediate Capital Group">Intermediate Capital Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Airlines_Group" title="International Airlines Group">International Airlines Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intertek" title="Intertek">Intertek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JD_Sports" title="JD Sports">JD Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingfisher_plc" title="Kingfisher plc">Kingfisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landsec" title="Landsec">Land Securities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lloyds_Banking_Group" title="Lloyds Banking Group">Lloyds Banking Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LondonMetric_Property" title="LondonMetric Property">LondonMetric Property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Stock_Exchange_Group" title="London Stock Exchange Group">London Stock Exchange Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%26G" title="M&G">M&G</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marks_%26_Spencer" title="Marks & Spencer">Marks & Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melrose_Industries" title="Melrose Industries">Melrose Industries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mondi" title="Mondi">Mondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Grid_plc" title="National Grid plc">National Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NatWest_Group" title="NatWest Group">NatWest Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_plc" title="Next plc">Next</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pearson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pershing_Square_Holdings" title="Pershing Square Holdings">Pershing Square Holdings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persimmon_plc" title="Persimmon plc">Persimmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Group" title="Phoenix Group">Phoenix Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prudential_plc" title="Prudential plc">Prudential</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reckitt" title="Reckitt">Reckitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RELX" title="RELX">RELX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rentokil_Initial" title="Rentokil Initial">Rentokil Initial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rightmove" title="Rightmove">Rightmove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rio_Tinto_(corporation)" title="Rio Tinto (corporation)">Rio Tinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Holdings" title="Rolls-Royce Holdings">Rolls-Royce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sage_Group" title="Sage Group">Sage Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sainsbury%27s" title="Sainsbury's">J Sainsbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schroders" title="Schroders">Schroders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_Mortgage_Investment_Trust" title="Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust">Scottish Mortgage Investment Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segro" title="Segro">Segro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Severn_Trent" title="Severn Trent">Severn Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shell_plc" title="Shell plc">Shell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DS_Smith" title="DS Smith">DS Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smith_%26_Nephew" title="Smith & Nephew">Smith & Nephew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smiths_Group" 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