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href="#La_Comédie_humaine_and_literary_success"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 La Comédie humaine and literary success </div> </a> <ul id="toc-La_Comédie_humaine_and_literary_success-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Work_habits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Work_habits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Work habits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Work_habits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marriage,_romantic_relationships,_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marriage,_romantic_relationships,_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Marriage, romantic relationships, and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marriage,_romantic_relationships,_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Writing_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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id="toc-Place-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Perspective" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Perspective"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Perspective </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Perspective-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Works </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Honoré de Balzac</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 110 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-110" aria-hidden="true" > 110 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%8A_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83" title="أونوريه دي بلزاك – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أونوريه دي بلزاك" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A7_%D5%8F%D5%A8_%D5%8A%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%84" title="Օնորէ Տը Պալզաք – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Օնորէ Տը Պալզաք" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Aymara" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="Aymara" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aymar aru</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onore_de_Balzak" title="Onore de Balzak – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Onore de Balzak" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="انوره دو بالزاک – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="انوره دو بالزاک" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A8%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%95" title="অনরে দ্য বালজাক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অনরে দ্য বালজাক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Анарэ дэ Бальзак – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Анарэ дэ Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8D_%D0%B4%D1%8D_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Анарэ дэ Бальзак – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Анарэ дэ Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D1%8C%D0%BE_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре дьо Балзак – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Оноре дьо Балзак" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CE%BD%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AD_%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B5_%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%B1%CE%BB%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BA" title="Ονορέ ντε Μπαλζάκ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ονορέ ντε Μπαλζάκ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%88_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="انوره دو بالزاک – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="انوره دو بالزاک" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%98%A4%EB%85%B8%EB%A0%88_%EB%93%9C_%EB%B0%9C%EC%9E%90%ED%81%AC" title="오노레 드 발자크 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="오노레 드 발자크" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%95%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%A5_%D5%A4%D5%A8_%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Օնորե դը Բալզակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Օնորե դը Բալզակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%93%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A7" title="אונורה דה בלזק – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אונורה דה בלזק" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ონორე დე ბალზაკი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ონორე დე ბალზაკი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Бальзак, Оноре де – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Бальзак, Оноре де" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honoratus_de_Balzac" title="Honoratus de Balzac – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Honoratus de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onor%C4%93_de_Balzaks" title="Onorē de Balzaks – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Onorē de Balzaks" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Балзак – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Оноре де Балзак" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%A3%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%86_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഹോണോറെ ഡി ബൽസാക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഹോണോറെ ഡി ബൽസാക്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%91%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%A6%E0%A4%BF_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9D%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95" title="ऑनोरे दि बाल्झाक – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ऑनोरे दि बाल्झाक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94_%E1%83%93%E1%83%94_%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%99%E1%83%98" title="ონორე დე ბალზაკი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ონორე დე ბალზაკი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%86%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%89_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83" title="اونوريه دى بلزاك – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اونوريه دى بلزاك" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9F%E1%80%B1%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7_%E1%80%98%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AE%E1%80%87%E1%80%81%E1%80%BA" title="အိုနိုဟေးသို့ ဘယ်ရီဇခ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အိုနိုဟေးသို့ ဘယ်ရီဇခ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%8E%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BB%E3%83%89%E3%83%BB%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B6%E3%83%83%E3%82%AF" title="オノレ・ド・バルザック – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オノレ・ド・バルザック" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%95" title="ਬਾਲਜ਼ਾਕ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਾਲਜ਼ਾਕ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="بالزاک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بالزاک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA,_%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5" title="Бальзак, Оноре де – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Бальзак, Оноре де" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A8_de_Balzac" title="Honorè de Balzac – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Honorè de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honore_de_Balzak" title="Honore de Balzak – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Honore de Balzak" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%AA" title="بالزاڪ – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="بالزاڪ" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%86%D9%86%DB%86%D8%B1%DB%8E_%D8%AF%DB%86_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="ئۆنۆرێ دۆ بالزاک – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئۆنۆرێ دۆ بالزاک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Балзак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Оноре де Балзак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D" title="பல்சாக் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பல்சாக்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AC%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%95%E0%B1%8D" title="బాల్జాక్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="బాల్జాక్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A3_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%AD_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%81" title="ออนอเร เดอ บาลซัก – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ออนอเร เดอ บาลซัก" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Балзак – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оноре де Балзак" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onore_de_Balzak" title="Onore de Balzak – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Onore de Balzak" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B5_%D0%B4%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Оноре де Бальзак – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Оноре де Бальзак" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%DA%A9" title="بالزاک – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بالزاک" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%83" title="بالزاك – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="بالزاك" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B" title="奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B" title="巴爾扎克 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="巴爾扎克" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac" title="Honoré de Balzac – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Honoré de Balzac" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E8%AF%BA%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%94%E6%89%8E%E5%85%8B" title="奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奥诺雷·德·巴尔扎克" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q9711#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Balzac_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Balzac (disambiguation)">Balzac (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Honoré de Balzac</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_(1842)_Detail.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Revised detail of daguerreotype taken in 1842"><img alt="Revised detail of daguerreotype taken in 1842" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/220px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/330px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg/440px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_%281842%29_Detail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="500" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Revised detail of <a href="/wiki/Daguerreotype" title="Daguerreotype">daguerreotype</a> taken in 1842</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Honoré Balzac<a href="#cite_note-Jean-Louis_Dega_1998-1">[1]</a> (1799-05-20)20 May 1799 <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, Touraine, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">18 August 1850(1850-08-18) (aged 51) Paris, France</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Lachaise_Cemetery" title="Père Lachaise Cemetery">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li>Writer</li><li>critic</li><li>journalist</li><li><a href="/wiki/Printer_(publishing)" title="Printer (publishing)">printer</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li>Novel</li><li><a href="/wiki/Dramaturgy" title="Dramaturgy">dramaturgy</a></li><li>essay</li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Literary movement</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">Realism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">1829–1850</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable works</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r979066050"><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_Bette" title="Cousin Bette">La Cousine Bette</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Goriot">Le Père Goriot</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Chabert (novel)">Colonel Chabert</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse" title="La Rabouilleuse">La Rabouilleuse</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Lys_dans_la_vall%C3%A9e" title="Le Lys dans la vallée">Le Lys dans la vallée</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Illusions_perdues" title="Illusions perdues">Illusions perdues</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Splendeurs_et_mis%C3%A8res_des_courtisanes" title="Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes">Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Notable awards</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour '"><img alt="Legion of Honour '" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/40px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/80px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a> (Knight) <a href="#cite_note-2">[a]</a> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Ewelina_Ha%C5%84ska" title="Ewelina Hańska">Ewelina Hańska</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1850)</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg/150px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg/225px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg/300px-Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac_signature_c1842-43.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="275" /></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Honoré de Balzac (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbælzæk/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAL-zak</a>,<a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a> more commonly <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɔːl-/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BAWL-</a>;<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">French: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ɔnɔʁe d(ə) balzak]</a>; born Honoré Balzac;<a href="#cite_note-Jean-Louis_Dega_1998-1">[1]</a> 20 May 1799 – 18 August 1850) was a French novelist and playwright. The <a href="/wiki/Novel_sequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Novel sequence">novel sequence</a> <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a>, which presents a panorama of post-Napoleonic French life, is generally viewed as his <a href="/wiki/Masterpiece" title="Masterpiece">magnum opus</a>. Owing to his keen observation of detail and unfiltered representation of society, Balzac is regarded as one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Literary_realism" title="Literary realism">realism</a> in <a href="/wiki/European_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="European literature">European literature</a>.<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> He is renowned for his multi-faceted characters; even his lesser characters are complex, morally ambiguous and fully human. Inanimate objects are imbued with character as well; the city of Paris, a backdrop for much of his writing, takes on many human qualities. His writing influenced many famous writers, including the novelists <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Charles Dickens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>, and filmmakers <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Rivette" title="Jacques Rivette">Jacques Rivette</a>. Many of Balzac's works have been made into films and continue to inspire other writers. James called him "really the father of us all."<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> An enthusiastic reader and independent thinker as a child, Balzac had trouble adapting to the teaching style of his grammar school. His willful nature caused trouble throughout his life and frustrated his ambitions to succeed in the world of business. When he finished school, Balzac was apprenticed in a <a href="/wiki/Law_office" class="mw-redirect" title="Law office">law office</a>, but he turned his back on the study of law after wearying of its inhumanity and banal routine. Before and during his career as a writer, he attempted to be a publisher, printer, businessman, critic, and politician; he failed in all of these efforts. <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a> reflects his real-life difficulties, and includes scenes from his own experience. Balzac suffered from health problems throughout his life, possibly owing to his intense writing schedule. His relationship with his family was often strained by financial and personal drama, and he lost more than one friend over critical reviews. In 1850, Balzac married <a href="/wiki/Ewelina_Ha%C5%84ska" title="Ewelina Hańska">Ewelina Hańska</a> (<a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <a href="/wiki/Rzewuski_family" title="Rzewuski family">Contessa Rzewuska</a>), a Polish aristocrat and his longtime love. He died in Paris six months later. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Honoré de Balzac was born into a family that aspired to achieve respectability through its industry and efforts.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> His father, born Bernard-François Balssa,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> was one of eleven children from an artisan family in <a href="/wiki/Tarn_(department)" title="Tarn (department)">Tarn</a>, a département in the south-west of France. In 1760 he set off for Paris with only a <a href="/wiki/Louis_(coin)" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis (coin)">Louis coin</a> in his pocket, intent on improving his <a href="/wiki/Social_standing" class="mw-redirect" title="Social standing">social standing</a>; by 1776 he had become Secretary to the <a href="/wiki/Conseil_du_Roi" title="Conseil du Roi">King's Council</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Freemason" class="mw-redirect" title="Freemason">Freemason</a>. (He had also changed his name to the more noble sounding Balzac, his son later adding—without official recognition—the <a href="/wiki/Nobiliary_particle" title="Nobiliary particle">nobiliary particle</a> de.).<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Reign_of_Terror" title="Reign of Terror">Reign of Terror</a> (1793–94), François Balzac was despatched to <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a> to coordinate supplies for the <a href="/wiki/French_Army" title="French Army">Army</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> Balzac's mother, born Anne-Charlotte-Laure Sallambier, came from a family of <a href="/wiki/Haberdasher" title="Haberdasher">haberdashers</a> in Paris. Her family's wealth was a considerable factor in the match: she was eighteen at the time of the wedding and François Balzac fifty.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> As the author and literary critic <a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">Sir Victor Pritchett</a> explained, "She was certainly drily aware that she had been given to an old husband as a reward for his professional services to a friend of her family and that the capital was on her side. She was not in love with her husband".<a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Honoré (named after <a href="/wiki/Honoratus_of_Amiens" title="Honoratus of Amiens">Saint-Honoré of Amiens</a>, who is commemorated on 16 May, four days before Balzac's birthday) was actually the second child born to the Balzacs: exactly one year earlier Louis-Daniel had been born, but he lived for only a month. Honoré's sisters, Laure and Laurence, were born in 1800 and 1802 and his younger brother, Henry-François, in 1807.<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_life">Early life</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> As an infant Balzac was sent to a <a href="/wiki/Wet_nurse" title="Wet nurse">wet nurse</a>; the following year he was joined by his sister Laure and they spent four years away from home.<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> (Although Genevan philosopher <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>'s influential book <a href="/wiki/Emile,_or_On_Education" title="Emile, or On Education">Émile</a> persuaded many mothers of the time to nurse their own children, sending babies to wet nurses was still common among the middle and upper classes.) When the Balzac children returned home, they were kept at a frosty distance from their parents, which affected the author-to-be significantly. His 1835 novel <a href="/wiki/Le_Lys_dans_la_vall%C3%A9e" title="Le Lys dans la vallée">Le Lys dans la vallée</a> features a cruel governess named Miss Caroline, modelled after his own caregiver.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg/220px-Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="299" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg/330px-Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg/440px-Coll%C3%A8ge_de_Vend%C3%B4me.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me" title="Vendôme">Vendôme</a> <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus" title="Oratory of Jesus">Oratory</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">School</a> – engraving by Armand Queyroy</figcaption></figure> At age ten Balzac was sent to the <a href="/wiki/Oratory_of_Jesus" title="Oratory of Jesus">Oratorian</a> <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar school</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vend%C3%B4me" title="Vendôme">Vendôme</a>, where he studied for seven years. His father, seeking to instill the same hardscrabble work ethic that had gained him the esteem of society, intentionally gave little spending money to the boy. This made him the object of ridicule among his much wealthier schoolmates.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Balzac had difficulty adapting to the <a href="/wiki/Rote_learning" title="Rote learning">rote style</a> of learning at the school. As a result, he was frequently sent to the "alcove", a punishment cell reserved for disobedient students.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> (The janitor at the school, when asked later if he remembered Honoré, replied: "Remember M. Balzac? I should think I do! I had the honour of escorting him to the dungeon more than a hundred times!")<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Still, his time alone gave the boy ample freedom to read every book which came his way. Balzac worked these scenes from his boyhood—as he did many aspects of his life and the lives of those around him—into <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a>. His time at Vendôme is reflected in <a href="/wiki/Louis_Lambert_(novel)" title="Louis Lambert (novel)">Louis Lambert</a>, his 1832 novel about a young boy studying at an Oratorian grammar school at Vendôme. The narrator says : "He devoured books of every kind, feeding indiscriminately on religious works, history and literature, philosophy and physics. He had told me that he found indescribable delight in reading dictionaries for lack of other books."<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> Balzac often fell ill, finally causing the headmaster to contact his family with news of a "sort of a coma".<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> When he returned home, his grandmother said: "Voilà donc comme le collège nous renvoie les jolis que nous lui envoyons!" ("Look how the academy returns the pretty ones we send them!")<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> Balzac himself attributed his condition to "intellectual congestion", but his extended confinement in the "alcove" was surely a factor. (Meanwhile, his father had been writing a treatise on "the means of preventing thefts and murders, and of restoring the men who commit them to a useful role in society", in which he heaped disdain on prison as a form of crime prevention.)<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> In 1814 the Balzac family moved to Paris, and Honoré was sent to private tutors and schools for the next two and a half years. This was an unhappy time in his life, during which he attempted suicide on a bridge over the river <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1816 Balzac entered the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">Sorbonne</a>, where he studied under three famous professors: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Guizot" title="François Guizot">François Guizot</a>, who later became <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_France" title="Prime Minister of France">Prime Minister</a>, was Professor of Modern History; <a href="/wiki/Abel-Fran%C3%A7ois_Villemain" title="Abel-François Villemain">Abel-François Villemain</a>, a recent arrival from the Collège Charlemagne, lectured on French and classical literature; and, most influential of all, <a href="/wiki/Victor_Cousin" title="Victor Cousin">Victor Cousin</a>'s courses on philosophy encouraged his students to think independently.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> Once his studies were completed, Balzac was persuaded by his father to follow him into the Law; after a stint in the office of the <a href="/wiki/Avou%C3%A9" title="Avoué">avoué</a> Jean-Baptiste Guillonnet-Merville for three years he trained and worked at the office of the notary Édouard-Victor Passez, a family friend. During this time Balzac began to understand the vagaries of human nature. In his 1840 novel Le Notaire, he wrote that a young person in the legal profession sees "the oily wheels of every fortune, the hideous wrangling of heirs over corpses not yet cold, the human heart grappling with the Penal Code".<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac1820s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Balzac1820s.jpg/170px-Balzac1820s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Balzac1820s.jpg/255px-Balzac1820s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Balzac1820s.jpg/340px-Balzac1820s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1395" data-file-height="1529" /></a><figcaption>Drawing of Balzac in the mid-1820s, attributed to <a href="/wiki/Achille_Dev%C3%A9ria" title="Achille Devéria">Achille Devéria</a></figcaption></figure> In 1819 Passez offered to make Balzac his successor, but his apprentice had had enough of the Law. He despaired of being "a clerk, a machine, a riding-school hack, eating and drinking and sleeping at fixed hours. I should be like everyone else. And that's what they call living, that life at the grindstone, doing the same thing over and over again.... I am hungry and nothing is offered to appease my appetite".<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> He announced his intention to become a writer. The loss of this opportunity caused serious discord in the Balzac household, although Honoré was not turned away entirely. Instead, in April 1819 he was allowed to live in the French capital—as English critic <a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">George Saintsbury</a> describes it—"in a garret furnished in the most Spartan fashion, with a starvation allowance and an old woman to look after him", while the rest of the family moved to a house twenty miles (32 km) outside Paris.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="First_literary_efforts">First literary efforts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First literary efforts">edit</a>]</div> Balzac's first project was a <a href="/wiki/Libretto" title="Libretto">libretto</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Comic_opera" title="Comic opera">comic opera</a> called Le Corsaire, based on <a href="/wiki/Lord_Byron" title="Lord Byron">Lord Byron</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Corsair" title="The Corsair">The Corsair</a>. Realizing he would have trouble finding a composer, however, he turned to other pursuits. In 1820 Balzac completed the five-act verse tragedy <a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(tragedy)" title="Cromwell (tragedy)">Cromwell</a>. Although it pales by comparison with his later works, some critics consider it a good-quality text.<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> When he finished, Balzac went to <a href="/wiki/Villeparisis" title="Villeparisis">Villeparisis</a> and read the entire work to his family; they were unimpressed.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> He followed this effort by starting (but never finishing) three novels: Sténie, Falthurne, and Corsino. In 1821 Balzac met the enterprising <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Le_Poitevin_de_L%27%C3%89greville" title="Auguste Le Poitevin de L'Égreville">Auguste Le Poitevin</a>, who convinced the author to write short stories, which Le Poitevin would then sell to publishers. Balzac quickly turned to longer works, and by 1826 he had written nine novels, all published under pseudonyms and often produced in collaboration with other writers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> For example, the scandalous novel Vicaire des Ardennes (1822)—banned for its depiction of nearly-incestuous relations and, more egregiously, of a married priest—attributed to a "Horace de Saint-Aubin".<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> These books were <a href="/wiki/Potboiler" title="Potboiler">potboiler</a> novels, designed to sell quickly and titillate audiences. In Saintsbury's view, "they are curiously, interestingly, almost enthrallingly bad".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> Saintsbury indicates that <a href="/wiki/Robert_Louis_Stevenson" title="Robert Louis Stevenson">Robert Louis Stevenson</a> tried to dissuade him from reading these early works of Balzac.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> American critic Samuel Rogers, however, notes that "without the training they gave Balzac, as he groped his way to his mature conception of the novel, and without the habit he formed as a young man of writing under pressure, one can hardly imagine his producing La Comédie humaine".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Biographer <a href="/wiki/Graham_Robb" title="Graham Robb">Graham Robb</a> suggests that as he discovered the Novel, Balzac discovered himself.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> During this time Balzac wrote two pamphlets in support of <a href="/wiki/Primogeniture" title="Primogeniture">primogeniture</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Jesus" class="mw-redirect" title="Society of Jesus">Society of Jesus</a>. The latter, regarding the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuits</a>, illustrated his lifelong admiration for the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>. In the preface to La Comédie humaine he wrote: "Christianity, above all, Catholicism, being ... a complete system for the repression of the depraved tendencies of man, is the most powerful element of social order".<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Laure_Junot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Laure_Junot.jpg/170px-Laure_Junot.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Laure_Junot.jpg/255px-Laure_Junot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Laure_Junot.jpg/340px-Laure_Junot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="981" data-file-height="1086" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laure_Junot,_Duchess_of_Abrant%C3%A8s" title="Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès">Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id=""Une_bonne_spéculation"">"Une bonne spéculation"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: "Une bonne spéculation"">edit</a>]</div> In the late 1820s Balzac dabbled in several business ventures, a penchant his sister blamed on the temptation of an unknown neighbour.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> His first enterprise was in publishing which turned out cheap one-volume editions of French classics including the works of <a href="/wiki/Moli%C3%A8re" title="Molière">Molière</a>. This business failed miserably, with many of the books "sold as waste paper".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> Balzac had better luck publishing the Memoirs of <a href="/wiki/Laure_Junot,_Duchess_of_Abrant%C3%A8s" title="Laure Junot, Duchess of Abrantès">the Duchess of Abrantès</a>, with whom he also had a love affair.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Balzac borrowed money from his family and friends and tried to build a printing business, then a <a href="/wiki/Type_foundry" title="Type foundry">type foundry</a>. His inexperience and lack of capital caused his ruin in these trades. He gave the businesses to a friend (who made them successful) but carried the debts for many years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> As of April 1828 Balzac owed 50,000 francs to his mother.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Balzac never lost his penchant for une bonne spéculation. It resurfaced painfully later when—as a renowned and busy author—he traveled to <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> in the hopes of reprocessing the <a href="/wiki/Slag" title="Slag">slag</a> from the <a href="/wiki/History_of_mining_in_Sardinia#Roman_times" title="History of mining in Sardinia">Roman mines</a> there. Near the end of his life Balzac was captivated by the idea of cutting 20,000 acres (81 km2) of <a href="/wiki/Oak" title="Oak">oak wood</a> in Ukraine and transporting it for sale in France.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="La_Comédie_humaine_and_literary_success">La Comédie humaine and literary success</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: La Comédie humaine and literary success">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/La_Com%C3%A9die_humaine" title="La Comédie humaine">La Comédie humaine</a></div> After writing several novels, in 1832 Balzac conceived the idea for an enormous series of books that would paint a panoramic portrait of "all aspects of society". The moment the idea came to him, Balzac raced to his sister's apartment and proclaimed: "I am about to become a genius!"<a href="#cite_note-Pritchett,_161-42">[41]</a> Although he originally called it Etudes des Mœurs (literally 'Studies of manners', or 'The Ways of the World') it eventually became known as La Comédie humaine, and he included in it all the fiction that he had published in his lifetime under his own name. This was to be Balzac's life work and his greatest achievement. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg/220px-800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg/330px-800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg/440px-800px-Maison-de-Balzac_hi-res.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Maison_de_Balzac" title="Maison de Balzac">Maison de Balzac</a> is one of three Parisian <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Paris" title="List of museums in Paris">literary museums</a>.</figcaption></figure> After the collapse of his businesses, Balzac traveled to <a href="/wiki/Brittany" title="Brittany">Brittany</a> and stayed with the De Pommereul family<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Foug%C3%A8res" title="Fougères">Fougères</a>. There he drew inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Les_Chouans" title="Les Chouans">Les Chouans</a> (1829), a tale of love gone wrong amid the <a href="/wiki/Chouannerie" title="Chouannerie">Chouan</a> royalist forces.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> Although he was a supporter of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Crown</a>, Balzac paints the revolutionaries in a sympathetic light—even though they are the center of the book's most brutal scenes. This was the first book Balzac released under his own name, and it gave him what one critic called "passage into the Promised Land".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> It established him as an author of note (even if its historical fiction-genre imitates that of <a href="/wiki/Sir_Walter_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir Walter Scott">Sir Walter Scott</a>) and provided him with a name outside his past pseudonyms. Soon afterwards, around the time of his father's death, Balzac wrote <a href="/wiki/El_Verdugo_(short_story)" title="El Verdugo (short story)">El Verdugo</a>—about a 30-year-old man who kills his father (Balzac was 30 years old at the time). This was the first work signed "Honoré de Balzac". He followed his father in the surname Balzac but added the aristocratic-sounding nobiliary particle to help him fit into respected society, a choice based on skill rather than by right. "The aristocracy and authority of talent are more substantial than the aristocracy of names and material power", he wrote in 1830.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The timing of the decision was also significant; as Robb explained: "The disappearance of the father coincides with the adoption of the nobiliary particle. A symbolic inheritance."<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> Just as his father had worked his way up from poverty into respectable society, Balzac considered toil and effort his real mark of nobility. When the <a href="/wiki/July_Revolution" title="July Revolution">July Revolution</a> overthrew <a href="/wiki/Charles_X_of_France" title="Charles X of France">Charles X</a> in 1830, Balzac declared himself a <a href="/wiki/Legitimist" class="mw-redirect" title="Legitimist">Legitimist</a>, supporting King Charles' <a href="/wiki/House_of_Bourbon" title="House of Bourbon">Royal House of Bourbon</a>, but not without qualifications. He felt that the new <a href="/wiki/July_Monarchy" title="July Monarchy">July Monarchy</a> (which claimed widespread popular support) was disorganized and unprincipled, in need of a mediator to keep the political peace between the King and insurgent forces. He called for "a young and vigorous man who belongs neither to the Directoire nor to the Empire, but who is 1830 incarnate...."<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> He planned to be such a <a href="/wiki/Candidate" title="Candidate">candidate</a>, appealing especially to the higher classes in <a href="/wiki/Chinon" title="Chinon">Chinon</a>. But after a near-fatal accident in 1832 (he slipped and cracked his head on the street), Balzac decided not to stand for election.<a href="#cite_note-47">[46]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg/220px-Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg/330px-Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg/440px-Dessin_de_Nadar_1850.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3704" data-file-height="4880" /></a><figcaption>Balzac caricature by <a href="/wiki/Nadar_(photographer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nadar (photographer)">Nadar</a> in 1850</figcaption></figure> 1831 saw the success of <a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a> (The Wild Ass's Skin or The Magic Skin), a fable-like tale about a despondent young man named Raphaël de Valentin who finds an animal skin which promises great power and wealth. He obtains these things, but loses the ability to manage them. In the end, his health fails and he is consumed by his own confusion. Balzac meant the story to bear witness to the treacherous turns of life, its "serpentine motion".<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> In 1833 Balzac released <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a>, his first best-seller.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> The tale of a young lady who inherits her father's miserliness, it also became the most critically acclaimed book of his career. The writing is simple, yet the individuals (especially the bourgeois title character) are dynamic and complex.<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> It is followed by <a href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La Duchesse de Langeais</a>, arguably the most sublime of his novels. <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Goriot">Le Père Goriot</a> (Old Father Goriot, 1835) was his next success, in which Balzac transposes the story of <a href="/wiki/King_Lear" title="King Lear">King Lear</a> to 1820s Paris in order to rage at a society bereft of all love save the love of money.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The centrality of a father in this novel matches Balzac's own position—not only as mentor to his troubled young secretary, Jules Sandeau,<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> but also the fact that he had fathered a child, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Marie-Caroline_Du_Fresnay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay (page does not exist)">Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay</a>, with his otherwise-married lover, <a href="/wiki/Maria_Du_Fresnay" class="mw-redirect" title="Maria Du Fresnay">Maria Du Fresnay</a>, who had been his source of inspiration for <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> In 1836 Balzac took the helm of the Chronique de Paris, a weekly magazine of society and politics. He tried to enforce strict impartiality in its pages and a reasoned assessment of various ideologies.<a href="#cite_note-Robb,_272-54">[53]</a> As Rogers notes, "Balzac was interested in any social, political, or economic theory, whether from the right or the left."<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The magazine failed, but in July 1840 he founded another publication, the Revue Parisienne. It produced three issues.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> These dismal business efforts—and his misadventures in Sardinia—provided an appropriate milieu in which to set the two-volume <a href="/wiki/Illusions_perdues" title="Illusions perdues">Illusions perdues</a> (Lost Illusions, 1843). The novel concerns Lucien de Rubempré, a young poet trying to make a name for himself, who becomes trapped in the morass of society's darkest contradictions. Lucien's journalistic work is informed by Balzac's own failed ventures in the field.<a href="#cite_note-Robb,_272-54">[53]</a> <a href="/wiki/Splendeurs_et_mis%C3%A8res_des_courtisanes" title="Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes">Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes</a> (The Harlot High and Low, 1847) continues Lucien's story. He is trapped by the Abbé Herrera (<a href="/wiki/Vautrin" title="Vautrin">Vautrin</a>) in a convoluted and disastrous plan to regain social status. The book undergoes a massive temporal rift; the first part (of four) covers a span of six years, while the final two sections focus on just three days.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg/220px-Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="260" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg/330px-Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg/440px-Balzac_G%C3%A9rard-S%C3%A9guin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2017" data-file-height="2385" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Honoré de Balzac by Jean Alfred Gérard-Séguin (1842)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons" title="Le Cousin Pons">Le Cousin Pons</a> (1847) and <a href="/wiki/La_Cousine_Bette" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cousine Bette">La Cousine Bette</a> (1848) tell the story of Les Parents Pauvres (The Poor Relations). The conniving and wrangling over wills and inheritances reflect the expertise gained by the author as a young law clerk. Balzac's health was deteriorating by this point, making the completion of this pair of books a significant accomplishment.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> Many of his novels were initially serialized, like those of <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dickens" title="Charles Dickens">Dickens</a>. Their length was not predetermined. Illusions Perdues extends to a thousand pages after starting inauspiciously in a small-town print shop, whereas <a href="/wiki/La_Fille_aux_yeux_d%27or" title="La Fille aux yeux d'or">La Fille aux yeux d'or</a> (The Girl with the Golden Eyes, 1835) opens with a broad panorama of Paris but becomes a closely plotted novella of only fifty pages. According to the literary critic Kornelije Kvas, "Balzac's use of the same characters (Rastignac, Vautrin) in different parts of The Human Comedy is a consequence of the realist striving for narrative economy".<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Work_habits">Work habits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Work habits">edit</a>]</div> Balzac's work habits were legendary. He wrote from 1 A.M. to 8 A.M. every morning and sometimes even longer. Balzac could write very rapidly; some of his novels, written with a quill, were composed at a pace equal to thirty words per minute on a modern typewriter.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> His preferred method was to eat a light meal at five or six in the afternoon, then sleep until midnight. He then rose and wrote for many hours, fueled by innumerable cups of black coffee. He often worked for fifteen hours or more at a stretch; he claimed to have once worked for 48 hours with only three hours of rest in the middle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg/220px-Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg/330px-Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg/440px-Balzac_Beatrix_Proof.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1420" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Initial proofs of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix" title="Béatrix">Béatrix</a></div></figcaption></figure> Balzac revised obsessively, covering printer's proofs with changes and additions to be reset. He sometimes repeated this process during the publication of a book, causing significant expense both for himself and the publisher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> As a result, the finished product quite often was different from the original text. Although some of his books never reached completion, some—such as Les employés (The Government Clerks, 1841)—are nonetheless noted by critics.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Although Balzac was "by turns a hermit and a vagrant",<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> he managed to stay in tune with the social spheres which nourished his writing. He was friends with <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_Gautier" title="Théophile Gautier">Théophile Gautier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hector_Berlioz" title="Hector Berlioz">Hector Berlioz</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Sand" title="George Sand">George Sand</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Chopin" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederic Chopin">Frederic Chopin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gioachino_Rossini" title="Gioachino Rossini">Gioachino Rossini</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Marie-Charles_de_Bernard_du_Grail_de_la_Villette" title="Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette">Pierre-Marie-Charles de Bernard du Grail de la Villette</a>, and he was acquainted with <a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a>. Nevertheless, he did not spend as much time in salons and <a href="/wiki/Gentlemen%27s_club" title="Gentlemen's club">clubs</a> of Paris like many of his characters. "In the first place he was too busy", explains Saintsbury, "in the second he would not have been at home there.... [H]e felt it was his business not to frequent society but to create it".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> However, he often spent long periods at the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Sach%C3%A9" title="Château de Saché">Château de Saché</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Tours" title="Tours">Tours</a>, the home of his friend Jean de Margonne, his mother's lover and father to her youngest child. Many of Balzac's tormented characters were conceived in the chateau's small second-floor bedroom. Today the <a href="/wiki/Chateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau">chateau</a> is a museum dedicated to the author's life.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marriage,_romantic_relationships,_and_death">Marriage, romantic relationships, and death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Marriage, romantic relationships, and death">edit</a>]</div> In 1833, as he revealed in a letter to his sister, Balzac entered into an illicit affair<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> with fellow writer Maria Du Fresnay, who was then aged 24. Her marriage to a considerably older man (Charles du Fresnay, Mayor of <a href="/wiki/Sartrouville" title="Sartrouville">Sartrouville</a>) had been a failure from the outset.<a href="#cite_note-chancerel_pierrot-64">[63]</a> In this letter, Balzac also reveals that the young woman had just come to tell him she was pregnant with his child. In 1834, 8 months after the event, Maria Du Fresnay's daughter by Balzac, Marie-Caroline Du Fresnay, was born. This revelation from French journalist <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roger_Pierrot" class="extiw" title="fr:Roger Pierrot">Roger Pierrot</a> in 1955 confirmed what was already suspected by several historians: the dedicatee of the novel Eugénie Grandet, a certain "Maria", turns out to be Maria Du Fresnay herself. Balzac had also long been suspected of being attracted to males as well.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> When the official records of homosexuals once maintained by the Paris police were finally released, his name was found listed.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> In February 1832 Balzac received an intriguing letter from <a href="/wiki/Odessa" class="mw-redirect" title="Odessa">Odessa</a>—with no return address and signed simply "L'Étrangère" ("The Foreigner")—expressing sadness at the cynicism and atheism in La Peau de Chagrin and its negative portrayal of women. His response was to place a <a href="/wiki/Classified_advertisement" class="mw-redirect" title="Classified advertisement">classified advertisement</a> in the Gazette de France, hoping that his anonymous critic would see it. Thus began a fifteen-year correspondence between Balzac and "the object of [his] sweetest dreams": <a href="/wiki/Ewelina_Ha%C5%84ska" title="Ewelina Hańska">Ewelina Hańska</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg/220px-Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg/330px-Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg/440px-Hanska_Holz_Sowgen_1825.jpg 2x" data-file-width="616" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Countess" class="mw-redirect" title="Countess">Countess</a> <a href="/wiki/Ewelina_Ha%C5%84ska" title="Ewelina Hańska">Ewelina Hańska</a> miniature by Holz von Sowgen (1825)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg/220px-Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg/330px-Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg/440px-Balzac_Boulanger2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1630" data-file-height="2047" /></a><figcaption>Portrait of Balzac in his famous dressing gown, by <a href="/wiki/Louis_Boulanger" title="Louis Boulanger">Louis Boulanger</a>.</figcaption></figure> Ewelina (née Rzewuska) was married to a <a href="/wiki/Szlachta" title="Szlachta">nobleman</a> twenty years her senior, <a href="/wiki/Marshal" title="Marshal">Marshal</a> <a href="/wiki/Wac%C5%82aw_Ha%C5%84ski" title="Wacław Hański">Wacław Hański</a>, a wealthy Polish landowner living near <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>. It had been a <a href="/wiki/Marriage_of_convenience" title="Marriage of convenience">marriage of convenience</a> to preserve her <a href="/wiki/Rzewuski_family" title="Rzewuski family">family</a>'s fortune. In Balzac Countess Ewelina found a kindred spirit for her emotional and social desires, with the added benefit of feeling a connection to the glamorous capital of France.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Their correspondence reveals an intriguing balance of passion, propriety and patience; <a href="/wiki/Graham_Robb" title="Graham Robb">Robb</a> says it is "like an experimental novel in which the female protagonist is always trying to pull in extraneous realities but which the hero is determined to keep on course, whatever tricks he has to use".<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> Marshal Hański died in 1841, and his widow and her admirer finally had the chance to pursue their affections. A rival of the Hungarian composer <a href="/wiki/Franz_Liszt" title="Franz Liszt">Franz Liszt</a>, Balzac visited Countess Hańska in <a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a> in 1843 and won her heart.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> After a series of financial setbacks, health problems and objections from <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Russia" title="Nicholas I of Russia">Tsar Nicholas I</a>, the couple finally received permission to wed.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> On 14 March 1850, with Balzac's health in serious decline, they travelled by carriage from her <a href="/wiki/Family_seat" title="Family seat">family seat</a> at <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verkhovnia" class="extiw" title="fr:Verkhovnia">Verhivnya</a> <a href="/wiki/Park#Private_parks" title="Park">Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Volhynian_Governorate" class="mw-redirect" title="Volhynian Governorate">Volhynia</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> to <a href="/wiki/St._Barbara%27s_Church,_Berdychiv" title="St. Barbara's Church, Berdychiv">St. Barbara's Catholic Church</a> in <a href="/wiki/Berdychiv" title="Berdychiv">Berdychiv</a> (Russia's former banking city in present-day Ukraine), where they were married by Abbot Ożarowski.<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> The ten-hour journey to and from the ceremony took a toll on both husband and wife: her feet were too swollen to walk, and he endured severe heart trouble.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> Although he married late in life, Balzac had already written two treatises on marriage: Physiologie du Mariage and Scènes de la Vie Conjugale. These works lacked firsthand knowledge; Saintsbury points out that "cœlebs cannot talk of [marriage] with much authority".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> In late April the newly-weds set off for Paris. His health deteriorated on the way, and Ewelina wrote to her daughter about Balzac being "in a state of extreme weakness" and "sweating profusely".<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> They arrived in the French capital on 20 May, his fifty-first birthday.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg/170px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg/255px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg/340px-P%C3%A8re-Lachaise_-_Division_48_-_Balzac_07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="5184" /></a><figcaption>Balzac's statue in the <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_du_P%C3%A8re-Lachaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière du Père-Lachaise">Cimetière du Père-Lachaise</a></figcaption></figure> Five months after his wedding, on Sunday, 18 August 1850, Balzac died of <a href="/wiki/Gangrene" title="Gangrene">gangrene</a> associated with <a href="/wiki/Congestive_heart_failure" class="mw-redirect" title="Congestive heart failure">congestive heart failure</a>, in the presence of his mother—his wife, Eve de Balzac (formerly Countess Hańska) had gone to bed.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> He had been visited that day by Victor Hugo, who later served as a <a href="/wiki/Pallbearer" title="Pallbearer">pallbearer</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Eulogy" title="Eulogy">eulogist</a> at Balzac's funeral.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESaintsbury1911298–301-25">[24]</a> Some modern researchers have attributed a factor in his death to excessive coffee consumption or a caffeine overdose (Balzac reportedly drank over 50 cups a day) but this has yet to be proved.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Balzac is buried at <a href="/wiki/Cimeti%C3%A8re_du_P%C3%A8re_Lachaise" class="mw-redirect" title="Cimetière du Père Lachaise">Père Lachaise Cemetery</a> in Paris. At his memorial service, Victor Hugo pronounced "Today we have people in black because of the death of the man of talent; a nation in mourning for a man of genius".<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The funeral was attended by "almost every writer in Paris", including <a href="/wiki/Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick_Lema%C3%AEtre" title="Frédérick Lemaître">Frédérick Lemaître</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Courbet" title="Gustave Courbet">Gustave Courbet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_p%C3%A8re" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, père">Dumas père</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexandre_Dumas,_fils" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandre Dumas, fils">Dumas fils</a>,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> as well as representatives of the <a href="/wiki/L%C3%A9gion_d%27honneur" class="mw-redirect" title="Légion d'honneur">Légion d'honneur</a> and other dignitaries.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> Later, a statue (called the <a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Balzac" title="Monument to Balzac">Monument to Balzac</a>) was created by the celebrated French sculptor <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a>. Cast in bronze, the Balzac Monument has stood since 1939 nearby the intersection of <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Raspail" title="Boulevard Raspail">Boulevard Raspail</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boulevard_Montparnasse" class="mw-redirect" title="Boulevard Montparnasse">Boulevard Montparnasse</a> at Place Pablo-Picasso. Rodin featured Balzac in several of his smaller sculptures as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Writing_style">Writing style</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Writing style">edit</a>]</div> The Comédie humaine remained unfinished at the time of his death—Balzac had plans to include numerous other books, most of which he never started.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> He frequently flitted between <a href="/wiki/Work_in_progress" class="mw-redirect" title="Work in progress">works in progress</a>. "Finished articles" were frequently revised between editions. This piecemeal style is reflective of the author's own life, a possible attempt to stabilize it through fiction. "The vanishing man", wrote Sir Victor Pritchett, "who must be pursued from the <a href="/wiki/Montparnasse" title="Montparnasse">rue Cassini</a> to ... <a href="/wiki/Versailles,_Yvelines" title="Versailles, Yvelines">Versailles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ville_d%27Avray" class="mw-redirect" title="Ville d'Avray">Ville d'Avray</a>, Italy, and <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> can construct a settled dwelling only in his work".<a href="#cite_note-Pritchett,_161-42">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Realism">Realism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Realism">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Monument_to_Balzac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monument_to_Balzac.jpg/220px-Monument_to_Balzac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monument_to_Balzac.jpg/330px-Monument_to_Balzac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Monument_to_Balzac.jpg/440px-Monument_to_Balzac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1866" data-file-height="2799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_Balzac" title="Monument to Balzac">Monument to Balzac</a> by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> at Place Pablo-Picasso, Paris</figcaption></figure> Balzac's extensive use of detail, especially the detail of objects, to illustrate the lives of his characters made him an early pioneer of literary <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> While he admired and drew inspiration from the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantic</a> style of Scottish novelist Walter Scott, Balzac sought to depict human existence through the use of particulars.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In the preface to the first edition of Scènes de la Vie privée, he wrote: "the author firmly believes that details alone will henceforth determine the merit of works".<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> Plentiful descriptions of décor, clothing, and possessions help breathe life into the characters.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> For example, Balzac's friend <a href="/wiki/Henri_de_Latouche" title="Henri de Latouche">Henri de Latouche</a> had a good knowledge of hanging wallpaper. Balzac transferred this to his descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Vautrin" title="Vautrin">Pension Vauquer</a> in Le Père Goriot, making the wallpaper speak of the identities of those living inside.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> Some critics consider Balzac's writing exemplary of <a href="/wiki/French_literature_of_the_19th_century#Naturalism" class="mw-redirect" title="French literature of the 19th century">naturalism</a>—a more pessimistic and analytical form of realism, which seeks to explain human behavior as intrinsically linked with the environment. French novelist <a href="/wiki/%C3%89mile_Zola" title="Émile Zola">Émile Zola</a> declared Balzac the father of the <a href="/wiki/Naturalism_(literature)" title="Naturalism (literature)">naturalist novel</a>.<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> Zola indicated that whilst the <a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romantics</a> saw the world through a colored lens, the naturalist sees through a clear glass—precisely the sort of effect Balzac attempted to achieve in his works.<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Characters">Characters</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Characters">edit</a>]</div> Balzac sought to present his characters as real people, neither fully good nor fully evil, but completely human. "To arrive at the truth", he wrote in the preface to <a href="/wiki/Lily_of_the_Valley_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lily of the Valley (novel)">Le Lys dans la vallée</a>, "writers use whatever literary device seems capable of giving the greatest intensity of life to their characters".<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> "Balzac's characters", Robb notes, "were as real to him as if he were observing them in the outside world".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> This reality was noted by playwright <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a>, who said: "One of the greatest tragedies of my life is the death of [Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes protagonist] Lucien de Rubempré.... It haunts me in my moments of pleasure. I remember it when I laugh".<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> At the same time, the characters depict a particular range of social types: the noble soldier, the scoundrel, the proud workman, the fearless spy, the alluring mistress.<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> That Balzac was able to balance the strength of the individual against the representation of the type is evidence of the author's skill. One critic explained that "there is a center and a circumference to Balzac's world".<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Balzac's use of repeat characters, moving in and out of the Comédie's books, strengthens the realist representation. "When the characters reappear", notes Rogers, "they do not step out of nowhere; they emerge from the privacy of their own lives which, for an interval, we have not been allowed to see".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> He also used a realist technique which French novelist <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a> later termed "retrospective illumination", whereby a character's past is revealed long after she or he first appears. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac1901.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Balzac1901.jpg/220px-Balzac1901.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Balzac1901.jpg/330px-Balzac1901.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Balzac1901.jpg/440px-Balzac1901.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The Works of Honoré de Balzac (1901), including <a href="/wiki/Le_P%C3%A8re_Goriot" class="mw-redirect" title="Le Père Goriot">Le Père Goriot</a></figcaption></figure> A nearly infinite reserve of energy propels the characters in Balzac's novels. Struggling against the currents of human nature and society, they may lose more often than they win—but only rarely do they give up. This universal trait is a reflection of Balzac's own social wrangling, that of his family, and an interest in the Austrian mystic and physician <a href="/wiki/Franz_Mesmer" title="Franz Mesmer">Franz Mesmer</a>, who pioneered the study of <a href="/wiki/Animal_magnetism" title="Animal magnetism">animal magnetism</a>. Balzac spoke often of a "nervous and fluid force" between individuals, and Raphaël de Valentin's decline in La Peau de Chagrin exemplifies the danger of withdrawing from other people's company.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Place">Place</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Place">edit</a>]</div> Representations of the city, countryside, and building interiors are essential to Balzac's realism, often serving to paint a naturalistic backdrop before which the characters' lives follow a particular course; this gave him a reputation as an early naturalist. Intricate details about locations sometimes stretch for fifteen or twenty pages.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> As he did with the people around him, Balzac studied these places in depth, traveling to remote locations and comparing notes that he had made on previous visits.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The influence of Paris permeates La Comédie: nature defers to the artificial <a href="/wiki/Metropolis" title="Metropolis">metropolis</a>, in contrast to descriptions of the weather and wildlife in the countryside. "If in Paris", Rogers says, "we are in a man-made region where even the seasons are forgotten, these provincial towns are nearly always pictured in their natural setting".<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Balzac said, "the streets of Paris possess human qualities and we cannot shake off the impressions they make upon our minds."<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> His labyrinthine city provided a literary model used later by English novelist Charles Dickens and Russian author <a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Dostoevsky" title="Fyodor Dostoevsky">Fyodor Dostoevsky</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> The centrality of Paris in La Comédie humaine is key to Balzac's legacy as a realist. "Realism is nothing if not urban", notes critic <a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)" title="Peter Brooks (writer)">Peter Brooks</a>; the scene of a young man coming into the city to find his fortune is ubiquitous in the realist novel, and appears repeatedly in Balzac's works, such as <a href="/wiki/Illusions_Perdues" class="mw-redirect" title="Illusions Perdues">Illusions Perdues</a>.<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Balzac visited the Château de Saché in Touraine which was owned by his friend Jean de Margonne (who was also his mother's lover), between 1830 and 1837, and wrote many of his novels in the series La Comédie humaine there. It is now a museum dedicated to Balzac where one can see his writing desk and quill pen and chair. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Perspective">Perspective</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Perspective">edit</a>]</div> Balzac's literary mood evolved over time from one of despondency and chagrin to that of solidarity and courage—but not optimism.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> La Peau de Chagrin, among his earliest novels, is a pessimistic tale of confusion and destruction. But the cynicism declined as his <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/oeuvre" class="extiw" title="wikt:oeuvre">oeuvre</a> developed, and the characters of Illusions Perdues reveal sympathy for those who are pushed to one side by society. As part of the 19th-century evolution of the novel as a "democratic literary form", Balzac wrote that "les livres sont faits pour tout le monde" ("books are written for everybody").<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Balzac concerned himself overwhelmingly with the darker essence of human nature and the corrupting influence of middle and high societies.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> His mission was to observe humankind in its most representative state, frequently wandering through the streets incognito among the masses of Parisian society to undertake his research.<a href="#cite_note-Robb,_70-109">[108]</a> He used incidents from his life and the people around him, in works like Eugénie Grandet and Louis Lambert.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Balzac was a legitimist; in many ways, his views are the antithesis of Victor Hugo's democratic republicanism.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> He wrote, in his essay Society and the Individual: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The only absolute authority which the imagination has been able to conceive, the authority of God, works according to rules which He has imposed on Himself. He can destroy all His worlds and return to His rest, but while He allows them to exist, they continue to be governed by the laws which together create order.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> </blockquote> Balzac was influenced by the counter-revolutionary philosopher and statesman <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Bonald" title="Louis de Bonald">Louis de Bonald</a>,<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> and once remarked that "[w]hen it beheaded <a href="/wiki/Louis_XVI" title="Louis XVI">Louis XVI</a>, the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">Revolution</a> beheaded in his person all fathers of families."<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Nevertheless, his keen insight regarding working-class conditions earned him the esteem of many socialists, including Marxists. <a href="/wiki/Engels" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels">Engels</a> declared that Balzac was his favorite writer. Marx's <a href="/wiki/Das_Kapital" title="Das Kapital">Das Kapital</a> also makes some references to the works of Balzac, and <a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Trotsky</a> famously read Balzac in the middle of meetings of the Central Committee, much to the consternation of his colleagues and comrades. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg/220px-Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg/330px-Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg/440px-Balzac_bust_by_Rodin1892.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1005" /></a><figcaption><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Bust of Balzac by <a href="/wiki/Auguste_Rodin" title="Auguste Rodin">Auguste Rodin</a> (1892), displayed at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a> in London</div></figcaption></figure> Balzac influenced writers of his time and beyond. He has been compared to Charles Dickens and is considered one of Dickens' significant influences. Literary critic W. H. Helm calls one "the French Dickens" and the other "the English Balzac",<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> while another critic, Richard Lehan, states that "Balzac was the bridge between the comic realism of Dickens and the naturalism of Zola".<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gustave_Flaubert" title="Gustave Flaubert">Gustave Flaubert</a> was also substantially influenced by Balzac. Praising his portrayal of society while attacking his prose style, Flaubert once wrote: "What a man he would have been had he known how to write!"<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> While he disdained the label of "realist", Flaubert clearly took heed of Balzac's close attention to detail and unvarnished depictions of bourgeois life.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a> This influence shows in Flaubert's work L'éducation sentimentale which owes a debt to Balzac's Illusions Perdues.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> "What Balzac started", observes Lehan, "Flaubert helped finish".<a href="#cite_note-Lehan,_48-120">[119]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Marcel Proust</a> similarly learned from the Realist example; he adored Balzac and studied his works carefully, although he criticised what he perceived as Balzac's "vulgarity".<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> Balzac's story Une Heure de ma Vie (An Hour of my Life, 1822), in which minute details are followed by deep personal reflections, is a clear forebear of the style which Proust used in <a href="/wiki/In_Search_of_Lost_Time" title="In Search of Lost Time">À la recherche du temps perdu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Robb,_70-109">[108]</a> However, Proust wrote later in life that the contemporary fashion of ranking Balzac higher than Tolstoy was "madness".<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a> Perhaps the author most affected by Balzac was American expatriate novelist <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a>. In 1878 James wrote with sadness about the lack of contemporary attention paid to Balzac, and lavished praise on him in four essays (in 1875, 1877, 1902, and 1913). In 1878 James wrote: "Large as Balzac is, he is all of one piece and he hangs perfectly together".<a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> He wrote with admiration of Balzac's attempt to portray in writing "a beast with a hundred claws".<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> In his own novels James explored more of the psychological motives of the characters and less of the historical sweep exhibited by Balzac—a conscious style preference; he stated: "the artist of the Comédie humaine is half smothered by the historian".<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Still, both authors used the form of the realist novel to probe the machinations of society and the myriad motives of human behavior.<a href="#cite_note-Lehan,_48-120">[119]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Saroyan" title="William Saroyan">William Saroyan</a> wrote a short story about Balzac in his 1971 book, <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_74_rue_Taitbout" title="Letters from 74 rue Taitbout">Letters from 74 rue Taitbout</a> or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody. Balzac's vision of a society in which class, money and personal ambition are the key players has been endorsed by critics of both left-wing and right-wing political persuasions.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Marxist Friedrich Engels wrote: "I have learned more [from Balzac] than from all the professional historians, economists and statisticians put together".<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> Balzac has received high praise from critics as diverse as <a href="/wiki/Walter_Benjamin" title="Walter Benjamin">Walter Benjamin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camille_Paglia" title="Camille Paglia">Camille Paglia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> He was also praised by <a href="/wiki/James_Baldwin" title="James Baldwin">James Baldwin</a>, who said in 1984: "I'm sure that my life in France would have been very different had I not met Balzac. [He taught me] the way that country and its society works."<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> In 1970 <a href="/wiki/Roland_Barthes" title="Roland Barthes">Roland Barthes</a> published <a href="/wiki/S/Z" title="S/Z">S/Z</a>, a detailed analysis of Balzac's story <a href="/wiki/Sarrasine" title="Sarrasine">Sarrasine</a> and a key work in <a href="/wiki/Structuralism#Structuralism_in_literary_theory_and_literary_criticism" title="Structuralism">structuralist</a> literary criticism. <a href="/wiki/Carlos_Fuentes" title="Carlos Fuentes">Carlos Fuentes</a>, sometimes called "the Balzac of Mexico", cited Balzac as a major influence on his writing.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maison_de_Balzac,_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg/220px-Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg/330px-Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg/440px-Maison_de_Balzac%2C_rue_Fortun%C3%A9e.jpg 2x" data-file-width="964" data-file-height="742" /></a><figcaption>Mme de Balzac's <a href="/wiki/Dower_house" title="Dower house">dower house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Paris_VIII" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris VIII">Paris VIII</a></figcaption></figure> Balzac has also influenced popular culture. Many of his works have been made into popular films and television serials, including: <a href="/wiki/Travers_Vale" title="Travers Vale">Travers Vale</a>'s Père Goriot (1915), Les Chouans (1947), Le Père Goriot (1968 BBC mini-series), and La Cousine Bette (1974 BBC mini-series, starring <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Tyzack" title="Margaret Tyzack">Margaret Tyzack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Helen_Mirren" title="Helen Mirren">Helen Mirren</a>; 1998 film, starring <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Lange" title="Jessica Lange">Jessica Lange</a>). Balzac is mentioned, along with Chaucer and Rabelais, to humorous effect (as authors of allegedly unreliable morals) in <a href="/wiki/Meredith_Willson" title="Meredith Willson">Meredith Willson</a>'s musical <a href="/wiki/The_Music_Man" title="The Music Man">The Music Man</a>. He is included in <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Truffaut" title="François Truffaut">François Truffaut</a>'s 1959 film, <a href="/wiki/The_400_Blows" title="The 400 Blows">The 400 Blows</a>. Truffaut believed Balzac and Proust to be the greatest French writers.<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> His life was dramatised as the 1950 Australian radio play <a href="/wiki/Balzac_(radio_play)" title="Balzac (radio play)">Balzac</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Works">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-notice" role="presentation" style="width: auto;"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/20px-Information_icon4.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/30px-Information_icon4.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/1d/Information_icon4.svg/40px-Information_icon4.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="620" /></td><td class="mbox-text" style="width: auto;"><div class="mbox-text-span">This list is <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Lists#Incomplete_lists" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Lists">incomplete</a>; you can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit">adding missing items</a>. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> Novels <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Chouans" title="Les Chouans">Les Chouans</a> (1829)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_militaire_et_de_campagne-134">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote" title="La Maison du chat-qui-pelote">La Maison du chat-qui-pelote</a> (1829)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vendetta_(novel)" title="La Vendetta (novel)">La Vendetta</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Proscrits" title="Les Proscrits">Les Proscrits</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc.-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lambert_(novel)" title="Louis Lambert (novel)">Louis Lambert</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc.-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a> (1833)<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_de_campagne" title="Le Médecin de campagne">Le Médecin de campagne</a> (1833)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_militaire_et_de_campagne-134">[133]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferragus:_Chief_of_the_Devorants" title="Ferragus: Chief of the Devorants">Ferragus, chef des Dévorants</a> (1833)<a href="#cite_note-Histoire_des_Treize-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La Duchesse de Langeais</a> (1834)<a href="#cite_note-Histoire_des_Treize-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Absolute" title="The Quest of the Absolute">La Recherche de l'absolu</a> (1834)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_La_Recherche_de_l'absolu,_etc.-140">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raph%C3%AEta" title="Séraphîta">Séraphîta</a> (1834)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc.-137">[136]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Goriot" title="Père Goriot">Le Père Goriot</a> (1835)<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Lys_dans_la_vall%C3%A9e" title="Le Lys dans la vallée">Le Lys dans la vallée</a> (1835)<a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Contrat_de_mariage" title="Le Contrat de mariage">Le Contrat de mariage</a> (1835)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Contrat_de_mariage,_etc.-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Fille_(novel)" title="La Vieille Fille (novel)">La Vieille Fille</a> (1836)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_de_province_:_Les_Rivalités,_etc.-144">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Birotteau" title="César Birotteau">César Birotteau</a> (1837)<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Muse_du_d%C3%A9partement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Muse du département (page does not exist)">La Muse du département</a> (1832–1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cabinet_des_Antiques" title="Le Cabinet des Antiques">Le Cabinet des Antiques</a> (1838)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_de_province_:_Les_Rivalités,_etc.-144">[143]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Une_fille_d%27%C3%88ve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Une fille d'Ève (page does not exist)">Une fille d'Ève</a> (1838)<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix" title="Béatrix">Béatrix</a> (1839)<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur%C3%A9_de_village" title="Le Curé de village">Le Curé de village</a> (1839)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_militaire_et_de_campagne-134">[133]</a></li> <li>Un grand homme de province à Paris (1839)<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ursule_Mirou%C3%ABt" title="Ursule Mirouët">Ursule Mirouët</a> (1841)<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Une_t%C3%A9n%C3%A9breuse_affaire" title="Une ténébreuse affaire">Une ténébreuse affaire</a> (1841)<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9moires_de_deux_jeunes_mari%C3%A9es" title="Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées">Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées</a> (1841)<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fausse_Ma%C3%AEtresse" title="La Fausse Maîtresse">La Fausse Maîtresse</a> (1841)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=A_Woman_of_Thirty_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="A Woman of Thirty (novel) (page does not exist)">La Femme de trente ans</a> (1829–1842)<a href="#cite_note-La_Femme_de_trente_ans;_Un_Début_dans_la_vie-152">[151]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Savarus" title="Albert Savarus">Albert Savarus</a> (1842)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse" title="La Rabouilleuse">La Rabouilleuse</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%A9but_dans_la_vie" title="Un début dans la vie">Un début dans la vie</a> (1842)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Contrat_de_mariage,_etc.-143">[142]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusions_perdues" title="Illusions perdues">Illusions perdues</a> (1837–1843)<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorine_(novel)" title="Honorine (novel)">Honorine</a> (1843)<a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeste_Mignon" title="Modeste Mignon">Modeste Mignon</a> (1844)<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Cousine_Bette" class="mw-redirect" title="La Cousine Bette">La Cousine Bette</a> (1846)<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Splendeurs_et_mis%C3%A8res_des_courtisanes" title="Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes">Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes</a> (1838–1847)<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons" title="Le Cousin Pons">Le Cousin Pons</a> (1847)<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Envers_de_l%27histoire_contemporaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine (page does not exist)">L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine</a> (1848)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_poitique_:_L'Envers_de_l'histoire_contemporaine,_etc.-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Paysans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Paysans (page does not exist)">Les Paysans</a> (1855)<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a></li></ul> Published pseudonymously As "Lord Rhône", in collaboration <ul><li>L'Héritière de Birague (1822)</li> <li>Jean-Louis (1822)</li></ul> As "Horace de Saint-Aubin" <ul><li>Clotilde de Lusignan (1822)</li> <li>Le Centenaire (1822)</li> <li>Le Vicaire des Ardennes (1822)</li> <li>La Dernière Fée (1823)</li> <li>Annette et le Criminal (Argow le Pirate) (1824)</li> <li>Wann-Chlore (1826)</li></ul> Published anonymously <ul><li>Du Droit d'aînesse (1824)</li> <li>Histoire impartiale des Jésuites (1824)</li> <li>Code des gens honnêtes (1826)</li></ul> Incomplete at time of death <ul><li>Le Corsaire (opera)</li> <li>Sténie</li> <li>Falthurne</li> <li>Corsino</li> <li>Le Député d'Arcis</li></ul> Novellas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_Bal_de_Sceaux" title="Le Bal de Sceaux">Le Bal de Sceaux</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrasine" title="Sarrasine">Sarrasine</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Une_double_famille" title="Une double famille">Une double famille</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Paix_du_m%C3%A9nage" title="La Paix du ménage">La Paix du ménage</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gobseck" title="Gobseck">Gobseck</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-162">[161]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Verdugo_(short_story)" title="El Verdugo (short story)">El Verdugo</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-163">[162]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Chabert (novel)">Le Colonel Chabert</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="Le Curé de Tours">Le Curé de Tours</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fille_aux_yeux_d%27or" title="La Fille aux yeux d'or">La Fille aux yeux d'or</a> (1835)<a href="#cite_note-Histoire_des_Treize-139">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Secrets_de_la_princesse_de_Cadignan" title="Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan">Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan</a> (1839)<a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Marcas" title="Z. Marcas">Z. Marcas</a> (1840)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_poitique_:_L'Envers_de_l'histoire_contemporaine,_etc.-159">[158]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Amour_masqu%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Amour masqué (page does not exist)">L'Amour masqué</a> (1911)<a href="#cite_note-167">[166]</a></li></ul> Short Stories <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89tude_de_femme" title="Étude de femme">Étude de femme</a> (1830)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adieu_(short_story)" title="Adieu (short story)">Adieu</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chef-d%27%C5%93uvre_inconnu" title="Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu">Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_La_Recherche_de_l'absolu,_etc.-140">[139]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grande_Bret%C3%A8che" title="La Grande Bretèche">La Grande Bretèche</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9quisitionnaire" title="Le Réquisitionnaire">Le Réquisitionnaire</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc.-169">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Auberge_rouge_(short_story)" title="L'Auberge rouge (short story)">L'Auberge rouge</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc.-169">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Com%C3%A9die_du_diable&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Comédie du diable (page does not exist)">La Comédie du diable</a> (1831)<a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Bourse" title="La Bourse">La Bourse</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Grenadi%C3%A8re" title="La Grenadière">La Grenadière</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Message" title="Le Message">Le Message</a> (1832)<a href="#cite_note-172">[171]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_drame_au_bord_de_la_mer" title="Un drame au bord de la mer">Un drame au bord de la mer</a> (1834)<a href="#cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc.-169">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Messe_de_l%27ath%C3%A9e" title="La Messe de l'athée">La Messe de l'athée</a> (1836)<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facino_Cane_(short_story)" title="Facino Cane (short story)">Facino Cane</a> (1837)<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Succubus_(short_story)" title="The Succubus (short story)">Le Succube</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambara_(short_story)" title="Gambara (short story)">Gambara</a> (1837)<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimilla_Doni" title="Massimilla Doni">Massimilla Doni</a> (1837)<a href="#cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_privée_:_Maison_du_chat-qui-pelote-135">[134]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grassou" title="Pierre Grassou">Pierre Grassou</a> (1839)<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_%C3%A9pisode_sous_la_Terreur" title="Un épisode sous la Terreur">Un épisode sous la Terreur</a> (1842)</li></ul> Short Stories Collection <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Cent_Contes_drolatiques" title="Les Cent Contes drolatiques">Les Cent Contes drolatiques</a> (1832–1837)<a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a></li></ul> Plays <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27%C3%89cole_des_m%C3%A9nages&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'École des ménages (page does not exist)">L'École des ménages</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vautrin" title="Vautrin">Vautrin</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grassou" title="Pierre Grassou">Pierre Grassou</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Ressources_de_Quinola&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Ressources de Quinola (page does not exist)">Les Ressources de Quinola</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pam%C3%A9la_Giraud&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paméla Giraud (page does not exist)">Paméla Giraud</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Mar%C3%A2tre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Marâtre (page does not exist)">La Marâtre</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercadet_ou_le_faiseur&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercadet ou le faiseur (page does not exist)">Mercadet ou le faiseur</a> (1848)</li></ul> Tragic verse <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cromwell_(tragedy)" title="Cromwell (tragedy)">Cromwell</a> (1819)</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%27Ann%C3%A9e_balzacienne" class="extiw" title="fr:L'Année balzacienne">L'Année balzacienne</a> (in French)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Hobart_Royce" title="William Hobart Royce">Balzac Society of America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balzac_and_the_Little_Chinese_Seamstress_(film)" title="Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress (film)">Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress</a> (film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_works_by_Alexandre_Falgui%C3%A8re" title="List of works by Alexandre Falguière">List of works by Alexandre Falguière</a> (statue of Balzac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rzewuski_family" title="Rzewuski family">Rzewuski family</a> (Mme. Eve de Balzac)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popular_novel_in_France" title="Popular novel in France">Popular novel in France</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Légion d'honneur - Chevalier </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Jean-Louis_Dega_1998-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Louis_Dega_1998_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jean-Louis_Dega_1998_1-1">b</a> Jean-Louis Dega, La vie prodigieuse de Bernard-François Balssa, père d'Honoré de Balzac : Aux sources historiques de La Comédie Humaine, Rodez, Subervie, 1998, 665 p. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lexico.com/definition/Balzac,+Honor%C3%A9+de">"Balzac, Honoré de"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Lexico" title="Lexico">Lexico</a> UK English Dictionary. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balzac%2C+Honor%C3%A9+de&rft.btitle=Lexico+UK+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lexico.com%2Fdefinition%2FBalzac%2C%2BHonor%25C3%25A9%2Bde&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/Balzac">"Balzac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Collins_English_Dictionary" title="Collins English Dictionary">Collins English Dictionary</a>. <a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">HarperCollins</a>. Retrieved 22 August 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balzac&rft.btitle=Collins+English+Dictionary&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.collinsdictionary.com%2Fdictionary%2Fenglish%2FBalzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Balzac">"Balzac"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Merriam-Webster" title="Merriam-Webster">Merriam-Webster.com Dictionary</a>. Merriam-Webster. 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(26 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=myLDA0_brhcC&pg=PA102">Encyclopedia of Literary Translation Into English: A-L</a>. Taylor & Francis. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-884964-36-7"><bdi>978-1-884964-36-7</bdi></a>. 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Retrieved 26 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WorldCat.org&rft.atitle=Campaign+of+General+Buonaparte+in+Italy%2C+during+the+fourth+and+fifth+years+of+the+French+republic+%2F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Fidentities%2Flccn-n86-805861%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Robb, 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Robb, 162 </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Quoted in Robb, 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> Robb, 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Robb, 178 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> Pritchett, 155 </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Rogers, 120 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Adamson (1986) </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Robb, 258 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Robb, 246 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robb,_272-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robb,_272_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robb,_272_54-1">b</a> Robb, 272 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> Rogers, 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Robb, 326 </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Rogers, 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Robb, 365 </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKvas2020" class="citation book cs1">Kvas, Kornelije (2020). 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Retrieved 30 August 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Berdichev+Revival&rft.atitle=Distinguished+Shrines+of+Berdichev&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.berdichev.org%2Fdistinghished_shrines_of_berdichev.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Pritchett, 261–262 </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Quoted in Robb, 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Robb, 404 </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Pritchett, 263 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerciaccanteRivaCoralliCharlier2016" class="citation journal cs1">Perciaccante, A.; Riva, M. A.; Coralli, A.; Charlier, P.; Bianucci, R. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638234/#:~:text=He%20prematurely%20died%20at%20the,associated%20with%20congestive%20heart%20failure">"The Death of Balzac (1799–1850) and the Treatment of Heart Failure During the Nineteenth Century"</a>. Journal of Cardiac Failure. 22 (11): 930–933. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cardfail.2016.09.005">10.1016/j.cardfail.2016.09.005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27638234">27638234</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Cardiac+Failure&rft.atitle=The+Death+of+Balzac+%281799%E2%80%931850%29+and+the+Treatment+of+Heart+Failure+During+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=22&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E930-%3C%2Fspan%3E933&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.cardfail.2016.09.005&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27638234&rft.aulast=Perciaccante&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Riva%2C+M.+A.&rft.au=Coralli%2C+A.&rft.au=Charlier%2C+P.&rft.au=Bianucci%2C+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2F27638234%2F%23%3A~%3Atext%3DHe%2520prematurely%2520died%2520at%2520the%2Cassociated%2520with%2520congestive%2520heart%2520failure&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29iht-edjohnson">https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/opinion/29iht-edjohnson</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZweig2019" class="citation web cs1">Zweig, Stefan (9 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6T2oDwAAQBAJ&dq=balzac+cause+of+death+coffee&pg=PT160">"Balzac"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Balzac&rft.date=2019-08-09&rft.aulast=Zweig&rft.aufirst=Stefan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6T2oDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dbalzac%2Bcause%2Bof%2Bdeath%2Bcoffee%26pg%3DPT160&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> The full text is available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo/balzaceulogy.shtml">Victor Hugo Central</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Robb, 412 </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211007182319/https://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/decores/honore-de-balzac/89">"Honoré de Balzac – La grande chancellerie"</a>. Legiondhonneur.fr. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legiondhonneur.fr/fr/decores/honore-de-balzac/89">the original</a> on 7 October 2021. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legiondhonneur.fr&rft.atitle=Honor%C3%A9+de+Balzac+%E2%80%93+La+grande+chancellerie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legiondhonneur.fr%2Ffr%2Fdecores%2Fhonore-de-balzac%2F89&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> Robb, 405 </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Brooks, 16 </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Brooks, 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Quoted in Rogers, 144 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Brooks, 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> Robb, 152 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Robb, 421 </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Brooks, 125 </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Quoted in Rogers, 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Robb, 254 </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Robb, 156 </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Helm, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> Lehan, 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Rogers, 182 </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> Rogers, 73–74 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Helm, 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Bertault, 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Rogers, 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Balzac. Histoire des Treize: Ferragus, chef des dévorants, XIII, 13; quoted in Rogers, 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> Brooks, 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Brooks, 131 </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Lehan, 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> Helm, 130 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> Quoted in Prendergast, 26 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> Rogers, 128 </li> <li id="cite_note-Robb,_70-109">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Robb,_70_109-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Robb,_70_109-1">b</a> Robb, 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> Robb and Sir Victor Pritchett cite specific examples, included in Biography, above. </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160630115026/https://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/courtesans/Balzac.html">"Balzac: A Fight Against Decandence and Materialism"</a>. Mtholyoke.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mtholyoke.edu/courses/rschwart/hist255-s01/courtesans/Balzac.html">the original</a> on 30 June 2016. Retrieved 26 November 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mtholyoke.edu&rft.atitle=Balzac%3A+A+Fight+Against+Decandence+and+Materialism&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mtholyoke.edu%2Fcourses%2Frschwart%2Fhist255-s01%2Fcourtesans%2FBalzac.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDelahanty1963" class="citation journal cs1">Delahanty, James J. (September 1963). "Catholic Political Thought 1789–1848. Edited by Bela Menczer. (South Bend, Ind.: University of Notre Dame Press. 1962. Pp. viii, 205. $1.95.)". American Political Science Review. 57 (3): 686. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fs0003055400287844">10.1017/s0003055400287844</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-0554">0003-0554</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:147289085">147289085</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Political+Science+Review&rft.atitle=Catholic+Political+Thought+1789%E2%80%931848.+Edited+by+Bela+Menczer.+%28South+Bend%2C+Ind.%3A+University+of+Notre+Dame+Press.+1962.+Pp.+viii%2C+205.+%241.95.%29&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=686&rft.date=1963-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A147289085%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-0554&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fs0003055400287844&rft.aulast=Delahanty&rft.aufirst=James+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButler1983" class="citation book cs1">Butler, Ronnie (1983). 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Tensions of Order and Freedom: Catholic Political Thought, 1789–1848. 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Literature and Art: Selections from Their Writings. New York. Quoted in Rogers, ix </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Robb, 423 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> Elgrably, Jordan. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theparisreview.org/interviews/2994/the-art-of-fiction-no-78-james-baldwin">"James Baldwin, The Art of Fiction No. 78"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Paris_Review" title="The Paris Review">The Paris Review</a>. No. 91: Spring 1984. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJaggi,_Maya2001" class="citation web cs1">Jaggi, Maya (5 May 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2001/may/05/fiction.books">"The Latin Master"</a>. The Guardian.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Latin+Master&rft.date=2001-05-05&rft.au=Jaggi%2C+Maya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fbooks%2F2001%2Fmay%2F05%2Ffiction.books&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> Truffaut, François et al. Correspondence, 1945–1984. 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Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A8nes+de+la+vie+priv%C3%A9e+%3A+Maison+du+chat-qui-pelote&rft.pub=1870%2C+Alexandre+Houssiaux&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL_WSC7LF9YoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1rY5AAAAcAAJ">"La Peau de Chagrin"</a>. 1831, Charles Gosselin & Urbain Canel. 1831. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Peau+de+Chagrin&rft.pub=1831%2C+Charles+Gosselin+%26+Urbain+Canel&rft.date=1831&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1rY5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc.-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc._137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc._137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Louis_Lambert,_etc._137-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=avMelnxA-7AC">Études philosophiques : Louis Lambert, etc.</a>. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+philosophiques+%3A+Louis+Lambert%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1875%2C+Calmann+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DavMelnxA-7AC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4fo9AAAAcAAJ">"Eugène Grandet"</a>. 1839, Charpentier. 1839. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eug%C3%A8ne+Grandet&rft.pub=1839%2C+Charpentier&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4fo9AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Histoire_des_Treize-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Histoire_des_Treize_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histoire_des_Treize_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Histoire_des_Treize_139-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UtgTAAAAYAAJ">Histoire des Treize</a>. 1876, Calmann Lévy & Maison Michel Lévy. 1876. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782253033424" title="Special:BookSources/9782253033424"><bdi>9782253033424</bdi></a>. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+des+Treize&rft.pub=1876%2C+Calmann+L%C3%A9vy+%26+Maison+Michel+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1876&rft.isbn=9782253033424&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUtgTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_La_Recherche_de_l'absolu,_etc.-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_La_Recherche_de_l'absolu,_etc._140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_La_Recherche_de_l'absolu,_etc._140-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yzzrAAAAMAAJ">Études philosophiques : La Recherche de l'absolu, etc.</a>. 1860, A. Bourdilliat et cie. 1860. Retrieved 13 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+philosophiques+%3A+La+Recherche+de+l%27absolu%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1860%2C+A.+Bourdilliat+et+cie&rft.date=1860&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyzzrAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=50dAAAAAcAAJ">"Le Père Goriot"</a>. 1856, Libraire Nouvelle. 1856. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+P%C3%A8re+Goriot&rft.pub=1856%2C+Libraire+Nouvelle&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D50dAAAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Abk8Y4a0spAC">"Le Lys dans la vallée"</a>. 1836, Ad. Wahlen. 1836. 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Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A8nes+de+la+vie+priv%C3%A9e+%3A+Contrat+de+mariage%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1870%2C+Michel+L%C3%A9vy+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dal9fZjl77rYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_de_province_:_Les_Rivalités,_etc.-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scènes_de_la_vie_de_province_:_Les_Rivalités,_etc._144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scènes_de_la_vie_de_province_:_Les_Rivalités,_etc._144-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5nYGAAAAQAAJ">"Scènes de la vie de province : Les Rivalités, etc."</a>. 1857, Librairie Nouvelle. 1857. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A8nes+de+la+vie+de+province+%3A+Les+Rivalit%C3%A9s%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1857%2C+Librairie+Nouvelle&rft.date=1857&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5nYGAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSYvAAAAYAAJ&pg=RA2-PT6">César Birotteau</a>. 1888, Roberts Brothers. 1888. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=C%C3%A9sar+Birotteau&rft.pub=1888%2C+Roberts+Brothers&rft.date=1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXSYvAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DRA2-PT6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DK05AAAAcAAJ">"Une Fille d'Ève"</a>. 1839, Méline, Cans et Compagnie. 1839. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+Fille+d%27%C3%88ve&rft.pub=1839%2C+M%C3%A9line%2C+Cans+et+Compagnie&rft.date=1839&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDK05AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58358551/f4.item.r=b%C3%A9atrix%20balzac">"Béatrix"</a>. 1858, <a href="/wiki/Le_Si%C3%A8cle" title="Le Siècle">Le Siècle</a>. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=B%C3%A9atrix&rft.pub=1858%2C+Le+Si%C3%A8cle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k58358551%2Ff4.item.r%3Db%25C3%25A9atrix%2520balzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">A distinguished provincial at Paris. London: J.M. Dent. 1897 [1839].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+distinguished+provincial+at+Paris&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent&rft.date=1897&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626408n/f7.item">"Ursule Mirouët, Vol. I"</a>. 1841, Hippolyte Souverain. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ursule+Mirou%C3%ABt%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=1841%2C+Hippolyte+Souverain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8626408n%2Ff7.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k68897j?rk=64378;0">"Une ténébreuse affaire, Vol. I"</a>. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Une+t%C3%A9n%C3%A9breuse+affaire%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=1842%2C+Hippolyte+Souverain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k68897j%3Frk%3D64378%3B0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b8626406t/f9.item">"Mémoires de deux jeunes mariées, Vol. I"</a>. 1842, Hippolyte Souverain. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M%C3%A9moires+de+deux+jeunes+mari%C3%A9es%2C+Vol.+I&rft.pub=1842%2C+Hippolyte+Souverain&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b8626406t%2Ff9.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-La_Femme_de_trente_ans;_Un_Début_dans_la_vie-152"><a href="#cite_ref-La_Femme_de_trente_ans;_Un_Début_dans_la_vie_152-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0Fc_AQAAMAAJ">A Woman of Thirty; A Start in Life</a>. 1898, The Gebbie Publishing Co. 1898. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Woman+of+Thirty%3B+A+Start+in+Life&rft.pub=1898%2C+The+Gebbie+Publishing+Co.&rft.date=1898&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0Fc_AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aLs5AAAAcAAJ">"Illusions perdues"</a>. 1837, Société belge de librairie, etc. Hauman, Cattoir et cie. 1837. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Illusions+perdues&rft.pub=1837%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+belge+de+librairie%2C+etc.+Hauman%2C+Cattoir+et+cie&rft.date=1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaLs5AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k58122579.r=honorine%20balzac?rk=21459;2">"Honorine, vol. I"</a>. 1844, de Potter. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Honorine%2C+vol.+I&rft.pub=1844%2C+de+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k58122579.r%3Dhonorine%2520balzac%3Frk%3D21459%3B2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FFcWAQAAMAAJ">"Modeste Mignon"</a>. 1902, Société d'éditions littéraires et artistiques. 1902. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Modeste+Mignon&rft.pub=1902%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+d%27%C3%A9ditions+litt%C3%A9raires+et+artistiques&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFFcWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lctRh73ghGYC">"La Cousine Bette"</a>. 1846, Manz. 1846. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Cousine+Bette&rft.pub=1846%2C+Manz&rft.date=1846&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlctRh73ghGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b86265384/f9.item">"Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes, vol. I"</a>. 1845, L. de Potter. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Splendeurs+et+mis%C3%A8res+des+courtisanes%2C+vol.+I&rft.pub=1845%2C+L.+de+Potter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbtv1b86265384%2Ff9.item&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2jcBAAAAYAAJ">"Le Cousin Pons"</a>. 1911, George Wahr. 1911. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Cousin+Pons&rft.pub=1911%2C+George+Wahr&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2jcBAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Scènes_de_la_vie_poitique_:_L'Envers_de_l'histoire_contemporaine,_etc.-159">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Scènes_de_la_vie_poitique_:_L'Envers_de_l'histoire_contemporaine,_etc._159-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Scènes_de_la_vie_poitique_:_L'Envers_de_l'histoire_contemporaine,_etc._159-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=w3jGrssIpB8C">Scènes de la vie poitique : L'Envers de l'histoire contemporaine, etc.</a>. 1869, Michel Lévy Frères. 1869. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A8nes+de+la+vie+poitique+%3A+L%27Envers+de+l%27histoire+contemporaine%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1869%2C+Michel+L%C3%A9vy+Fr%C3%A8res&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dw3jGrssIpB8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1NMTAAAAYAAJ">Les Paysans</a>. 1896, The Macmillan Company. 1896. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Paysans&rft.pub=1896%2C+The+Macmillan+Company&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1NMTAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56854633/f260.item.r=sarrasine%20balzac">"Sarrasine"</a>. 1831, Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sarrasine&rft.pub=1831%2C+Charles+Gosselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k56854633%2Ff260.item.r%3Dsarrasine%2520balzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HnZEAAAAIAAJ">Gobseck</a>. 1896, Roberts Brothers. 1896. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobseck&rft.pub=1896%2C+Roberts+Brothers&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHnZEAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56854633/f408.item.r=el%20verdigo%20la%20com%C3%A9die%20du%20diable%20balzac">"El Verdugo"</a>. 1831, Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=El+Verdugo&rft.pub=1831%2C+Charles+Gosselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k56854633%2Ff408.item.r%3Del%2520verdigo%2520la%2520com%25C3%25A9die%2520du%2520diable%2520balzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Cl4zAQAAMAAJ">"Le Colonel Chabert"</a>. 1907, Clarendon Press. 1907. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Colonel+Chabert&rft.pub=1907%2C+Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1907&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCl4zAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dm9EAAAAIAAJ">Le Curé de Tours</a>. 1897, Henry Holt and Company. 1896. Retrieved 14 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Cur%C3%A9+de+Tours&rft.pub=1897%2C+Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Ddm9EAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rs8OAAAAIAAJ">Scènes de la vie parisienne</a>. 1899, Little, Brown and Company. 1896. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sc%C3%A8nes+de+la+vie+parisienne&rft.pub=1899%2C+Little%2C+Brown+and+Company&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drs8OAAAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=7NVrBwAAQBAJ">L'Amour masqué</a>. Lulu.com. 19 January 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781326009243" title="Special:BookSources/9781326009243"><bdi>9781326009243</bdi></a>. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Amour+masqu%C3%A9&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2015-01-19&rft.isbn=9781326009243&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D7NVrBwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ve6Pcod3jrgC">La Grande Bretèche</a>. 1896, Macmillan & Co. 1896. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Grande+Bret%C3%A8che&rft.pub=1896%2C+Macmillan+%26+Co.&rft.date=1896&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVe6Pcod3jrgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc.-169">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc._169-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc._169-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Études_philosophiques_:_Les_Marana,_etc._169-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ULO9gnedARgC">Études philosophiques : Les Marana, etc.</a>. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%89tudes+philosophiques+%3A+Les+Marana%2C+etc.&rft.pub=1875%2C+Calmann+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DULO9gnedARgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k56854633/f336.item.r=sarrasine%20balzac">"La Comédie du diable"</a>. 1831, Charles Gosselin. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Com%C3%A9die+du+diable&rft.pub=1831%2C+Charles+Gosselin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgallica.bnf.fr%2Fark%3A%2F12148%2Fbpt6k56854633%2Ff336.item.r%3Dsarrasine%2520balzac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TLo_AAAAcAAJ">"La Grenadière"</a>. 1854, P. Jannet. 1854. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Grenadi%C3%A8re&rft.pub=1854%2C+P.+Jannet&rft.date=1854&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTLo_AAAAcAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OYdqweqtTc0C">"Le Message"</a>. 1900, Calmann Lévy. 1900. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le+Message&rft.pub=1900%2C+Calmann+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOYdqweqtTc0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QBLOCjxA3qYC">"La Messe de l'athée"</a>. 1837, Société typographique belge. 1837. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=La+Messe+de+l%27ath%C3%A9e&rft.pub=1837%2C+Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9+typographique+belge&rft.date=1837&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQBLOCjxA3qYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hEYWAQAAMAAJ">"Facino Cane"</a>. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Facino+Cane&rft.pub=1900%2C+The+Gebbie+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhEYWAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ao-bn3Zu_pUC">Gambara</a>. 1875, Calmann Lévy. 1875. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gambara&rft.pub=1875%2C+Calmann+L%C3%A9vy&rft.date=1875&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dao-bn3Zu_pUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XDGQa38kdrsC">"Pierre Grassou"</a>. 1900, The Gebbie Publishing Company. 1900. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pierre+Grassou&rft.pub=1900%2C+The+Gebbie+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1900&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXDGQa38kdrsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov8FAAAAQAAJ">Les Cent Contes drolatiques</a>. 1870, Alexandre Houssiaux. 1870. Retrieved 15 January 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Cent+Contes+drolatiques&rft.pub=1870%2C+Alexandre+Houssiaux&rft.date=1870&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOv8FAAAAQAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Adamson" title="Donald Adamson">Adamson, Donald</a> (1986). "Le Père Goriot devant la critique anglaise". L'Année balzacienne (in French). 7. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:1969-6752">1969-6752</a>. In <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_BEnAQAAIAAJ">L'Année balzacienne</a>. II. 20. Garnier Frères. 1999. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-13-050961-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-13-050961-5">978-2-13-050961-5</a></li> <li>Adamson, Donald (2001). Balzac and the Tradition of the European Novel</li> <li>Bertault, Philippe (1963). Balzac and The Human Comedy. English version by Richard Monges. New York: NYU Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/344556">344556</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Brooks_(writer)" title="Peter Brooks (writer)">Brooks, Peter</a> (2005). Realist Vision. New Haven: Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-10680-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-10680-7">0-300-10680-7</a></li> <li>Helm, W.H. (1905). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/aspectsofbalzac00helmuoft#page/n7/mode/2up">Aspects of Balzac</a>. London: Eveleigh Nash. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/2321317">2321317</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">James, Henry</a> (1878). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/frenchpoetsandno00jamerich#page/n7/mode/2up">French Poets and Novelists</a>. London: Macmillan & Co., pp. 84–189.</li> <li>James, Henry (1914). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/notesonnovelist02jamegoog#page/n6/mode/2up">Notes on Novelists</a>. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, pp. 109–159. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/679102">679102</a></li> <li>Lehan, Richard (2005). Realism and Naturalism. Madison: The University of Wisconsin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-299-20870-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-299-20870-2">0-299-20870-2</a></li> <li>Leone, Giuseppe (1999). "Honoré de Balzac, una creatività "sempre recidiva, mai stanca" – Con lui il romanzo s'è fatto uomo", su "Ricorditi di me...", in "Lecco 2000", Lecco, febbraio 1999</li> <li>Maurois, André (1965). Prométhée ou la vie de Balzac. Paris: Hachette.</li> <li>Lotte, Fernand (1952). Dictionnaire biographique des personnages fictifs de la comédie humaine. (in French). Paris: Corti. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-320-05184-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-320-05184-6">0-320-05184-6</a></li> <li>Prendergast, Christopher (1978). Balzac: Fiction and Melodrama. London: Edward Arnold Ltd. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7131-5969-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7131-5969-3">0-7131-5969-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V._S._Pritchett" title="V. S. Pritchett">Pritchett, V. S.</a> (1973). Balzac. New York: Alfred A. Knopf Inc. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48357-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48357-X">0-394-48357-X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcel_Proust" title="Marcel Proust">Proust, Marcel</a> (1994). Against Sainte-Beuve and Other Essays. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-14-018525-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-14-018525-9">0-14-018525-9</a></li> <li>Robb, Graham (1994). Balzac: A Biography. New York: W. W. Norton & Company. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-03679-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-03679-0">0-393-03679-0</a></li> <li>Rogers, Samuel (1953). Balzac & The Novel. New York: Octagon Books. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/item/75076005">75-76005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1901). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015005707404;view=1up;seq=15">"Honoré de Balzac"</a>. In: The Works of Honoré de Balzac, Vol. I. Philadelphia: Avil Publishing Company, pp. vii–xivi. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/6314807">6314807</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaintsbury1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Saintsbury" title="George Saintsbury">Saintsbury, George</a> (1911). <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Balzac,_Honor%C3%A9_de">"Balzac, Honoré de" </a>. In <a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a> (ed.). <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a>. Vol. 3 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 298–301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Balzac%2C+Honor%C3%A9+de&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E298-%3C%2Fspan%3E301&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rft.aulast=Saintsbury&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHonor%C3%A9+de+Balzac" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Stowe, William W. (1983). "Systematic Realism". In: Honoré de Balzac. Edited by Harold Bloom. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7910-7042-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-7910-7042-5">0-7910-7042-5</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stefan_Zweig" title="Stefan Zweig">Zweig, Stefan</a> (1946). Balzac. New York: Viking Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/342322">342322</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Honor%C3%A9_de_Balzac&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 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Louis Lumet</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060824220309/http://www.anthropoetics.ucla.edu/ap0601/balzac.htm">Balzac and anthropology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027124157/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Square/3472/balzacsworld2.html">Balzac on mimetism, language, desire for the absolute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091027124157/http://www.geocities.com/SoHo/Square/3472/balzacsworld2.html">Reader's Guide: Themes in the Novels of Balzac</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 27 October 2009)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gavroche.org/vhugo/balzaceulogy.shtml">Victor Hugo's eulogy for Honoré de Balzac</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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href="/wiki/Le_Contrat_de_mariage" title="Le Contrat de mariage">Le Contrat de mariage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_d%C3%A9but_dans_la_vie" title="Un début dans la vie">Un début dans la vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeste_Mignon" title="Modeste Mignon">Modeste Mignon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9atrix" title="Béatrix">Béatrix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorine_(novel)" title="Honorine (novel)">Honorine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Chabert (novel)">Le Colonel Chabert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Messe_de_l%27ath%C3%A9e" title="La Messe de l'athée">La Messe de l'athée</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Interdiction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Interdiction (page does not exist)">L'Interdiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Grassou" title="Pierre Grassou">Pierre Grassou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie de province</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursule_Mirou%C3%ABt" title="Ursule Mirouët">Ursule Mirouët</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pierrette_(novel)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pierrette (novel) (page does not exist)">Pierrette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur%C3%A9_de_Tours" title="Le Curé de Tours">Le Curé de Tours</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Rabouilleuse" title="La Rabouilleuse">La Rabouilleuse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27illustre_Gaudissart" title="L'illustre Gaudissart">L'illustre Gaudissart</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Muse_du_d%C3%A9partement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Muse du département (page does not exist)">La Muse du département</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Vieille_Fille_(novel)" title="La Vieille Fille (novel)">La Vieille Fille</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cabinet_des_Antiques" title="Le Cabinet des Antiques">Le Cabinet des Antiques</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Lys_dans_la_vall%C3%A9e" title="Le Lys dans la vallée">Le Lys dans la vallée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusions_perdues" title="Illusions perdues">Illusions perdues</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie Parisienne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Splendeurs_et_mis%C3%A8res_des_courtisanes" title="Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes">Splendeurs et misères des courtisanes</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Un_prince_de_la_boh%C3%A8me&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Un prince de la bohème (page does not exist)">Un prince de la bohème</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_homme_d%E2%80%99affaires" class="mw-redirect" title="Un homme d’affaires">Un homme d’affaires</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudissart_II" title="Gaudissart II">Gaudissart II</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Com%C3%A9diens_sans_le_savoir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Comédiens sans le savoir (page does not exist)">Les Comédiens sans le savoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferragus:_Chief_of_the_Devorants" title="Ferragus: Chief of the Devorants">Ferragus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La Duchesse de Langeais</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Fille_aux_yeux_d%27or" title="La Fille aux yeux d'or">La Fille aux yeux d'or</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C3%A8re_Goriot" title="Père Goriot">Le Père Goriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%A9sar_Birotteau" title="César Birotteau">César Birotteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Maison_Nucingen" title="La Maison Nucingen">La Maison Nucingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Secrets_de_la_princesse_de_Cadignan" title="Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan">Les Secrets de la princesse de Cadignan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Employ%C3%A9s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Employés (page does not exist)">Les Employés</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarrasine" title="Sarrasine">Sarrasine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Facino_Cane_(short_story)" title="Facino Cane (short story)">Facino Cane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cousin_Bette" title="Cousin Bette">La Cousine Bette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cousin_Pons" title="Le Cousin Pons">Le Cousin Pons</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Petits_Bourgeois&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Petits Bourgeois (page does not exist)">Les Petits Bourgeois</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie politique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Une_t%C3%A9n%C3%A9breuse_affaire" title="Une ténébreuse affaire">Une ténébreuse affaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_%C3%A9pisode_sous_la_Terreur" title="Un épisode sous la Terreur">Un épisode sous la Terreur</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Madame_de_la_Chanterie&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Madame de la Chanterie (page does not exist)">Madame de la Chanterie</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Initi%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Initié (page does not exist)">L'Initié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z._Marcas" title="Z. Marcas">Z. Marcas</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Le_D%C3%A9put%C3%A9_d%27Arcis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Le Député d'Arcis (page does not exist)">Le Député d'Arcis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie militaire</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Les_Chouans" title="Les Chouans">Les Chouans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Une_passion_dans_le_d%C3%A9sert" title="Une passion dans le désert">Une passion dans le désert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scènes de la vie de campagne</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Le_M%C3%A9decin_de_campagne" title="Le Médecin de campagne">Le Médecin de campagne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Cur%C3%A9_de_village" title="Le Curé de village">Le Curé de village</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Paysans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Paysans (page does not exist)">Les Paysans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Études philosophiques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La_Peau_de_chagrin" title="La Peau de chagrin">La Peau de chagrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Quest_of_the_Absolute" title="The Quest of the Absolute">La Recherche de l'absolu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C3%A9sus-Christ_en_Flandre" title="Jésus-Christ en Flandre">Jésus-Christ en Flandre</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Melmoth_r%C3%A9concili%C3%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Melmoth réconcilié (page does not exist)">Melmoth réconcilié</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Chef-d%27%C5%93uvre_inconnu" title="Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu">Le Chef-d'œuvre inconnu</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=L%27Enfant_maudit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="L'Enfant maudit (page does not exist)">L'Enfant maudit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambara_(short_story)" title="Gambara (short story)">Gambara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massimilla_Doni" title="Massimilla Doni">Massimilla Doni</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Les_Marana&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Les Marana (page does not exist)">Les Marana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adieu_(short_story)" title="Adieu (short story)">Adieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_R%C3%A9quisitionnaire" title="Le Réquisitionnaire">Le Réquisitionnaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Verdugo_(short_story)" title="El Verdugo (short story)">El Verdugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Un_drame_au_bord_de_la_mer" title="Un drame au bord de la mer">Un drame au bord de la mer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Auberge_rouge_(short_story)" title="L'Auberge rouge (short story)">L'Auberge rouge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L%27Elixir_de_longue_vie" title="L'Elixir de longue vie">L'Elixir de longue vie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_Corn%C3%A9lius" title="Maître Cornélius">Maître Cornélius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sur_Catherine_de_M%C3%A9dicis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sur Catherine de Médicis (page does not exist)">Sur Catherine de Médicis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Lambert_(novel)" title="Louis Lambert (novel)">Louis Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Proscrits" title="Les Proscrits">Les Proscrits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A9raph%C3%AEta" title="Séraphîta">Séraphîta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Études analytiques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=La_Physiologie_du_mariage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="La Physiologie du mariage (page does not exist)">La Physiologie du mariage</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Petites_mis%C3%A8res_de_la_vie_conjugale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Petites misères de la vie conjugale (page does not exist)">Petites misères de la vie conjugale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A8ne_de_Rastignac" title="Eugène de Rastignac">Eugène de Rastignac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vautrin" title="Vautrin">Vautrin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related works by others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Fernand Lotte: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Armorial_de_la_Com%C3%A9die_Humaine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Armorial de la Comédie Humaine (page does not exist)">Armorial de la Comédie Humaine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_Eugénie_Grandet_(1833)71" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Template:Eugénie Grandet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Template talk:Eugénie Grandet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Eugénie Grandet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_Eugénie_Grandet_(1833)71" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honoré de Balzac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet" title="Eugénie Grandet">Eugénie Grandet</a> (1833)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1918_film)" title="Eugenia Grandet (1918 film)">Eugenia Grandet</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Conquering_Power" title="The Conquering Power">The Conquering Power</a> (1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1946_film)" title="Eugenia Grandet (1946 film)">Eugenia Grandet</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenia_Grandet_(1953_film)" title="Eugenia Grandet (1953 film)">Eugenia Grandet</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Gold_(Wednesday_Theatre)" title="Cross of Gold (Wednesday Theatre)">Cross of Gold</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eug%C3%A9nie_Grandet_(film)" title="Eugénie Grandet (film)">Eugénie Grandet</a> (1993)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inspiration</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_du_Fresnay" title="Marie du Fresnay">Marie du Fresnay</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_Colonel_Chabert91" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Colonel_Chabert" title="Template:Colonel Chabert"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Colonel_Chabert" title="Template talk:Colonel Chabert"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Colonel_Chabert" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Colonel Chabert"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_Colonel_Chabert91" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honoré de Balzac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel Chabert (novel)">Colonel Chabert</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(1920_film)" title="Colonel Chabert (1920 film)">Colonel Chabert</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Man_Without_a_Name_(1932_film)" title="Man Without a Name (1932 film)">Man Without a Name</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(1943_film)" title="Colonel Chabert (1943 film)">Colonel Chabert</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colonel_Chabert_(1994_film)" title="Colonel Chabert (1994 film)">Colonel Chabert</a> (1994)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oberst_Chabert" title="Oberst Chabert">Oberst Chabert</a> (opera)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_La_Duchesse_de_Langeais75" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="Template:La Duchesse de Langeais"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="Template talk:La Duchesse de Langeais"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="Special:EditPage/Template:La Duchesse de Langeais"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Honoré_de_Balzac&#039;s_La_Duchesse_de_Langeais75" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Honoré de Balzac</a>'s <a href="/wiki/La_Duchesse_de_Langeais" title="La Duchesse de Langeais">La Duchesse de Langeais</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Films</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Eternal_Flame_(film)" title="The Eternal Flame (film)">The Eternal Flame</a> (1922)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_(1927_German_film)" title="Love (1927 German film)">Love</a> (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Langeais_(1942_film)" title="The Duchess of Langeais (1942 film)">The Duchess of Langeais</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Duchess_of_Langeais" title="The Duchess of Langeais">The Duchess of Langeais</a> (2007)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/21px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/32px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/42px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:France" title="Portal:France">France</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4780" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9711#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata4780" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9711#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000123478072">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/29529595">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/38270/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJccfRVc7QtTjh8PMHpQMP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118506358">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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Biographie</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118506358">DDB</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/02670305X">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6qr534v">SNAC</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rism.online/people/20001309">RISM</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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