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id="toc-German_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#German_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 German plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-German_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leningrad_fortified_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leningrad_fortified_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Leningrad fortified region </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leningrad_fortified_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Establishment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Establishment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Orders_of_battle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Orders_of_battle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Orders of battle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Orders_of_battle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Germany </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Finland </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Italy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Spain </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.5 Soviet Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Severing_the_lines_of_communication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Severing_the_lines_of_communication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Severing the lines of communication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Severing_the_lines_of_communication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Encirclement_of_Leningrad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Encirclement_of_Leningrad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Encirclement of Leningrad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Encirclement_of_Leningrad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finnish_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finnish_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Finnish participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finnish_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defensive_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defensive_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 Defensive operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defensive_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Defence_of_civilian_evacuees" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_civilian_evacuees"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Defence of civilian evacuees </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Defence_of_civilian_evacuees-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Defence of civilian evacuees subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_civilian_evacuees-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bombardment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bombardment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Bombardment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bombardment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supplying_the_defenders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supplying_the_defenders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Supplying the defenders </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supplying_the_defenders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Effect_on_the_city" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Effect_on_the_city"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Effect on the city </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Effect_on_the_city-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Effect on the city subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Effect_on_the_city-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cannibalism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cannibalism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Cannibalism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cannibalism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_relief_of_the_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_relief_of_the_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Soviet relief of the siege </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Soviet_relief_of_the_siege-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Soviet relief of the siege subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Soviet_relief_of_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sinyavino_Offensive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sinyavino_Offensive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sinyavino Offensive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sinyavino_Offensive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operation_Iskra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operation_Iskra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Operation Iskra </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operation_Iskra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lifting_the_siege" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lifting_the_siege"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Lifting the siege </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lifting_the_siege-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Aftermath </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Timeline </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1941" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1941"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 1941 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1941-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1942" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1942"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 1942 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1942-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1943" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1943"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 1943 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1943-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1944" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1944"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 1944 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1944-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_evaluation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_evaluation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Later evaluation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Later_evaluation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Later evaluation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Later_evaluation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Legality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Legality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Genocide" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Genocide"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Genocide </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Genocide-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Controversial_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversial_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Controversial issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversial_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Controversy_over_Finnish_participation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Controversy_over_Finnish_participation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.1 Controversy over Finnish participation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Controversy_over_Finnish_participation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Soviet_deportation_of_civilians_with_ethnic_origins_in_enemy_nations_–_Germans_and_Finns" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Soviet_deportation_of_civilians_with_ethnic_origins_in_enemy_nations_–_Germans_and_Finns"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3.2 Soviet deportation of civilians with ethnic origins in enemy nations – Germans and Finns </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Soviet_deportation_of_civilians_with_ethnic_origins_in_enemy_nations_–_Germans_and_Finns-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Commemoration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Commemoration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Commemoration </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Commemoration subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Commemoration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leningrad_Siege_and_Defence_Museum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leningrad_Siege_and_Defence_Museum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Leningrad Siege and Defence Museum </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leningrad_Siege_and_Defence_Museum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monuments:_The_Green_Belt_of_Glory_and_memorial_cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monuments:_The_Green_Belt_of_Glory_and_memorial_cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Monuments: The Green Belt of Glory and memorial cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monuments:_The_Green_Belt_of_Glory_and_memorial_cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Memorial_cemeteries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Memorial_cemeteries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2.1 Memorial cemeteries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Memorial_cemeteries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_parade_on_Palace_Square" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_parade_on_Palace_Square"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Military parade on Palace Square </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_parade_on_Palace_Square-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Russian,_German,_and_Finnish" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Russian,_German,_and_Finnish"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2.1 In Russian, German, and Finnish </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Russian,_German,_and_Finnish-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Siege of Leningrad</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" > 70 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Leningrad" title="Beleg van Leningrad – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Beleg van Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%BA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="حصار لينينغراد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حصار لينينغراد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leninqrad%C4%B1n_blokadas%C4%B1" title="Leninqradın blokadası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Leninqradın blokadası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%D9%82%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C" title="لنینقرادین بلوکاداسی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لنینقرادین بلوکاداسی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D2%BB%D1%8B" title="Ленинград блокадаһы – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Ленинград блокадаһы" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Блакада Ленінграда – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Блакада Ленінграда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Блякада Ленінграда – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Блякада Ленінграда" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4" title="Блокада на Ленинград – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Блокада на Ленинград" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seziz_Leningrad" title="Seziz Leningrad – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Seziz Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Leningrad" title="Setge de Leningrad – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BF%C4%83%D1%80%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Ленинграда хупăрлани – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Ленинграда хупăрлани" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oble%C5%BEen%C3%AD_Leningradu" title="Obležení Leningradu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Obležení Leningradu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belejringen_af_Leningrad" title="Belejringen af Leningrad – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belejringen af Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrader_Blockade" title="Leningrader Blockade – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Leningrader Blockade" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningradi_blokaad" title="Leningradi blokaad – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Leningradi blokaad" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%BF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%BA%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%9B%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BD%CE%B3%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Πολιορκία του Λένινγκραντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πολιορκία του Λένινγκραντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Leningrado" title="Sitio de Leningrado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sitio de Leningrado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%9Do_de_Leningrado" title="Sieĝo de Leningrado – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieĝo de Leningrado" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningradeko_Setioa" title="Leningradeko Setioa – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Leningradeko Setioa" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AD%D8%A7%D8%B5%D8%B1%D9%87_%D9%84%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="محاصره لنینگراد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="محاصره لنینگراد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_L%C3%A9ningrad" title="Siège de Léningrad – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Léningrad" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sitio_de_Leningrado" title="Sitio de Leningrado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Sitio de Leningrado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A0%88%EB%8B%8C%EA%B7%B8%EB%9D%BC%EB%93%9C_%ED%8F%AC%EC%9C%84%EC%A0%84" title="레닌그라드 포위전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="레닌그라드 포위전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A3%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB_%D5%B7%D6%80%D5%BB%D5%A1%D6%83%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Լենինգրադի շրջափակում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լենինգրադի շրջափակում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Lenjingrada" title="Opsada Lenjingrada – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Opsada Lenjingrada" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalio_di_Leningrad" title="Batalio di Leningrad – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Batalio di Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Leningrad" title="Pengepungan Leningrad – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%C3%A6" title="Ленинграды блокадæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Ленинграды блокадæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Leningrado" title="Assedio di Leningrado – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Leningrado" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%A8_%D7%A2%D7%9C_%D7%9C%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%93" title="המצור על לנינגרד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המצור על לנינגרד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pangepungan_Leningrad" title="Pangepungan Leningrad – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pangepungan Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%91%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%93%E1%83%90" title="ლენინგრადის ბლოკადა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლენინგრადის ბლოკადა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B" title="Ленинград блокадасы – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ленинград блокадасы" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obsidio_Leninopolis" title="Obsidio Leninopolis – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Obsidio Leninopolis" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%BBe%C5%86ingradas_blok%C4%81de" title="Ļeņingradas blokāde – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ļeņingradas blokāde" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrado_blokada" title="Leningrado blokada – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Leningrado blokada" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedi_de_Leningrad" title="Assedi de Leningrad – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Assedi de Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningr%C3%A1d_ostroma" title="Leningrád ostroma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Leningrád ostroma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fahirano_an%27_i_Leningrada" title="Fahirano an' i Leningrada – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fahirano an' i Leningrada" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Leningrad" title="Pengepungan Leningrad – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pengepungan Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D2%AF%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Ленинградын бүслэлт – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Ленинградын бүслэлт" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleg_van_Leningrad" title="Beleg van Leningrad – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Beleg van Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AC%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%89%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="レニングラード包囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="レニングラード包囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beleiringen_av_Leningrad" title="Beleiringen av Leningrad – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Beleiringen av Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kringsetjinga_av_Leningrad" title="Kringsetjinga av Leningrad – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kringsetjinga av Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8tge_de_Leningrad" title="Sètge de Leningrad – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sètge de Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blokada_Leningradu" title="Blokada Leningradu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Blokada Leningradu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_a_Leninegrado" title="Cerco a Leninegrado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco a Leninegrado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asediul_Leningradului" title="Asediul Leningradului – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Asediul Leningradului" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Блокада Ленинграда – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Блокада Ленинграда" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rrethimi_i_Leningradit" title="Rrethimi i Leningradit – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Rrethimi i Leningradit" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siege of Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blok%C3%A1da_Leningradu" title="Blokáda Leningradu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Blokáda Leningradu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obleganje_Leningrada" title="Obleganje Leningrada – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Obleganje Leningrada" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%86%DB%8C_%D9%84%DB%8E%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF" title="گەمارۆی لێنینگراد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەمارۆی لێنینگراد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BF%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D1%9A%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Опсада Лењинграда – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Опсада Лењинграда" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Opsada_Lenjingrada" title="Opsada Lenjingrada – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Opsada Lenjingrada" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningradin_piiritys" title="Leningradin piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leningradin piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bel%C3%A4gringen_av_Leningrad" title="Belägringen av Leningrad – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belägringen av Leningrad" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%88" title="லெனின்கிராட் முற்றுகை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லெனின்கிராட் முற்றுகை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" 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href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leningrad_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Leningrad Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Leningrad Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BB%D1%8D%D0%BD_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%B7" title="Ленинградлэн блокадаез – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Ленинградлэн блокадаез" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" title="Блокада Ленінграда – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" 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.geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Leningrad&params=59_55_49_N_30_19_09_E_region:RU_type:event">59°55′49″N 30°19′09″E / 59.93028°N 30.31917°E / 59.93028; 30.31917</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Blockade by the Axis powers, 1941–1944</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Siege of Petrograd" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrograd" title="Battle of Petrograd">Battle of Petrograd</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Leningrad</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG/300px-Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG" decoding="async" width="300" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG/450px-Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG/600px-Anti_aircraft_Leningrad_1941.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2041" data-file-height="1495" /></a> Soviet anti-aircraft battery in Leningrad near <a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a>, 1941</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>8 September 1941 – 27 January 1944 (2 years, 4 months, 2 weeks and 5 days)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>) <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Leningrad&params=59_55_49_N_30_19_09_E_region:RU_type:event">59°55′49″N 30°19′09″E / 59.93028°N 30.31917°E / 59.93028; 30.31917</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Soviet victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Axis forces are repelled 60–100 km (37–62 mi) away from Leningrad.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /> <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-2">[2]</a> Naval support: <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/23px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/35px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg/45px-Flag_of_Italy_%281861-1946%29_crowned.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /> <a href="/wiki/Fascist_Italy" title="Fascist Italy">Italy</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland"><img alt="Finland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">C.G.E. Mannerheim</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Markian_Popov" title="Markian Popov">Markian Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union"><img alt="Soviet Union" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281936_%E2%80%93_1955%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" title="Kirill Meretskov">Kirill Meretskov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> Initial: 725,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Initial: 930,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany"><img alt="Nazi Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_Germany_%281935%E2%80%931945%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a> Army Group North: 1941: 85,371 total casualties<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 1942: 267,327 total casualties<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 1943: 205,937 total casualties<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> 1944: 21,350 total casualties<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Total: 579,985 casualties <ul><li>117,407 killed in action</li> <li>23,405 missing in action</li></ul></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> Glantz estimate: 3,473,066 casualties<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2001_179-8">[8]</a> <ul><li>1,017,881 killed, captured or missing</li> <li>2,418,185 wounded and sick<hr /></li></ul> Krivosheev estimate:<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> 523,415 KIA and MIA</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Soviet civilians: 1,042,000<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2001_179-8">[8]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li>642,000 during the siege</li><li>400,000 at evacuations</li></ul></div> Total dead: 1,300,000<a href="#cite_note-Salisbury_1969_594-10">[10]</a>–2,000,000<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2001180-11">[11]</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style 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style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Eastern_Front" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Naval warfare</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea_campaigns_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Baltic Sea campaigns (1939–1945)">Baltic Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Sea_campaigns_(1941%E2%80%931944)" title="Black Sea campaigns (1941–1944)">Black Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II">Arctic Ocean</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1941</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">1st Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa" title="Siege of Odessa">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Kerch_Peninsula" title="Battle of the Kerch Peninsula">Kerch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940%E2%80%931944_insurgency_in_Chechnya" title="1940–1944 insurgency in Chechnya">Chechnya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1942</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barvenkovo%E2%80%93Lozovaya_offensive" title="Barvenkovo–Lozovaya offensive">Barvenkovo–Lozovaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Rzhev" title="Battles of Rzhev">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bamberg" title="Operation Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Second Battle of Kharkov">2nd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Case Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Caucasus" title="Battle of the Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev–Sychyovka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Velikiye_Luki" title="Battle of Velikiye Luki">Velikiye Luki</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Mars" title="Operation Mars">Mars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Little_Saturn" title="Operation Little Saturn">Little Saturn</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1943</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogozhsk%E2%80%93Rossosh_offensive" title="Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh offensive">Ostrogozhsk–Rossosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive" title="Voronezh–Kharkov offensive">Voronezh–Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="Third Battle of Kharkov">3rd Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Gorky Blitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(July_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (July 1943)">1st Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod%E2%80%93Kharkov_offensive_operation" title="Belgorod–Kharkov offensive operation">Belgorod-Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas_strategic_offensive_(August_1943)" title="Donbas strategic offensive (August 1943)">2nd Donbas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">2nd Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lenino" title="Battle of Lenino">Lenino</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nevel_(1943)" title="Battle of Nevel (1943)">Nevel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">2nd Kiev</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1944</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dnieper%E2%80%93Carpathian_offensive" title="Dnieper–Carpathian offensive">Dnieper–Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_offensive" title="Crimean offensive">2nd Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="First Jassy–Kishinev offensive">1st Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov-Sandomierz_Offensive" title="Lvov-Sandomierz Offensive">Lvov–Sandomierz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Doppelkopf" title="Operation Doppelkopf">Doppelkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">2nd Jassy–Kishinev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dukla_Pass" title="Battle of the Dukla Pass">Dukla Pass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_offensive" title="Baltic offensive">2nd Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Debrecen" title="Battle of Debrecen">Debrecen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petsamo%E2%80%93Kirkenes_offensive" title="Petsamo–Kirkenes offensive">Petsamo–Kirkenes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gumbinnen_Operation" title="Gumbinnen Operation">Gumbinnen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Budapest</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>1945</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Carpathian_offensive" title="Western Carpathian offensive">Western Carpathian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Prussian_offensive" title="East Prussian offensive">East Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silesian_offensives" title="Silesian offensives">Silesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breslau" title="Siege of Breslau">Breslau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Solstice" title="Operation Solstice">Solstice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Pomeranian_offensive" title="East Pomeranian offensive">East Pomerania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Spring_Awakening" title="Operation Spring Awakening">Lake Balaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravia%E2%80%93Ostrava_offensive" title="Moravia–Ostrava offensive">Moravia–Ostrava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prague_uprising" title="Prague uprising">Prague uprising</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Leningrad_and_the_Baltics_1941–44" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Leningrad_and_Baltics_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Template:Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941–1944"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Leningrad_and_Baltics_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941–1944"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Leningrad_and_Baltics_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Leningrad and Baltics 1941–1944"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Leningrad_and_the_Baltics_1941–44" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">the Baltics</a> 1941–44</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">1941 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">June in Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_strategic_defensive" title="Leningrad strategic defensive">Strategic defensive</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Evacuation of Tallinn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leningrad</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oranienbaum_Bridgehead" title="Oranienbaum Bridgehead">Oranienbaum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Tikhvin Offensive">Tikhvin</a></li></ul> 1942 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lyuban" title="Battle of Lyuban">Lyuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toropets%E2%80%93Kholm_offensive" title="Toropets–Kholm offensive">Toropets–Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyansk_Pocket" title="Demyansk Pocket">Demyansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kholm_Pocket" title="Kholm Pocket">Kholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_offensive_(1942)" title="Sinyavino offensive (1942)">Sinyavino</a></li></ul> 1943 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Iskra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Polar_Star" title="Operation Polar Star">Polar Star</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasny_Bor" title="Battle of Krasny Bor">Krasny Bor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mga_offensive" title="Mga offensive">Mga</a></li></ul> 1944 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_offensive" title="Leningrad–Novgorod offensive">Relief of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_offensive" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk offensive">Karelian Isthmus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius_offensive" title="Vilnius offensive">Vilnius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_offensive" title="Šiauliai offensive">Šiauliai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaunas_offensive" title="Kaunas offensive">Kaunas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tartu_offensive" title="Tartu offensive">Tartu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga_offensive_(1944)" title="Riga offensive (1944)">Riga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moonsund_operation" title="Moonsund operation">Moonsund Archipelago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Memel" title="Battle of Memel">Memel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Courland_Pocket" title="Courland Pocket">Courland</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Operation_Barbarossa" style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Template:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Barbarossa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Barbarossa"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Operation_Barbarossa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/German_declaration_of_war_on_the_Soviet_Union" title="German declaration of war on the Soviet Union">German declaration of war</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_1:_The_Frontier_Battles_(22_June–3_July_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_of_Brest_Fortress" title="Defense of Brest Fortress">Brest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bia%C5%82ystok%E2%80%93Minsk" title="Battle of Białystok–Minsk">Białystok–Minsk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_operation" title="Baltic operation">1st Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Raseiniai" title="Battle of Raseiniai">Raseiniai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brody_(1941)" title="Battle of Brody (1941)">Brody</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_M%C3%BCnchen" title="Operation München">Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Mogilev" title="Siege of Mogilev">Mogilev</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_2:_Battle_for_Smolensk_(3_July_–_5_August_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 2</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Smolensk_(1941)" title="Battle of Smolensk (1941)">Smolensk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roslavl%E2%80%93Novozybkov_offensive" title="Roslavl–Novozybkov offensive">Roslavl–Novozybkov</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_strategic_defensive" title="Leningrad strategic defensive">Advance on Leningrad</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_3:_Kiev_and_Leningrad_(5_August_–_2_October_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 3</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Uman" title="Battle of Uman">Uman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Odessa_(1941)" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Odessa (1941)">Odessa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">1st Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lypovec" title="Battle of Lypovec">Lypovec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_evacuation_of_Tallinn" title="Soviet evacuation of Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Petrikowka" title="Battle of Petrikowka">Petrikowka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yelnya_offensive" title="Yelnya offensive">Yelnya</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sea_of_Azov" title="Battle of the Sea of Azov">Sea of Azov</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa#Phase_4:_Battle_for_Moscow_(2_October_–_5_December_1941)" title="Operation Barbarossa">Phase 4</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Kharkov" title="First Battle of Kharkov">1st Kharkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Beowulf" title="Operation Beowulf">Beowulf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donbas%E2%80%93Rostov_strategic_defensive_operation" title="Donbas–Rostov strategic defensive operation">Donbas–Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bryansk_(1941)" title="Battle of Bryansk (1941)">Bryansk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_campaign" title="Crimean campaign">1st Crimea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Sevastopol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tikhvin_offensive" title="Tikhvin offensive">Tikhvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rostov_(1941)" title="Battle of Rostov (1941)">1st Rostov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Air_war" class="mw-redirect" title="Air war">Air war</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerial_warfare_during_Operation_Barbarossa" title="Aerial warfare during Operation Barbarossa">Air war 1941</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German-Soviet_air_war_22_June_1941" title="German-Soviet air war 22 June 1941">Air war 22 june 1941</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> The siege of Leningrad was a prolonged military <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> undertaken by the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a> against the city of Leningrad (present-day <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a>) on the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> advanced from the south, while the German-allied <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Army" title="Finnish Army">Finnish army</a> invaded from the north and completed the ring around the city. The siege began on 8 September 1941, when the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a> severed the last road to the city. Although Soviet forces managed to open a narrow land corridor to the city on 18 January 1943, the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> did not lift the siege until 27 January 1944, 872 days (125 weeks) after it began. The siege became one of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sieges" title="List of sieges">longest and most destructive sieges in history</a>, and it was possibly the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat" title="List of battles by casualties">costliest siege in history</a> due to the number of casualties which were suffered throughout its duration. An estimated 1.5 million people died as a result of the siege. At the time, it was not classified as a <a href="/wiki/War_crime" title="War crime">war crime</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> however, in the 21st century, some historians have classified it as a <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, due to the intentional destruction of the city and the systematic starvation of its civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-Bidlack-Lomagin-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganzenmüller_2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hund-Dietmar-Zimmermann-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siegl-17">[17]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_(2-859).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg/220px-Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg/330px-Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg/440px-Wojska_niemiecke_na_przedmie%C5%9Bciach_Leningradu_%282-859%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3500" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>German soldiers in front of burning houses and a church, near Leningrad in 1941</figcaption></figure> The capture of Leningrad was one of three strategic goals of the German <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a> and as a result, Leningrad was the main target of <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a>. The strategy was motivated by <a href="/wiki/Leningrad" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad">Leningrad</a>'s political status as the former capital of <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a> as well as by Leningrad's political status as the symbolic capital of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Revolution_(1917)" class="mw-redirect" title="Russian Revolution (1917)">Russian Revolution</a> and its symbolic status as the ideological center of <a href="/wiki/Bolshevism" title="Bolshevism">Bolshevism</a>, hated by the <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Party" title="Nazi Party">Nazi Party</a>, the city's military importance as a main base of the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a>, and its industrial strength, including its numerous arms factories.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200113–14-18">[18]</a> In 1939, the city was responsible for 11% of all Soviet industrial output.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> It has been said that <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a> was so confident that he would capture Leningrad that he had invitations printed to the victory celebrations to be held in the city's <a href="/wiki/Hotel_Astoria_(Saint_Petersburg)" title="Hotel Astoria (Saint Petersburg)">Hotel Astoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ed1-20">[20]</a> Although various theories have been put forward about Germany's plans for Leningrad, including making it the capital of the new Ingermanland province of the Reich in <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>, it is clear Hitler intended to utterly destroy the city and its population. According to a directive sent to Army Group North on 29 September 1941: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">After the defeat of Soviet Russia there can be no interest in the continued existence of this large urban center. [...] Following the city's encirclement, requests for surrender negotiations shall be denied, since the problem of relocating and feeding the population cannot and should not be solved by us. In this war for our very existence, we can have no interest in maintaining even a part of this very large urban population.<a href="#cite_note-reid134-21">[21]</a></blockquote> Hitler's ultimate plan was to raze Leningrad and give areas north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Neva" class="mw-redirect" title="River Neva">River Neva</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-vehviläinen104-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="German_plans">German plans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: German plans">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A,_Russland-Nord,_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg/220px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg/330px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg/440px-Bundesarchiv_Bild_101I-212-0214-08A%2C_Russland-Nord%2C_v._Leeb_u.a._beim_Kartenstudium.jpg 2x" data-file-width="797" data-file-height="538" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a> with <a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" title="Erich Hoepner">Erich Hoepner</a> in September 1941</figcaption></figure> Army Group North under Field Marshal <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a> advanced to Leningrad, its primary objective. By early August, Army Group North was seriously over-extended, having advanced on a widening front and dispersed its forces on several axes of advance. Leeb estimated he needed 35 divisions for all of his tasks, while he only had 26.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998631–634-24">[24]</a> The attack resumed on 10 August but immediately encountered strong opposition around <a href="/wiki/Luga,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Luga, Leningrad Oblast">Luga</a>. Elsewhere, Leeb's forces were able to take <a href="/wiki/Kingisepp" title="Kingisepp">Kingisepp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narva" title="Narva">Narva</a> on 17 August. The army group reached <a href="/wiki/Chudovo,_Chudovsky_District,_Novgorod_Oblast" title="Chudovo, Chudovsky District, Novgorod Oblast">Chudovo</a> on 20 August, severing the rail link between Leningrad and Moscow. <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a> was captured on 28 August.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998635–637-25">[25]</a> Finnish military forces were north of Leningrad, while German forces occupied territories to the south.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-26">[26]</a> Both German and Finnish forces had the goal of encircling Leningrad and maintaining the siege perimeter, thus cutting off all communication with the city and preventing the defenders from receiving any supplies – although Finnish participation in the siege mainly consisted of a recapture of lands lost in the <a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a>. The Germans planned on lack of food being their chief weapon against the citizens; German scientists had calculated the city would reach starvation after only a few weeks.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad_fortified_region">Leningrad fortified region</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Leningrad fortified region">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/220px-%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/330px-%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg/440px-%D0%96%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8E%D1%82_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1818" data-file-height="1232" /></a><figcaption>Women from Leningrad digging an anti-tank ditch, July 1941</figcaption></figure> On Friday, 27 June 1941, the Council of Deputies of the Leningrad administration organised "First response groups" of civilians. In the next days, Leningrad's civilian population was informed of the danger and over a million citizens were mobilised for the construction of <a href="/wiki/Fortifications" class="mw-redirect" title="Fortifications">fortifications</a>. Several lines of defences were built along the city's perimeter to repel hostile forces approaching from north and south by means of civilian resistance.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-2">[2]</a> In the south, the fortified line ran from the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Luga_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Luga River">Luga River</a> to Chudovo, <a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Krasnoye_Selo" title="Krasnoye Selo">Uritsk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo</a> and then through the <a href="/wiki/Neva_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Neva River">Neva River</a>. Another line of defence passed through <a href="/wiki/Petergof" title="Petergof">Peterhof</a> to Gatchina, Pulkovo, <a href="/wiki/Kolpino" title="Kolpino">Kolpino</a> and Koltushy. In the north the defensive line against the Finns, the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Fortified_Region" title="Karelian Fortified Region">Karelian Fortified Region</a>, had been maintained in Leningrad's northern suburbs since the 1930s, and was now returned to service. A total of 306 km (190 mi) of timber barricades, 635 km (395 mi) of wire entanglements, 700 km (430 mi) of anti-tank ditches, 5,000 earth-and-timber emplacements and reinforced concrete weapon emplacements and 25,000 km (16,000 mi)<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> of open trenches were constructed or excavated by civilians. Even the guns from the cruiser <a href="/wiki/Russian_cruiser_Aurora" title="Russian cruiser Aurora">Aurora</a> were removed from the ship to be used to defend Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Establishment">Establishment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Establishment">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Panzer_Army_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fourth Panzer Army (Germany)">4th Panzer Group</a> from <a href="/wiki/East_Prussia" title="East Prussia">East Prussia</a> took <a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a> following a swift advance and reached <a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Novgorod</a> by 16 August. After the capture of Novgorod, General Hoepner's 4th Panzer Group continued its progress towards Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> However, the <a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a> – despite some 350,000 men lagging behind – forced its way to <a href="/wiki/Ostrov,_Ostrovsky_District,_Pskov_Oblast" title="Ostrov, Ostrovsky District, Pskov Oblast">Ostrov</a> and Pskov after the Soviet troops of the <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Front" title="Northwestern Front">Northwestern Front</a> retreated towards Leningrad. On 10 July, both Ostrov and Pskov were captured and the 18th Army reached Narva and Kingisepp, from where advance toward Leningrad continued from the Luga River line. This had the effect of creating siege positions from the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a> to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>, with the eventual aim of isolating Leningrad from all directions. The Finnish Army was then expected to advance along the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> The last rail connection to Leningrad was cut on 30 August, when the German forces reached the River Neva. In early September, Leeb was confident Leningrad was about to fall. Having received reports on the evacuation of civilians and industrial goods, Leeb and the OKH believed the Red Army was preparing to abandon the city. Consequently, on 5 September, he received new orders, including the destruction of the Red Army forces around the city. By 15 September, Panzer Group 4 was to be transferred to Army Group Centre so it could participate in a renewed offensive towards Moscow. The expected surrender did not materialise although the renewed German offensive cut off the city by 8 September.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998637–642-33">[33]</a> Lacking sufficient strength for major operations, Leeb had to accept the army group might not be able to take the city, although hard fighting continued along his front throughout October and November.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998646–649-34">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Orders_of_battle">Orders of battle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Orders of battle">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_advance_into_USSR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/German_advance_into_USSR.png/260px-German_advance_into_USSR.png" decoding="async" width="260" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/German_advance_into_USSR.png 1.5x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="272" /></a><figcaption>Map of Army Group North's advance into the USSR in 1941. Coral up to 9 July, pink up to 1 September and green up to 5 December.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> (Feldmarschall <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a>)<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/18th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="18th Army (Wehrmacht)">18th Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georg_von_K%C3%BCchler" title="Georg von Küchler">Georg von Küchler</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXXXII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXXXII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXXXII Corps</a> (2 infantry divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXVI_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXVI Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXVI Corps</a> (3 infantry divisions)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="16th Army (Wehrmacht)">16th Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ernst_Busch_(field_marshal)" title="Ernst Busch (field marshal)">Ernst Busch</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXVIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXVIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXVIII Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mauritz_von_Wiktorin" title="Mauritz von Wiktorin">Mauritz von Wiktorin</a>) (2 infantry, 1 armoured divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="I Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">I Corps</a> (2 infantry divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/X_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="X Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">X Corps</a> (3 infantry divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/II_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="II Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">II Corps</a> (3 infantry divisions)</li> <li>(<a href="/wiki/L_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="L Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">L Corps</a> – Under <a href="/wiki/9th_Army_(Wehrmacht)" title="9th Army (Wehrmacht)">9th Army</a>) (2 infantry divisions)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Panzer_Group" class="mw-redirect" title="4th Panzer Group">4th Panzer Group</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erich_Hoepner" title="Erich Hoepner">Erich Hoepner</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XXXVIII_Army_Corps_(Wehrmacht)" title="XXXVIII Army Corps (Wehrmacht)">XXXVIII Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Friedrich-Wilhelm_von_Chappuis" title="Friedrich-Wilhelm von Chappuis">Friedrich-Wilhelm von Chappuis</a>) (1 infantry division)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/XXXXI_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="XXXXI Panzer Corps (Germany)">XXXXI Motorized Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Georg-Hans_Reinhardt" title="Georg-Hans Reinhardt">Georg-Hans Reinhardt</a>) (1 infantry, 1 motorised, 1 armoured divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LVI_Panzer_Corps_(Germany)" class="mw-redirect" title="LVI Panzer Corps (Germany)">LVI Motorized Corps</a> (<a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Manstein" title="Erich von Manstein">Erich von Manstein</a>) (1 infantry, 1 motorised, 1 armoured, 1 <a href="/wiki/Panzergrenadier" title="Panzergrenadier">panzergrenadier</a> divisions)</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finland">Finland</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Finland">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Defence_Forces" title="Finnish Defence Forces">Finnish Defence Forces</a> HQ (Finnish marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustaf_Emil_Mannerheim" title="Carl Gustaf Emil Mannerheim">Mannerheim</a>)<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <ul><li>I Corps (2 infantry divisions)</li> <li>II Corps (2 infantry divisions)</li> <li>IV Corps (3 infantry divisions)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Italy">Italy</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Italy">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/XII_Squadriglia_MAS" title="XII Squadriglia MAS">XII Squadriglia MAS</a> (Mezzi d'Assalto) (Italian for "12th Assault Vessel Squadron") (<abbr title="Capitano di Corvetta">C.C.</abbr> Giuseppe Bianchini) <a href="/wiki/Regia_Marina" title="Regia Marina">Regia Marina</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spain">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a>, officially designated as 250. Infanterie-Division by the <a href="/wiki/German_Army_(Wehrmacht)" class="mw-redirect" title="German Army (Wehrmacht)">German Army</a> and as the División Española de Voluntarios by the Spanish Army; General <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Esteban_Infantes" title="Emilio Esteban Infantes">Esteban Infantes</a> took command of this unit of <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht_foreign_volunteers_and_conscripts" title="Wehrmacht foreign volunteers and conscripts">Spanish volunteers</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a> during World War II.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_Union">Soviet Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Soviet Union">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Front_(Soviet_Union)" title="Northern Front (Soviet Union)">Northern Front</a> (Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Markian_Popov" title="Markian Popov">Popov</a>)<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/7th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="7th Army (Soviet Union)">7th Army</a> (2 rifle, 1 militia divisions, 1 naval infantry brigade, 3 motorised rifle and 1 armoured regiments)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="8th Army (Soviet Union)">8th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/10th_Rifle_Corps" title="10th Rifle Corps">10th Rifle Corps</a> (2 rifle divisions)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Rifle_Corps" title="11th Rifle Corps">11th Rifle Corps</a> (3 rifle divisions)</li> <li>Separate units (3 rifle divisions)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="14th Army (Soviet Union)">14th Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Rifle_Corps" title="42nd Rifle Corps">42nd Rifle Corps</a> (2 rifle divisions)</li> <li>Separate units (2 rifle divisions, 1 fortified area, 1 motorised rifle regiment)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/23rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="23rd Army (Soviet Union)">23rd Army</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/19th_Rifle_Corps" title="19th Rifle Corps">19th Rifle Corps</a> (3 rifle divisions)</li> <li>Separate units (2 rifle, 1 motorised divisions, 2 fortified areas, 1 rifle regiment)</li></ul></li> <li>Luga Operation Group <ul><li>41st Rifle Corps (3 rifle divisions)</li> <li>Separate units (1 armoured brigade, 1 rifle regiment)</li></ul></li> <li>Kingisepp Operation Group <ul><li>Separate units (2 rifle, 2 militia, 1 armoured divisions, 1 fortified area)</li></ul></li> <li>Separate units (3 rifle divisions, 4 guard militia divisions, 3 fortified areas, 1 rifle brigade)</li></ul></li></ul> The 14th Army of the Soviet Red Army defended Murmansk and the 7th Army defended Ladoga Karelia; thus they did not participate in the initial stages of the siege. The 8th Army was initially part of the Northwestern Front and retreated through the Baltics. It was transferred to the Northern Front on 14 July when the Soviets evacuated Tallinn. On 23 August, the Northern Front was divided into the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Front" title="Leningrad Front">Leningrad Front</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Front" title="Karelian Front">Karelian Front</a>, as it became impossible for front headquarters to control everything between Murmansk and Leningrad. Marshal <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a> states, "Ten volunteer <a href="/wiki/Opolcheniye" class="mw-redirect" title="Opolcheniye">opolcheniye</a> divisions were formed in Leningrad in the first three months of the war, as well as 16 separate artillery and machine-gun opolcheniye battalions."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Severing_the_lines_of_communication">Severing the lines of communication</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Severing the lines of communication">edit</a>]</div> On 6 August, Hitler repeated his order: "Leningrad first, <a href="/wiki/Donetsk_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Donetsk Basin">Donetsk Basin</a> second, Moscow third."<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated2-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Arctic_convoys_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic convoys of World War II">Arctic convoys</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Sea_Route" title="Northern Sea Route">Northern Sea Route</a> delivered American <a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a> and British food and war <a href="/wiki/Materiel" title="Materiel">materiel</a> supplies to the Murmansk railhead (although the rail link to Leningrad was cut off by Finnish armies just north of the city), as well as several other locations in <a href="/wiki/Lapland_(region)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lapland (region)">Lapland</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Encirclement_of_Leningrad">Encirclement of Leningrad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Encirclement of Leningrad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png/370px-Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png" decoding="async" width="370" height="239" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png/555px-Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png/740px-Leningrad_Siege_May_1942_-_January_1943.png 2x" data-file-width="1058" data-file-height="684" /></a><figcaption>Map showing the Axis encirclement of Leningrad</figcaption></figure> Finnish intelligence had broken some of the Soviet military codes and read their low-level communications. This was particularly helpful for Hitler, who constantly requested intelligence information about Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-41">[41]</a> Finland's role in Operation Barbarossa was laid out in Hitler's Directive 21, "The mass of the Finnish army will have the task, in accordance with the advance made by the northern wing of the German armies, of tying up maximum Russian (sic – Soviet) strength by attacking to the west, or on both sides, of Lake Ladoga".<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> The last rail connection to Leningrad was severed on 30 August 1941, when the Germans reached the Neva River. On 8 September, the road to the besieged city was severed when the Germans reached Lake Ladoga at <a href="/wiki/Shlisselburg" title="Shlisselburg">Shlisselburg</a>, leaving just a corridor of land between Lake Ladoga and Leningrad which remained unoccupied by <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a> forces. Bombing on 8 September caused 178 fires.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> On 21 September 1941, German High Command considered how to destroy Leningrad. Occupying the city was ruled out "because it would make us responsible for food supply".<a href="#cite_note-reid132-44">[44]</a> The resolution was to lay the city under siege and bombardment, starving its population. "Early next year, we [will] enter the city (if the Finns do it first we do not object), lead those still alive into inner Russia or into captivity, wipe Leningrad from the face of the earth through demolitions, and hand the area north of the Neva to the Finns."<a href="#cite_note-reid133-45">[45]</a> On 7 October, Hitler sent a further directive signed by <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a> reminding Army Group North not to accept capitulation.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finnish_participation">Finnish participation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Finnish participation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg/220px-Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg/330px-Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg/440px-Hitler_Mannerheim_Ryti.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3824" data-file-height="2480" /></a><figcaption>Hitler with Finland's Marshal <a href="/wiki/Carl_Gustav_Mannerheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Carl Gustav Mannerheim">Carl Gustav Mannerheim</a> and President <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Risto Ryti</a> meeting in <a href="/wiki/Imatra" title="Imatra">Imatra</a> in 1942</figcaption></figure> By August 1941, the Finns advanced to within 20 km (12 mi) of the northern suburbs of Leningrad at the 1939 Finnish-Soviet border, threatening the city from the north; they were also advancing through <a href="/wiki/East_Karelia" title="East Karelia">East Karelia</a>, east of Lake Ladoga, and threatening the city from the east. The Finnish forces crossed the pre-Winter War border on the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a> by eliminating Soviet <a href="/wiki/Salients,_re-entrants_and_pockets" class="mw-redirect" title="Salients, re-entrants and pockets">salients</a> at Beloostrov and Kirjasalo, thus straightening the frontline so that it ran along the old border near the shores of Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, and those positions closest to Leningrad still lying on the pre-Winter War border. According to Soviet claims, the Finnish advance was stopped in September through resistance by the Karelian Fortified Region;<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> however, Finnish troops had already earlier in August 1941 received orders to halt the advance after reaching their goals, some of which lay beyond the pre-Winter War border. After reaching their respective goals, the Finns halted their advance and started moving troops to East Karelia.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261-49">[49]</a> For the next three years, the Finns did little to contribute to the battle for Leningrad, maintaining their lines.<a href="#cite_note-Glantz_2001_166-50">[50]</a> Their headquarters rejected German pleas for aerial attacks against Leningrad<a href="#cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:260-51">[51]</a> and did not advance farther south from the <a href="/wiki/Svir_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Svir River">Svir River</a> in occupied East Karelia (160 kilometres northeast of Leningrad), which they had reached on 7 September. In the southeast, the Germans captured <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin" title="Tikhvin">Tikhvin</a> on 8 November, but failed to complete their encirclement of Leningrad by advancing further north to join with the Finns at the Svir River. On 9 December, a counter-attack of the Volkhov Front forced the Wehrmacht to retreat from their Tikhvin positions in the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a> line.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-2">[2]</a> On 6 September 1941, Germany's chief of staff, Alfred Jodl, visited Helsinki. His main goal was to persuade Mannerheim to continue the offensive. In 1941, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Finland" title="President of Finland">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Risto_Ryti" title="Risto Ryti">Ryti</a> declared to the <a href="/wiki/Eduskunta" class="mw-redirect" title="Eduskunta">Finnish Parliament</a> that the aim of the war was to restore the territories lost during the Winter War and gain more territories in the east to create a "<a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Greater Finland</a>".<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruti-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-ruti2-54">[54]</a> After the war, Ryti stated: "On 24 August 1941 I visited the headquarters of Marshal Mannerheim. The Germans aimed us at crossing the old border and continuing the offensive to Leningrad. I said that the capture of Leningrad was not our goal and that we should not take part in it. Mannerheim and Minister of Defense <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Walden" title="Rudolf Walden">Walden</a> agreed with me and refused the offers of the Germans. The result was a paradoxical situation: the Germans could not approach Leningrad from the north..." There was little or no systematic shelling or bombing from the Finnish positions.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-26">[26]</a> The proximity of the Finnish border – 33–35 km (21–22 mi) from downtown Leningrad – and the threat of a Finnish attack complicated the defence of the city. At one point, the defending front commander, <a href="/wiki/Markian_Popov" title="Markian Popov">Popov</a>, could not release reserves opposing the Finnish forces to be deployed against the Wehrmacht because they were needed to bolster the 23rd Army's defences on the Karelian Isthmus.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Mannerheim terminated the offensive on 31 August 1941, when the army had reached the 1939 border. Popov felt relieved, and redeployed two divisions to the German sector on 5 September.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Subsequently, the Finnish forces reduced the salients of <a href="/wiki/Beloostrov" title="Beloostrov">Beloostrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirjasalo" title="Kirjasalo">Kirjasalo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-57">[57]</a> which had threatened their positions at the sea coast and south of the River Vuoksi.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated11-57">[57]</a> Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Paavo_Talvela" title="Paavo Talvela">Paavo Talvela</a> and Colonel Järvinen, the commander of the Finnish Coastal Brigade responsible for Ladoga, proposed to the German headquarters the blocking of <a href="/wiki/Road_of_Life" title="Road of Life">Soviet convoys</a> on Lake Ladoga. The idea was proposed to the Germans on their own behalf going past both Finnish Navy HQ and General HQ. Germans responded positively to the proposition and informed the slightly surprised Finns – who apart from Talvela and Järvinen had very little knowledge of the proposition – that transport of the equipment for the Ladoga operation was already arranged. The German command formed the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Detachment_K" title="Naval Detachment K">international naval detachment</a> (which also included the Italian <a href="/wiki/XII_Squadriglia_MAS" title="XII Squadriglia MAS">XII Squadriglia MAS</a>) under Finnish command and the <a href="/wiki/Einsatzstab_F%C3%A4hre_Ost" title="Einsatzstab Fähre Ost">Einsatzstab Fähre Ost</a> under German command. These naval units operated against the supply route in the summer and autumn of 1942, the only period the units were able to operate as freezing waters then forced the lightly equipped units to be moved away, and changes in front lines made it impractical to reestablish these units later in the war.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated5-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ekman-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defensive_operations">Defensive operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Defensive operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg/170px-RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg/255px-RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg/340px-RIAN_archive_58228_Leningrad_Front_Soldiers_Before_Offensive.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>Two Soviet soldiers, one armed with a <a href="/wiki/Degtyaryov_machine_gun" title="Degtyaryov machine gun">DP machine gun</a>, in the trenches of the Leningrad Front on 1 September 1941</figcaption></figure> The Leningrad Front (initially the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a>) was commanded by Marshal <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a>. It included the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="23rd Army (Soviet Union)">23rd Army</a> in the northern sector between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, and the 48th Army in the western sector between the Gulf of Finland and the <a href="/wiki/Pavlovsk,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Pavlovsk, Saint Petersburg">Slutsk</a>–<a href="/wiki/Mga" title="Mga">Mga</a> position. The Leningrad Fortified Region, the Leningrad garrison, the Baltic Fleet forces, and <a href="/wiki/Koporye" title="Koporye">Koporye</a>, Pulkovo, and Slutsk–Kolpino operational groups were also present.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Defence_of_civilian_evacuees">Defence of civilian evacuees</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Defence of civilian evacuees">edit</a>]</div> According to Zhukov, "Before the war Leningrad had a population of 3,103,000 and 3,385,000 counting the suburbs. As many as 1,743,129, including 414,148 children were evacuated" between 29 June 1941 and 31 March 1943. They were moved to the Volga area, the Urals, Siberia and Kazakhstan.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> By September 1941, the link with the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_Front" title="Volkhov Front">Volkhov Front</a> (commanded by <a href="/wiki/Kirill_Meretskov" title="Kirill Meretskov">Kirill Meretskov</a>) was severed and the defensive sectors were held by four armies: 23rd Army in the northern sector, 42nd Army in the western sector, 55th Army in the southern sector, and the 67th Army in the eastern sector. The <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="8th Army (Soviet Union)">8th Army</a> of the Volkhov Front had the responsibility of maintaining the logistic route to the city in coordination with the Ladoga Flotilla. Air cover for the city was provided by the <a href="/wiki/6th_Air_Army" title="6th Air Army">Leningrad military district PVO Corps</a> and Baltic Fleet naval aviation units.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> The defensive operation to protect the 1,400,000 civilian evacuees was part of the Leningrad counter-siege operations under the command of <a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a>, Kliment Voroshilov, and <a href="/wiki/Alexey_Kuznetsov" title="Alexey Kuznetsov">Aleksei Kuznetsov</a>. Additional military operations were carried out in coordination with Baltic Fleet naval forces under the general command of Admiral <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Tributs" title="Vladimir Tributs">Vladimir Tributs</a>. The Ladoga Flotilla under the command of V. Baranovsky, S.V. Zemlyanichenko, P.A. Traynin, and B.V. Khoroshikhin also played a major military role in helping with evacuation of the civilians.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bombardment">Bombardment</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Bombardment">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_888_Nurses_helping_people_wounded_in_the_first_bombardment_in_Leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2500" data-file-height="1683" /></a><figcaption>Nurses helping wounded people during a German bombardment on 10 September 1941</figcaption></figure> The first success of the Leningrad air defence took place on the night of 23 June. The <a href="/wiki/Junkers_Ju_88" title="Junkers Ju 88">Ju 88A</a> bomber from the <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Corps_(Germany)" title="1st Air Corps (Germany)">1st Air Corps</a> KGr.806 was damaged by the <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">AA</a> fire of the 15th Battery of the 192nd Anti-Aircraft Artillery Regiment, and made an <a href="/wiki/Emergency_landing" title="Emergency landing">emergency landing</a>. All crew members, including the commander, Lieutenant Hans Turmeyer, were captured on the ground. The commander of the 15th Battery, Lieutenant Alexey Pimchenkov, was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Order of the Red Banner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> By Monday, 8 September, German forces had largely surrounded the city, cutting off all supply routes to Leningrad and its suburbs. Unable to press home their offensive, and facing defences of the city organised by <a href="/wiki/Marshal_Zhukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Marshal Zhukov">Marshal Zhukov</a>, the Axis armies laid <a href="/wiki/Siege" title="Siege">siege</a> to the city for "900 days and nights".<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> The air attack of Friday, 19 September, was particularly brutal. It was the heaviest air raid Leningrad suffered during the war, as 276 German bombers hit the city killing 1,000 civilians. Many of those killed were recuperating from battle wounds in hospitals that were hit by German bombs. Six air raids occurred that day. Five hospitals were damaged in the bombings, as well as the city's largest shopping bazaar. Hundreds of people had run from the street into the store to take shelter from the air raid.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Artillery bombardment of Leningrad began in August, increasing in intensity during 1942 with the arrival of new equipment. It was stepped up further in 1943, when several times as many shells and bombs were used as in the year before. Against this, the Soviet Baltic Fleet navy aviation made over 100,000 air missions to support their military operations during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-67">[67]</a> German shelling and bombing killed 5,723 and wounded 20,507 civilians in Leningrad during the siege.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supplying_the_defenders">Supplying the defenders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Supplying the defenders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Road_of_Life" title="Road of Life">Road of Life</a></div> To sustain the defence of the city, it was vitally important for the Red Army to establish a route for bringing a constant flow of supplies into Leningrad. This route, which became known as the Road of Life (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Дорога жизни), was effected over the southern part of Lake Ladoga and the corridor of land which remained unoccupied by Axis forces between Lake Ladoga and Leningrad. Transport across Lake Ladoga was achieved by means of <a href="/wiki/Watercraft" title="Watercraft">watercraft</a> during the warmer months and land vehicles driven over thick ice in winter (hence the route becoming known as the "Ice Road"). The security of the supply route was ensured by the Ladoga Flotilla, the Leningrad PVO Corps, and route security troops. Vital food supplies were thus transported to the village of Osinovets, from where they were transferred and transported over 45 km (28 mi) via a small suburban railway to Leningrad.<a href="#cite_note-reid201-69">[69]</a> The route had to be used also to evacuate civilians, since no evacuation plans had been executed in the chaos of the first winter of the war, and the city was completely isolated until 20 November, when the ice road over Lake Ladoga became operational. Vehicles risked becoming stuck in the snow or sinking through broken ice caused by constant German bombardments, but the road brought necessary military and food supplies in and took civilians and wounded soldiers out, allowing the city to continue resisting the enemy.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Effect_on_the_city">Effect on the city</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Effect on the city">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Effects_of_the_siege_of_Leningrad" title="Effects of the siege of Leningrad">Effects of the siege of Leningrad</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_216_The_Volkovo_cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="777" /></a><figcaption>Three men burying victims of Leningrad's siege in 1942</figcaption></figure> The two-and-a-half-year siege caused the greatest destruction and the <a href="/wiki/List_of_battles_by_casualties#Sieges_and_urban_combat" title="List of battles by casualties">largest loss of life</a> ever known in a modern city.<a href="#cite_note-Tucker2009-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-:29-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-:12-75">[75]</a> On Hitler's direct orders the Wehrmacht looted and then destroyed most of the imperial palaces, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ropsha" title="Ropsha">Ropsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strelna" title="Strelna">Strelna</a>, Gatchina, and other historic landmarks located outside the city's defensive perimeter, with many art collections transported to Germany.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> A number of factories, schools, hospitals and other civil infrastructure were destroyed by air raids and long range artillery bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ae/RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_637_War_children.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1890" data-file-height="1299" /></a><figcaption>Children crippled by German shells in the Leningrad Pediatric Medical Institute</figcaption></figure> The 872 days of the siege caused extreme famine in the Leningrad region through disruption of utilities, water, energy and food supplies. This resulted in the deaths of up to 1,500,000<a href="#cite_note-Salisbury_1969_590f-78">[78]</a> soldiers and civilians and the evacuation of 1,400,000 more (mainly women and children), many of whom died during evacuation due to starvation and bombardment.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated8-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-2">[2]</a> According to journalist <a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Harrison E. Salisbury</a> on the death toll of the siege, "A total for Leningrad and vicinity of something over 1,000,000 deaths attributable to hunger, and an over-all total of deaths, civilian and military, on the order of 1,300,000 to 1,500,000 seems reasonable."<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> According to military historian <a href="/wiki/David_M._Glantz" title="David M. Glantz">David M. Glantz</a>, "the number of soldiers and civilians who perished during the Battle for Leningrad amounted to the awesome total of between 1.6 and two million souls. These figures associated with the defence of a single city are six times greater than the United States’ total death toll during the entirety of World War II" and that "In terms of drama, symbolism and sheer human suffering, however, the Battle for Leningrad has no peer either in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War_(term)" title="Great Patriotic War (term)">Great Patriotic War</a> or in any other modern war".<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> Military historian <a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Victor Davis Hanson</a> further affirmed that "Leningrad was civilization's most lethal siege"<a href="#cite_note-:122-81">[81]</a> and that "More than one million died at Leningrad amid mass starvation, epidemic, cannibalism and daily barrages—a greater death toll than any siege in history".<a href="#cite_note-:1222-82">[82]</a> The crippling starvation and famine extended beyond Leningrad itself, affecting the surrounding satellite cities as well and de facto including them into the blockade dynamics. The city of Pushkin, with half under formal German occupation and the other half serving as a de facto frontline, experienced similar conditions to those within Leningrad. Pushkinites were dying of mass hunger, the city was regularly shelled by Soviet forces, and the Germans did not introduce ration cards for bread until the summer of 1942.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <a href="/wiki/Piskaryovskoye_Memorial_Cemetery" title="Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery">Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery</a> in Leningrad holds half a million civilian victims of the siege alone. Economic destruction and human losses in Leningrad on both sides exceeded those of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Tokyo" title="Bombing of Tokyo">bombing of Tokyo</a>. The siege of Leningrad ranks as the <a href="/wiki/Most_lethal_battles_in_world_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Most lethal battles in world history">most lethal siege in world history</a>, and some historians speak of the siege operations in terms of <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>, as a "racially motivated starvation policy" that became an integral part of the unprecedented German war of extermination against populations of the Soviet Union generally.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/220px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/330px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg/440px-%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9._%D0%98%D0%BC_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%B8%D0%BC_30_%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1710" data-file-height="1228" /></a><figcaption>Two teen girls assemble <a href="/wiki/PPD-40" title="PPD-40">PPD-40</a> submachine guns during the siege of Leningrad in 1943</figcaption></figure> Civilians in the city suffered from extreme <a href="/wiki/Starvation" title="Starvation">starvation</a>, especially in the winter of 1941–42. From November 1941 to February 1942 the only food available to the citizen was 125 <a href="/wiki/Gram" title="Gram">grams</a> of bread per day, of which 50–60% consisted of <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a> and other inedible admixtures. In conditions of extreme temperatures (down to −30 °C (−22 °F)), and with city transport out of service, even a distance of a few kilometres to a food distribution kiosk created an insurmountable obstacle for many citizens. Deaths peaked in January–February 1942 at 100,000 per month, mostly from starvation.<a href="#cite_note-reid284-86">[86]</a> People often died on the streets, and citizens soon became accustomed to the sight of death.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cannibalism">Cannibalism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Cannibalism">edit</a>]</div> While reports of <a href="/wiki/Human_cannibalism" title="Human cannibalism">cannibalism</a> appeared in the winter of 1941–42, <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> records on the subject were not published until 2004. Most evidence for cannibalism that surfaced before this time was anecdotal. <a href="/wiki/Anna_Reid" title="Anna Reid">Anna Reid</a> points out that "for most people at the time, cannibalism was a matter of second-hand horror stories rather than direct personal experience".<a href="#cite_note-reid286-88">[88]</a> Indicative of Leningraders' fears at the time, police would often threaten uncooperative suspects with imprisonment in a cell with cannibals.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> Dimitri Lazarev, a diarist during the worst moments in the Leningrad siege, recalls his daughter and niece reciting a terrifying nursery rhyme adapted from a pre-war song: Sung to the tune of <a href="/wiki/Mary_Had_A_Little_Lamb" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Had A Little Lamb">Mary Had A Little Lamb</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> A <a href="/wiki/Dystrophy" title="Dystrophy">dystrophic</a> walked along With a dull look In a basket he carried a corpse's arse. I'm having human flesh for lunch, This piece will do! Ugh, hungry sorrow! And for supper, clearly I'll need a little baby. I'll take the neighbours', Steal him out of his cradle.<a href="#cite_note-reid354-90">[90]</a> </div></blockquote> NKVD files report the first use of human meat as food on 13 December 1941, with nine cases.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-287-91">[91]</a> A report ten days later outlines thirteen cases, which range from a mother smothering her eighteen-month-old to feed her three older children to a plumber killing his wife to feed his sons and nieces.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-287-91">[91]</a> By December 1942, the NKVD had arrested 2,105 cannibals – dividing them into two legal categories: corpse-eating (трупоедства, trupoyedstvo) and person-eating (людоедства, lyudoyedstvo). The latter were usually shot while the former were sent to prison. The Soviet Criminal Code had no provision for cannibalism, so all convictions were carried out under Code Article 59–3, "special category banditry".<a href="#cite_note-reid291-92">[92]</a> Instances of person-eating were significantly lower than that of corpse-eating; of the 300 people arrested in April 1942 for cannibalism, only 44 were murderers.<a href="#cite_note-Reid-288-93">[93]</a> 64% of cannibals were female, 44% were unemployed, 90% were illiterate or with only basic education, 15% were rooted inhabitants, and only 2% had any criminal records. More cases occurred in the outlying districts than in the city itself. Cannibals were often unsupported women with dependent children and no previous convictions, which allowed for a certain level of clemency in legal proceedings.<a href="#cite_note-reid292-94">[94]</a> Given the scope of mass starvation, cannibalism was relatively rare.<a href="#cite_note-Kirschenbaum2006-95">[95]</a> Far more common was murder for ration cards. In the first six months of 1942, Leningrad witnessed 1,216 such murders. At the same time, Leningrad was experiencing its highest mortality rate, as high as 100,000 people per month. Lisa Kirschenbaum notes that "[rates] of cannibalism provided an opportunity for emphasizing that the majority of Leningraders managed to maintain their cultural norms in the most unimaginable circumstances."<a href="#cite_note-Kirschenbaum2006-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soviet_relief_of_the_siege">Soviet relief of the siege</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Soviet relief of the siege">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Special:EditPage/Siege of Leningrad">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. Find sources: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22">"Siege of Leningrad"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22+-wikipedia">books</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22">scholar</a> · <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Siege+of+Leningrad%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a> (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Leningrad_skiers.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Leningrad_skiers.jpg/170px-Leningrad_skiers.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Leningrad_skiers.jpg/255px-Leningrad_skiers.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/de/Leningrad_skiers.jpg/340px-Leningrad_skiers.jpg 2x" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>Soviet ski troops by the <a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage Museum</a> in Leningrad</figcaption></figure> On 9 August 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Symphony_No._7_(Shostakovich)" title="Symphony No. 7 (Shostakovich)">Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad"</a> by <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> was <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_premi%C3%A8re_of_Shostakovich%27s_Symphony_No._7" title="Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7">performed</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Radio_Orchestra" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Radio Orchestra">Leningrad Radio Orchestra</a>. The concert was broadcast on loudspeakers placed throughout the city and also aimed towards the enemy lines. The same day had been previously designated by Hitler to celebrate the fall of the city with a lavish banquet at Leningrad's Astoria Hotel,<a href="#cite_note-ed1-20">[20]</a> and was a few days before the <a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_Offensive_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyavino Offensive (1942)">Sinyavino Offensive</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sinyavino_Offensive">Sinyavino Offensive</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sinyavino Offensive">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_Offensive_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyavino Offensive (1942)">Sinyavino Offensive (1942)</a></div> The Sinyavino Offensive was a Soviet attempt to break the siege of the city in early autumn 1942. The <a href="/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army" title="2nd Shock Army">2nd Shock</a> and the <a href="/wiki/8th_Army_(Soviet_Union)" title="8th Army (Soviet Union)">8th</a> armies were to link up with the forces of the Leningrad Front. At the same time the German side was preparing an offensive to capture the city, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordlicht_(1942)" title="Operation Nordlicht (1942)">Operation Nordlicht</a> (Northern Light), using the troops made available by <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">the capture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ManstLost-96">[96]</a> Neither side was aware of the other's intentions until the battle started.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The offensive began on 27 August 1942 with some small-scale attacks by the Leningrad front, pre-empting "Nordlicht" by a few weeks. The successful start of the operation forced the Germans to redirect troops from the planned "Nordlicht" to counterattack the Soviet armies.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The counteroffensive saw the first deployment of the <a href="/wiki/Tiger_I" title="Tiger I">Tiger</a> tank, though with limited success. After parts of the 2nd Shock Army were encircled and destroyed, the Soviet offensive was halted. However, the German forces also had to abandon their offensive.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operation_Iskra">Operation Iskra</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Operation Iskra">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Operation Iskra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Opasna_eta_storona.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Opasna_eta_storona.jpg/220px-Opasna_eta_storona.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Opasna_eta_storona.jpg/330px-Opasna_eta_storona.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Opasna_eta_storona.jpg/440px-Opasna_eta_storona.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3408" data-file-height="2216" /></a><figcaption>Exultant Leningrad, 1944. The sign on the wall says: <a href="/wiki/Citizens!_During_shelling_this_side_of_the_street_is_the_most_dangerous" title="Citizens! During shelling this side of the street is the most dangerous">Citizens! This side of the street is the most dangerous during the artillery barrage.</a></figcaption></figure> The encirclement was broken in the wake of Operation Iskra (Spark), a full-scale offensive conducted by the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts. This offensive started in the morning of 12 January 1943. After fierce battles the Red Army units overcame the powerful German fortifications to the south of Lake Ladoga, and on 18 January 1943, the Volkhov Front's <a href="/wiki/372nd_Rifle_Division" title="372nd Rifle Division">372nd Rifle Division</a> met troops of the 123rd Rifle Brigade of the Leningrad Front, opening a 10–12 km (6.2–7.5 mi)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification needed</a>] wide land corridor, which could provide some relief to the besieged population of Leningrad.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> faced a major Soviet attempt to break the siege of Leningrad in February 1943, when the 55th Army of the Soviet forces, reinvigorated after the victory at Stalingrad, attacked the Spanish positions at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Krasny_Bor" title="Battle of Krasny Bor">Battle of Krasny Bor</a>, near the main Moscow-Leningrad road. Despite very heavy casualties, the Spaniards were able to hold their ground against a Soviet force seven times larger and supported by tanks. The Soviet assault was contained by the Blue Division.<a href="#cite_note-:2-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-98">[98]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lifting_the_siege">Lifting the siege</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Lifting the siege">edit</a>]</div> The siege continued until 27 January 1944, when the Soviet <a href="/wiki/Leningrad%E2%80%93Novgorod_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive">Leningrad–Novgorod Offensive</a> expelled German forces from the southern outskirts of the city. This was a combined effort by the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts, along with the <a href="/wiki/1st_Baltic_Front" title="1st Baltic Front">1st</a> and <a href="/wiki/2nd_Baltic_Front" title="2nd Baltic Front">2nd Baltic Fronts</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet#World_War_II" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> provided 30% of aviation power for the final strike against the <a href="/wiki/Wehrmacht" title="Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht</a>.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-67">[67]</a> In the summer of 1944, the Finnish Defence Forces <a href="/wiki/Vyborg%E2%80%93Petrozavodsk_Offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Vyborg–Petrozavodsk Offensive">were pushed back</a> to the other side of the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Vyborg" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Vyborg">Bay of Vyborg</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Vuoksi_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Vuoksi River">Vuoksi River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> The siege was also known as the Leningrad Blockade and the 900-Day Siege. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> In his analysis of the siege of Leningrad, author Robert Forczyk highlights both the strategic and operational outcomes of the German offensive against the city. Forczyk asserts that although Hitler intended to destroy Leningrad as a symbol and center of Soviet power, this objective was not achieved: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Hitler had intended to demolish Leningrad as both a symbol and a centre of Soviet power, but he accomplished neither. Thus in strategic terms, the German effort against Leningrad was a failure. Yet in operational terms, the German siege of Leningrad effectively isolated three Soviet armies for over two years and forced six other armies to conduct repeated costly frontal assaults to try and end the siege. In January 1944, the Red Army had to mass the equivalent of over 60 divisions in the Leningrad-Volkhov area to dislodge 20 German divisions and still failed to encircle and destroy a single one of them. Total Soviet military casualties on the Leningrad and Volkhov fronts during the siege were at least 1.5 million, including 620,000 dead or captured. Furthermore, the siege cost the lives of about one million Soviet civilians in Leningrad and prevented the city's industries from participating fully in the Soviet war effort until mid-1944.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200991-100">[100]</a></blockquote> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">In spite of their operational mistakes which cost them victory at Leningrad, the German tactical performance on the defence was impressive - perhaps one of the best of the war by any army. On the 50m-high Siniavino Heights, German troops held off about 250,000 Soviet troops for 384 days and inflicted over 400,000 casualties. In comparison, German forces defending atop the 516m-high Monte Cassino massif held off 100,000 Allied troops for 123 days and inflicted about 20,000 casualties.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Robert Forczyk<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200992-101">[101]</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline">Timeline</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Timeline">edit</a>]</div> The timeline is based on various sources such as work done by <a href="/wiki/David_Glantz" class="mw-redirect" title="David Glantz">David Glantz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1941">1941</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: 1941">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_907_Leningradians_queueing_up_for_water.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2178" /></a><figcaption>People gathering water from shell-holes on Nevsky Prospect, between <a href="/wiki/Great_Gostiny_Dvor" title="Great Gostiny Dvor">Gostiny Dvor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fences_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Fences in Saint Petersburg">Ostrovsky Square</a> </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/220px-%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/330px-%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg/440px-%D0%94%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1554" data-file-height="1296" /></a><figcaption>A victim of starvation in besieged Leningrad suffering from <a href="/wiki/Muscle_atrophy" title="Muscle atrophy">muscle atrophy</a> in 1941</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>April: Hitler intends to occupy and then destroy <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Leningrad</a>, according to plan <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Barbarossa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Generalplan_Ost" title="Generalplan Ost">Generalplan Ost</a>.</li> <li>22 June: The <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>' invasion of <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> begins with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>.</li> <li>23 June: Leningrad commander M. Popov, sends his second in command to reconnoitre defensive positions south of Leningrad.</li> <li>29 June: Construction of the <a href="/wiki/Luga,_Leningrad_Oblast" title="Luga, Leningrad Oblast">Luga</a> defence fortifications (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: Лужский оборонительный рубеж) begins together with evacuation of children and women.</li> <li>June–July: Over 300,000 civilian refugees from Pskov and Novgorod escaping from the advancing Germans come to Leningrad for shelter. The armies of the North-Western Front join the front lines at Leningrad. Total military strength with reserves and volunteers reaches 2 million men involved on all sides of the emerging battle.</li> <li>19–23 July: First attack on Leningrad by <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_North" title="Army Group North">Army Group North</a> is stopped 100 km (62 mi) south of the city.</li> <li>27 July: Hitler visits Army Group North, angry at the delay. He orders <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a> to take Leningrad by December.</li> <li>31 July: Finns attack the Soviet 23rd Army at the <a href="/wiki/Karelian_Isthmus" title="Karelian Isthmus">Karelian Isthmus</a>, eventually reaching northern pre-<a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a> Finnish-Soviet border.</li> <li>20 August – 8 September: Artillery bombardments of Leningrad hit industries, schools, hospitals and civilian houses.</li> <li>21 August: Hitler's Directive No. 34 orders "Encirclement of Leningrad in conjunction with the Finns."</li> <li>20–27 August: Evacuation of civilians is blocked by attacks on railways and other exits from Leningrad.</li> <li>31 August: Finnish forces go on the defensive and straighten their front line.<a href="#cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261-49">[49]</a> This involves crossing the 1939 pre-Winter War border and occupation of municipalities of Kirjasalo and Beloostrov.<a href="#cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261-49">[49]</a></li> <li>6 September: <a href="/wiki/Oberkommando_der_Wehrmacht" title="Oberkommando der Wehrmacht">German High Command</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jodl" title="Alfred Jodl">Alfred Jodl</a> fails to persuade Finns to continue offensive against Leningrad.</li> <li>2–9 September: Finns capture the <a href="/wiki/Beloostrov" title="Beloostrov">Beloostrov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kirjasalo" title="Kirjasalo">Kirjasalo</a> salients and conduct defensive preparations.</li> <li>8 September: Land encirclement of Leningrad is completed when the German forces reach the shores of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Ladoga" title="Lake Ladoga">Lake Ladoga</a>.</li> <li>10 September: <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> appoints <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">General Zhukov</a> to replace <a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Marshal Voroshilov</a> as Leningrad Front and <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> commander.</li> <li>12 September: The largest food depot in Leningrad, the Badajevski General Store, is destroyed by a German bomb.</li> <li>15 September: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Ritter_von_Leeb" title="Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb">Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb</a> has to remove the 4th Panzer Group from the front lines and transfer it to <a href="/wiki/Army_Group_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Group Center">Army Group Center</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Moscow offensive</a>.</li> <li>19 September: German troops are stopped 10 km (6.2 mi) from Leningrad. Citizens join the fighting at the defence line</li> <li>22 September: Hitler directs that "<a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> must be erased from the face of the Earth".</li> <li>22 September: Hitler declares, "....we have no interest in saving lives of the civilian population."</li> <li>8 November: Hitler states in a speech at Munich: "Leningrad must die of starvation."</li> <li>10 November: Soviet counter-attack begins, and lasts until 30 December.</li> <li>December: <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> wrote in his diary "Leningrad is encircled, but not taken."</li> <li>6 December: The United Kingdom declared war on Finland. This was followed by declaration of war from Canada, Australia, India and New Zealand.</li> <li>30 December: Soviet counter-attack, which began at 10 November, forced Germans to retreat from <a href="/wiki/Tikhvin" title="Tikhvin">Tikhvin</a> back to the <a href="/wiki/Volkhov_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Volkhov River">Volkhov River</a>, preventing them from joining Finnish forces stationed at the <a href="/wiki/Svir_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Svir River">Svir River</a> on the eastern shore of Lake Ladoga.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1942">1942</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: 1942">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_2153_After_bombing.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2976" data-file-height="1823" /></a><figcaption>Soviet civilians leaving destroyed houses after a German bombardment during the siege, 10 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>7 January: Soviet <a href="/wiki/Lyuban_Offensive_Operation" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyuban Offensive Operation">Lyuban Offensive Operation</a> is launched; it lasts 16 weeks and is unsuccessful, resulting in the loss of the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Shock_Army" title="2nd Shock Army">2nd Shock Army</a>.</li> <li>January: Soviets launch battle for the <a href="/wiki/Nevsky_Pyatachok" title="Nevsky Pyatachok">Nevsky Pyatachok</a> bridgehead in an attempt to break the siege. This battle lasts until May 1943, but is only partially successful. Very heavy casualties are experienced by both sides.</li> <li>4–30 April: Luftwaffe Operation Eis Stoß (ice impact) fails to sink <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Fleet" title="Baltic Fleet">Baltic Fleet</a> ships iced in at Leningrad.</li> <li>June–September: <a href="/wiki/38_cm_Siegfried_K_(E)" title="38 cm Siegfried K (E)">New German railway-mounted artillery</a> bombards Leningrad with 800 kg (1,800 lb) shells.</li> <li>August: The Spanish <a href="/wiki/Blue_Division" title="Blue Division">Blue Division</a> (División Azul) transferred to Leningrad.</li> <li>9 August 1942: The Symphony No. 7 "Leningrad" by Dmitri Shostakovich was <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_premi%C3%A8re_of_Shostakovich%27s_Symphony_No._7" title="Leningrad première of Shostakovich's Symphony No. 7">performed in the city</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a></li> <li>14 August – 27 October: <a href="/wiki/Naval_Detachment_K" title="Naval Detachment K">Naval Detachment K</a> clashes with <a href="/wiki/Road_of_Life" title="Road of Life">Leningrad supply route</a> on Lake Ladoga.</li> <li>19 August: Soviets begin an eight-week-long <a href="/wiki/Sinyavino_Offensive_(1942)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sinyavino Offensive (1942)">Sinyavino Offensive</a>, which fails to lift the siege, but thwarts German offensive plans (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Nordlicht_(1942)" title="Operation Nordlicht (1942)">Operation Nordlicht</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1943">1943</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: 1943">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>January–December: Increased artillery bombardments of Leningrad.</li> <li>12–30 January: <a href="/wiki/Operation_Iskra" title="Operation Iskra">Operation Iskra</a> penetrates the siege by opening a land corridor along the coast of Lake Ladoga into the city. The siege is broken.</li> <li>10 February – 1 April: The unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Polyarnaya_Zvezda" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda">Operation Polyarnaya Zvezda</a> attempts to lift the siege.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1944">1944</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: 1944">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg/130px-Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg/195px-Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/6d/Medal_Defense_of_Leningrad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="240" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>1,496,000 Soviet personnel were awarded the <a href="/wiki/Medal_%22For_the_Defence_of_Leningrad%22" title="Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"">Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad"</a> from 22 December 1942</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>14 January – 1 March: Several Soviet offensive operations begin, aimed at ending the siege.</li> <li>27 January: Siege of Leningrad ends. German forces pushed 60–100 km (37–62 mi) away from the city.</li> <li>January: Before retreating, the German armies loot and destroy the historical Palaces of the Tsars, such as the <a href="/wiki/Catherine_Palace" title="Catherine Palace">Catherine Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gatchina_Palace" title="Gatchina Palace">Gatchina Palace</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Strelna" title="Strelna">Strelna</a> Palace. Many other historic landmarks and homes in the suburbs of St. Petersburg are looted and then destroyed, and a large number of valuable art collections are moved to Germany.</li></ul> During the siege some 3,200 residential buildings, 9,000 wooden houses were burned, and 840 factories and plants were destroyed in Leningrad and suburbs.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_evaluation">Later evaluation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Later evaluation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legality">Legality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Legality">edit</a>]</div> The judges at the <a href="/wiki/High_Command_trial" class="mw-redirect" title="High Command trial">High Command trial</a>—a United States military court convened to judge German war crimes—ruled that the siege of Leningrad was not criminal: "the cutting off every source of sustenance from without is deemed legitimate. ...We might wish the law were otherwise, but we must administer it as we find it".<a href="#cite_note-Jordash-105">[105]</a> Even such actions as killing civilians fleeing the siege was ruled to be legal during the trial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldervan_Dijk2021384-106">[106]</a> The Soviet Union was not successful at banning the use of starvation in the <a href="/wiki/1949_Geneva_Convention" class="mw-redirect" title="1949 Geneva Convention">1949 Geneva Convention</a>; though imposing some limits, it "accepted the legality of starvation as a weapon of war in principle".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMuldervan_Dijk2021383–384-107">[107]</a> <a href="/wiki/Starvation_(crime)" title="Starvation (crime)">Starvation was criminalized</a> later in the twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-Jordash-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Genocide">Genocide</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Genocide">edit</a>]</div> Some 21st century historians, including <a href="/wiki/Timo_Vihavainen" title="Timo Vihavainen">Timo Vihavainen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Lomagin" title="Nikita Lomagin">Nikita Lomagin</a>, have classified the siege of Leningrad as genocide due to the systematic starvation and intentional destruction of the city's civilian population.<a href="#cite_note-Bidlack-Lomagin-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ganzenmüller_2005-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Hund-Dietmar-Zimmermann-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-Siegl-17">[17]</a> On 18 March 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Russia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Russia)">Russian foreign ministry</a> issued a statement via <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Foreign_Office" title="Federal Foreign Office">German foreign ministry</a> saying that the siege of Leningrad was a genocide.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Controversial_issues">Controversial issues</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Controversial issues">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Controversy_over_Finnish_participation">Controversy over Finnish participation</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Controversy over Finnish participation">edit</a>]</div> Almost all Finnish historians regard the siege as a German operation and do not consider that the Finns effectively participated in the siege. Russian historian Nikolai Baryshnikov argues that active Finnish participation did occur, but other historians have been mostly silent about it, most likely due to the friendly nature of post-war Soviet–Finnish relations.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> The main issues which count in favour of the former view are: (a) the Finns mostly stayed at the pre-Winter War border at the Karelian Isthmus (with small exceptions to straighten the frontline), despite German wishes and requests, and (b) they did not bombard the city from planes or with artillery and did not allow the Germans to bring their own land forces to Finnish lines. Baryshnikov explains that the Finnish military in the region was strategically dependent on the Germans, and lacked the required means and will to press the attack against Leningrad any further.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Soviet_deportation_of_civilians_with_ethnic_origins_in_enemy_nations_–_Germans_and_Finns">Soviet deportation of civilians with ethnic origins in enemy nations – Germans and Finns</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Soviet deportation of civilians with ethnic origins in enemy nations – Germans and Finns">edit</a>]</div> Deportations of Finns and Germans from the Leningrad area to inhospitable areas of the Soviet Union began in March 1942 using the Road of Life; many of their descendants still remain in those areas today.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The situation in sieged Leningrad was worse than that in the eastern areas to which most Leningrad residents were evacuated. These inhospitable areas of the Soviet Union hosted millions of evacuees, and many factories, universities, and theatres were also relocated there.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commemoration">Commemoration</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Commemoration">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leningrad_Siege_and_Defence_Museum">Leningrad Siege and Defence Museum</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Leningrad Siege and Defence Museum">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Square_(32821460975).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg/220px-Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg/330px-Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg/440px-Square_%2832821460975%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5338" data-file-height="3559" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hero-City_Obelisk" class="mw-redirect" title="Hero-City Obelisk">Hero-City Obelisk</a></figcaption></figure> Even during the siege itself, war artifacts were collected and shown to the public by city authorities, such as the German aeroplane that was shot down and fell to the ground in <a href="/wiki/Tauride_Garden" title="Tauride Garden">Tauricheskiy Garden</a> (Таврический сад). Such objects were displayed as a sign of the people's courage, and gathered in a specially allocated building of the former 19th century <a href="/w/index.php?title=Solyanoi_Town&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Solyanoi Town (page does not exist)">Solyanoi Town</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B9_%D0%B3%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA" class="extiw" title="ru:Соляной городок">ru</a>]. The exhibition was soon turned into a full-scale <a href="/w/index.php?title=State_Memorial_Museum_of_the_Defence_and_Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="State Memorial Museum of the Defence and Siege of Leningrad (page does not exist)">State Memorial Museum of the Defence and Siege of Leningrad </a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B_%D0%B8_%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Государственный мемориальный музей обороны и блокады Ленинграда">ru</a>] (Государственный мемориальный музей обороны и блокады Ленинграда). Several years after World War II, from the late 1940s to the early 1950s, Stalin's supposed jealousy of Leningrad city leaders caused their destruction in the course of politically motivated show trials forming the post-WWII <a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Affair" class="mw-redirect" title="Leningrad Affair">Leningrad Affair</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">pre-war purge</a> followed the 1934 assassination of the popular city ruler <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>). Another generation of state and Communist Party functionaries of the city was wiped out, supposedly for publicly overestimating the importance of the city as an independent fighting unit and their own roles in defeating the enemy. Their brainchild, the Leningrad Defence Museum, was also destroyed, as were many valuable exhibits.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> With the museum's revival during the wave of glasnost of the late 1980s new shocking facts were published, showing heroism of the wartime city along with hardships and even cruelties of the period. The exhibition opened in its originally allocated building, but has not yet regained its original size and area, most of its former premises having been occupied by military and other governmental offices. Plans for a new modern building of the museum have been suspended due to the financial crisis, although under the present Defence Secretary, <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Shoigu" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Shoigu">Sergey Shoigu</a>, promises have been made to expand the museum at its original location.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monuments:_The_Green_Belt_of_Glory_and_memorial_cemeteries">Monuments: The Green Belt of Glory and memorial cemeteries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Monuments: The Green Belt of Glory and memorial cemeteries">edit</a>]</div> Commemoration of the siege got a second wind during the 1960s. Local artists dedicated their achievements to the Victory and memory of the war they saw. A leading local poet and war participant <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Dudin" title="Mikhail Dudin">Mikhail Dudin</a> suggested erecting a ring of monuments on the places of heaviest siege-time fighting and linking them into a belt of gardens around the city showing where the advancing enemy armies were stopped forever. That was the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Belt_of_Glory" title="Green Belt of Glory">Green Belt of Glory</a> (Зелёный пояс Славы).<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> On 29 October 1966, a monument entitled <a href="/w/index.php?title=Broken_Ring&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Broken Ring (page does not exist)">Broken Ring</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%86%D0%BE" class="extiw" title="ru:Разорванное кольцо">ru</a>] (of the Siege, Разорванное кольцо) was erected at the 40th kilometre of the Road of Life, on the shore of Lake Ladoga near the village of <a href="/wiki/Kokkorevo" title="Kokkorevo">Kokkorevo</a>. Designed and created by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Simun" title="Konstantin Simun">Konstantin Simun</a>, the monument pays tribute not only to the lives saved via the frozen Ladoga, but also the many lives broken by the siege.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg/220px-RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg/330px-RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg/440px-RIAN_archive_71157_The_Heroic_Defense_of_Leningrad_monument.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a><figcaption>Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad in Ploschad' Pobedy (Victory Square), southern entrance to the city, 1981</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Monument_to_the_Heroic_Defenders_of_Leningrad_on_Victory_Square&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad on Victory Square (page does not exist)">Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad on Victory Square</a> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82_%D0%B3%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BC_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%89%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="ru:Монумент героическим защитникам Ленинграда">ru</a>] (Монумент героическим защитникам Ленинграда) was erected on 9 May 1975 in <a href="/wiki/Victory_Square,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Victory Square, Saint Petersburg">Victory Square, Saint Petersburg</a>.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> The monument is a huge bronze ring with a gap in it, pointing towards the site that the Soviets eventually broke through the encircling German forces. In the centre a Russian mother cradles her dying soldier son. The monument has an inscription saying "900 days 900 nights". An exhibit underneath the monument contains artifacts from this period, such as journals.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Memorial_cemeteries">Memorial cemeteries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Memorial cemeteries">edit</a>]</div> During the siege, numerous deaths of civilians and soldiers led to considerable expansion of burial places later memorialised, of which the best known is Piskaryovskoye Memorial Cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_parade_on_Palace_Square">Military parade on Palace Square</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Military parade on Palace Square">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg/220px-PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg/330px-PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg/440px-PARAD_LENINGRAD_2019_02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Personnel from the <a href="/wiki/154th_Preobrazhensky_Independent_Commandant%27s_Regiment" title="154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment">154th Preobrazhensky Independent Commandant's Regiment</a> on <a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a>, 27 January 2019</figcaption></figure> Every year, on 27 January, as part of the celebrations of the lifting of the siege, a military parade of the troops of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Military_District" title="Western Military District">Western Military District</a> and the Saint Petersburg Garrison on <a href="/wiki/Palace_Square" title="Palace Square">Palace Square</a> takes place. Close to 3,000 soldiers and cadets take part in the parade, which includes historical reenactors in <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a> uniforms, wartime tanks such as the <a href="/wiki/T-34" title="T-34">T-34</a> and <a href="/wiki/Color_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Color guard">color guards</a> carrying wartime flags such as the <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_Victory" class="mw-redirect" title="Banner of Victory">Banner of Victory</a> and the standards of the different military fronts. Musical support is provided by the Massed Military Bands of the St. Petersburg Garrison under the direction of the Senior Director of Music of the <a href="/wiki/Military_Band_of_the_Western_Military_District" title="Military Band of the Western Military District">Military Band of the Western Military District</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Consequences_of_Nazism" title="Consequences of Nazism">Consequences of Nazism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Droughts_and_famines_in_Russia_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union">Droughts and famines in Russia and the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front (World War II)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocaust_victims" title="Holocaust victims">Holocaust victims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunger_Plan" title="Hunger Plan">Hunger Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ethnic_cleansing_campaigns" title="List of ethnic cleansing campaigns">List of ethnic cleansing campaigns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_famines" title="List of famines">List of famines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_genocides" title="List of genocides">List of genocides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ribbon_of_Leningrad_Victory" title="Ribbon of Leningrad Victory">Ribbon of Leningrad Victory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">World War II casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="World War II casualties of the Soviet Union">World War II casualties of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated8-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated8_1-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrinkleyHaskew2004">Brinkley & Haskew 2004</a>, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_2-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_2-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFWykes1972">Wykes 1972</a>, pp. 9–21 </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Baryshnikov 2003; Juutilainen 2005, p. 670; Ekman, P-O: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.koms.se/content/uploads/2013/09/TiS-nr-1-1973.pdf">Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga 1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.–Feb.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304134238/http://www.koms.se/content/uploads/2013/09/TiS-nr-1-1973.pdf">Archived</a> 4 March 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, pp. 5–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121025022023/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec41.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1941"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 October 2012. Retrieved 28 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec41.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151228032412/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec42.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1942"</a>. Archived from the original on 28 December 2015. Retrieved 24 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1942&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec42.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130525020822/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec43.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1943"</a>. Archived from the original on 25 May 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1943&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec43.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121029022744/http://ww2stats.com/cas_ger_okh_dec44.html">"Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Army/Army Group, 1944"</a>. Archived from the original on 29 October 2012. Retrieved 3 May 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Heeresarzt+10-Day+Casualty+Reports+per+Army%2FArmy+Group%2C+1944&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fww2stats.com%2Fcas_ger_okh_dec44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: unfit URL (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_unfit_URL" title="Category:CS1 maint: unfit URL">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_2001_179-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_2001_179_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_2001_179_8-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 179 </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrivosheev1997" class="citation book cs1">Krivosheev, G. F. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CTTfAAAAMAAJ">Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century</a>. Greenhill Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1853672804" title="Special:BookSources/978-1853672804"><bdi>978-1853672804</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205310/https://books.google.com/books?id=CTTfAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 3 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Casualties+and+Combat+Losses+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.pub=Greenhill+Books&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-1853672804&rft.aulast=Krivosheev&rft.aufirst=G.+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTTfAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salisbury_1969_594-10"><a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury_1969_594_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury1969">Salisbury 1969</a>, pp. 594 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz2001180-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz2001180_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justsecurity.org/29157/siege-warfare-starvation-civilians-war-crime/">"Siege Warfare and the Starvation of Civilians as a Weapon of War and War Crime"</a>. justsecurity.org. 4 February 2016. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205315/https://www.justsecurity.org/29157/siege-warfare-starvation-civilians-war-crime/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 3 August 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=justsecurity.org&rft.atitle=Siege+Warfare+and+the+Starvation+of+Civilians+as+a+Weapon+of+War+and+War+Crime&rft.date=2016-02-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justsecurity.org%2F29157%2Fsiege-warfare-starvation-civilians-war-crime%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bidlack-Lomagin-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bidlack-Lomagin_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bidlack-Lomagin_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidlackLomagin2012" class="citation book cs1">Bidlack, Richard; <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Lomagin" title="Nikita Lomagin">Lomagin, Nikita</a> (2012). The Leningrad Blockade, 1941–1944: A New Documentary History from the Soviet Archives. Translated by Schwartz, Marian. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a>. pp. 1, 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300110296" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300110296"><bdi>978-0300110296</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt5vm646">j.ctt5vm646</a>. <q>Next to the <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a>, the Leningrad siege was the greatest act of genocide in Europe during the Second World War, because Germany, and to a lesser extent Finland, tried to bombard and starve Leningrad into submission. [...] The number of civilians who died from hunger, cold, and enemy bombardment within the blockaded territory or during and immediately following evacuation from it is reasonably estimated to be around 900,000.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leningrad+Blockade%2C+1941%E2%80%931944%3A+A+New+Documentary+History+from+the+Soviet+Archives&rft.pages=1%2C+36&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctt5vm646%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.isbn=978-0300110296&rft.aulast=Bidlack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Lomagin%2C+Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ganzenmüller_2005-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzenmüller_2005_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ganzenmüller_2005_14-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGanzenmüller2005">Ganzenmüller 2005</a> p. 334 </li> <li id="cite_note-Hund-Dietmar-Zimmermann-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hund-Dietmar-Zimmermann_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hund-Dietmar-Zimmermann_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHundKollerZimmermann2011" class="citation book cs1">Hund, Wulf Dietmar; Koller, Christian; Zimmermann, Moshe (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pkBH3LlRYeUC&pg=PA25">Racisms Made in Germany</a>. Münster: <a href="/wiki/LIT_Verlag" title="LIT Verlag">LIT Verlag</a>. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90125-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90125-5"><bdi>978-3-643-90125-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205314/https://books.google.com/books?id=pkBH3LlRYeUC&pg=PA25">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Racisms+Made+in+Germany&rft.place=M%C3%BCnster&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90125-5&rft.aulast=Hund&rft.aufirst=Wulf+Dietmar&rft.au=Koller%2C+Christian&rft.au=Zimmermann%2C+Moshe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DpkBH3LlRYeUC%26pg%3DPA25&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vihavainen-Schrey-Vasara_16-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVihavainenSchrey-Vasara2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Timo_Vihavainen" title="Timo Vihavainen">Vihavainen, Timo</a>; Schrey-Vasara, Gabriele (2011). "Opfer, Täter, Betrachter: Finnland und die Leningrader Blockade". Osteuropa. 61 (8/9): 48–63. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44936431">44936431</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osteuropa&rft.atitle=Opfer%2C+T%C3%A4ter%2C+Betrachter%3A+Finnland+und+die+Leningrader+Blockade&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=8%2F9&rft.pages=48-63&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44936431%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Vihavainen&rft.aufirst=Timo&rft.au=Schrey-Vasara%2C+Gabriele&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Siegl-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Siegl_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Siegl_17-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegl2011" class="citation journal cs1">Siegl, Elfie (2011). "Die doppelte Tragödie: Anna Reid über die Leningrader Blockade". Osteuropa. 61 (8/9): 358–363. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44936455">44936455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Osteuropa&rft.atitle=Die+doppelte+Trag%C3%B6die%3A+Anna+Reid+%C3%BCber+die+Leningrader+Blockade&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=8%2F9&rft.pages=358-363&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44936455%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Siegl&rft.aufirst=Elfie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGlantz200113–14-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGlantz200113–14_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, pp. 13–14. </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518092/Saint-Petersburg">Saint Petersburg – The Soviet Period</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141008110641/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/518092/Saint-Petersburg">Archived</a> 8 October 2014 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," Saint Petersburg." Encyclopædia Britannica, Web. 19 July 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-ed1-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ed1_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ed1_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVulliamy2001" class="citation news cs1">Vulliamy, ed. (25 November 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/nov/25/features.magazine27">"Orchestral manoeuvres (part 1)"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200412023506/https://www.theguardian.com/theobserver/2001/nov/25/features.magazine27">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2020. Retrieved 13 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Orchestral+manoeuvres+%28part+1%29&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2001%2Fnov%2F25%2Ffeatures.magazine27&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid134-21"><a href="#cite_ref-reid134_21-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, pp. 134–135, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA134">6. No Sentimentality</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> In a conversation held on 27 November 1941, with the Finnish Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/Rolf_Witting" title="Rolf Witting">Rolf Witting</a>, Hitler stated that Leningrad was to be razed to the ground and then given to the Finns, with the River Neva forming the new post-war border between the German Reich and Finland. However, there was a command of Mannerheim in Finland for the country not to participate in the siege of Leningrad. </li> <li id="cite_note-vehviläinen104-23"><a href="#cite_ref-vehviläinen104_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVehviläinen2002" class="citation book cs1">Vehviläinen, Olli (2002). Finland in the Second World War: between Germany and Russia. <a href="/wiki/Palgrave_Macmillan" title="Palgrave Macmillan">Palgrave Macmillan</a>. p. 104. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80149-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-80149-9"><bdi>978-0-333-80149-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+between+Germany+and+Russia&rft.pages=104&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-333-80149-9&rft.aulast=Vehvil%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Olli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998631–634-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlink1998631–634_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlink1998">Klink 1998</a>, pp. 631–634. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998635–637-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlink1998635–637_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlink1998">Klink 1998</a>, pp. 635–637. </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated5-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_26-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated5_26-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFBaryshnikov2003">Baryshnikov 2003</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiggins1966">Higgins 1966</a> p. 46 </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillmottCrossMessenger2004">Willmott, Cross & Messenger 2004</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBidlack2013" class="citation book cs1">Bidlack, Richard (2013). The Leningrad Blockade. New Haven: Yale University press. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0300198164" title="Special:BookSources/978-0300198164"><bdi>978-0300198164</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Leningrad+Blockade&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Yale+University+press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0300198164&rft.aulast=Bidlack&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFErmengem" class="citation web cs1">Ermengem, Kristiaan Van. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aviewoncities.com/stpetersburg/aurora.htm">"Aurora, St. Petersburg"</a>. A View on Cities. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200207013832/http://www.aviewoncities.com/stpetersburg/aurora.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 February 2020. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+View+on+Cities&rft.atitle=Aurora%2C+St.+Petersburg&rft.aulast=Ermengem&rft.aufirst=Kristiaan+Van&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aviewoncities.com%2Fstpetersburg%2Faurora.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarruthers2011" class="citation book cs1">Carruthers, Bob (2011). Panzers at War 1939–1942. Warwickshire: Coda books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1781591307" title="Special:BookSources/978-1781591307"><bdi>978-1781591307</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Panzers+at+War+1939%E2%80%931942&rft.place=Warwickshire&rft.pub=Coda+books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1781591307&rft.aulast=Carruthers&rft.aufirst=Bob&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFХомяков2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Хомяков, И (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.soldat.ru/force/sssr/24td/24td-4.html"><bdi lang="ru">История 24-й танковой дивизии ркка</bdi></a> (in Russian). Санкт-Петербург: BODlib. pp. 232 с. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100517065811/http://www.soldat.ru/force/sssr/24td/24td-4.html">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2010. Retrieved 27 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+24-%D0%B9+%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BA%D0%B0&rft.place=%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%82-%D0%9F%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3&rft.pages=232+%D1%81&rft.pub=BODlib&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.soldat.ru%2Fforce%2Fsssr%2F24td%2F24td-4.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998637–642-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlink1998637–642_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlink1998">Klink 1998</a>, pp. 637–642. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlink1998646–649-34"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKlink1998646–649_34-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKlink1998">Klink 1998</a>, pp. 646–649. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 367 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, pp. 2:194, 256 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Carlos Caballero Jurado; Ramiro Bujeiro (2009). Blue Division Soldier 1941–45: Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-412-1">978-1-84603-412-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 351 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, pp. 421, 438 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated2-40"><a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated2_40-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHiggins1966">Higgins 1966</a>, pp. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_41-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuutilainenLeskinen2005">Juutilainen & Leskinen 2005</a>, pp. 187–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/F%C3%BChrer_Directive_21" class="extiw" title="s:Führer Directive 21">Führer Directive 21. Operation Barbarossa</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://the-siege-of-leningrad.com/">St Petersburg – Leningrad in the Second World War</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716215632/http://the-siege-of-leningrad.com/">Archived</a> 16 July 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>" 9 May 2000. Exhibition. The Russian Embassy. London </li> <li id="cite_note-reid132-44"><a href="#cite_ref-reid132_44-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 132, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA132">6. No Sentimentality</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid133-45"><a href="#cite_ref-reid133_45-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 133, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA133">6. No Sentimentality</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415064800/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/02-22-46.htm">"'Nuremberg Trial Proceedings Vol. 8', from The Avalon Project at Yale Law School"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/imt/proc/02-22-46.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27Nuremberg+Trial+Proceedings+Vol.+8%27%2C+from+The+Avalon+Project+at+Yale+Law+School&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yale.edu%2Flawweb%2Favalon%2Fimt%2Fproc%2F02-22-46.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307131921/http://podvignaroda.mil.ru/"><bdi lang="ru">Карта обстановки на фронте 23 Армии к исходу 11 September 1941</bdi></a> (in Russian). Архив Министерства обороны РФ. фонд 217 опись 1221 дело 33. 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://podvignaroda.mil.ru/">the original</a> on 7 March 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5+23+%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%BA+%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%83+11+September+1941&rft.pub=%D0%90%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%B2+%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0+%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D0%A4.+%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B4+217+%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%8C+1221+%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE+33&rft.date=1941&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpodvignaroda.mil.ru%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaunioKilin2007" class="citation book cs1">Raunio, Ari; Kilin, Juri (2007). 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Keuruu: Otavan kirjapaino Oy. pp. 153–159. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-951-593-069-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-951-593-069-9"><bdi>978-951-593-069-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+hy%C3%B6kk%C3%A4ystaisteluja+1941&rft.place=Keuruu&rft.pages=153-159&rft.pub=Otavan+kirjapaino+Oy&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-951-593-069-9&rft.aulast=Raunio&rft.aufirst=Ari&rft.au=Kilin%2C+Juri&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-National_Defence_College_1994_2:261_49-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, p. 2:261 </li> <li id="cite_note-Glantz_2001_166-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Glantz_2001_166_50-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, pp. 166 </li> <li id="cite_note-National_Defence_College_1994_2:260-51"><a href="#cite_ref-National_Defence_College_1994_2:260_51-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, p. 2:260 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFVehviläinenMcAlister2002">Vehviläinen & McAlister 2002</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruti-53"><a href="#cite_ref-ruti_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFПыхалов2005" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-script cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Пыхалов, И. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070829161749/http://militera.lib.ru/research/pyhalov_i/11.html"><bdi lang="ru">Великая Оболганная война</bdi></a> (in Russian). Яуза. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/5-699-10913-7" title="Special:BookSources/5-699-10913-7"><bdi>5-699-10913-7</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://militera.lib.ru/research/pyhalov_i/11.html">the original</a> on 29 August 2007. Retrieved 25 September 2007. <q>Со сслылкой на Барышников В. Н. "Вступление Финляндии во Вторую мировую войну. 1940–1941 гг." СПб, 2003, с. 28</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9E%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.pub=%D0%AF%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B0&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=5-699-10913-7&rft.aulast=%D0%9F%D1%8B%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%98.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilitera.lib.ru%2Fresearch%2Fpyhalov_i%2F11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ruti2-54"><a href="#cite_ref-ruti2_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071117082031/http://politika-karelia.ru/shtml/article.shtml?id=16">"И вновь продолжается бой..."</a> Андрей Сомов. 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Retrieved 25 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2.+%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80+%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D0%B8+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F.&rft.atitle=%D0%98+%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8C+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8F+%D0%B1%D0%BE%D0%B9...&rft.date=2003-01-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpolitika-karelia.ru%2Fshtml%2Farticle.shtml%3Fid%3D16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, pp. 33–34 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPlatonov1964">Platonov 1964</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-autogenerated11-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated11_57-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, pp. 2:262–267 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ohjelmat.yle.fi/tositarina/kenraali_talvelan_sota">YLE: Kenraali Talvelan sota</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029200426/http://ohjelmat.yle.fi/tositarina/kenraali_talvelan_sota">Archived</a> 29 October 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Finnish) </li> <li id="cite_note-Ekman-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Ekman_59-0">^</a> Ekman, P-O: Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga 1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.–Feb., pp. 5–46. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, p. 439 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenwood2014" class="citation book cs1">Greenwood, John (2014). 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Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Kp.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%A2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0+%27%D0%94%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B8%27&rft.date=2006-06-23&rft.aulast=%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B4%D1%8B&rft.aufirst=%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9+%D0%9C%D0%9E%D0%98%D0%A1%D0%95%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9A%D0%9E+%7C+%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.kp.ru%2Fdaily%2F23727.4%2F54405%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080522233010/http://www.museum.navy.ru/fills_doroga.htm">"Д-2 'Народоволец'"</a>. 22 May 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.navy.ru/fills_doroga.htm">the original</a> on 22 May 2008. Retrieved 8 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%94-2+%27%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%86%27&rft.date=2008-05-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.navy.ru%2Ffills_doroga.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury1969">Salisbury 1969</a>, pp. 407–412 </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker2009-73"><a href="#cite_ref-Tucker2009_73-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpencer_C._Tucker2009" class="citation book cs1">Spencer C. Tucker (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=h5_tSnygvbIC&pg=PA1929">A Global Chronology of Conflict: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East: From the Ancient World to the Modern Middle East</a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 1929. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85109-672-5"><bdi>978-1-85109-672-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Global+Chronology+of+Conflict%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East%3A+From+the+Ancient+World+to+the+Modern+Middle+East&rft.pages=1929&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85109-672-5&rft.au=Spencer+C.+Tucker&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dh5_tSnygvbIC%26pg%3DPA1929&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:29-74"><a href="#cite_ref-:29_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Roberts,_Baron_Roberts_of_Belgravia" title="Andrew Roberts, Baron Roberts of Belgravia">Roberts, Andrew</a> (2012). The Storm of War: A New History of the Second World War. HarperCollins. pp. 172, 528. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-122860-5"><bdi>978-0-06-122860-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Storm+of+War%3A+A+New+History+of+the+Second+World+War&rft.pages=172%2C+528&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-06-122860-5&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-75"><a href="#cite_ref-:12_75-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. pp. 3, 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3%2C+308&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Nicholas, Lynn H. (1995). The Rape of Europa: the Fate of Europe's Treasures in the Third Reich and the Second World War. Vintage Books [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">ISBN missing</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804035086;jsessionid=427DEA90294EC3612E6E5A9386263389?lc=en">"Saint Petersburg encyclopaedia"</a>. encspb.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210227094738/http://www.encspb.ru/object/2804035086;jsessionid=427DEA90294EC3612E6E5A9386263389?lc=en">Archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=encspb.ru&rft.atitle=Saint+Petersburg+encyclopaedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encspb.ru%2Fobject%2F2804035086%3Bjsessionid%3D427DEA90294EC3612E6E5A9386263389%3Flc%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Salisbury_1969_590f-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Salisbury_1969_590f_78-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury1969">Salisbury 1969</a>, pp. 590f </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury1969">Salisbury 1969</a>, p. 594 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-:122-81"><a href="#cite_ref-:122_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 3. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=3&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1222-82"><a href="#cite_ref-:1222_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHanson2020" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Victor_Davis_Hanson" title="Victor Davis Hanson">Hanson, Victor Davis</a> (2020). The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won (Reprint ed.). New York: Basic Books. p. 308. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1541674103" title="Special:BookSources/978-1541674103"><bdi>978-1541674103</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+World+Wars%3A+How+the+First+Global+Conflict+Was+Fought+and+Won&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=308&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Basic+Books&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1541674103&rft.aulast=Hanson&rft.aufirst=Victor+Davis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOleg_Beyda,_Pavel_Gavrilov2024" class="citation book cs1">Oleg Beyda, Pavel Gavrilov, ed. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9789633867136-002/html">Beyond the Siege of Leningrad: One Woman’s Life during and after the Occupation: The Recollections of Evdokiia Vasil’evna Baskakova-Bogacheva</a>. Budapest: Central European University Press (published 15 April 2024). pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789633867136" title="Special:BookSources/9789633867136"><bdi>9789633867136</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+the+Siege+of+Leningrad%3A+One+Woman%E2%80%99s+Life+during+and+after+the+Occupation%3A+The+Recollections+of+Evdokiia+Vasil%E2%80%99evna+Baskakova-Bogacheva&rft.place=Budapest&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2024&rft.isbn=9789633867136&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.degruyter.com%2Fdocument%2Fdoi%2F10.1515%2F9789633867136-002%2Fhtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGanzenmüller2005">Ganzenmüller 2005</a>, pp. 17, 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarberDzeniskevich2005">Barber & Dzeniskevich 2005</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid284-86"><a href="#cite_ref-reid284_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 284, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA284">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2017" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, M. T. (2017). Symphony for the city of the dead: Dmitri Shostakovich and the siege of Leningrad. Candlewick Press. p. 284. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-9100-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7636-9100-4"><bdi>978-0-7636-9100-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/975000281">975000281</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symphony+for+the+city+of+the+dead%3A+Dmitri+Shostakovich+and+the+siege+of+Leningrad&rft.pages=284&rft.pub=Candlewick+Press&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F975000281&rft.isbn=978-0-7636-9100-4&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=M.+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid286-88"><a href="#cite_ref-reid286_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 286, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA286">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSalisbury1969">Salisbury 1969</a>, p. 481 </li> <li id="cite_note-reid354-90"><a href="#cite_ref-reid354_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 354, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA354">19. The Gentle Joy of Living and Breathing</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid-287-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reid-287_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reid-287_91-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 287, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA287">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid291-92"><a href="#cite_ref-reid291_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 291, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA291">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reid-288-93"><a href="#cite_ref-Reid-288_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 288, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA288">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-reid292-94"><a href="#cite_ref-reid292_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFReid2011">Reid 2011</a>, p. 292, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C&pg=PA292">15. Corpse-eating and person-eating</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Kirschenbaum2006-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschenbaum2006_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Kirschenbaum2006_95-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschenbaum2006" class="citation book cs1">Kirschenbaum, Lisa A. (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt8QVm8dPaQC&pg=PA239">"7. Speaking the Unspoken?"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jt8QVm8dPaQC">The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments</a>. Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. pp. 231–263. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FCBO9780511511882.010">10.1017/CBO9780511511882.010</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1139460651" title="Special:BookSources/978-1139460651"><bdi>978-1139460651</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205314/https://books.google.com/books?id=jt8QVm8dPaQC">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 25 October 2015 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=7.+Speaking+the+Unspoken%3F&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+the+Siege+of+Leningrad%2C+1941%E2%80%931995%3A+Myth%2C+Memories%2C+and+Monuments&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=231-263&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FCBO9780511511882.010&rft.isbn=978-1139460651&rft.aulast=Kirschenbaum&rft.aufirst=Lisa+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Djt8QVm8dPaQC%26pg%3DPA239&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ManstLost-96"><a href="#cite_ref-ManstLost_96-0">^</a> E. Manstein. <a href="/wiki/Verlorene_Siege" class="mw-redirect" title="Verlorene Siege">Lost Victories</a>. Ch 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-97"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_97-0">^</a> Carlos Caballero Jurado; Ramiro Bujeiro (2009). Blue Division Soldier 1941–45: Spanish Volunteer on the Eastern Front. Osprey Publishing. p. 34. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-412-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-412-1">978-1-84603-412-1</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-98"><a href="#cite_ref-:1_98-0">^</a> Gavrilov, B.I., Tragedy and Feat of the 2nd Shock Army, defunct site paper </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_T._Zabecki2015" class="citation book cs1">David T. Zabecki (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=V6_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1556">World War II in Europe: An Encyclopedia</a>. Taylor & Francis. p. 1556. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1135812492" title="Special:BookSources/978-1135812492"><bdi>978-1135812492</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=V6_lCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA1556">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 23 June 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+War+II+in+Europe%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=1556&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1135812492&rft.au=David+T.+Zabecki&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DV6_lCAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1556&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200991-100"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForczyk200991_100-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForczyk2009">Forczyk 2009</a>, p. 91. sfn error: no target: CITEREFForczyk2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForczyk200992-101"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForczyk200992_101-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFForczyk2009">Forczyk 2009</a>, p. 92. sfn error: no target: CITEREFForczyk2009 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Timeline references: <ul><li><a href="#CITEREFBaryshnikov2003">Baryshnikov 2003</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFZhukov1974">Zhukov 1974</a>, pp. 399, 415, 425</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFJuutilainenLeskinen2005">Juutilainen & Leskinen 2005</a>, pp. 187–9</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, p. 2:260</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994">National Defence College 1994</a>, pp. 2:262–267</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFCartier1977">Cartier 1977</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz,_David_M.2011" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David M. 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History Press. p. 37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7524-6070-3"><bdi>978-0-7524-6070-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/813666134">813666134</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Operation+Barbarossa+%3A+Hitler%27s+invasion+of+Russia%2C+1941&rft.pages=37&rft.pub=History+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F813666134&rft.isbn=978-0-7524-6070-3&rft.au=Glantz%2C+David+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 31</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, p. 42</li> <li><a href="#CITEREFHiggins1966">Higgins 1966</a>, pp. 156</li> <li>The World War II. 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Retrieved 28 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Directive+No.+1601&rft.date=1941-09-22&rft.aulast=Hitler&rft.aufirst=Adolf&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fdokum%2F194_dok%2F19410922.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChurchill2000" class="citation book cs1">Churchill, Winston (2000) [1950]. The Grand Alliance. The Second World War. Vol. 3 (The Folio Society ed.). 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Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Observer&rft.atitle=Orchestral+maneouvres+%28part+two%29&rft.date=2001-11-25&rft.issn=0029-7712&rft.aulast=Vulliamy&rft.aufirst=Ed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftheobserver%2F2001%2Fnov%2F25%2Ffeatures.magazine57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="#CITEREFGlantz2001">Glantz 2001</a>, pp. 167–173</li> <li>Ekman, P-O: Tysk-italiensk gästspel på Ladoga 1942, Tidskrift i Sjöväsendet 1973 Jan.–Feb., pp. 5–46.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/a-brief-history-of-the-amber-room-160940121/">"A Brief History of the Amber Room"</a>. 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Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=saint-petersburg.com&rft.atitle=Museum+of+the+Defense+and+Siege+of+Leningrad%2C+St.+Petersburg+Russia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.saint-petersburg.com%2Fmuseums%2Fmuseum-of-the-defense-and-siege-of-leningrad%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/59739">"A meeting with Acting Governor of St Petersburg Alexander Beglov"</a>. President of Russia. 27 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200302221040/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/59739">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2020. 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Retrieved 22 July 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.encspb.ru&rft.atitle=Saint+Petersburg+encyclopaedia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.encspb.ru%2Fobject%2F2804005739%3Flc%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mamayevkurgan.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/monument-to-the-heroic-defenders-of-leningrad-st-petersburg-russia/">"Monument to the Heroic Defenders of Leningrad, St. Petersburg, Russia"</a>. 13 September 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150928001327/https://mamayevkurgan.wordpress.com/2012/09/13/monument-to-the-heroic-defenders-of-leningrad-st-petersburg-russia/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 September 2015. 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Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=spbmuseum.ru&rft.atitle=History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spbmuseum.ru%2Fthemuseum%2Fmuseum_complex%2Fmonument_lenigrad%2Fmonument.php%3Flang_ui%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.museum.ru/M173">"Пискарёвское мемориальное кладбище"</a>. museum.ru. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061116204624/http://www.museum.ru/M173">Archived</a> from the original on 16 November 2006. Retrieved 2 March 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museum.ru&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%91%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%89%D0%B5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.museum.ru%2FM173&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tass.com/society/1041997/amp">"Military Parade Marking 75th Anniversary of Leningrad Siege Held on Palace Square"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128135415/http://tass.com/society/1041997/amp">Archived</a> 28 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (27 January 2019). <a href="/wiki/TASS" title="TASS">TASS News Agency</a>. Retrieved 3 March 2019. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rferl.org/amp/russia-marks-anniversary-siege-leningrad-petersburg-nazi-germany-wwii/29733521.html">"Military Parade Marks 75th Anniversary of End of Siege of Leningrad"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190128064053/https://www.rferl.org/amp/russia-marks-anniversary-siege-leningrad-petersburg-nazi-germany-wwii/29733521.html">Archived</a> 28 January 2019 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (27 January 2019). <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (RFERL.org). Retrieved 3 March 2019. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarberDzeniskevich2005" class="citation cs2">Barber, John; Dzeniskevich, Andrei (2005), Life and Death in Besieged Leningrad, 1941–44, Palgrave Macmillan, New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4039-0142-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-4039-0142-2"><bdi>1-4039-0142-2</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Life+and+Death+in+Besieged+Leningrad%2C+1941%E2%80%9344&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan%2C+New+York&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=1-4039-0142-2&rft.aulast=Barber&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Dzeniskevich%2C+Andrei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikov2003" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Baryshnikov, N. I. (2003), <bdi lang="ru">Блокада Ленинграда и Финляндия 1941–44 (Finland and the Siege of Leningrad)</bdi>, Институт Йохана Бекмана</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%91%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0+%D0%B8+%D0%A4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F+1941%E2%80%9344+%28Finland+and+the+Siege+of+Leningrad%29&rft.pub=%D0%98%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%83%D1%82+%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrinkleyHaskew2004" class="citation cs2">Brinkley, Douglas; Haskew, Michael E. (2004), The World War II. Desk Reference, Grand Central Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+War+II.+Desk+Reference&rft.pub=Grand+Central+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Brinkley&rft.aufirst=Douglas&rft.au=Haskew%2C+Michael+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlantz2001" class="citation book cs1">Glantz, David (2001). The Siege of Leningrad 1941–44: 900 Days of Terror. Zenith Press, Osceola, WI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7603-0941-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7603-0941-8"><bdi>0-7603-0941-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad+1941%E2%80%9344%3A+900+Days+of+Terror&rft.pub=Zenith+Press%2C+Osceola%2C+WI&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-7603-0941-8&rft.aulast=Glantz&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoure1981" class="citation cs2">Goure, Leon (1981), The Siege of Leningrad, Stanford University Press, Palo Alto, CA, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-0115-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-0115-6"><bdi>0-8047-0115-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press%2C+Palo+Alto%2C+CA&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-8047-0115-6&rft.aulast=Goure&rft.aufirst=Leon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGranin2007" class="citation cs2">Granin, Daniil Alexandrovich (2007), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215110624/http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1502">Leningrad Under Siege</a>, Pen and Sword Books Ltd, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-458-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84415-458-6"><bdi>978-1-84415-458-6</bdi></a>, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pen-and-sword.co.uk/?product_id=1502">the original</a> on 15 December 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leningrad+Under+Siege&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84415-458-6&rft.aulast=Granin&rft.aufirst=Daniil+Alexandrovich&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pen-and-sword.co.uk%2F%3Fproduct_id%3D1502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHiggins1966" class="citation cs2">Higgins, Trumbull (1966), Hitler and Russia, The Macmillan Company</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hitler+and+Russia&rft.pub=The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Higgins&rft.aufirst=Trumbull&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKirschenbaum2006" class="citation cs2">Kirschenbaum, Lisa (2006), The Legacy of the Siege of Leningrad, 1941–1995: Myth, Memories, and Monuments, Cambridge University Press, New York, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-86326-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-86326-0"><bdi>0-521-86326-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legacy+of+the+Siege+of+Leningrad%2C+1941%E2%80%931995%3A+Myth%2C+Memories%2C+and+Monuments&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press%2C+New+York&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-521-86326-0&rft.aulast=Kirschenbaum&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaas2010" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Klaas, Eva (2010), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.virumaateataja.ee/?id=286756">Küüditatu kirjutas oma mälestused raamatuks (in Estonian: A Deportee Published His Memories in Book)</a> (in Estonian), Virumaa Teataja, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100720205640/http://www.virumaateataja.ee/?id=286756">archived</a> from the original on 20 July 2010, retrieved 19 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(1998). "The Army and the Navy". <a href="/wiki/Germany_and_the_Second_World_War" title="Germany and the Second World War">Germany and the Second World War</a>: Attack on the Soviet Union. Vol. IV. Oxford and New York: Clarendon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-822886-8"><bdi>978-0-19-822886-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Army+and+the+Navy&rft.btitle=Germany+and+the+Second+World+War%3A+Attack+on+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=Oxford+and+New+York&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-19-822886-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLubbeckHurt2010" class="citation cs2">Lubbeck, William; Hurt, David B. (2010), At Leningrad's Gates: The Story of a Soldier with Army Group North, Casemate, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-37-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-935149-37-8"><bdi>978-1-935149-37-8</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+Leningrad%27s+Gates%3A+The+Story+of+a+Soldier+with+Army+Group+North&rft.pub=Casemate&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-935149-37-8&rft.aulast=Lubbeck&rft.aufirst=William&rft.au=Hurt%2C+David+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuldervan_Dijk2021" class="citation book cs1">Mulder, Nicholas; van Dijk, Boyd (2021). "Why Did Starvation Not Become the Paradigmatic War Crime in International Law?". Contingency in International Law: On the Possibility of Different Legal Histories. Oxford University Press. pp. 370–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780192898036" title="Special:BookSources/9780192898036"><bdi>9780192898036</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Why+Did+Starvation+Not+Become+the+Paradigmatic+War+Crime+in+International+Law%3F&rft.btitle=Contingency+in+International+Law%3A+On+the+Possibility+of+Different+Legal+Histories&rft.pages=370-&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9780192898036&rft.aulast=Mulder&rft.aufirst=Nicholas&rft.au=van+Dijk%2C+Boyd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatonov1964" class="citation cs2">Platonov, S. P., ed. (1964), Bitva za Leningrad, Voenizdat Ministerstva oborony SSSR, Moscow</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bitva+za+Leningrad&rft.pub=Voenizdat+Ministerstva+oborony+SSSR%2C+Moscow&rft.date=1964&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2011" class="citation book cs1">Reid, Anna (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C">Leningrad: Tragedy of a City under Siege, 1941–44</a>. <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England, United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Bloomsbury_Publishing" title="Bloomsbury Publishing">Bloomsbury Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781408824702" title="Special:BookSources/9781408824702"><bdi>9781408824702</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230118205315/https://books.google.com/books?id=EvIrRLIwot0C">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2023. Retrieved 27 January 2022 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Leningrad%3A+Tragedy+of+a+City+under+Siege%2C+1941%E2%80%9344&rft.place=London%2C+England%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781408824702&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DEvIrRLIwot0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalisbury1969" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Harrison_Salisbury" title="Harrison Salisbury">Salisbury, Harrison Evans</a> (1969), The 900 Days: The Siege of Leningrad, Da Capo Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81298-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81298-3"><bdi>0-306-81298-3</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+900+Days%3A+The+Siege+of+Leningrad&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=0-306-81298-3&rft.aulast=Salisbury&rft.aufirst=Harrison+Evans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSimmonsPerlina2005" class="citation cs2">Simmons, Cynthia; Perlina, Nina (2005), Writing the Siege of Leningrad. Women's diaries, Memories, and Documentary Prose, University of Pittsburgh Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5869-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8229-5869-7"><bdi>978-0-8229-5869-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Writing+the+Siege+of+Leningrad.+Women%27s+diaries%2C+Memories%2C+and+Documentary+Prose&rft.pub=University+of+Pittsburgh+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8229-5869-7&rft.aulast=Simmons&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rft.au=Perlina%2C+Nina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVehviläinenMcAlister2002" class="citation cs2">Vehviläinen, Olli; McAlister, Gerard (2002), Finland in the Second World War: Between Germany and Russia, Palgrave</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finland+in+the+Second+World+War%3A+Between+Germany+and+Russia&rft.pub=Palgrave&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Vehvil%C3%A4inen&rft.aufirst=Olli&rft.au=McAlister%2C+Gerard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillmottCrossMessenger2004" class="citation cs2">Willmott, H. P.; Cross, Robin; Messenger, Charles (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worldwarii0000will_f6e6">The Siege of Leningrad in World War II</a>, Dorling Kindersley, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2968-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7566-2968-7"><bdi>978-0-7566-2968-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Dorling+Kindersley&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7566-2968-7&rft.aulast=Willmott&rft.aufirst=H.+P.&rft.au=Cross%2C+Robin&rft.au=Messenger%2C+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworldwarii0000will_f6e6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWykes1972" class="citation cs2">Wykes, Alan (1972), The Siege of Leningrad, Ballantines Illustrated History of WWII</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Siege+of+Leningrad%2C+Ballantines+Illustrated+History+of+WWII&rft.date=1972&rft.aulast=Wykes&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZhukov1974" class="citation book cs1">Zhukov, Georgy (1974). Marshal of Victory, Volume I. Pen and Sword Books Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781781592915" title="Special:BookSources/9781781592915"><bdi>9781781592915</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Marshal+of+Victory%2C+Volume+I&rft.pub=Pen+and+Sword+Books+Ltd.&rft.date=1974&rft.isbn=9781781592915&rft.aulast=Zhukov&rft.aufirst=Georgy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="In_Russian,_German,_and_Finnish">In Russian, German, and Finnish</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: In Russian, German, and Finnish">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikovBaryshnikov1997" class="citation cs2">Baryshnikov, N. I.; Baryshnikov, V. N. (1997), Terijoen hallitus, TPH</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Terijoen+hallitus&rft.pub=TPH&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rft.au=Baryshnikov%2C+V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikovBaryshnikovFedorov1989" class="citation cs2">Baryshnikov, N. I.; Baryshnikov, V. N.; Fedorov, V. G. (1989), Finlandia vo vtoroi mirivoi voine (Finland in the Second World War), Lenizdat, Leningrad</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Finlandia+vo+vtoroi+mirivoi+voine+%28Finland+in+the+Second+World+War%29&rft.pub=Lenizdat%2C+Leningrad&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rft.au=Baryshnikov%2C+V.+N.&rft.au=Fedorov%2C+V.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikovManninen1997" class="citation cs2">Baryshnikov, N. I.; Manninen, Ohto (1997), Sodan aattona, TPH</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sodan+aattona&rft.pub=TPH&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=N.+I.&rft.au=Manninen%2C+Ohto&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaryshnikov1997" class="citation cs2">Baryshnikov, V. N. (1997), Neuvostoliiton Suomen suhteiden kehitys sotaa edeltaneella kaudella, TPH</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Neuvostoliiton+Suomen+suhteiden+kehitys+sotaa+edeltaneella+kaudella&rft.pub=TPH&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Baryshnikov&rft.aufirst=V.+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartier1977" class="citation cs2">Cartier, Raymond (1977), Der Zweite Weltkrieg (The Second World War), R. Piper & CO. Verlag, München, Zürich</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Zweite+Weltkrieg+%28The+Second+World+War%29&rft.pub=R.+Piper+%26+CO.+Verlag%2C+M%C3%BCnchen%2C+Z%C3%BCrich&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Cartier&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGanzenmüller2005" class="citation cs2">Ganzenmüller, Jörg (2005), Das belagerte Leningrad 1941–1944, Ferdinand Schöningh Verlag, Paderborn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-72889-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-506-72889-X"><bdi>3-506-72889-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Das+belagerte+Leningrad+1941%E2%80%931944&rft.pub=Ferdinand+Sch%C3%B6ningh+Verlag%2C+Paderborn&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=3-506-72889-X&rft.aulast=Ganzenm%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFГречанюкДмитриевКорниенко1990" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Гречанюк, Н. М.; Дмитриев, В. И.; Корниенко, А. И. (1990), <bdi lang="ru">Дважды, Краснознаменный Балтийский Флот (Baltic Fleet)</bdi>, Воениздат</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%94%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%8B%2C+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9+%D0%A4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82+%28Baltic+Fleet%29&rft.pub=%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%87%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8E%D0%BA&rft.aufirst=%D0%9D.+%D0%9C.&rft.au=%D0%94%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%B2%2C+%D0%92.+%D0%98.&rft.au=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%BE%2C+%D0%90.+%D0%98.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJokipii1987" class="citation cs2">Jokipii, Mauno (1987), Jatkosodan synty (Birth of the Continuation War), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-1-08799-1" title="Special:BookSources/951-1-08799-1"><bdi>951-1-08799-1</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+synty+%28Birth+of+the+Continuation+War%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=951-1-08799-1&rft.aulast=Jokipii&rft.aufirst=Mauno&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJuutilainenLeskinen2005" class="citation cs2">Juutilainen, Antti; Leskinen, Jari (2005), Jatkosodan pikkujättiläinen, Helsinki</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+pikkuj%C3%A4ttil%C3%A4inen&rft.pub=Helsinki&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Juutilainen&rft.aufirst=Antti&rft.au=Leskinen%2C+Jari&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994" class="citation cs2">National Defence College (1994), Jatkosodan historia 1–6, Porvoo, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-0-15332-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-0-15332-X"><bdi>951-0-15332-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Jatkosodan+historia+1%E2%80%936&rft.pub=Porvoo&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=951-0-15332-X&rft.au=National+Defence+College&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeppinen1983" class="citation cs2">Seppinen, Ilkka (1983), Suomen ulkomaankaupan ehdot 1939–1940 (Conditions of Finnish foreign trade 1939–1940), <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/951-9254-48-X" title="Special:BookSources/951-9254-48-X"><bdi>951-9254-48-X</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Suomen+ulkomaankaupan+ehdot+1939%E2%80%931940+%28Conditions+of+Finnish+foreign+trade+1939%E2%80%931940%29&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=951-9254-48-X&rft.aulast=Seppinen&rft.aufirst=Ilkka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFСимонов1979" class="citation cs2 cs1-prop-script">Симонов, Константин (1979), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/197_dok/1979zhukov2.html"><bdi lang="ru">Записи бесед с Г. К. Жуковым 1965–1966</bdi></a>, Hrono, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090227034848/http://www.hrono.ru/dokum/197_dok/1979zhukov2.html">archived</a> from the original on 27 February 2009, retrieved 30 December 2007</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%97%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8+%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B4+%D1%81+%D0%93.+%D0%9A.+%D0%96%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D0%BC+1965%E2%80%931966&rft.pub=Hrono&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=%D0%A1%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2&rft.aufirst=%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hrono.ru%2Fdokum%2F197_dok%2F1979zhukov2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Soviet_Union_during_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II">Bibliography of the Soviet Union during World War II</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacklund1983" class="citation cs2">Backlund, L. S. (1983), Nazi Germany and Finland, University of Pennsylvania. University Microfilms International A. Bell & Howell Information Company, Ann Arbor, Michigan</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nazi+Germany+and+Finland&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania.+University+Microfilms+International+A.+Bell+%26+Howell+Information+Company%2C+Ann+Arbor%2C+Michigan&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Backlund&rft.aufirst=L.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Barskova, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv177tbbw">Besieged Leningrad: Aesthetic Responses to Urban Disaster</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221123200343/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.7591/j.ctv177tbbw">Archived</a> 23 November 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press.</li> <li>Barskova, Polina. "The Spectacle of the Besieged City: Repurposing Cultural Memory in Leningrad, 1941–1944." Slavic Review (2010): 327–355. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25677101">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201103074206/https://www.jstor.org/stable/25677101">Archived</a> 3 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>Clapperton, James. "The siege of Leningrad as sacred narrative: conversations with survivors." Oral History (2007): 49–60. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/40179922">online</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201106131928/https://www.jstor.org/stable/40179922">Archived</a> 6 November 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, primary sources</li> <li>Jones, Michael. Leningrad: State of siege (Basic Books, 2008).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKay2006" class="citation cs2">Kay, Alex J. (2006), Exploitation, Resettlement, Mass Murder. Political and Economic Planning for German Occupation Policy in the Soviet Union, 1940–1941, Berghahn Books, New York, Oxford</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploitation%2C+Resettlement%2C+Mass+Murder.+Political+and+Economic+Planning+for+German+Occupation+Policy+in+the+Soviet+Union%2C+1940%E2%80%931941&rft.pub=Berghahn+Books%2C+New+York%2C+Oxford&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Kay&rft.aufirst=Alex+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Leningrad" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yarov, Sergey. Leningrad 1941–42: Morality in a City Under Siege (Polity Press, 2017) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=56627">online review</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leningrad&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Siege_of_Leningrad" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Documentary footage: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5ZDfLBs_fVs">Блокада / Siege of Leningrad (2006)</a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.signandsight.com/features/2164.html">"In the vortex of congealed time"</a>, by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Oleg_Yuriev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oleg Yuriev (page does not exist)">Oleg Yuriev</a>. An overview of the literature of the Siege of Leningrad.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.blokadamus.ru">Russian State Memorial Museum of Defence and Siege of Leningrad</a> (in Russian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://artsandculture.google.com/partner/museum-of-the-siege-of-leningrad">The Museum of the Siege of Leningrad</a> at <a href="/wiki/Google_Arts_%26_Culture" title="Google Arts & Culture">Google Arts & Culture</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></li></ul></li> <li>Leaders <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul">Keelhaul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim">Osoaviakhim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip">Paperclip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></li> <li>Sexual violence <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  / <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Wang Jingwei regime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li>Vietnam <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li>German prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></li> <li>Soviet prisoners <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Leningrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">Torch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage">Cottage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest">Tempest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go">Ichi-Go</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">Overlord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings">Neptune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration">Bagration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Dragoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Market Garden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow">Crossbow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Pointblank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte">Bodenplatte</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Saint_Petersburg" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Saint_Petersburg" title="Template talk:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Saint_Petersburg" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Saint Petersburg"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Saint_Petersburg" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Administrative divisions of Saint Petersburg">Districts</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal City</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Oblast" title="Leningrad Oblast">Leningrad Oblast</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_buildings_and_structures_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of buildings and structures in Saint Petersburg">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Saint_Petersburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Saint Petersburg">Climate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Floods_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Floods in Saint Petersburg">Floods</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Demographics of Saint Petersburg">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Economy of Saint Petersburg">Economy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Flag of Saint Petersburg">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="History of Saint Petersburg">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Timeline of Saint Petersburg">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Siege of Leningrad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landmarks_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Landmarks of Saint Petersburg">Landmarks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of people from Saint Petersburg">People</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Geography of Saint Petersburg">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Finland" title="Gulf of Finland">Gulf of Finland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Saint_Petersburg" title="Central Saint Petersburg">Central Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamenny_Islands" title="Kamenny Islands">Kamenny Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakhtinsky_Razliv" title="Lakhtinsky Razliv">Lakhtinsky Razliv</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyka" title="Moyka">Moyka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neva" title="Neva">Neva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Holland_Island" title="New Holland Island">New Holland Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrogradsky_Island" title="Petrogradsky Island">Petrogradsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Heights" title="Pulkovo Heights">Pulkovo Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasilyevsky_Island" title="Vasilyevsky Island">Vasilyevsky Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Canal" title="Winter Canal">Winter Canal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Society_and_culture_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Society and culture in Saint Petersburg">Society and culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Literature" title="Saint Petersburg">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of museums in Saint Petersburg">Museums</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Museum" title="Hermitage Museum">Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winter_Palace" title="Winter Palace">Winter Palace</a></li></ul></li> <li>Music <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariinsky_Theatre" title="Mariinsky Theatre">Mariinsky Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Philharmonic_Orchestra" title="Saint Petersburg Philharmonic Orchestra">Orchestra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Parks" title="Saint Petersburg">Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Religion" title="Saint Petersburg">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Church_of_the_Savior_on_Blood" title="Church of the Savior on Blood">Church of the Savior on Blood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Kazan Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Kazan Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saints_Peter_and_Paul_Cathedral,_Saint_Petersburg" title="Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral, Saint Petersburg">Saints Peter and Paul Cathedral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Isaac%27s_Cathedral" title="Saint Isaac's Cathedral">Saint Isaac's Cathedral</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Sport in Saint Petersburg">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_theatres_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of theatres in Saint Petersburg">Theaters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hermitage_Theatre" title="Hermitage Theatre">Hermitage Theatre</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Tourism" title="Saint Petersburg">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_Centre_of_Saint_Petersburg_and_Related_Groups_of_Monuments" title="Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments">World Heritage Site</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Legislative Assembly of Saint Petersburg">Legislative Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Politics of Saint Petersburg">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_City_Administration" title="Saint Petersburg City Administration">City Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_Saint_Petersburg_government" class="mw-redirect" title="List of heads of Saint Petersburg government">Heads of Government</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Emergency services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Police" title="Saint Petersburg Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Russia" title="Crime in Russia">Crime</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_higher_education_and_academic_institutions_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of higher education and academic institutions in Saint Petersburg">Education (primary, secondary, and tertiary)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg#Transportation" title="Saint Petersburg">Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pulkovo_Airport" title="Pulkovo Airport">Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bridges_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="List of bridges in Saint Petersburg">Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buses_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Buses in Saint Petersburg">Buses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg_Metro" title="Saint Petersburg Metro">Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trams_in_Saint_Petersburg" title="Trams in Saint Petersburg">Trams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Saint_Petersburg" title="Category:Saint Petersburg">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Saint_Petersburg" title="Outline of Saint Petersburg">Outline</a></li></ul> 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Leningrad</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Baltic_Sea_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Category:Baltic Sea operations of World War II">Baltic Sea operations of World War II</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_the_Soviet%E2%80%93German_War" title="Category:Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War">Battles and operations of the Soviet–German War</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Battles_and_operations_of_World_War_II_involving_Germany" title="Category:Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany">Battles and operations of World War II involving Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1941" title="Category:Conflicts in 1941">Conflicts in 1941</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1942" title="Category:Conflicts in 1942">Conflicts in 1942</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1943" title="Category:Conflicts in 1943">Conflicts in 1943</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Conflicts_in_1944" 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[\"CITEREFChurchill2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_T._Zabecki2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErmengem\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGanzenmüller2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz,_David_M.2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz,_David_M.2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGlantz2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoure1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGranin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHanson2020\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHiggins1966\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHitler1941\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHundKollerZimmermann2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJokipii1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJordashMurdochHolmes2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJuutilainenLeskinen2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKay2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKirschenbaum2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKlaas2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKlink1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKrivosheev1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLubbeckHurt2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMuldervan_Dijk2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNational_Defence_College1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOleg_Beyda,_Pavel_Gavrilov2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlatonov1964\"] = 1,\n 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[\"Snd\"] = 2,\n [\"TOC limit\"] = 1,\n [\"Ublist\"] = 1,\n [\"Use British English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 9,\n [\"World War II\"] = 1,\n [\"YouTube\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","520","37.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","180","12.9"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","100","7.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","100","7.1"],["type","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::anchorEncode","60","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","4.3"],["tostring","40","2.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::fetchLanguageName","40","2.9"],["(for 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