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id="toc-Border_dispute" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Border_dispute"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Border dispute</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Border_dispute-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Moratorium_on_commercial_fishing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Moratorium_on_commercial_fishing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Moratorium on commercial fishing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Moratorium_on_commercial_fishing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Geography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hydrology_and_climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hydrology_and_climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Hydrology and climate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hydrology_and_climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flora_and_fauna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flora_and_fauna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Flora and fauna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flora_and_fauna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Human activities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oil_and_gas_exploration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oil_and_gas_exploration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Oil and gas exploration</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Oil_and_gas_exploration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Beaufort Sea</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 89 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-89" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">89 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%A5%D1%8B" title="Бофорт Хы – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Бофорт Хы" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Адыгэбзэ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortsee" title="Beaufortsee – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beaufortsee" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بحر بوفورت – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بحر بوفورت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofort_d%C9%99nizi" title="Bofort dənizi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bofort dənizi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C" title="بوفورت دنیزی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بوفورت دنیزی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%B0" title="বোফর্ট সাগর – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বোফর্ট সাগর" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_H%C3%A1i" title="Beaufort Hái – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Beaufort Hái" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B8%D2%A3%D0%B3%D0%B5%D2%99%D0%B5" title="Бофорт диңгеҙе – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Бофорт диңгеҙе" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мора Бофарта – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Мора Бофарта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мора Бафорта – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Мора Бафорта" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82" title="Море Бофорт – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Море Бофорт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortovo_more" title="Beaufortovo more – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Beaufortovo more" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mor_Beaufort" title="Mor Beaufort – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Mor Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD%C4%95%D1%81%C4%95" title="Бофорт тинĕсĕ – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Бофорт тинĕсĕ" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Beaufort Sea" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortovo_mo%C5%99e" title="Beaufortovo moře – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Beaufortovo moře" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4r_Beaufort" title="Môr Beaufort – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Môr Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauforthavet" title="Beauforthavet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Beauforthavet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortsee" title="Beaufortsee – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beaufortsee" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauforti_meri" title="Beauforti meri – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Beauforti meri" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%BF%CF%86%CF%8C%CF%81" title="Θάλασσα Μποφόρ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θάλασσα Μποφόρ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort-maro" title="Beaufort-maro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Beaufort-maro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_itsasoa" title="Beaufort itsasoa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Beaufort itsasoa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="دریای بوفورت – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دریای بوفورت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Samundar" title="Beaufort Samundar – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Beaufort Samundar" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mer_de_Beaufort" title="Mer de Beaufort – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Mer de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortsee" title="Beaufortsee – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Beaufortsee" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B3%B4%ED%8D%BC%ED%8A%B8%ED%95%B4" title="보퍼트해 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="보퍼트해" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%B8%D6%86%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%AE%D5%B8%D5%BE" title="Բոֆորտի ծով – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բոֆորտի ծով" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortovo_more" title="Beaufortovo more – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Beaufortovo more" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baybay_Beaufort" title="Baybay Beaufort – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Baybay Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Beaufort" title="Laut Beaufort – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Laut Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort-haf" title="Beaufort-haf – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Beaufort-haf" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_di_Beaufort" title="Mare di Beaufort – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Mare di Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%9D_%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%A8" title="ים בופור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ים בופור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A6%E1%83%95%E1%83%90" title="ბოფორტის ზღვა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბოფორტის ზღვა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%96%D0%B7%D1%96" title="Бофорт теңізі – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Бофорт теңізі" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahari_ya_Beaufort" title="Bahari ya Beaufort – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Bahari ya Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deryaya_Beaufort" title="Deryaya Beaufort – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Deryaya Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B4%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8" title="Бофорт деңизи – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Бофорт деңизи" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mare_Beaufort" title="Mare Beaufort – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mare Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boforta_j%C5%ABra" title="Boforta jūra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Boforta jūra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boforto_j%C5%ABra" title="Boforto jūra – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Boforto jūra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortzie%C3%AB" title="Beaufortzieë – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Beaufortzieë" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort-tenger" title="Beaufort-tenger – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beaufort-tenger" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бофортово Море – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Бофортово Море" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%BD" title="ബ്യൂഫോട്ട്‌ കടൽ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബ്യൂഫോട്ട്‌ കടൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A4%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%96%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A6%E1%83%90" title="ბოფორტიშ ზუღა – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბოფორტიშ ზუღა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بوفورت – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بوفورت" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laut_Beaufort" title="Laut Beaufort – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Laut Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%81" title="Бофортын тэнгис – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Бофортын тэнгис" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortzee" title="Beaufortzee – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beaufortzee" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%9C%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E6%B5%B7" title="ボーフォート海 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ボーフォート海" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D1%85%D3%80%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4" title="Бофортан хӀорд – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Бофортан хӀорд" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauforthavet" title="Beauforthavet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beauforthavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauforthavet" title="Beauforthavet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Beauforthavet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bofort_dengizi" title="Bofort dengizi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bofort dengizi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%AB%E0%A8%BC%E0%A9%8B%E0%A8%B0_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%A6%E0%A8%B0" title="ਬੋਫ਼ੋਰ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬੋਫ਼ੋਰ ਸਮੁੰਦਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1_%D8%B3%D9%85%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1" title="بوفور سمندر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بوفور سمندر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortsee" title="Beaufortsee – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Beaufortsee" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morze_Beauforta" title="Morze Beauforta – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Morze Beauforta" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mar_de_Beaufort" title="Mar de Beaufort – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Mar de Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marea_Beaufort" title="Marea Beaufort – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Marea Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Море Бофорта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Море Бофорта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D2%95%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Бофорт байҕала – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Бофорт байҕала" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deti_Beaufort" title="Deti Beaufort – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Deti Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Sea" title="Beaufort Sea – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Beaufort Sea" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortovo_more" title="Beaufortovo more – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Beaufortovo more" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortovo_morje" title="Beaufortovo morje – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Beaufortovo morje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Бофорово море – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бофорово море" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boforovo_more" title="Boforovo more – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Boforovo more" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufortinmeri" title="Beaufortinmeri – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Beaufortinmeri" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beauforthavet" title="Beauforthavet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Beauforthavet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பியூஃபர்ட் கடல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பியூஃபர்ட் கடல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%95" title="ทะเลโบฟอร์ต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทะเลโบฟอร์ต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beaufort_Denizi" title="Beaufort Denizi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Beaufort Denizi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Море Бофорта – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Море Бофорта" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%81_%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="بحیرہ بیوفورت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بحیرہ بیوفورت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bi%E1%BB%83n_Beaufort" title="Biển Beaufort – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Biển Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dagat_Beaufort" title="Dagat Beaufort – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Dagat Beaufort" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%A2%E5%BC%97%E7%89%B9%E6%B5%B7" title="波弗特海 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="波弗特海" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%92kun_Beaufort" title="Òkun Beaufort – Yoruba" lang="yo" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaufort_Sea&params=72_N_137_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">72°N</span> <span class="longitude">137°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">72°N 137°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">72; -137</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Marginal sea of the Arctic Ocean north of the Northwest Territories, the Yukon, and Alaska</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="background-color: #cedeff; font-size: 125%;">Beaufort Sea</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beaufortzee.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beaufortzee.PNG/264px-Beaufortzee.PNG" decoding="async" width="264" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beaufortzee.PNG/396px-Beaufortzee.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Beaufortzee.PNG/528px-Beaufortzee.PNG 2x" data-file-width="747" data-file-height="492" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="line-height: 1.2; border-bottom: 1px solid #cedeff;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:256px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:256px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:256px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beaufort Sea is located in North America"><img alt="Beaufort Sea is located in North America" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/256px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="256" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/384px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg/512px-North_America_laea_relief_location_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1185" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:17.127%;left:36.645%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-3px;top:-3px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Beaufort Sea"><img alt="Beaufort Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/6px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="6" height="6" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/9px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></span></span></div><div class="pr" style="width:6em;left:4px"><div>Beaufort Sea</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em"></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span title="Geographical coordinates">Coordinates</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaufort_Sea&params=72_N_137_W_type:waterbody_scale:10000000"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">72°N</span> <span class="longitude">137°W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">72°N 137°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">72; -137</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Body_of_water#Waterbody_types" title="Body of water">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">Basin</a> countries</th><td class="infobox-data">Canada and United States</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Surface area</th><td class="infobox-data">476,000 km<sup>2</sup> (184,000 sq mi)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Average depth</th><td class="infobox-data">124 m (407 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Max. depth</th><td class="infobox-data">4,683 m (15,364 ft)</td></tr><tr class="note"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Water volume</th><td class="infobox-data">22,000 km<sup>3</sup> (1.8<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> acre⋅ft)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="border-bottom: #cedeff 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Frozen</th><td class="infobox-data">Almost all year round</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">References</th><td class="infobox-data note"><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bse_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Beaufort Sea</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'b' in 'buy'">b</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'f' in 'find'">f</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">BOH</span>-fərt</i></a>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: <i lang="fr">Mer de Beaufort</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Marginal_sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Marginal sea">marginal sea</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wright2001_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wright2001-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> located north of the <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>, and west of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Arctic_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Arctic Archipelago">Canadian Arctic Archipelago</a>. The sea is named after Sir <a href="/wiki/Francis_Beaufort" title="Francis Beaufort">Francis Beaufort</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hydrography" title="Hydrography">hydrographer</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mackenzie_River" title="Mackenzie River">Mackenzie River</a>, the longest in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, empties into the Canadian part of the Beaufort Sea west of <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a>, which is one of the few permanent settlements on the sea's shores. </p><p>The sea, characterized by severe climate, is frozen over most of the year. Historically, only a narrow pass up to 100 km (62 mi) opened in August–September near its shores, but recently due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a> the ice-free area in late summer has greatly enlarged. Until recently, the Beaufort Sea was known as an important reservoir for the replenishment of Arctic sea ice.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sea ice would often rotate for several years in the <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a>, the dominant ocean current of the Beaufort Sea, growing into sturdy and thick multi-year ice.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Claims that the seacoast was populated about 30,000 years ago have been largely discredited (see below); present population density is very low. The sea contains significant resources of petroleum and <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> under its shelf, such as the Amauligak field. They were discovered in the period between the 1950s and 1980s, and since the latter part of that period their exploration has become the major human activity in the area. The traditional occupations of fishing and whale and seal hunting are practiced only locally, and have no commercial significance. As a result, the sea hosts one of the largest colonies of <a href="/wiki/Beluga_whale" title="Beluga whale">beluga whales</a>, and there is no sign of <a href="/wiki/Overfishing" title="Overfishing">overfishing</a> as of now. To prevent overfishing in its waters, the US adopted a precautionary commercial fisheries management plan in August 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In April 2011, the Canadian government signed a memorandum of understanding with the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit" title="Inuvialuit">Inuvialuit</a> as a first step in developing a larger ocean management plan.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Canadian government announced in October 2014 that no new commercial fisheries in the Beaufort Sea will be considered until research has shown sustainable stocks that would be made available to Inuvialuit first.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Canadian government designated blocks of the Beaufort Sea as <a href="/wiki/Marine_protected_area" title="Marine protected area">Marine Protected Areas</a> (MPAs). The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anguniaqvia_niqiqyuam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam (page does not exist)">Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam</a> MPA surrounds the <a href="/wiki/Parry_Peninsula" title="Parry Peninsula">Parry Peninsula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a>, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarium_Niryutait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarium Niryutait (page does not exist)">Tarium Niryutait</a> MPA is located at the Mackenzie River delta and estuary.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-tn_mpa_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tn_mpa-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-an_mpa_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-an_mpa-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The protected areas are set to protect species and habitats for the <a href="/wiki/Inuvialuit_Settlement_Region" title="Inuvialuit Settlement Region">Inuvialuit</a> community. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg/220px-NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg/330px-NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg/440px-NOAA_arctic_spring_1950_corp1104-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1747" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Melting ice in the Beaufort Sea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/220px-Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/330px-Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg/440px-Sea_Ice_Retreat_in_the_Beaufort_Sea_-_Flickr_-_NASA_Goddard_Photo_and_Video.jpg 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="967" /></a><figcaption>Sea Ice Retreat in the Beaufort Sea</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Extent">Extent</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Extent"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Hydrographic_Organization" title="International Hydrographic Organization">International Hydrographic Organization</a> defines the limits of the Beaufort Sea as follows:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <blockquote> <p><i>On the North.</i> A line from <a href="/wiki/Point_Barrow" title="Point Barrow">Point Barrow</a>, Alaska, to Lands End, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Patrick_Island" title="Prince Patrick Island">Prince Patrick Island</a> (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaufort_Sea&params=76_16_N_124_08_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">76°16′N</span> <span class="longitude">124°08′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">76.267°N 124.133°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">76.267; -124.133</span></span></span></a></span></span>). </p><p><i>On the East.</i> From Lands End through the Southwest coast of Prince Patrick Island to Griffiths Point, thence a line to Cape Prince Alfred, the Northwestern extreme of <a href="/wiki/Banks_Island" title="Banks Island">Banks Island</a>, through its West coast to Cape Kellet, the Southwestern point, and thence a line to <a href="/wiki/Cape_Bathurst" title="Cape Bathurst">Cape Bathurst</a> on the mainland (<span class="geo-inline"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Beaufort_Sea&params=70_36_N_127_32_W_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">70°36′N</span> <span class="longitude">127°32′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">70.600°N 127.533°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">70.600; -127.533</span></span></span></a></span></span>). </p> </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Border_dispute">Border dispute</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Border dispute"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/350px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg" decoding="async" width="350" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/525px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg/700px-Arctic_management_area_and_disputed_waters.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2095" data-file-height="1312" /></a><figcaption>The cross-hatched wedge-shaped region in the east is claimed by both Canada and the US</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic#Beaufort_Sea" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Territorial claims in the Arctic § Beaufort Sea</a></div> <p>There is an unresolved dispute involving a wedge-shaped slice on the <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border" title="Canada–United States border">International Boundary</a> in the Beaufort Sea, between the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">territory</a> of Yukon and the U.S. state of Alaska. Canada claims the <a href="/wiki/Maritime_boundary" title="Maritime boundary">maritime boundary</a> to be along the <a href="/wiki/141st_meridian_west" title="141st meridian west">141st meridian west</a> out to a distance of 200 <a href="/wiki/Nautical_mile" title="Nautical mile">nmi</a> (370 km; 230 mi), following the Alaska–Yukon land border.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This follows the <a href="/wiki/Natural_prolongation_principle" title="Natural prolongation principle">natural prolongation principle</a>, which holds that a nation's maritime boundary should reflect the 'natural prolongation' of where its land territory reaches the coast. The position of the United States is that the boundary line should be perpendicular to the coast out to a distance of 200 nmi (370 km; 230 mi), following a line of equidistance from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Equidistance_principle" title="Equidistance principle">equidistance principle</a> argues that a nation's maritime boundaries should conform to a median line that is <a href="/wiki/Equidistant" title="Equidistant">equidistant</a> from the shores of neighbouring nations. This difference creates a wedge with an area of about 21,000 km<sup>2</sup> (8,100 sq mi) that is claimed by both nations.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Canada's position has its roots in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Saint_Petersburg_(1825)" title="Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)">Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1825)</a> between the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> that set the boundary between the two. Canada is the <a href="/wiki/Succession_of_states" title="Succession of states">successor state</a> to Great Britain in relation to this treaty, which stipulates:<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>the line of demarcation shall follow the summit of the mountains situated parallel to the Coast, as far as the point of intersection of the 141st degree of West longitude […] and, finally, from the said point of intersection, the said Meridian Line of the 141st degree, in its prolongation as far as the Frozen Ocean</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Article 3, <i>Convention between Great Britain and Russia concerning the Limits of their Respective Possessions on the North-West Coast of America and the Navigation of the Pacific Ocean</i>, 1825-02-16, 75 CTS 95<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></cite></div></blockquote> <p>Canada maintains that this treaty is extensible from the land into the Beaufort Sea along the meridian. The United States rejects this extension and instead asserts a boundary line based upon equidistance, although its position is somewhat undermined by its acceptance in 1867 of similar treaty wording and a similar interpretation under the treaty whereby <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Purchase" title="Alaska Purchase">it acquired Alaska</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Both the U.S. and Canada agree that they are bound by the 1958 <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Continental_Shelf" title="Convention on the Continental Shelf">Convention on the Continental Shelf</a>; and they both agree that the boundary should be "equitable", as determined by the <a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice" title="International Court of Justice">International Court of Justice</a>. They differ on what should be deemed "equitable". The U.S. contends that "equidistance is an appropriate principle for determining a maritime boundary where there are no special circumstances in the area and when equidistance results in a boundary in accordance with equitable principles". Canada contends that an <a href="/wiki/Equidistance_principle" title="Equidistance principle">equidistance principle</a> does not result in an equitable boundary, because distortion would occur. The coast of Yukon is concave, whereas the coast of Alaska is convex; and thus an equidistance principle would result in a significant extension of the U.S. possession.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dispute has taken on increased significance due to the possible presence of natural reserves within the wedge,<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which according to Canada's <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Board" title="National Energy Board">National Energy Board</a> may contain 1,700,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> (6.0<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> cu ft) of gas, which would cover the national consumption for 20 years, and more than 1,000,000,000 m<sup>3</sup> (3.5<span style="margin:0 .15em 0 .25em">×</span>10<sup>10</sup> cu ft) of oil.<sup id="cite_ref-bbc_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bbc-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because of this, Canada argues that "special circumstances" apply to this border, a position that the U.S. rejects.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This dispute is in this respect a mirror image of the dispute between the U.S. and Canada over the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a>, where the U.S. argued for "special circumstances" and Canada argued for the equidistance principle.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (In that latter dispute, both of those arguments were rejected, and the border was drawn based upon geometric principles taking into account geographic factors.<sup id="cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) Neither the U.S. nor Canada has pressed for a swift resolution for the matter, or arbitration at the International Court of Justice, however;<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the two have in the meantime cooperated in several measures aimed at preserving the maritime environment.<sup id="cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before the end of 2004, the US leased eight plots of land below the water for oil exploration and exploitation, provoking a diplomatic protest from Canada.<sup id="cite_ref-ins_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 20 August 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> announced a <a href="/wiki/Moratorium_on_commercial_fishing_of_the_Beaufort_Sea" class="mw-redirect" title="Moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea">moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea</a> north of Alaska, including the disputed waters.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish2009-08-20_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish2009-08-20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCom2009-09-14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In July 2010, US–Canada negotiations have started in Ottawa with the next meeting planned in 2011.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The date of the event predicted near this tag has passed. (April 2014)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> A joint geological survey of the area has been initiated, and the issue was marked as settled by the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a> <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">World Factbook</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-CIAfactIssues_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CIAfactIssues-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though no official document has been released by September 2010. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moratorium_on_commercial_fishing">Moratorium on commercial fishing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Moratorium on commercial fishing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> On August 20, 2009 <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">United States Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> announced a <b>moratorium on fishing the Beaufort Sea</b> north of Alaska.<sup id="cite_ref-Fish2009-08-20_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fish2009-08-20-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCom2009-09-14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Locke: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"></p><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"As Arctic sea ice recedes due to climate change, there is increasing interest in commercial fishing in Arctic waters. We are in a position to plan for sustainable fishing that does not damage the overall health of this fragile ecosystem. This plan takes a precautionary approach to any development of commercial fishing in an area where there has been none in the past."</p></blockquote> <p>There is no widespread commercial fisheries in those waters now.<sup id="cite_ref-TreadwellTestimony2009-08_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TreadwellTestimony2009-08-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The moratorium was imposed in anticipation that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> would make those waters accessible to commercial fisheries. The moratorium stirred controversy in Canada because the region where the USA announced the moratorium included a large wedge-shaped region of disputed waters.<sup id="cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CanadaCom2009-09-14-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Randy Boswell, of <i><a href="/wiki/Canada.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada.com">Canada.com</a></i> wrote that the disputed area covered a 21,436 square kilometres (8,276 sq mi) section of the Beaufort Sea. He wrote that Canada had filed a "<a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_note" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic note">diplomatic note</a>" with the US in April when the USA first announced plans for the moratorium. <a href="/wiki/Jack_Layton" title="Jack Layton">Jack Layton</a>, leader of the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="New Democratic Party of Canada">New Democratic Party of Canada</a>, called the U.S. moratorium over the disputed waters in the Beaufort Sea the "largest encroachment on Canadian territory in our history."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Geography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg/220px-BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg/330px-BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/BeaufortSeaBathymetry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="359" data-file-height="369" /></a><figcaption>Topography of the Beaufort Sea area.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several rivers such as the <a href="/wiki/Kongakut_River" title="Kongakut River">Kongakut River</a> in Alaska and the Firth River in Yukon empty into the Beaufort. The major river to flow into the sea is the Mackenzie, Canada's longest, which empties into the Canadian part of the sea, west of Tuktoyaktuk. The <a href="/wiki/Continental_shelf" title="Continental shelf">coastal shelf</a> area is rather narrow, especially near and east of Point Barrow in the Alaskan part of the sea, and contains numerous <a href="/wiki/Submarine_canyon" title="Submarine canyon">submarine valleys</a>. It becomes wider near the delta of the Mackenzie River but nowhere exceeds 145 km (90 mi). Near the coast, the depths are shallower than 60 m (200 ft) but they rapidly increase northwards up to a few kilometers, transforming into a massive platform which is geologically similar to that of the oceans. There are many small islands in the sea and in the delta of the Mackenzie River. A few larger ones lie west of the Mackenzie River, such as <a href="/wiki/Herschel_Island" title="Herschel Island">Herschel Island</a> (4 km (2.5 mi) off the shore, area 18 km<sup>2</sup> (6.9 sq mi)) and <a href="/wiki/Barter_Island" title="Barter Island">Barter Island</a> (0.3 km (0.19 mi) from the coast, area 13 km<sup>2</sup> (5.0 sq mi)). The coasts are low, with the maximum elevations between 250 and 750 m (820 and 2,460 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The soil is frozen all year around at the depth below about 1 m (3 ft 3 in) or less, forming <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>, and only the top few tens of centimeters thaws in summer. Consequently, buildings have to be elevated above ground on wooden piles that are immersed into the permafrost.<sup id="cite_ref-britM_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg/220px-Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg/330px-Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg/440px-Mackenzie_river_enters_Beaufort_sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="9000" data-file-height="7500" /></a><figcaption>Mackenzie river enters Beaufort sea</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hydrology_and_climate">Hydrology and climate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Hydrology and climate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_ice_terrain.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/220px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/330px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sea_ice_terrain.jpg/440px-Sea_ice_terrain.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1716" data-file-height="1160" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sea_ice" title="Sea ice">Sea ice</a> pressure ridges in the Beaufort Sea off the northern coast of Alaska (spring 1949).</figcaption></figure> <p>The Beaufort Sea is frozen over through the year, except for August and September when the ice breaks near the coast and opens what was once a 50–100 km (31–62 mi) wide strip of open water.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the 2000s, due to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Arctic" title="Climate change in the Arctic">climate change in the Arctic</a>, the ice-free area in late summer greatly enlarged. During the record minimum extent of Arctic sea ice in September, 2012, the sea ice boundary had retreated northward much farther than normal from the coast.<sup id="cite_ref-nsidc_2012_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsidc_2012-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-anderson_2012_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-anderson_2012-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-NASA_2012_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NASA_2012-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The channels of the Mackenzie River thaw earlier, in late May–early June. This thawing increases the average water discharge from about 150,000 to 250,000 m<sup>3</sup>/s (5,300,000 to 8,800,000 cu ft/s).<sup id="cite_ref-britM_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hidden changes in the ice cover of the Beaufort Sea were discovered in 2009. Whereas the ice area remain stable, as detected by the observation satellites, so as the associated water temperature and <a href="/wiki/Salinity" title="Salinity">salinity</a>, the ice structure has changed recently. The new ice, called <a href="/wiki/Rotten_ice" title="Rotten ice">rotten ice</a>, is thinner and much weaker structurally.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The sea water has a stable temperature and is separated into four distinct layers as follows. The top 100 m (330 ft) are <a href="/wiki/Surface_water" title="Surface water">surface water</a> which has a temperature of −1.4 °C (29.5 °F) in summer and −1.8 °C (28.8 °F) in winter. The next layer is formed by the inflows from the Pacific Ocean and <a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a> coming through the <a href="/wiki/Bering_Strait" title="Bering Strait">Bering Strait</a>; it extends up to the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a>. The warmest, deep <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> layer has the temperatures between 0 and 1 °C (32 and 34 °F), and water at the bottom is a bit colder at −0.4 to −0.8 °C (31.3 to 30.6 °F).<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The average salinity varies between 28‰ and 32‰ (parts per thousand) from south to north.<sup id="cite_ref-bse_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bse-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Typical air temperatures (at Tuktoyaktuk) are −27 °C (−17 °F) in January and 11 °C (52 °F) in July.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The water currents form the clockwise-directed <a href="/wiki/Beaufort_Gyre" title="Beaufort Gyre">Beaufort Gyre</a>, that results in south-westerly and westerly currents near the shores.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Mackenzie River partly affects this circulation inducing minor eastwards streams near its mouth. The river annually brings about 15 million tonnes of sediments which are rich in <a href="/wiki/Dolomite_(mineral)" title="Dolomite (mineral)">dolomite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calcium_carbonate" title="Calcium carbonate">calcium carbonate</a>. Those deposits are spread over the sea and mixed with mud and gravel.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flora_and_fauna">Flora and fauna</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Flora and fauna"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The shoreline of the Beaufort Sea is covered with <a href="/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra">tundra</a> and marks the northern limit of the terrestrial range<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (October 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> of the <a href="/wiki/Polar_bear" title="Polar bear">polar bear</a> in North America. The Mackenzie River is an important habitat for whales and seabirds and is still relatively untouched by commercial traffic.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The delta of Mackenzie River contains numerous lakes and ponds which are inhabited by <a href="/wiki/Muskrat" title="Muskrat">muskrat</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-britM_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg/220px-Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg/330px-Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg/440px-Bearded_Seal_20130804_230751.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3638" data-file-height="2046" /></a><figcaption>Bearded seal</figcaption></figure> <p>The sea hosts about 80 species of <a href="/wiki/Zooplankton" title="Zooplankton">zooplankton</a>, more than 70 species of <a href="/wiki/Phytoplankton" title="Phytoplankton">phytoplankton</a>, and nearly 700 species of <a href="/wiki/Polychaete" title="Polychaete">polychaetes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bryozoa" title="Bryozoa">bryozoans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crustacean" title="Crustacean">crustaceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mollusca" title="Mollusca">mollusks</a>, but their total volume is relatively small owing to the cold climate.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Major fish species include <a href="/wiki/Polar_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Polar cod">polar cod</a> (<i>Boreogadus saida</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cod" class="mw-redirect" title="Arctic cod">Arctic cod</a> (<i>Arctogadus glacialis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Saffron_cod" title="Saffron cod">saffron cod</a> (<i>Eleginus gracilis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arctic_char" title="Arctic char">Arctic char</a> (<i>Salvelinus alpinus</i>), chum salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus keta</i>), <a href="/wiki/Arctic_cisco" title="Arctic cisco">Arctic cisco</a> (<i>Coregonus autumnalis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Least_cisco" class="mw-redirect" title="Least cisco">least cisco</a> (<i>Coregonus sardinella</i>), <a href="/wiki/Lake_whitefish" title="Lake whitefish">lake whitefish</a> (<i>Coregonus clupeaformis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Broad_whitefish" title="Broad whitefish">broad whitefish</a> (<i>Coregonus nasus</i>), <a href="/wiki/Pacific_herring" title="Pacific herring">Pacific herring</a> (<i>Clupea pallasii</i>), <a href="/wiki/Fourhorn_sculpin" title="Fourhorn sculpin">fourhorn sculpin</a> (<i>Myoxocephalus quadricornis</i>), <a href="/wiki/Stenodus_leucichthys" title="Stenodus leucichthys">inconnu</a> (<i>Stenodus leucichthys</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Flatfish" title="Flatfish">flatfish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beluga_or_white_whale,_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_(6182461448).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg/220px-Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="139" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg/330px-Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg/440px-Beluga_or_white_whale%2C_Delphinapterus_leucas_courtship_%286182461448%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1901" /></a><figcaption>Beluga whales</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Polar bear at the coast of the Beaufort Sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg/220px-Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg/330px-Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg/440px-Polar_bear_resting_but_alert_ursus_maritimus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2122" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Polar bear at the coast of the Beaufort Sea</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EndicottIsland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EndicottIsland.jpg/220px-EndicottIsland.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EndicottIsland.jpg/330px-EndicottIsland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/EndicottIsland.jpg/440px-EndicottIsland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1040" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Endicott_Island" title="Endicott Island">Endicott Island</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The eastern part of the sea is a major habitat of beluga whales with an estimated population of 39,000.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This population is stable and might even be increasing; it is not affected by the offshore <a href="/wiki/Oil_exploration" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil exploration">oil exploration</a> in the area.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Belugas spend summer in the coastal area and Mackenzie River delta, which are free of ice then, and in winter migrate long distances to the polynyas of the deep sea.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Genetic analyses have confirmed that belugas of the Beaufort Sea are clearly distinct from those of other Canadian and Alaskan waters, despite often sharing a common wintering habitat.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The food chain of the Beaufort Sea is relatively simple: It starts with phytoplankton and epontic <a href="/wiki/Algae" title="Algae">algae</a> (single-cell algae associated with the lower interface of sea ice<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), which provide energy to zooplankton, and epontic and coastal amphipods. The latter serve as a food for seabirds and fish, primarily as polar cod and Arctic char. Polar cod is a major food of Arctic char, beluga, <a href="/wiki/Narwhal" title="Narwhal">narwhal</a>, seabirds and seals, which are dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Bearded_seal" title="Bearded seal">bearded seal</a> (<i>Erignatus barbatus</i>) and <a href="/wiki/Ringed_seal" title="Ringed seal">ringed seal</a> (<i>Pusa hispida</i>). Bearded seal and <a href="/wiki/Walrus" title="Walrus">walrus</a> also feed on <a href="/wiki/Benthos" title="Benthos">benthic</a> invertebrates. On top of the food pyramid stands the polar bear, which feeds primarily on seals, but also on any large marine mammals when it has a chance, such as carcasses and whales trapped in ice fields.<sup id="cite_ref-p215_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Human_activities">Human activities</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Human activities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:State-of-Alaska-Map.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/State-of-Alaska-Map.png/300px-State-of-Alaska-Map.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/State-of-Alaska-Map.png/450px-State-of-Alaska-Map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/State-of-Alaska-Map.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the Trans-Alaska Pipeline colored in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>"There is only one proposed Early-Entry site in eastern Beringia that still has proponents, Bluefish Caves in the Porcupine River Basin, Yukon Territory, Canada. Claims of great antiquity in the area [e.g., 30kya] have a convoluted history. A caribou tibia flesher, the most diagnostic human implement from the Old Crow basin, had been dated at near 28 kya. When redated using accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) of small amounts of remnant collagen the bone produced a 1.8 kya date (Yesner 1996b:255)".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is no evidence for anomalous occupation of Beaufort coasts in the context of Arctic cultures generally, including the arrival about 4,000 years ago by <a href="/wiki/Paleo-Eskimo" title="Paleo-Eskimo">Paleo-Eskimos</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Dorset_culture" title="Dorset culture">Dorset culture</a>, around 1,000 years ago by the <a href="/wiki/Thule_people" title="Thule people">Thule</a> and finally by the modern <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>. From early ages, they practiced fishing – bones of Arctic char were found at the 4,000 years old settlements. While originally they lived nomadic life, later, they started to form permanent settlements. Their population is increasing, but the unemployment rate is relatively high.<sup id="cite_ref-p215_41-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p215-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/220px-Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/330px-Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/440px-Northstar_Offshore_Island_Beaufort_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Northstar_Island" title="Northstar Island">Northstar Island</a>, an artificial island northwest of Prudhoe Bay, is a site of oil and gas drilling</figcaption></figure> <p>Bowhead whales were hunted in the sea between 1888 and 1914. This practice stopped, first because of the decline in whale population and then because of government regulations, but <a href="/wiki/International_Whaling_Commission" title="International Whaling Commission">resumed</a> in the 1990s.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The major settlements along the Beaufort Sea are <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a> (population 930 in 2009<sup id="cite_ref-stats_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stats-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) in Canada and <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay,_Alaska" title="Prudhoe Bay, Alaska">Prudhoe Bay, Alaska</a>. Although Prudhoe Bay is permanently populated by only a few people, there are thousands of contract workers in the area employed on petroleum production at the <a href="/wiki/Prudhoe_Bay_Oil_Field" title="Prudhoe Bay Oil Field">Prudhoe Bay Oil Field</a>, which is on the coastal lowland known as the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_North_Slope" title="Alaska North Slope">North Slope</a>. <a href="/wiki/Artificial_island" title="Artificial island">Artificial islands</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Endicott_Island" title="Endicott Island">Endicott</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northstar_Island" title="Northstar Island">Northstar</a>, have been raised near the shores in 1987 and 2001, respectively. The crude oil is transported through the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Alaska_Pipeline_System" title="Trans-Alaska Pipeline System">Trans-Alaska Pipeline System</a> to the southern port of <a href="/wiki/Valdez,_Alaska" title="Valdez, Alaska">Valdez</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Fishing and sea hunting are practised by the local inhabitants and have no commercial value, especially after a US moratorium on commercial fishing of the Beaufort Sea, adopted in 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-brit_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-brit-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trapping of muskrat at the Mackenzie River delta was the main source of income for the <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan" class="mw-redirect" title="Athabaskan">Athabaskan</a> <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> peoples and <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a> during 1920–1960, but has since declined.<sup id="cite_ref-britM_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-britM-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oil_and_gas_exploration">Oil and gas exploration</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Oil and gas exploration"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/220px-1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/330px-1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg/440px-1987_sucker-dredger_Beaufort_Sea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="1840" /></a><figcaption>Dredger near <a href="/wiki/Tuktoyaktuk" title="Tuktoyaktuk">Tuktoyaktuk</a> on the Mackenzie River delta</figcaption></figure> <p>The Beaufort Sea contains major gas and petroleum reserves beneath the seabed, a continuation of proven reserves in the nearby Mackenzie River and North Slope.<sup id="cite_ref-ins_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ins-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Beaufort Sea was first explored for sub-shelf hydrocarbons in the 1950s and estimated to contain about 250 km<sup>3</sup> (60 cu mi) of oil and 300,000 km<sup>3</sup> (72,000 cu mi) of natural gas under its coastal shelf. Offshore drilling began in 1972; about 70 wells were set up by the 1980s<sup id="cite_ref-p233_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p233-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and 200 wells by 2000.<sup id="cite_ref-dow_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These activities resulted in dredging of about 46.5 million m3 of <a href="/wiki/Seabed" title="Seabed">sea bottom</a> soil, as well as discharge of drilling muds which contained <a href="/wiki/Baryte" title="Baryte">barite</a>, clay, <a href="/wiki/Sodium_hydroxide" title="Sodium hydroxide">caustic soda</a>, and heavy metals zinc, copper, lead, chromium, cobalt, nickel, cadmium and mercury. About 50,400 m<sup>3</sup> (1,780,000 cu ft) of oil was produced in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-p233_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-p233-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major gas field, named <b>Taglu Gas Field</b>, was discovered in the Mackenzie River delta in 1971,<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by the Parson Lake field and Niglintgak field. The estimated gas reserves of these fields are 58,600 km<sup>3</sup> (14,100 cu mi), 35,400 and 13,600 km<sup>3</sup> (8,500 and 3,300 cu mi), respectively. Moreover, further into the sea from the Mackenzie delta lies the Amauligak field. This, the largest known oil deposit of the Beaufort Sea, was discovered in 1984, and is estimated to contain 37.3 km<sup>3</sup> (8.9 cu mi) of oil and 38,500 km<sup>3</sup> (9,200 cu mi) of gas. The development of these fields is hindered by their remote location. This problem was alleviated for Prudhoe Bay by constructing the Trans-Alaska Pipeline, but is limiting regular commercial production at Mackenzie River deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-dow_46-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dow-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, the <b>Amauligak Project</b> was started soon after the discovery of the field. In September 1985, the tanker <i>Gulf Beaufort</i> has transported 50,300,000 L (316,377 bbl) of crude oil to Japan, which was the first shipment of oil from the Arctic deposits.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the project has stalled after that. </p><p>In July 2017, the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ocean_Energy_Management" title="Bureau of Ocean Energy Management">Bureau of Ocean Energy Management</a> approved a plan to allow <a href="/wiki/Eni" title="Eni">Eni</a>, an Italian multinational oil and gas company, to drill four oil exploration wells on Spy Island, one of four <a href="/wiki/Artificial_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial islands">artificial islands</a> in the Beaufort Sea.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Stan_Rogers" title="Stan Rogers">Stan Rogers</a> references the Beaufort Sea in his popular Canadian Folk Song "<a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage_(song)" title="Northwest Passage (song)">Northwest Passage</a>". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_policy_of_the_United_States" title="Arctic policy of the United States">Arctic policy of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Internal_Waters" title="Canadian Internal Waters">Canadian Internal Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_areas_disputed_by_Canada_and_the_United_States" title="List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States">List of areas disputed by Canada and the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Passage" title="Northwest Passage">Northwest Passage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_exploration_in_the_Arctic" title="Petroleum exploration in the Arctic">Petroleum exploration in the Arctic</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">R. Stein, <i>Arctic Ocean Sediments: Processes, Proxies, and Paleoenvironment</i>, p. 37</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bse-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bse_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bse_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bse.sci-lib.com/article129176.html">Beaufort Sea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Great_Soviet_Encyclopedia" title="Great Soviet Encyclopedia">Great Soviet Encyclopedia</a> (in Russian)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-brit-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-brit_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/57625/Beaufort-Sea">Beaufort Sea</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wright2001-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wright2001_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Wright2001" class="citation book cs1">John Wright (30 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=G81HonU81pAC&pg=PA459"><i>The New York Times Almanac 2002</i></a>. Psychology Press. p. 459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-348-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57958-348-4"><bdi>978-1-57958-348-4</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 November</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+York+Times+Almanac+2002&rft.pages=459&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001-11-30&rft.isbn=978-1-57958-348-4&rft.au=John+Wright&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DG81HonU81pAC%26pg%3DPA459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoodOverlandSaloBond2013" class="citation journal cs1">Wood, Kevin R.; Overland, James E.; Salo, Sigrid A.; Bond, Nicholas A.; Williams, William J.; Dong, Xiquan (17 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://polarresearch.net/index.php/polar/article/view/3089">"Is there a <i>new normal</i> climate in the Beaufort Sea?"</a>. <i>Polar Research</i>. <b>32</b>: 19552. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3402%2Fpolar.v32i0.19552">10.3402/polar.v32i0.19552</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1751-8369">1751-8369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Polar+Research&rft.atitle=Is+there+a+new+normal+climate+in+the+Beaufort+Sea%3F&rft.volume=32&rft.pages=19552&rft.date=2013-10-17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3402%2Fpolar.v32i0.19552&rft.issn=1751-8369&rft.aulast=Wood&rft.aufirst=Kevin+R.&rft.au=Overland%2C+James+E.&rft.au=Salo%2C+Sigrid+A.&rft.au=Bond%2C+Nicholas+A.&rft.au=Williams%2C+William+J.&rft.au=Dong%2C+Xiquan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpolarresearch.net%2Findex.php%2Fpolar%2Farticle%2Fview%2F3089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://svs.gsfc.nasa.gov/vis/a010000/a012400/a012403/iceAgeYearly_05Transcripts.html">"Disappearing Arctic sea ice"</a>. <i>svs.gsfc.nasa.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=svs.gsfc.nasa.gov&rft.atitle=Disappearing+Arctic+sea+ice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsvs.gsfc.nasa.gov%2Fvis%2Fa010000%2Fa012400%2Fa012403%2FiceAgeYearly_05Transcripts.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/2019-arctic-report-card-old-thick-ice-barely-survives-today%E2%80%99s-arctic">"2019 Arctic Report Card: Old, thick ice barely survives in today's Arctic | NOAA Climate.gov"</a>. <i>www.climate.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 September</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.climate.gov&rft.atitle=2019+Arctic+Report+Card%3A+Old%2C+thick+ice+barely+survives+in+today%27s+Arctic+%7C+NOAA+Climate.gov&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climate.gov%2Fnews-features%2Ffeatured-images%2F2019-arctic-report-card-old-thick-ice-barely-survives-today%25E2%2580%2599s-arctic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alaskafisheries.noaa.gov/sustainablefisheries/arctic/">Arctic Fishery Management Plan</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/north/beaufort-sea-commercial-fishing-banned-1.1028286">"Beaufort Sea Commercial Fishing Banned"</a> (CBC News, 15 April 2011).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ctvnews.ca/politics/no-new-fisheries-in-the-arctic-following-federal-ban-1.2058953">"No new fisheries in the Arctic following federal ban"</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/canada-arctic-marine-protection_us_5840a87ae4b0c68e048002da">"Canada Designates Its Second and Largest Arctic Marine Protected Area"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/HuffPost" title="HuffPost">HuffPost</a></i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=HuffPost&rft.atitle=Canada+Designates+Its+Second+and+Largest+Arctic+Marine+Protected+Area&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.com%2Fentry%2Fcanada-arctic-marine-protection_us_5840a87ae4b0c68e048002da&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-tn_mpa-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-tn_mpa_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/mpa-zpm/tarium-niryutait/index-eng.html">"Tarium Niryutait Marine Protected Area (TN MPA)"</a>. Government of Canada. 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tarium+Niryutait+Marine+Protected+Area+%28TN+MPA%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfo-mpo.gc.ca%2Foceans%2Fmpa-zpm%2Ftarium-niryutait%2Findex-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-an_mpa-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-an_mpa_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/oceans/mpa-zpm/anguniaqvia-niqiqyuam/index-eng.html">"Anguniaqvia niqiqyuam Marine Protected Area (MPA)"</a>. Government of Canada. 18 September 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Anguniaqvia+niqiqyuam+Marine+Protected+Area+%28MPA%29&rft.pub=Government+of+Canada&rft.date=2019-09-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dfo-mpo.gc.ca%2Foceans%2Fmpa-zpm%2Fanguniaqvia-niqiqyuam%2Findex-eng.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140407060601/http://www.iho.int/iho_pubs/standard/S-23/S-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf">"Limits of Oceans and Seas, 3rd edition"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. International Hydrographic Organization. 1953. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 December</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Limits+of+Oceans+and+Seas%2C+3rd+edition&rft.pub=International+Hydrographic+Organization&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fiho.int%2Fuploads%2Fuser%2Fpubs%2Fstandards%2Fs-23%2FS-23_Ed3_1953_EN.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp322-e.htm">The Law of the Sea Convention (BP-322E)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228155006/http://dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca/Collection-R/LoPBdP/BP/bp322-e.htm">Archived</a> 28 February 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Dsp-psd.communication.gc.ca. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rothwell1996-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rothwell1996_16-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_Rothwell1996" class="citation book cs1">Donald Rothwell (1996). <i>The Polar Regions and the Development of International Law</i>. Cambridge studies in international and comparative law. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. pp. 174, 176. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56182-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-56182-2"><bdi>978-0-521-56182-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Polar+Regions+and+the+Development+of+International+Law&rft.series=Cambridge+studies+in+international+and+comparative+law&rft.pages=174%2C+176&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-521-56182-2&rft.au=Donald+Rothwell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070317162633/http://www.dtic.mil/whs/directives/corres/20051m_062305/United_States_America.doc">Summary of claims</a>, Department of Defense, p. 10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bbc-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bbc_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-us-canada-10834006">US-Canada Arctic border dispute key to maritime riches</a>, BBC News, 2 August 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JohnstonSaunders1988-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JohnstonSaunders1988_19-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDouglas_M._JohnstonPhillip_M._Saunders1988" class="citation book cs1">Douglas M. Johnston & Phillip M. Saunders (1988). <i>Ocean Boundary Making: Regional Issues and Developments</i>. Taylor & Francis. pp. 48–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1495-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7099-1495-2"><bdi>978-0-7099-1495-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ocean+Boundary+Making%3A+Regional+Issues+and+Developments&rft.pages=48-49&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-7099-1495-2&rft.au=Douglas+M.+Johnston&rft.au=Phillip+M.+Saunders&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/Northern%20Interests%20and%20Canadian%20Foreign%20Policy.pdf">Northern interests and Canadian foreign policy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100816063443/http://www.cdfai.org/PDF/Northern%20Interests%20and%20Canadian%20Foreign%20Policy.pdf">Archived</a> 16 August 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Associate Director Centre for Military and Strategic Studies, University of Calgary</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090306044528/http://www.dog.dnr.state.ak.us/oil/products/publications/beaufortsea/bsaw2006/bsmap8.pdf">Beaufort Sea Areawide 2006, Tract Map No.8</a>, State of Alaska Department of Natural Resources, Division of oil and gas</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ins-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ins_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ins_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070224150112/http://www.institutenorth.org/servlet/download?id=35">Sea Changes</a>, Institute of the North</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fish2009-08-20-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Fish2009-08-20_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fish2009-08-20_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20090915212158/http://www.worldfishing.net/news/news_story.ehtml?o=3212">"Secretary of Commerce approves fisheries plan for ArcticSecretary of Commerce approves fisheries plan for Arctic"</a>. World of fishing. 20 August 2009. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldfishing.net/news/news_story.ehtml?o=3212">the original</a> on 15 September 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Secretary+of+Commerce+approves+fisheries+plan+for+ArcticSecretary+of+Commerce+approves+fisheries+plan+for+Arctic&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldfishing.net%2Fnews%2Fnews_story.ehtml%3Fo%3D3212&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadaCom2009-09-14-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-CanadaCom2009-09-14_24-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRandy_Boswell2009" class="citation news cs1">Randy Boswell (4 September 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121107035801/http://www.canada.com/Canada+protests+Arctic+fishing/1962264/story.html">"Canada protests U.S. Arctic fishing ban"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Canada.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada.com">Canada.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/Canada+protests+Arctic+fishing/1962264/story.html">the original</a> on 7 November 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Canada+protests+U.S.+Arctic+fishing+ban&rft.date=2009-09-04&rft.au=Randy+Boswell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.canada.com%2FCanada%2Bprotests%2BArctic%2Bfishing%2F1962264%2Fstory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIAfactIssues-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-CIAfactIssues_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2070.html">Disputes – international: CIA – The World Factbook</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200915211616/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/print_2070.html">Archived</a> 15 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Cia.gov. Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TreadwellTestimony2009-08-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TreadwellTestimony2009-08_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMead_Treadwell2009" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mead_Treadwell" title="Mead Treadwell">Mead Treadwell</a> (20 August 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100527200900/http://www.arctic.gov/testimony/treaadwell-08-20-09.pdf">"U.S. strategic interests in the age of an accessible Arctic ... what we need to know and do now"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">United States Senate</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arctic.gov/testimony/treaadwell-08-20-09.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 27 May 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=U.S.+strategic+interests+in+the+age+of+an+accessible+Arctic+...+what+we+need+to+know+and+do+now&rft.date=2009-08-20&rft.au=Mead+Treadwell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arctic.gov%2Ftestimony%2Ftreaadwell-08-20-09.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canada.com/technology/Canada+flip+flop+positions+Beaufort+boundary+dispute/2658659/story.html">Canada, U.S. flip-flop positions in Beaufort Sea boundary dispute</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada.com">Canada.com</a>, March 8, 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-britM-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-britM_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britM_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britM_28-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-britM_28-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/354889/Mackenzie-River">Mackenzie River</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsidc_2012-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsidc_2012_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202092345/http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2012/10/poles-apart-a-record-breaking-summer-and-winter/">"Poles apart: A record-breaking summer and winter"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Snow_and_Ice_Data_Center" title="National Snow and Ice Data Center">National Snow and Ice Data Center</a>. 2 October 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nsidc.org/arcticseaicenews/2012/10/poles-apart-a-record-breaking-summer-and-winter/">the original</a> on 2 February 2013. <q>Arctic sea ice extent averaged for September 2012 was 3.61 million square kilometers (1.39 million square miles). This was 3.43 million square kilometers (1.32 million square miles) below the 1979 to 2000 average extent. September 2012 ice extent was 690,000 square kilometers (270,000 square miles) less than the previous record low for the month that occurred in 2007.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Poles+apart%3A+A+record-breaking+summer+and+winter&rft.pub=National+Snow+and+Ice+Data+Center&rft.date=2012-10-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnsidc.org%2Farcticseaicenews%2F2012%2F10%2Fpoles-apart-a-record-breaking-summer-and-winter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-anderson_2012-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-anderson_2012_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2012" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Ben (23 September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121231072810/http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/rotting-whale-meat-lures-record-80-polar-bears-kaktovik">"Rotting whale meat lures record 80 polar bears to Kaktovik"</a>. Alaska Dispatch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alaskadispatch.com/article/rotting-whale-meat-lures-record-80-polar-bears-kaktovik">the original</a> on 31 December 2012. <q>While the whale carcass is one reason for the polar bear bonanza, scientists wonder if there isn't another reason. Namely, the record retreat of Arctic sea ice from the northeast coast of Alaska into the Beaufort Sea.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rotting+whale+meat+lures+record+80+polar+bears+to+Kaktovik&rft.pub=Alaska+Dispatch&rft.date=2012-09-23&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alaskadispatch.com%2Farticle%2Frotting-whale-meat-lures-record-80-polar-bears-kaktovik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJayFischbach2013" class="citation web cs1">Jay, By Chadwick V.; Fischbach, Anthony S. (9 January 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130202041012/http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3041/">"Pacific Walrus Response to Arctic Sea Ice Losses"</a>. United States Geological Survey. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2008/3041/">the original</a> on 2 February 2013. <q>The extent of Arctic summer sea ice has decreased sharply over the past several decades (Stroeve and others, 2007).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pacific+Walrus+Response+to+Arctic+Sea+Ice+Losses&rft.pub=United+States+Geological+Survey&rft.date=2013-01-09&rft.aulast=Jay&rft.aufirst=By+Chadwick+V.&rft.au=Fischbach%2C+Anthony+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.usgs.gov%2Ffs%2F2008%2F3041%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NASA_2012-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NASA_2012_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130204050554/http://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-seaicemin.html">"Arctic Sea Ice Hits Smallest Extent in Satellite Era"</a>. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. 19 September 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/2012-seaicemin.html">the original</a> on 4 February 2013. <q>The new record minimum measures almost 300,000 square miles less than the previous lowest extent in the satellite record, set in mid-September 2007, of 1.61 million square miles (4.17 million square kilometers). For comparison, the state of Texas measures around 268,600 square miles.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arctic+Sea+Ice+Hits+Smallest+Extent+in+Satellite+Era&rft.pub=National+Aeronautics+and+Space+Administration&rft.date=2012-09-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nasa.gov%2Ftopics%2Fearth%2Ffeatures%2F2012-seaicemin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2010/01/100121164011.htm">Ice Is 'Rotten' in the Beaufort Sea</a>, ScienceDaily, 23 January 2010</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca/climate_normals/results_e.html?Province=NWT%20&StationName=&SearchType=&LocateBy=Province&Proximity=25&ProximityFrom=City&StationNumber=&IDType=MSC&CityName=&ParkName=&LatitudeDegrees=&LatitudeMinutes=&LongitudeDegrees=&LongitudeMinutes=&NormalsClass=A&SelNormals=&StnId=1700&">Canadian Climate Normals 1971–2000</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2021">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>. climate.weatheroffice.gc.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, pp. 213–214</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">C. Michael Hogan (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=36084"><i>Polar Bear: Ursus maritimus</i>, Globaltwitcher.com, ed. N. Stromberg</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081224205716/http://globaltwitcher.auderis.se/artspec_information.asp?thingid=36084">Archived</a> 24 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, pp. 214–215</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, pp. 218, 221</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection/CW69-14-170-2004E.pdf">COSEWIC Assessment and Update Status Report on the Beluga Whale</a>. Dsp-psd.pwgsc.gc.ca (31 July 2012). Retrieved on 2013-03-21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCota1985" class="citation journal cs1">Cota, Glenn F. (1985). "Photoadaptation of high Arctic ice algae". <i>Nature</i>. <b>315</b> (6016): 219. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1985Natur.315..219C">1985Natur.315..219C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F315219a0">10.1038/315219a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4347588">4347588</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Photoadaptation+of+high+Arctic+ice+algae&rft.volume=315&rft.issue=6016&rft.pages=219&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4347588%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F315219a0&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1985Natur.315..219C&rft.aulast=Cota&rft.aufirst=Glenn+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p215-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p215_41-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p215_41-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, pp. 215–217</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jqjacobs.net/anthro/paleoamericans.html">"The Paleoamericans: Issues and Evidence Relating to the Peopling of the New World"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Paleoamericans%3A+Issues+and+Evidence+Relating+to+the+Peopling+of+the+New+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jqjacobs.net%2Fanthro%2Fpaleoamericans.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, p. 222</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stats-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stats_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722011401/http://www.stats.gov.nt.ca/community-data/community-profiles/Profile%20PDF/Tuktoyaktuk.pdf">Tuktoyaktuk – Statistical Profile</a>. stats.gov.nt.ca</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-p233-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-p233_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-p233_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parsons, p. 233</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dow-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dow_46-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dow_46-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Marlan W. Downey, William Andrew Morgan, Jack C. Threet, American Association of Petroleum Geologists <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i9jts14tq1gC&pg=PA125">Petroleum provinces of the twenty-first century</a>, AAPG, 2001 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89181-355-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-89181-355-1">0-89181-355-1</a>, p. 125</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHawkingsHatfieldBowermanCoffman1976" class="citation book cs1">Hawkings, T.J.; Hatfield, W.G.; Bowerman, J.N.; Coffman, R.C. (1976). Braunstein, Jules (ed.). <i>Taglu Gas Field, Beaufort Basin, Northwest Territories, in North American Oil and Gas Fields</i>. Tulsa: The American Association of Petroleum Geologists. pp. 51–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0891813004" title="Special:BookSources/0891813004"><bdi>0891813004</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taglu+Gas+Field%2C+Beaufort+Basin%2C+Northwest+Territories%2C+in+North+American+Oil+and+Gas+Fields&rft.place=Tulsa&rft.pages=51-71&rft.pub=The+American+Association+of+Petroleum+Geologists&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0891813004&rft.aulast=Hawkings&rft.aufirst=T.J.&rft.au=Hatfield%2C+W.G.&rft.au=Bowerman%2C+J.N.&rft.au=Coffman%2C+R.C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David L. VanderZwaag, Cynthia Lamson <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FbazRimOybEC&pg=PA61">The Challenge of arctic shipping: science, environmental assessment, and human values</a>, McGill-Queen's Press – MQUP, 1990 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-0700-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-0700-0">0-7735-0700-0</a>, p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2017/jul/13/us-approves-oil-drilling-in-alaska-waters-marine-life-fear">"US approves oil drilling in Alaska waters, prompting fears for marine life"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. Associated Press. 13 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=US+approves+oil+drilling+in+Alaska+waters%2C+prompting+fears+for+marine+life&rft.date=2017-07-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fus-news%2F2017%2Fjul%2F13%2Fus-approves-oil-drilling-in-alaska-waters-marine-life-fear&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>L. S. Parsons, William Henry Lear, National Research Council of Canada <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QHpklp_F26oC&pg=PA216">Perspectives on Canadian marine fisheries management</a>, NRC Research Press, 1993 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-660-15003-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-660-15003-4">0-660-15003-4</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_G._BarberRyan_GalleyMatthew_G._AsplinRoger_De_Abreu2009" class="citation journal cs1">David G. Barber; Ryan Galley; Matthew G. Asplin; Roger De Abreu; Kerri-Ann Warner; Monika Pu?ko; Mukesh Gupta; Simon Prinsenberg & Stéphane Julien (2009). "Perennial pack ice in the southern Beaufort Sea was not as it appeared in the summer of 2009". <i>Geophysical Research Letters</i>. <b>36</b> (24): L24501. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009GeoRL..3624501B">2009GeoRL..3624501B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2009GL041434">10.1029/2009GL041434</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56326055">56326055</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geophysical+Research+Letters&rft.atitle=Perennial+pack+ice+in+the+southern+Beaufort+Sea+was+not+as+it+appeared+in+the+summer+of+2009&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=24&rft.pages=L24501&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56326055%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2009GL041434&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2009GeoRL..3624501B&rft.au=David+G.+Barber&rft.au=Ryan+Galley&rft.au=Matthew+G.+Asplin&rft.au=Roger+De+Abreu&rft.au=Kerri-Ann+Warner&rft.au=Monika+Pu%3Fko&rft.au=Mukesh+Gupta&rft.au=Simon+Prinsenberg&rft.au=St%C3%A9phane+Julien&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDawn_Russell1992" class="citation book cs1">Dawn Russell (1992). "International Ocean Boundary Issues and Management Arrangements". In David VanderZwaag (ed.). <i>Canadian Ocean Law and Policy</i>. Toronto: Butterworths. pp. 463–505.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=International+Ocean+Boundary+Issues+and+Management+Arrangements&rft.btitle=Canadian+Ocean+Law+and+Policy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pages=463-505&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.date=1992&rft.au=Dawn+Russell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonat_Pharand1984" class="citation journal cs1">Donat Pharand (Autumn 1984). "The Legal Regime of the Arctic: Some Outstanding Issues". <i>International Journal</i>. <b>39</b> (4): 742–799. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F40202296">10.2307/40202296</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40202296">40202296</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Legal+Regime+of+the+Arctic%3A+Some+Outstanding+Issues&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=742-799&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F40202296&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40202296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Donat+Pharand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarin_L._Lawson1981" class="citation journal cs1">Karin L. Lawson (1981). "Delimiting Continental Shelf Boundaries in the Arctic: The United States—Canada Beaufort Sea Boundary". <i>Virginia International Law Journal</i>. <b>22</b>: 221–246.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+International+Law+Journal&rft.atitle=Delimiting+Continental+Shelf+Boundaries+in+the+Arctic%3A+The+United+States%E2%80%94Canada+Beaufort+Sea+Boundary&rft.volume=22&rft.pages=221-246&rft.date=1981&rft.au=Karin+L.+Lawson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABeaufort+Sea" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061001015952/http://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/Newsroom/NewImages/images.php3?img_id=17353">Sea Ice in the Beaufort Sea </a> from <i><a href="/wiki/NASA_Earth_Observatory" title="NASA Earth Observatory">NASA Earth Observatory</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130509075138/http://gfp.usgs.gov/sites/beaufort_sea_asi/index.html">CAC (Civil Applications Committee)/USGS Global Fiducials Program web page containing scientific description and interactive map viewer featuring declassified high-resolution time-series imagery</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Template:List_of_seas" title="Template:List of seas"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_seas" title="Template talk:List of seas"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_seas" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of seas"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Earth&#039;s_oceans_and_seas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_the_oceans" title="Borders of the oceans">oceans</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_seas_on_Earth" title="List of seas on Earth">seas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Ocean" title="Southern Ocean">Antarctic/Southern Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Sea" title="Amundsen Sea">Amundsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellingshausen_Sea" title="Bellingshausen Sea">Bellingshausen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooperation_Sea" title="Cooperation Sea">Cooperation Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmonauts_Sea" title="Cosmonauts Sea">Cosmonauts Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Davis_Sea" title="Davis Sea">Davis Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%27Urville_Sea" title="D'Urville Sea">D'Urville Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea" title="King Haakon VII Sea">King Haakon VII Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazarev_Sea" title="Lazarev Sea">Lazarev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mawson_Sea" title="Mawson Sea">Mawson Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea" title="Riiser-Larsen Sea">Riiser-Larsen Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ross_Sea" title="Ross Sea">Ross Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scotia_Sea" title="Scotia Sea">Scotia Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somov_Sea" title="Somov Sea">Somov Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weddell_Sea" title="Weddell Sea">Weddell Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Ocean" title="Arctic Ocean">Arctic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amundsen_Gulf" title="Amundsen Gulf">Amundsen Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barents_Sea" title="Barents Sea">Barents Sea</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Beaufort Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chukchi_Sea" title="Chukchi Sea">Chukchi Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea" title="East Siberian Sea">East Siberian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Boothia" title="Gulf of Boothia">Gulf of Boothia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kara_Sea" title="Kara Sea">Kara Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laptev_Sea" title="Laptev Sea">Laptev Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln_Sea" title="Lincoln Sea">Lincoln Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pechora_Sea" title="Pechora Sea">Pechora Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Gustaf_Adolf_Sea" title="Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea">Prince Gustaf Adolf Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria_Sea" title="Queen Victoria Sea">Queen Victoria Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wandel_Sea" title="Wandel Sea">Wandel Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Sea" title="White Sea">White Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alboran_Sea" title="Alboran Sea">Alboran Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Mediterranean_Sea" title="American Mediterranean Sea">American Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archipelago_Sea" title="Archipelago Sea">Archipelago Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_Sea" title="Argentine Sea">Argentine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baffin_Bay" title="Baffin Bay">Baffin Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balearic_Sea" title="Balearic Sea">Balearic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Biscay" title="Bay of Biscay">Bay of Biscay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Bay" title="Bothnian Bay">Bay of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Campeche" title="Bay of Campeche">Bay of Campeche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Fundy" title="Bay of Fundy">Bay of Fundy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea" title="Black Sea">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bothnian_Sea" title="Bothnian Sea">Bothnian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_Sea" title="Celtic Sea">Celtic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_Channel" title="English Channel">English Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foxe_Basin" title="Foxe Basin">Foxe Basin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_Sea" title="Greenland Sea">Greenland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Bothnia" title="Gulf of Bothnia">Gulf of Bothnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Guinea" title="Gulf of Guinea">Gulf of Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Lion" title="Gulf of Lion">Gulf of Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Maine" title="Gulf of Maine">Gulf of Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Mexico" title="Gulf of Mexico">Gulf of Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Sidra" title="Gulf of Sidra">Gulf of Sidra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_St._Lawrence" title="Gulf of St. Lawrence">Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Venezuela" title="Gulf of Venezuela">Gulf of Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hudson_Bay" title="Hudson Bay">Hudson Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ionian_Sea" title="Ionian Sea">Ionian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminger_Sea" title="Irminger Sea">Irminger Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Bay" title="James Bay">James Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Labrador_Sea" title="Labrador Sea">Labrador Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levantine_Sea" title="Levantine Sea">Levantine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libyan_Sea" title="Libyan Sea">Libyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ligurian_Sea" title="Ligurian Sea">Ligurian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myrtoan_Sea" title="Myrtoan Sea">Myrtoan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Sea" title="Norwegian Sea">Norwegian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sargasso_Sea" title="Sargasso Sea">Sargasso Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_%C3%85land" title="Sea of Åland">Sea of Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Azov" title="Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Crete" title="Sea of Crete">Sea of Crete</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_the_Hebrides" title="Sea of the Hebrides">Sea of the Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Marmara" title="Sea of Marmara">Sea of Marmara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Sea" title="Thracian Sea">Thracian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tyrrhenian_Sea" title="Tyrrhenian Sea">Tyrrhenian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadden_Sea" title="Wadden Sea">Wadden Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andaman_Sea" title="Andaman Sea">Andaman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flores_Sea" title="Flores Sea">Flores Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Australian_Bight" title="Great Australian Bight">Great Australian Bight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aden" title="Gulf of Aden">Gulf of Aden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Aqaba" title="Gulf of Aqaba">Gulf of Aqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Khambhat" title="Gulf of Khambhat">Gulf of Khambhat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Kutch" title="Gulf of Kutch">Gulf of Kutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Suez" title="Gulf of Suez">Gulf of Suez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laccadive_Sea" title="Laccadive Sea">Laccadive Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique_Channel" title="Mozambique Channel">Mozambique Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor_Sea" title="Timor Sea">Timor Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arafura_Sea" title="Arafura Sea">Arafura Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bali_Sea" title="Bali Sea">Bali Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banda_Sea" title="Banda Sea">Banda Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Sea" title="Bering Sea">Bering Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Sea" title="Bismarck Sea">Bismarck Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohai_Sea" title="Bohai Sea">Bohai Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bohol_Sea" title="Bohol Sea">Bohol Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camotes_Sea" title="Camotes Sea">Camotes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebes_Sea" title="Celebes Sea">Celebes Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_Sea" title="Chilean Sea">Chilean Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coral_Sea" title="Coral Sea">Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_China_Sea" title="East China Sea">East China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Alaska" title="Gulf of Alaska">Gulf of Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Anadyr" title="Gulf of Anadyr">Gulf of Anadyr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_California" title="Gulf of California">Gulf of California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Carpentaria" title="Gulf of Carpentaria">Gulf of Carpentaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Fonseca" title="Gulf of Fonseca">Gulf of Fonseca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Panama" title="Gulf of Panama">Gulf of Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Thailand" title="Gulf of Thailand">Gulf of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Tonkin" title="Gulf of Tonkin">Gulf of Tonkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halmahera_Sea" title="Halmahera Sea">Halmahera Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Java_Sea" title="Java Sea">Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koro_Sea" title="Koro Sea">Koro Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mar_de_Grau" title="Mar de Grau">Mar de Grau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molucca_Sea" title="Molucca Sea">Molucca Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moro_Gulf" title="Moro Gulf">Moro Gulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_Sea" title="Philippine Sea">Philippine Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salish_Sea" title="Salish Sea">Salish Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savu_Sea" title="Savu Sea">Savu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Japan" title="Sea of Japan">Sea of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_of_Okhotsk" title="Sea of Okhotsk">Sea of Okhotsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seram_Sea" title="Seram Sea">Seram Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seto_Inland_Sea" title="Seto Inland Sea">Seto Inland Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shantar_Sea" title="Shantar Sea">Shantar Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibuyan_Sea" title="Sibuyan Sea">Sibuyan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Sea" title="Solomon Sea">Solomon Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulu_Sea" title="Sulu Sea">Sulu Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasman_Sea" title="Tasman Sea">Tasman Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visayan_Sea" title="Visayan Sea">Visayan Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Sea" title="Yellow Sea">Yellow Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Endorheic_basin" title="Endorheic basin">Endorheic basins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aral_Sea" title="Aral Sea">Aral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salton_Sea" title="Salton Sea">Salton Sea</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocean" title="Ocean">Ocean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea" title="Sea">Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superocean" title="Superocean">Superocean</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/32px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/48px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg/64px-Waves_in_pacifica_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1358" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Oceans" title="Portal:Oceans">Oceans portal</a></b></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:Seas" title="Category:Seas">Category</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131274#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131274#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/316735848">VIAF</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2967148574389124430005">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1242167/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqKbFXwkvyHRFpggrRtKd">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4229865-9">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152979278">France</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124248074">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb152979278">BnF data</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb124248074">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Beaufortovo moře"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge134054&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX5164435">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007282406205171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/195038991">IdRef</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/033376158">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&oldid=1259757313">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Beaufort_Sea&oldid=1259757313</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Beaufort_Sea" title="Category:Beaufort Sea">Beaufort Sea</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canada%E2%80%93United_States_border_disputes" title="Category:Canada–United States border disputes">Canada–United 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