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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Adolphe Quetelet</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 40 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-40" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">40 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%8A" title="أدولف كوتلي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أدولف كوتلي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87" title="آدولف کوتله – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آدولف کوتله" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Адолф Кетле – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Адолф Кетле" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AA%D9%84%D9%87" title="آدولف کوتله – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آدولف کوتله" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%84%EB%8F%8C%ED%94%84_%EC%BC%80%ED%8B%80%EB%A0%88" title="아돌프 케틀레 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="아돌프 케틀레" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%93%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A3_%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%9C%D7%94" title="אדולף קטלה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אדולף קטלה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%84%D9%81_%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%AA" title="ادولف كويتيليت – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ادولف كويتيليت" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%89%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B1%E3%83%88%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC" title="アドルフ・ケトレー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アドルフ・ケトレー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5,_%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84" title="Кетле, Адольф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Кетле, Адольф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambert_Adolphe_Jacques_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quételet" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Адолф Кетле – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Адолф Кетле" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Quetelet" title="Adolphe Quetelet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Adolphe Quetelet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%9F%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="அடால்ப் குவெட்லெட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="அடால்ப் குவெட்லெட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%84_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Адольф Кетле – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Адольф Кетле" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet" title="Adolphe Quételet – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Adolphe Quételet" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%97%E4%BC%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%9B%85%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%8B%92" title="朗伯·阿道夫·雅克·凯特勒 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朗伯·阿道夫·雅克·凯特勒" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%B0%94" title="阿道夫·凯特尔 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿道夫·凯特尔" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span 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.infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Adolphe Quetelet</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg/220px-Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="356" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg/330px-Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg/440px-Adolphe_Qu%C3%A9telet_by_Joseph-Arnold_Demannez.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="1517" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1796-02-22</span>)</span>22 February 1796<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a><br /><small>(now <a href="/wiki/Ghent,_Belgium" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghent, Belgium">Ghent, Belgium</a>)</small></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">17 February 1874<span style="display:none">(1874-02-17)</span> (aged 77)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Belgians" title="Belgians">Belgian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">contributions to <a href="/wiki/Social_physics" title="Social physics">social physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a> (1839)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Observatory" class="mw-redirect" title="Brussels Observatory">Brussels Observatory</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet</b> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_of_London" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Society of London">FRSF</a> or <a href="/wiki/FRSE" class="mw-redirect" title="FRSE">FRSE</a> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[kətlɛ]</a></span> <span class="ext-phonos"><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/1d\/Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg\/Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/1d/Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg/Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"><span class="oo-ui-iconElement-icon oo-ui-icon-volumeUp"></span><span class="oo-ui-labelElement-label"></span><span class="oo-ui-indicatorElement-indicator oo-ui-indicatorElement-noIndicator"></span></a></span><sup class="ext-phonos-attribution noexcerpt navigation-not-searchable"><a href="/wiki/File:Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg" title="File:Fr-AdolpheQuetelet.ogg">ⓘ</a></sup></span>; 22 February 1796 – 17 February 1874)<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was a <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belgium" title="Demographics of Belgium">Belgian</a>-<a href="/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomer" title="Astronomer">astronomer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Statistician" title="Statistician">statistician</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sociologist" class="mw-redirect" title="Sociologist">sociologist</a> who founded and directed the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium" title="Royal Observatory of Belgium">Brussels Observatory</a> and was influential in introducing statistical methods to the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>. His name is sometimes spelled with an accent as <i>Quételet</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-mactutor_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also founded the science of <a href="/wiki/Anthropometry" title="Anthropometry">anthropometry</a> and developed the <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (BMI) scale, originally called the Quetelet Index.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His work on measuring human characteristic to determine the ideal <i>l'homme moyen</i> ("the average man"), played a key role in the origins of <a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">eugenics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-grue2006_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grue2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea2013_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bierne1987_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bierne1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Adolphe was born in <a href="/wiki/Ghent" title="Ghent">Ghent</a> (which, at the time was a part of the new <a href="/wiki/First_French_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="First French Republic">French Republic</a>). He was the son of François-Augustin-Jacques-Henri Quetelet, a Frenchman and Anne Françoise Vandervelde, a Flemish woman. His father was born at <a href="/wiki/Ham,_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ham, France">Ham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Picardy" title="Picardy">Picardy</a>, and being of a somewhat adventurous spirit, he crossed the English Channel and became both a British citizen and the secretary of a Scottish nobleman. In that capacity, he traveled with his employer on the Continent, particularly spending time in Italy. At about 31, he settled in Ghent and was employed by the city, where Adolphe was born, the fifth of nine children, several of whom died in childhood. </p><p>Francois died when Adolphe was only seven years old. Adolphe studied at the Ghent Lycée, where he afterwards started teaching mathematics in 1815 at the age of 19. In 1819, he moved to the Athenaeum in Brussels and in the same year he completed his <a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">dissertation</a> (<i>De quibusdam locis geometricis, necnon de curva focal – Of some new properties of the focal distance and some other curves</i>). </p><p>Quetelet received a doctorate in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> in 1819 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Ghent">University of Ghent</a>. Shortly thereafter, the young man set out to convince government officials and private donors to build an astronomical <a href="/wiki/Observatory" title="Observatory">observatory</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>; he succeeded in 1828. He became a member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Academy">Royal Academy</a> in 1820. He lectured at the museum for sciences and letters and at the Belgian Military School. In 1825, he became a correspondent of the Royal Institute of the Netherlands, in 1827 he became a member. In 1839, he was elected as a member of the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 1841 to 1851, he was a supernumerary associate in the institute, and when it became <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences">Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences</a> he became foreign member.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1850, he was elected a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Swedish_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences">Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences</a>. </p><p>Quetelet also founded several statistical journals and societies, and was especially interested in creating international cooperation among statisticians. He encouraged the creation of a statistical section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BA), which later became the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Statistical_Society" title="Royal Statistical Society">Royal Statistical Society</a>, of which he became the first overseas member. In 1853 he chaired both the <a href="/wiki/International_Meteorological_Organization" title="International Meteorological Organization">International Maritime Conference</a> and the <a href="/wiki/First_International_Statistical_Congress" title="First International Statistical Congress">first International Statistical Congress</a>. He was a founding member of the first <i><a href="/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_des_douze" title="Société des douze">Société des douze</a></i>. </p><p>In 1855, Quetelet developed <a href="/wiki/Apoplexy" title="Apoplexy">apoplexy</a>, which diminished but did not end his scientific activity.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a> on 17 February 1874, and is buried in the <a href="/wiki/Brussels_Cemetery" title="Brussels Cemetery">Brussels Cemetery</a>. </p><p>In 1825, he married Cécile-Virginie Curtet.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Work">Work</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">This article is part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Eugenics" title="Category:Eugenics">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Historical trajectory</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Ancient <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Jus_trium_liberorum#Eugenic_implications" title="Jus trium liberorum">Jus trium liberorum</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lex_Papia_Poppaea" title="Lex Papia Poppaea">Lex Papia Poppaea</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_views_on_incest" title="Jewish views on incest">Jewish views on incest</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incest_in_the_Bible" title="Incest in the Bible">Incest in the Bible</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics#United_Kingdom" title="History of eugenics">British eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malthusian_League" title="Malthusian League">Malthusian League</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_eugenics" title="Nazi eugenics">Nazi eugenics</a> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Racial_hygiene" title="Racial hygiene">Racial hygiene</a>" <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_for_the_Prevention_of_Hereditarily_Diseased_Offspring" title="Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily Diseased Offspring">Law for the Prevention of Hereditarily<br />Diseased Offspring</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Health_Court" title="Hereditary Health Court">Hereditary Health Courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lebensborn" title="Lebensborn">Lebensborn</a></i></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_Holocaust" title="Romani Holocaust">Romani Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_Trial" title="Doctors' Trial">Doctors' Trial</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_the_United_States" title="Eugenics in the United States">US eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slave_breeding_in_the_United_States" title="Slave breeding in the United States">Slave breeding in the US</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Survey_of_Vermont" title="Eugenics Survey of Vermont">Eugenics Survey of Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oneida_stirpiculture" title="Oneida stirpiculture">Oneida stirpiculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Act_of_1924" title="Immigration Act of 1924">Immigration Act of 1924</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sterilization_law_in_the_United_States" title="Sterilization law in the United States">Sterilization law in the United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buck_v._Bell" title="Buck v. Bell">Buck v. Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doe_ex._rel._Tarlow_v._District_of_Columbia" title="Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia">Doe ex. rel. Tarlow v. District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrigal_v._Quilligan" title="Madrigal v. Quilligan">Madrigal v. Quilligan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poe_v._Lynchburg_Training_School_%26_Hospital" title="Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital">Poe v. Lynchburg Training School & Hospital</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skinner_v._Oklahoma" title="Skinner v. Oklahoma">Skinner v. Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stump_v._Sparkman" title="Stump v. Sparkman">Stump v. Sparkman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Sterilization_Act_of_1924" title="Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924">Virginia Sterilization Act of 1924</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birth_control_movement_in_the_United_States#Eugenics_and_race" title="Birth control movement in the United States">Birth control movement in the US</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilization_in_Canada#History_of_eugenics_in_Canada" title="Compulsory sterilization in Canada">Canadian eugenics</a> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Famous_Five_(Canada)" title="The Famous Five (Canada)">The Famous Five</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_Sterilization_Act" title="Sexual Sterilization Act">Sexual Sterilization Act</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Japan" title="Eugenics in Japan">Japanese eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispanic_eugenics" title="Hispanic eugenics">Hispanic eugenics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_in_Mexico" title="Eugenics in Mexico">Mexican eugenics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compulsory_sterilisation_in_Sweden" title="Compulsory sterilisation in Sweden">Swedish sterilization program (1906–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forced_sterilization_in_Peru" title="Forced sterilization in Peru">Peruvian sterilization program (1990–2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_planning_in_Singapore" title="Population planning in Singapore">Population planning in Singapore</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neo-eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Neo-eugenics">Neo-eugenics</a></i> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/He_Jiankui_genome_editing_incident" class="mw-redirect" title="He Jiankui genome editing incident">He Jiankui genome editing incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_genetic_enhancement" title="Human genetic enhancement">Human genetic enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_response_to_assisted_reproductive_technology" title="Religious response to assisted reproductive technology">Religious response to assisted<br />reproductive technology</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pre-war academic proponents</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Brigham" title="Carl Brigham">Brigham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luther_Burbank" title="Luther Burbank">Burbank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexis_Carrel" title="Alexis Carrel">Carrell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Davenport" title="Charles Davenport">Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Darwin" title="Leonard Darwin">Darwin (Leonhard)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_DeCourcy_Ward" title="Robert DeCourcy Ward">DeCourcy Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_M._Elderton" title="Ethel M. Elderton">Elderton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher" title="Ronald Fisher">Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Galton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reginald_Ruggles_Gates" title="Reginald Ruggles Gates">Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Goldscheid" title="Rudolf Goldscheid">Goldscheid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madison_Grant" title="Madison Grant">Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_von_Gruber" title="Max von Gruber">Gruber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_F._K._G%C3%BCnther" title="Hans F. K. Günther">Günther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_F._Guyer" title="Michael F. Guyer">Guyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traian_Herseni" title="Traian Herseni">Herseni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Jackson_Holmes#Eugenics" title="Samuel Jackson Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ale%C5%A1_Hrdli%C4%8Dka#Controversy_and_criticism" title="Aleš Hrdlička">Hrdlička</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Spencer_Jennings" title="Herbert Spencer Jennings">Jennings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Starr_Jordan#Eugenics" title="David Starr Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmine_Key" title="Wilhelmine Key">Key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emil_Kraepelin" title="Emil Kraepelin">Kraepelin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Lenz" title="Fritz Lenz">Lenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivey_Foreman_Lewis" title="Ivey Foreman Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_London#Eugenics" title="Jack London">London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabin_Manuil%C4%83" title="Sabin Manuilă">Manuilă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otfrid_Mittmann" title="Otfrid Mittmann">Mittmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliano_Moreira" title="Juliano Moreira">Moreira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_B._Munro" title="William B. Munro">Munro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Nordau" title="Max Nordau">Nordau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Osborn (Henry Fairfield)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Pearson#Political_views_and_eugenics" title="Karl Pearson">Pearson (Karl)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Farnham_Perkins" title="Henry Farnham Perkins">Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eusebio_Hern%C3%A1ndez_P%C3%A9rez" title="Eusebio Hernández Pérez">Pérez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Ploetz" title="Alfred Ploetz">Ploetz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francisc_Rainer#Biological_anthropology" title="Francisc Rainer">Rainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugen_Relgis#Eugenics" title="Eugen Relgis">Relgis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Alsworth_Ross" title="Edward Alsworth Ross">Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Schallmayer" title="Wilhelm Schallmayer">Schallmayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johan_Scharffenberg" title="Johan Scharffenberg">Scharffenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Sergeevich_Serebrovsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Sergeevich Serebrovsky">Serebrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Sergi" title="Giuseppe Sergi">Sergi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eliot_Slater" title="Eliot Slater">Slater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Ernest_Southard" title="Elmer Ernest Southard">Southard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lothrop_Stoddard" title="Lothrop Stoddard">Stoddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._W._Taussig#Beliefs" title="F. W. Taussig">Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Terman#Eugenics" title="Lewis Terman">Terman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikola_Tesla#On_society" title="Nikola Tesla">Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Thorndike#Eugenics" title="Edward Thorndike">Thorndike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georges_Vacher_de_Lapouge" title="Georges Vacher de Lapouge">Vacher de Lapouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Yerkes#Intelligence_testing_and_eugenics" title="Robert Yerkes">Yerkes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Evang" title="Karl Evang">Karl Evang</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jon Alfred Mjøen (page does not exist)">Jon Alfred Mjøen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon_Alfred_Mj%C3%B8en" class="extiw" title="no:Jon Alfred Mjøen">no</a>]</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Post-war academic remnants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Agar#Work_on_human_enhancement" title="Nicholas Agar">Agar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Bell" title="Julia Bell">Bell (Julia)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlos_Blacker" title="Carlos Blacker">Blacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noah_Carl" title="Noah Carl">Carl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cedric_Carter" title="Cedric Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell" title="Raymond Cattell">Cattell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Coleman_(demographer)#Career" title="David Coleman (demographer)">Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._D._Darlington#Sociobiology_and_the_Lysenko_Affair" title="C. D. Darlington">Darlington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurelio_Jos%C3%A9_Figueredo" title="Aurelio José Figueredo">Figueredo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Fleischman" title="Diana Fleischman">Fleischman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Garrett_(psychologist)" title="Henry Garrett (psychologist)">Garrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Glad" title="John Glad">Glad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garrett_Hardin" title="Garrett Hardin">Hardin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._B._S._Haldane#Ectogenesis_and_in_vitro_fertilisation" title="J. B. S. Haldane">Haldane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Hanania" title="Richard Hanania">Hanania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Nash_Herndon" title="C. Nash Herndon">Herndon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Huxley#Eugenics_and_race" title="Julian Huxley">Huxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_Ingle" title="Dwight Ingle">Ingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymour_Itzkoff" title="Seymour Itzkoff">Itzkoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Josef_Kallmann" title="Franz Josef Kallmann">Kallmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Kirkconnell" title="Watson Kirkconnell">Kirkconnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lene_Koch" title="Lene Koch">Koch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frida_Laski" title="Frida Laski">Laski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Lederberg" title="Joshua Lederberg">Lederberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz#Nazism" title="Konrad Lorenz">Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertil_Lundman" title="Bertil Lundman">Lundman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Lynn" title="Richard Lynn">Lynn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._MacEachran" title="John M. MacEachran">MacEachran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karin_Magnussen" title="Karin Magnussen">Magnussen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Miller_(psychologist)" title="Geoffrey Miller (psychologist)">Miller (Geoffrey)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_M._Miller" title="Edward M. Miller">Miller (Edward M.)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_Joseph_Muller" title="Hermann Joseph Muller">Muller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Murray_(political_scientist)" title="Charles Murray (political scientist)">Murray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jan_te_Nijenhuis" title="Jan te Nijenhuis">Nijenhuis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helmuth_Nyborg" title="Helmuth Nyborg">Nyborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Osborn" title="Frederick Osborn">Osborn (Frederick)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Pearson_(anthropologist)" title="Roger Pearson (anthropologist)">Pearson (Roger)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmer_Pendell" title="Elmer Pendell">Pendell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pitt-Rivers" title="George Pitt-Rivers">Pitt-Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Popenoe" title="Paul Popenoe">Popenoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Rostand" title="Jean Rostand">Rostand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Savulescu#Procreative_beneficence" title="Julian Savulescu">Savulescu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_L._Shapiro" title="Harry L. Shapiro">Shapiro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley#Racist_and_eugenicist_views" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sloterdijk" title="Peter Sloterdijk">Sloterdijk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otmar_Freiherr_von_Verschuer" title="Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer">Verschuer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Vining_Jr." title="Daniel Vining Jr.">Vining Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volkmar_Weiss" title="Volkmar Weiss">Weiss</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Pamphlets and manifestos</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_Genius" title="Hereditary Genius">Hereditary Genius</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1869)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Inquiries_into_Human_Faculty_and_Its_Development" title="Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development">Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1883)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Degeneration_(Nordau)" title="Degeneration (Nordau)">Degeneration</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1892–1893)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallia_(novel)#Eugenicist_thought_in_Gallia" title="Gallia (novel)">Gallia</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1895)</span></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Blood_of_the_Nation:_A_Study_in_the_Decay_of_Races_by_the_Survival_of_the_Unfit" class="mw-redirect" title="The Blood of the Nation: A Study in the Decay of Races by the Survival of the Unfit">The Blood of the Nation</a>" <span style="font-size:85%;">(1901/1910)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Training_of_the_Human_Plant" class="mw-redirect" title="The Training of the Human Plant">The Training of the Human Plant</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1907)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Essays_in_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Essays in Eugenics">Essays in Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1909)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Heredity_in_Relation_to_Eugenics" title="Heredity in Relation to Eugenics">Heredity in Relation to Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1911)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_at_the_Crossroads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mankind at the Crossroads">Mankind at the Crossroads</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1923)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daedalus;_or,_Science_and_the_Future" title="Daedalus; or, Science and the Future">Daedalus; or, Science and the Future</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1924)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/La_raza_c%C3%B3smica" title="La raza cósmica">La raza cósmica</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1925)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marriage_and_Morals" title="Marriage and Morals">Marriage and Morals</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1929)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Genetical_Theory_of_Natural_Selection#Eugenics" title="The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection">The Genetical Theory of Natural<br />Selection</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1930)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man,_the_Unknown" title="Man, the Unknown">Man, the Unknown</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1935)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/After_Us,_or_the_World_as_it_Might_Be" title="After Us, or the World as it Might Be">After Us</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1936)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_manifesto" title="Eugenics manifesto">Eugenics manifesto</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1939)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_Bottles_for_New_Wine" class="mw-redirect" title="New Bottles for New Wine">New Bottles for New Wine</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1950)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Marching_Morons" title="The Marching Morons">The Marching Morons</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1951)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Dance_with_the_Devil" class="mw-redirect" title="The Dance with the Devil">The Dance with the Devil</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1958)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilized_Man%27s_Eight_Deadly_Sins" title="Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins">Civilized Man's Eight Deadly Sins</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1973)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beyondism" class="mw-redirect" title="Beyondism">Beyondism</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1987)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics:_Genetic_Deterioration_in_Modern_Populations" class="mw-redirect" title="Dysgenics: Genetic Deterioration in Modern Populations">Dysgenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1996)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rules_for_the_Human_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Rules for the Human Park">Rules for the Human Park</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1999)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eugenics:_A_Reassessment" class="mw-redirect" title="Eugenics: A Reassessment">Eugenics: A Reassessment</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2001)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Eugenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish Eugenics">Jewish Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2011)</span></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Selective_Breeding_and_the_Birth_of_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Selective Breeding and the Birth of Philosophy">Selective Breeding and the Birth of<br />Philosophy</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2023)</span></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"><div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">Without significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Birth_Control_League#History" title="American Birth Control League">ABCL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alberta_Eugenics_Board" title="Alberta Eugenics Board">Alberta Eugenics Board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Study_and_Prevention_of_Infant_Mortality" title="American Association for the Study and Prevention of Infant Mortality">AASPIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Eugenics_Society" title="American Eugenics Society">AES</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnegie_Institution_for_Science#Departments_on_life_studies" title="Carnegie Institution for Science">Carnegie Institution for Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Foundation_for_the_Study_of_Human_Problems" title="French Foundation for the Study of Human Problems">Carrel Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_Spring_Harbor_Laboratory#History" title="Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory">CSHL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Women%27s_Guild" title="Co-operative Women's Guild">Co-operative Women's Guild</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Board_of_North_Carolina" title="Eugenics Board of North Carolina">EBNC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics_Record_Office" title="Eugenics Record Office">ERO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galton_Laboratory" title="Galton Laboratory">Galton Laboratory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Society_for_Racial_Hygiene" title="German Society for Racial Hygiene">German Society for Racial Hygiene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heredity_Commission" title="Heredity Commission">Heredity Commission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_Foundation" title="Human Betterment Foundation">HBF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Betterment_League" title="Human Betterment League">Human Betterment League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_Restriction_League" title="Immigration Restriction League">Immigration Restriction League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institut_national_d%27%C3%A9tudes_d%C3%A9mographiques#history" title="Institut national d'études démographiques">INED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Ethnology_and_Eugenics" title="International Association for the Advancement of Ethnology and Eugenics">IAAEE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Eugenics_Conference" title="International Eugenics Conference">International Eugenics Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Federation_of_Eugenics_Organizations" title="International Federation of Eugenics Organizations">IFEO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Institute_of_Anthropology,_Human_Heredity,_and_Eugenics" title="Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics">Kaiser Wilhelm Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck_Institute_of_Psychiatry#History" title="Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry">Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_Association_of_America" title="Population Association of America">PAA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Race_Betterment_Foundation" title="Race Betterment Foundation">Race Betterment Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racial_Hygiene_Association_of_New_South_Wales" title="Racial Hygiene Association of New South Wales">RHA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockefeller_Foundation" title="Rockefeller Foundation">Rockefeller Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Institute_for_Racial_Biology" title="State Institute for Racial Biology">State Institute for Racial Biology</a></li></ul> <div style="font-weight: bold;line-height:normal;">With significant post-war activity</div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Annals_of_Human_Genetics#Annals_of_Eugenics" title="Annals of Human Genetics">Annals of Eugenics</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1954)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Immigration_Studies#History_and_funding" title="Center for Immigration Studies">CIS</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Eugenics_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The Eugenics Review">The Eugenics Review</a></i> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1968)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_for_Research_and_Education_on_Eugenics_and_Dysgenics" class="mw-redirect" title="Foundation for Research and Education on Eugenics and Dysgenics">FREED</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_Diversity_Foundation" title="Human Diversity Foundation">HDF</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Social,_Political_and_Economic_Studies" title="Journal of Social, Political and Economic Studies">J. Soc. Political Econ. Stud.</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/London_Conference_on_Intelligence" title="London Conference on Intelligence">LCI</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mankind_Quarterly" title="Mankind Quarterly">Mankind Quarterly</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/OpenPsych" title="OpenPsych">OpenPsych</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_Prevention" title="Project Prevention">Project Prevention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repository_for_Germinal_Choice" title="Repository for Germinal Choice">Repository for Germinal Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Institute_for_Social_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Institute for Social Research">Ulster Institute for Social Research</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Related</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_engineering" title="Demographic engineering">Demographic engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dysgenics" title="Dysgenics">Dysgenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_discrimination" title="Genetic discrimination">Genetic discrimination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_eugenics" title="History of eugenics">History of eugenics</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Idiocracy" title="Idiocracy">Idiocracy</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pedigree_chart" title="Pedigree chart">Pedigree chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_Cattell_bibliography" title="Raymond Cattell bibliography">Raymond Cattell bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fisher_bibliography" title="Ronald Fisher bibliography">Ronald Fisher bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selective_breeding" title="Selective breeding">Selective breeding</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #AAA; border-bottom:1px solid #AAA"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="image" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/20px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg" decoding="async" width="13" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg/40px-Newton%27s_reflecting_telescope.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1140" data-file-height="1276" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Portal:History_of_Science" class="mw-redirect" title="Portal:History of Science">History of Science portal</a></span></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Template talk:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugenics sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>His scientific research encompassed a wide range of different scientific disciplines: <a href="/wiki/Meteorology" title="Meteorology">meteorology</a>, astronomy, mathematics, statistics, <a href="/wiki/Demography" title="Demography">demography</a>, sociology, <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a> and history of science. He made significant contributions to scientific development, but he also wrote several <a href="/wiki/Monograph" title="Monograph">monographs</a> directed to the general public. He founded the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observatory_of_Belgium" title="Royal Observatory of Belgium">Royal Observatory of Belgium</a>, founded or co-founded several national and international statistical societies and scientific journals, and presided over the first series of the International Statistical Congresses. Quetelet was a <a href="/wiki/Liberalism" title="Liberalism">liberal</a> and an <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anticlerical</a>, but not an <a href="/wiki/Atheism" title="Atheism">atheist</a> or <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialist</a> nor a <a href="/wiki/Socialism" title="Socialism">socialist</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_physics">Social physics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Social physics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The new science of <a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">probability</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">statistics</a> was mainly used in astronomy at the time, where it was essential to account for measurement <a href="/wiki/Errors_and_residuals_in_statistics" class="mw-redirect" title="Errors and residuals in statistics">errors</a> around means. This was done using the method of <a href="/wiki/Least_squares" title="Least squares">least squares</a>. Quetelet was among the first to apply statistics to social science, planning what he called "social physics". He was keenly aware of the overwhelming complexity of social phenomena, and the many variables that needed measurement. His goal was to understand the statistical laws underlying such phenomena as crime rates, marriage rates or <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_suicide_rate" title="List of countries by suicide rate">suicide rates</a>. He wanted to explain the values of these variables by other social factors. These ideas were rather controversial among other scientists at the time who held that it contradicted the concept of freedom of choice. </p><p>His most influential book was <i>Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale</i>, published in 1835 (In English translation, it is titled <i>Treatise on Man</i>, but a literal translation would be "On Man and the Development of his Faculties, or Essay on Social Physics"). In it, he outlines the project of a social physics and describes his concept of the "average man" (<i>l'homme moyen</i>) who is characterized by the <a href="/wiki/Mean_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Mean value">mean values</a> of measured variables that follow a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal distribution</a>. He collected data about many such variables. Quetelet wrote about these values as "ideals" with deviations from them as being less than or more than ideal. He saw the average body as an ideal beauty and something to be desired and his work was influential on <a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a> who coined the term <i>eugenics</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-grue2006_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grue2006-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ea2013_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ea2013-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-bierne1987_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bierne1987-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Quetelet's student <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Fran%C3%A7ois_Verhulst" title="Pierre François Verhulst">Pierre François Verhulst</a> developed the <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function" title="Logistic function">logistic function</a> in the 1830s as a model of <a href="/wiki/Population_growth" title="Population growth">population growth</a>; see <a href="/wiki/Logistic_function#History" title="Logistic function">Logistic function § History</a> for details.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramer20023–5_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECramer20023–5-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Comte" title="Auguste Comte">Auguste Comte</a> discovered that Quetelet had appropriated the term 'social physics', which Comte had originally introduced, Comte found it necessary to invent the term 'sociologie' (<a href="/wiki/Sociology" title="Sociology">sociology</a>) because he disagreed with Quetelet's notion that a theory of society could be derived from a collection of statistics. </p><p>Adolphe Quetelet also had a significant influence on <a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a> who shared with him a religious view of statistics which saw understanding statistics as revealing the work of God in addition to statistics being a force of good administration. Nightingale met Quetelet in person at the 1860 International Statistical Congress in London, and they corresponded for years afterwards.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Criminology">Criminology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criminology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quetelet was an influential figure in <a href="/wiki/Criminology" title="Criminology">criminology</a>. Along with <a href="/wiki/Andre-Michel_Guerry" class="mw-redirect" title="Andre-Michel Guerry">Andre-Michel Guerry</a>, he helped to establish the <a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">cartographic school</a> and <a href="/wiki/Positivist_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Positivist school">positivist schools</a> of criminology which made extensive use of statistical techniques. Through statistical analysis, Quetelet gained insight into the relationships between <a href="/wiki/Crime" title="Crime">crime</a> and other social factors. Among his findings were strong relationships between age and crime, as well as <a href="/wiki/Gender_and_crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender and crime">gender and crime</a>. Other influential factors he found included <a href="/wiki/Climate" title="Climate">climate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poverty" title="Poverty">poverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Education" title="Education">education</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alcoholic_beverage" title="Alcoholic beverage">alcohol</a> consumption, with his research findings published in <i>Of the Development of the Propensity to Crime</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Anthropometry">Anthropometry</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Anthropometry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In his 1835 text on social physics, he presented his theory of human <a href="/wiki/Variance" title="Variance">variance</a> around the <a href="/wiki/Average" title="Average">average</a>, showing human traits were distributed according to a <a href="/wiki/Normal_distribution" title="Normal distribution">normal curve</a>. The existence of such variation provided the basis for later writers, including Darwin, to argue that natural populations contained sufficient variability for <a href="/wiki/Artificial_selection" class="mw-redirect" title="Artificial selection">artificial</a> or <a href="/wiki/Natural_selection" title="Natural selection">natural selection</a> to operate.<sup id="cite_ref-dc_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dc-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In terms of influence over later <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> agendas, one of Quetelet's lasting legacies was the establishment of a simple measure for classifying people's weight relative to an ideal for their height. His proposal, the <a href="/wiki/Body_mass_index" title="Body mass index">body mass index</a> (or Quetelet index), has endured with minor variations to the present day.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Anthropometric data is used in modern applications and referenced in the development of every consumer-based product. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honours">Awards and honours</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Awards and honours"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quetelet was elected a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 1839</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-frs_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-frs-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The asteroid <a href="/wiki/1239_Queteleta" title="1239 Queteleta">1239 Queteleta</a> is named after him. The title of <a href="/wiki/Quetelet_professor" title="Quetelet professor">Quetelet professor</a> at <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University" title="Columbia University">Columbia University</a> is awarded in his name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1823. <i>Relation d'un voyage fait à la grotte de Han au mois d'août 1822'. 'With M.M. Kickx.</i></li> <li>1827. <i>Recherches sur la population, les naissances, les décès, les prisons, les dépôts de mendicité, etc., dans le royaume des Pays-Bas</i>.</li> <li>1829. <i>Recherches statistiques sur le royaume des Pays-Bas</i>.</li> <li>1831. <i>The Propensity to Crime</i>.</li> <li>1834. <i>Astronomie élémentaire</i>.</li> <li>1835. <i>Sur l'homme et le développement de ses facultés, ou Essai de physique sociale</i>. 2 volumes. <ul><li>Translated into English under the direction of <a href="/wiki/Robert_Knox_(surgeon)" title="Robert Knox (surgeon)">Robert Knox</a> as <i>A Treatise on Man and the Development of His Faculties</i> (Edinburgh, William and Robert Chambers, 1842)<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li>1838. <i>De l'influence des saisons sur la mortalité aux différens âges dans la Belgique</i>.</li> <li>1839. <i>Catalogue des principales apparitions d'étoiles filantes</i>.</li> <li>1843. <i>Sur l'emploi de la boussole dans les mines</i>.</li> <li>1845–1851. <i>Sur le climat de la Belgique</i>. 2 volumes.</li> <li>1848. <i>Du système social et des lois qui le régissent</i>.</li> <li>1848. <i>Sur la statistique morale et les principes qui doivent en former la base</i>.</li> <li>1850. <i>Mémoire sur les lois des naissances et de la mortalité à Bruxelles</i>.</li> <li>1853. <i>Mémoire sur les variations périodiques et non périodiques de la température, d'après les observations faites, pendant vingt ans, à l'observatoire royal de Bruxelles</i>.</li> <li>1864. <i>Histoire des sciences mathématiques et physiques chez les Belges</i>.</li> <li>1867. <i>Météorologie de la Belgique comparée à celle du globe</i>.</li> <li>1867. <i>Sciences mathématiques et physiques au commencement du XIXe siècle</i>.</li> <li>1869. <i>Sur la physique du globe en Belgique</i>.</li> <li>1870. <i>Anthropométrie, ou Mesure des différentes facultés de l'homme</i>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-frs-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-frs_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150316060617/https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">"Fellows of the Royal Society"</a>. London: <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://royalsociety.org/about-us/fellowship/fellows/">the original</a> on 16 March 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Royal+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fabout-us%2Ffellowship%2Ffellows%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTylor1872" class="citation cs1"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Burnett_Tylor" title="Edward Burnett Tylor">Tylor, Edward Burnett</a> (May 1872). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Popular Science Monthly/Volume 1/May 1872/Quetelet on the Science of Man"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly/Volume_1/May_1872/Quetelet_on_the_Science_of_Man">"Quetelet on the Science of Man" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Popular_Science_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Popular Science Monthly">Popular Science Monthly</a></i>. Vol. 1. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0161-7370">0161-7370</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Science+Monthly&rft.atitle=Quetelet+on+the+Science+of+Man&rft.volume=1&rft.date=1872-05&rft.issn=0161-7370&rft.aulast=Tylor&rft.aufirst=Edward+Burnett&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span> [<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Page:Popular_Science_Monthly_Volume_1.djvu/55" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Page:Popular Science Monthly Volume 1.djvu/55">scan</a></span> <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Wikisource link" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/20px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span>]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mactutor-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mactutor_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" class="mw-redirect" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Quetelet.html">"Adolphe Quetelet"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Adolphe+Quetelet&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FQuetelet.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304074135/https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf"><i>Biographical Index of Former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783–2002</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Royal Society of Edinburgh. July 2006. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-902-198-84-X"><bdi>0-902-198-84-X</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.royalsoced.org.uk/cms/files/fellows/biographical_index/fells_indexp2.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 4 March 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Biographical+Index+of+Former+Fellows+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh+1783%E2%80%932002&rft.pub=The+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.date=2006-07&rft.isbn=0-902-198-84-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.royalsoced.org.uk%2Fcms%2Ffiles%2Ffellows%2Fbiographical_index%2Ffells_indexp2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-grue2006-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-grue2006_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-grue2006_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGrueHeiberg2006" class="citation journal cs1">Grue; Heiberg (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15017410600608491">"Notes on the History of Normality – Reflections on the Work of Quetelet and Galton"</a>. <i>Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research</i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">232–</span>246. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F15017410600608491">10.1080/15017410600608491</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Disability+Research&rft.atitle=Notes+on+the+History+of+Normality+%E2%80%93+Reflections+on+the+Work+of+Quetelet+and+Galton&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E232-%3C%2Fspan%3E246&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F15017410600608491&rft.au=Grue&rft.au=Heiberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F15017410600608491&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ea2013-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ea2013_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ea2013_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKubergovic2013" class="citation web cs1">Kubergovic (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://eugenicsarchive.ca/discover/connections/5233cb0f5c2ec5000000009c">"Quetelet, Adolphe"</a>. <i>Eugenics Archive</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 January</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eugenics+Archive&rft.atitle=Quetelet%2C+Adolphe&rft.date=2013&rft.au=Kubergovic&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Feugenicsarchive.ca%2Fdiscover%2Fconnections%2F5233cb0f5c2ec5000000009c&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bierne1987-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bierne1987_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bierne1987_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeirne1987" class="citation journal cs1">Beirne (March 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2779999">"Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/American_Journal_of_Sociology" title="American Journal of Sociology">American Journal of Sociology</a></i>. <b>92</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">1140–</span>69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F228630">10.1086/228630</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2779999">2779999</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144091497">144091497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Sociology&rft.atitle=Adolphe+Quetelet+and+the+Origins+of+Positivist+Criminology&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1140-%3C%2Fspan%3E69&rft.date=1987-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144091497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2779999%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F228630&rft.au=Beirne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2779999&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1839&year-max=1839&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced">"APS Member History"</a>. <i>search.amphilsoc.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 July</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lambert+Adolphe+Jacques+Quetelet+%281796%E2%80%931874%29&rft.pub=Royal+Netherlands+Academy+of+Arts+and+Sciences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dwc.knaw.nl%2Fbiografie%2Fpmknaw%2F%3Fpagetype%3DauthorDetail%26aId%3DPE00002452&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180615193210/https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum-opus/I71480.php">"Cecile Virginie Curtet (1801-1858) » Magnum Opus » Genealogie Online"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.genealogieonline.nl/magnum-opus/I71480.php">the original</a> on 15 June 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 June</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cecile+Virginie+Curtet+%281801-1858%29+%C2%BB+Magnum+Opus+%C2%BB+Genealogie+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.genealogieonline.nl%2Fmagnum-opus%2FI71480.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECramer20023–5-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECramer20023–5_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCramer2002">Cramer 2002</a>, pp. 3–5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJahoda2015" class="citation journal cs1">Jahoda, Gustav (4 September 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559562">"Quetelet and the emergence of the behavioral sciences"</a>. <i>SpringerPlus</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 473. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40064-015-1261-7">10.1186/s40064-015-1261-7</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4559562">4559562</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26361574">26361574</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SpringerPlus&rft.atitle=Quetelet+and+the+emergence+of+the+behavioral+sciences&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=473&rft.date=2015-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4559562%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26361574&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs40064-015-1261-7&rft.aulast=Jahoda&rft.aufirst=Gustav&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4559562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Piers Beirne (1987). "Adolphe Quetelet and the Origins of Positivist Criminology". In; <i>American Journal of Sociology</i> 92(5): pp. 1140–1169.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dc-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-dc_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEiseley1961" class="citation book cs1">Eiseley, Loren (1961). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise"><i>Darwin's Century</i></a></span>. Anchor Books (Doubleday). p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/darwinscenturye000eise/page/227">227</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780385081412" title="Special:BookSources/9780385081412"><bdi>9780385081412</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Darwin%27s+Century&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Anchor+Books+%28Doubleday%29&rft.date=1961&rft.isbn=9780385081412&rft.aulast=Eiseley&rft.aufirst=Loren&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdarwinscenturye000eise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAdolphe+Quetelet" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garabed Eknoyan (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110221195712/http://ndt.oxfordjournals.org/content/23/1/47.full">"Adolphe Quetelet (1796–1874) – the average man and indices of obesity".</a> In: <i>Nephrol. Dial. Transplant</i>. 23 (1): 47–51.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vgm5TGkAtAAC">Treatise on Man</a> on Google Books.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adolphe_Quetelet&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output 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class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/40px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/60px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/120px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has original works by or about:<br /><b style="text-align: center;"><i><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Lambert_Adolphe_Jacques_Quetelet" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Lambert Adolphe Jacques Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></i></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735" /><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikiquote-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Adolphe_Quetelet" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Adolphe Quetelet">Adolphe Quetelet</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Kevin Donnelly (2015). <i>Adolphe Quetelet, Social Physics and the Average Men of Science, 1796–1874</i>. University of Pittsburgh Press.</li> <li>Ian Hacking (1990). <i>The Taming of Chance</i>. Cambridge University Press, chapters 13–15.</li> <li>Alain Desrosières (1998). <i>The Politics of Large Numbers: A History of Statistical Reasoning</i>. Harvard University Press, chapter 3.</li> <li>Stephen Stigler (1999). <i>Statistics on the Table</i>. Harvard University Press, chapter 2.</li> <li>Philip Ball (2005). <i>Critical Mass: How One Thing Leads to Another</i>. Arrow Books 2005, chapter 3.</li> <li>Fabien Locher (2007). "The observatory, the land-based ship and the crusades: earth sciences in european context, 1830–1850", <i>British Journal for History of Science</i>, 40(4), 2007, pp. 491–504 (On the leading role of Adolphe Quetelet in the fields of meteorology and geomagnetism in early nineteenth-century).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 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.navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Visualization" title="Template:Visualization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Visualization" title="Template talk:Visualization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Visualization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Visualization_of_technical_information112" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a> of technical information</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biological_data_visualization" title="Biological data visualization">Biological data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemical_imaging" title="Chemical imaging">Chemical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_mapping" title="Crime mapping">Crime mapping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Data visualization">Data visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Educational visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flow_visualization" title="Flow visualization">Flow visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geovisualization" title="Geovisualization">Geovisualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Information visualization">Information visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_diagram" title="Mathematical diagram">Mathematical visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">Medical imaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molecular_graphics" title="Molecular graphics">Molecular graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Product visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_visualization" title="Scientific visualization">Scientific visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_visualization" title="Social visualization">Social visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_visualization" title="Software visualization">Software visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/User_interface_design" title="User interface design">User interface design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_culture" title="Visual culture">Visual culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume visualization</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Image <br />types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chart" title="Chart">Chart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagram" title="Diagram">Diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineering_drawing" title="Engineering drawing">Engineering drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_of_a_function" title="Graph of a function">Graph of a function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideogram" title="Ideogram">Ideogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Map" title="Map">Map</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph" title="Photograph">Photograph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plot_(graphics)" title="Plot (graphics)">Plot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankey_diagram" title="Sankey diagram">Sankey diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schematic" title="Schematic">Schematic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skeletal_formula" title="Skeletal formula">Skeletal formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistical_graphics" title="Statistical graphics">Statistical graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_(information)" title="Table (information)">Table</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_drawing" title="Technical drawing">Technical drawings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technical_illustration" title="Technical illustration">Technical illustration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Pre-19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Halley" title="Edmond Halley">Edmond Halley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles-Ren%C3%A9_de_Fourcroy" title="Charles-René de Fourcroy">Charles-René de Fourcroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Priestley" title="Joseph Priestley">Joseph Priestley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspard_Monge" title="Gaspard Monge">Gaspard Monge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dupin" title="Charles Dupin">Charles Dupin</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9-Michel_Guerry" title="André-Michel Guerry">André-Michel Guerry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Playfair" title="William Playfair">William Playfair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/August_Kekul%C3%A9" title="August Kekulé">August Kekulé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Joseph_Minard" title="Charles Joseph Minard">Charles Joseph Minard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Amasa_Walker" title="Francis Amasa Walker">Francis Amasa Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Venn" title="John Venn">John Venn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Byrne_(mathematician)" title="Oliver Byrne (mathematician)">Oliver Byrne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Henry_Phineas_Riall_Sankey" title="Matthew Henry Phineas Riall Sankey">Matthew Sankey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Booth_(social_reformer)" title="Charles Booth (social reformer)">Charles Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Snow" title="John Snow">John Snow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Nightingale" title="Florence Nightingale">Florence Nightingale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Wilhelm_Pohlke" title="Karl Wilhelm Pohlke">Karl Wilhelm Pohlke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toussaint_Loua" title="Toussaint Loua">Toussaint Loua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Galton" title="Francis Galton">Francis Galton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Walter_Maunder" title="Edward Walter Maunder">Edward Walter Maunder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Neurath" title="Otto Neurath">Otto Neurath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._E._B._Du_Bois" title="W. E. B. Du Bois">W. E. B. Du Bois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Gantt" title="Henry Gantt">Henry Gantt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Lyon_Bowley" title="Arthur Lyon Bowley">Arthur Lyon Bowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_G._Funkhouser" title="Howard G. Funkhouser">Howard G. Funkhouser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_B._Peddle" title="John B. Peddle">John B. Peddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ejnar_Hertzsprung" title="Ejnar Hertzsprung">Ejnar Hertzsprung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Norris_Russell" title="Henry Norris Russell">Henry Norris Russell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_O._Lorenz" title="Max O. Lorenz">Max O. Lorenz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fritz_Kahn" title="Fritz Kahn">Fritz Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Beck" title="Harry Beck">Harry Beck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erwin_Raisz" title="Erwin Raisz">Erwin Raisz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mid 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jacques_Bertin" title="Jacques Bertin">Jacques Bertin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Modley" title="Rudolf Modley">Rudolf Modley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_H._Robinson" title="Arthur H. Robinson">Arthur H. Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tukey" title="John Tukey">John Tukey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eleanor_Spear" title="Mary Eleanor Spear">Mary Eleanor Spear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Anderson" title="Edgar Anderson">Edgar Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_T._Fisher" title="Howard T. Fisher">Howard T. Fisher</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Late 20th century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borden_Dent" title="Borden Dent">Borden Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigel_Holmes" title="Nigel Holmes">Nigel Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Cleveland" title="William S. Cleveland">William S. Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_G._Robertson" title="George G. Robertson">George G. Robertson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_H._McCormick" title="Bruce H. McCormick">Bruce H. McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Plaisant" title="Catherine Plaisant">Catherine Plaisant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Card" title="Stuart Card">Stuart Card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Hanrahan" title="Pat Hanrahan">Pat Hanrahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Tufte" title="Edward Tufte">Edward Tufte</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Shneiderman" title="Ben Shneiderman">Ben Shneiderman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Friendly" title="Michael Friendly">Michael Friendly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Wainer" title="Howard Wainer">Howard Wainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_A._Pickover" title="Clifford A. Pickover">Clifford A. Pickover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_J._Rosenblum" title="Lawrence J. Rosenblum">Lawrence J. Rosenblum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._DeFanti" title="Thomas A. DeFanti">Thomas A. DeFanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Furnas" title="George Furnas">George Furnas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheelagh_Carpendale" title="Sheelagh Carpendale">Sheelagh Carpendale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Brewer" title="Cynthia Brewer">Cynthia Brewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jock_D._Mackinlay" title="Jock D. Mackinlay">Jock D. Mackinlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_MacEachren" title="Alan MacEachren">Alan MacEachren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Goodsell" title="David Goodsell">David Goodsell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwan-Liu_Ma" title="Kwan-Liu Ma">Kwan-Liu Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Maltz" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Maltz">Michael Maltz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leland_Wilkinson" title="Leland Wilkinson">Leland Wilkinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Inselberg" title="Alfred Inselberg">Alfred Inselberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Early 21st century</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ben_Fry" title="Ben Fry">Ben Fry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Heer" title="Jeffrey Heer">Jeffrey Heer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Hullman" title="Jessica Hullman">Jessica Hullman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gordon_Kindlmann" title="Gordon Kindlmann">Gordon Kindlmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Koblin" title="Aaron Koblin">Aaron Koblin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_R._Johnson" title="Christopher R. Johnson">Christopher R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manuel_Lima" title="Manuel Lima">Manuel Lima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_McCandless" title="David McCandless">David McCandless</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauro_Martino" title="Mauro Martino">Mauro Martino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maeda" title="John Maeda">John Maeda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miriah_Meyer" title="Miriah Meyer">Miriah Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamara_Munzner" title="Tamara Munzner">Tamara Munzner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ade_Olufeko" class="mw-redirect" title="Ade Olufeko">Ade Olufeko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanspeter_Pfister" title="Hanspeter Pfister">Hanspeter Pfister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hans_Rosling" title="Hans Rosling">Hans Rosling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudio_Silva_(computer_scientist)" title="Claudio Silva (computer scientist)">Claudio Silva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moritz_Stefaner" title="Moritz Stefaner">Moritz Stefaner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernanda_Vi%C3%A9gas" title="Fernanda Viégas">Fernanda Viégas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_M._Wattenberg" title="Martin M. Wattenberg">Martin Wattenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bang_Wong" title="Bang Wong">Bang Wong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hadley_Wickham" title="Hadley Wickham">Hadley Wickham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br />topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartography" title="Cartography">Cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chartjunk" title="Chartjunk">Chartjunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_coding_in_data_visualization" class="mw-redirect" title="Color coding in data visualization">Color coding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Computer graphics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics_(computer_science)" title="Computer graphics (computer science)">in computer science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CPK_coloring" title="CPK coloring">CPK coloring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graph_drawing" title="Graph drawing">Graph drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_design" title="Graphic design">Graphic design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_organizer" title="Graphic organizer">Graphic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imaging_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Imaging science">Imaging science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_art" title="Information art">Information art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infographic" title="Infographic">Information graphics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misleading_graph" title="Misleading graph">Misleading graph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroimaging" title="Neuroimaging">Neuroimaging</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_drawing" title="Patent drawing">Patent drawing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_modelling" title="Scientific modelling">Scientific modelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spatial_analysis" title="Spatial analysis">Spatial analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_analytics" title="Visual analytics">Visual analytics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_cartography" title="Volume cartography">Volume cartography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volume_rendering" title="Volume rendering">Volume rendering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839151" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:FRS_1839" title="Template:FRS 1839"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:FRS_1839" title="Template talk:FRS 1839"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:FRS_1839" title="Special:EditPage/Template:FRS 1839"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839151" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Society" title="Fellow of the Royal Society">Fellows</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society" title="Royal Society">Royal Society</a> elected <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_1839" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 1839">in 1839</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fellows</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_Dyke_Acland,_11th_Baronet" title="Sir Thomas Dyke Acland, 11th Baronet">Thomas Dyke Acland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Barker_(benefactor)" title="George Barker (benefactor)">George Barker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Botfield" title="Beriah Botfield">Beriah Botfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carrington,_2nd_Baron_Carrington" title="Robert Carrington, 2nd Baron Carrington">Robert Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Conolly" title="Arthur Conolly">Arthur Conolly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Darwin" title="Charles Darwin">Charles Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166058" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166058">Edward Davies Davenport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Mangles_Denham" title="Henry Mangles Denham">Henry Mangles Denham</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165443" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165443">Richard Drew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Drummond_(1786%E2%80%931860)" title="Henry Drummond (1786–1860)">Henry Drummond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Farre" title="Arthur Farre">Arthur Farre</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166416" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166416">Thomas William Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166727" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166727">William James Frodsham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Gaskin" title="Thomas Gaskin">Thomas Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Godwin" title="George Godwin">George Godwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Graves" title="John T. Graves">John T. Graves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Guest" title="Edwin Guest">Edwin Guest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Gulliver" title="George Gulliver">George Gulliver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Halliwell-Phillipps" title="James Halliwell-Phillipps">James Halliwell-Phillipps</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165162" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165162">Peter Hardy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Heywood_(philanthropist)" title="James Heywood (philanthropist)">James Heywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hilton_(surgeon)" title="John Hilton (surgeon)">John Hilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hogg_(biologist)" title="John Hogg (biologist)">John Hogg</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166691" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166691">Gilbert Wakefield Mackmurdo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Roffey_Maitland" title="Samuel Roffey Maitland">Samuel Roffey Maitland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Moseley_(mathematician)" title="Henry Moseley (mathematician)">Henry Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21166766" class="extiw" title="d:Q21166766">H. Alexander Ormsby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Reid_(British_Army_officer)" title="William Reid (British Army officer)">William Reid</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165724" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165724">Robert Rigg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Rogers_(naturalist)" title="John Rogers (naturalist)">John Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leith_Roupell" title="George Leith Roupell">George Leith Roupell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Sharpey" title="William Sharpey">William Sharpey</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165698" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165698">Clement Tudway Swanston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joseph_Sylvester" title="James Joseph Sylvester">James Joseph Sylvester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Thorp" title="Charles Thorp">Charles Thorp</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21165644" class="extiw" title="d:Q21165644">Charles Turnor</a></li> <li><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46993819" class="extiw" title="d:Q46993819">John Wesley Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Yates_(minister)" title="James Yates (minister)">James Yates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Hansteen" title="Christopher Hansteen">Christopher Hansteen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonio_Melloni" title="Macedonio Melloni">Macedonio Melloni</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Adolphe Quetelet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9lix_Savart" title="Félix Savart">Félix Savart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20012#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4408" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20012#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4408" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q20012#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000120999147">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/24606918">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/17169/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJh8M68WVrbrGfQgqjb8G3">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118743171">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n50050539">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119208741">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb119208741">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00525357">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Quetelet, Adolphe Lambert Jacques"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/BVEV040116">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35474037">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=skuk0001140&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX1325831">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/1172238">Portugal</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p068432208">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98017285">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000250594&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=240554">Greece</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lod.nl.go.kr/resource/KAC201737360">Korea</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/31fhdsnm08jc6b6">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810584670505606">Poland</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810535251405606">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/237746">Vatican</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007277058005171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058508887306706">Catalonia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14228286">Belgium</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA01931408?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ipni.org/ipni/advAuthorSearch.do?find_abbreviation=Quételet">International Plant Names Index</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=86740">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:quetelet.adolphe">zbMATH</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/143070">MathSciNet</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/adolphe-quetelet/">Leopoldina</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musee-orsay.fr/en/ressources/repertoire-artistes-personnalites/63650">Musée d'Orsay</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biografischportaal.nl/en/persoon/20189750">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/966061">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118743171.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118743171">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/03245841X">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.eqiad.main-d6f4c4464-cvh5w","wgBackendResponseTime":195,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.094","walltime":"1.398","ppvisitednodes":{"value":6009,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":146550,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7669,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":14,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":6,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":87675,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1243.262 1 -total"," 21.80% 271.042 1 Template:Reflist"," 15.82% 196.622 1 Template:Infobox_scientist"," 13.98% 173.797 1 Template:IPA"," 13.20% 164.050 1 Template:Eugenics_sidebar"," 12.92% 160.614 1 Template:Sidebar_with_collapsible_lists"," 8.83% 109.749 1 Template:Cite_tech_report"," 7.37% 91.661 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.44% 67.695 1 Template:Wikisource_author"," 5.44% 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