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id="toc-Pre-American_Independence_Era" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pre-American_Independence_Era"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Pre-American Independence Era </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pre-American_Independence_Era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_Revolution,_the_East_India_Company,_and_early_America_context" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_Revolution,_the_East_India_Company,_and_early_America_context"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 American Revolution, the East India Company, and early America context </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_Revolution,_the_East_India_Company,_and_early_America_context-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Under_British_Raj_(1858–1947)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Under_British_Raj_(1858–1947)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Under British Raj (1858–1947) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Under_British_Raj_(1858–1947)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Religious_connections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_connections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.1 Religious connections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_connections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.2 President Franklin D. Roosevelt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Case_of_Bhagat_Singh_Thind" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Case_of_Bhagat_Singh_Thind"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.3 Case of Bhagat Singh Thind </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Case_of_Bhagat_Singh_Thind-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-During_World_War_II" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_World_War_II"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4.4 During World War II </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_World_War_II-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_Independence_(1947–1997)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_Independence_(1947–1997)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 After Independence (1947–1997) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_Independence_(1947–1997)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1947–1965" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1947–1965"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.1 1947–1965 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1947–1965-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1965_-_1992" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1965_-_1992"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.2 1965 - 1992 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1965_-_1992-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1993–1997" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1993–1997"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5.3 1993–1997 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1993–1997-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NDA_I_and_II_governments_(1998–2004)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NDA_I_and_II_governments_(1998–2004)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 NDA I and II governments (1998–2004) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NDA_I_and_II_governments_(1998–2004)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UPA_I_and_II_governments_(2004–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UPA_I_and_II_governments_(2004–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 UPA I and II governments (2004–2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UPA_I_and_II_governments_(2004–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Strategic_and_military_determinants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strategic_and_military_determinants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.1 Strategic and military determinants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strategic_and_military_determinants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_Spying_Incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_Spying_Incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.2 US Spying Incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_Spying_Incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_issues_during_the_early_2010s" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_issues_during_the_early_2010s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.3 Foreign policy issues during the early 2010s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_issues_during_the_early_2010s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Devyani_Khobragade_incident" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Devyani_Khobragade_incident"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7.4 Devyani Khobragade incident </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Devyani_Khobragade_incident-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-NDA_government_(2014–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#NDA_government_(2014–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8 NDA government (2014–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-NDA_government_(2014–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Modi–Obama_relationship_(2014–2017)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modi–Obama_relationship_(2014–2017)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.1 Modi–Obama relationship (2014–2017) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modi–Obama_relationship_(2014–2017)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modi–Trump_relationship_(2017–2021)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modi–Trump_relationship_(2017–2021)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.2 Modi–Trump relationship (2017–2021) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modi–Trump_relationship_(2017–2021)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modi–Biden_relationship_(2021–2025)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modi–Biden_relationship_(2021–2025)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.3 Modi–Biden relationship (2021–2025) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modi–Biden_relationship_(2021–2025)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strengthen_cooperation_in_various_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strengthen_cooperation_in_various_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.4 Strengthen cooperation in various fields </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strengthen_cooperation_in_various_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spying_allegations_against_India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spying_allegations_against_India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.5 Spying allegations against India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spying_allegations_against_India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modi–Trump_relationship_(2025–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modi–Trump_relationship_(2025–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.8.6 Modi–Trump relationship (2025–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modi–Trump_relationship_(2025–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Military relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_cooperation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_cooperation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Nuclear cooperation </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Nuclear_cooperation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Nuclear cooperation subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_cooperation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pokhran_tests" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pokhran_tests"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Pokhran tests </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pokhran_tests-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Easing_of_Tension" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Easing_of_Tension"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Easing of Tension </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Easing_of_Tension-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–_9/11" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–_9/11"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Post– 9/11 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–_9/11-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economic_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economic_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economic relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economic relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economic_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Trade_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trade_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Trade relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trade_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Role_of_Indian_Diaspora" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Role_of_Indian_Diaspora"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Role of Indian Diaspora </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_of_Indian_Diaspora-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India-US_strategic_partnership" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India-US_strategic_partnership"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 India-US strategic partnership </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-India-US_strategic_partnership-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle India-US strategic partnership subsection </button> <ul id="toc-India-US_strategic_partnership-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-During_the_Cold_War_(1960–1990)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#During_the_Cold_War_(1960–1990)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 During the Cold War (1960–1990) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-During_the_Cold_War_(1960–1990)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post–Cold_War_era_(1990–2014)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post–Cold_War_era_(1990–2014)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Post–Cold War era (1990–2014) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post–Cold_War_era_(1990–2014)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_rise_of_the_BJP_(2014–present)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_rise_of_the_BJP_(2014–present)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 After the rise of the BJP (2014–present) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_rise_of_the_BJP_(2014–present)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observer_reactions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observer_reactions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Observer reactions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observer_reactions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Triangular_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Triangular_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Triangular relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Triangular_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Triangular relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Triangular_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Africa </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1 East Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1.1 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.1.2 Japan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2 South Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bangladesh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bangladesh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.1 Bangladesh </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bangladesh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2.2.2 Pakistan </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_and_Western_countries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_and_Western_countries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 European and Western countries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_and_Western_countries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.1 Canada </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.2 United Kingdom </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ukraine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ukraine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3.3 Ukraine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ukraine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Latin America and the Caribbean </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Cultural relations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural relations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cinema" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Cinema </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health_and_spirituality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health_and_spirituality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Health and spirituality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health_and_spirituality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports_and_recreation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports_and_recreation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Sports and recreation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports_and_recreation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embassies_and_Consulates" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embassies_and_Consulates"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Embassies and Consulates </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Embassies_and_Consulates-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further reading subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Recent" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recent"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Recent </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Recent-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Primary_sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Primary sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">India–United States relations</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" > 18 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="العلاقات الهندية الأمريكية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="العلاقات الهندية الأمريكية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E2%80%93%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B7%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%AE%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95" title="ভারত–মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সম্পর্ক – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ভারত–মার্কিন যুক্তরাষ্ট্র সম্পর্ক" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beziehungen_zwischen_Indien_und_den_Vereinigten_Staaten" title="Beziehungen zwischen Indien und den Vereinigten Staaten – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Beziehungen zwischen Indien und den Vereinigten Staaten" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relaciones_Estados_Unidos-India" title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-India – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Relaciones Estados Unidos-India" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B7_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7_%D9%88_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="روابط ایالات متحده آمریکا و هند – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="روابط ایالات متحده آمریکا و هند" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relations_entre_les_%C3%89tats-Unis_et_l%27Inde" title="Relations entre les États-Unis et l'Inde – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Relations entre les États-Unis et l'Inde" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D5%B4%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1-%D5%B0%D5%B6%D5%A4%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Ամերիկա-հնդկական հարաբերություններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ամերիկա-հնդկական հարաբերություններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4-%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7" title="भारत-संयुक्त राज्य सम्बन्ध – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="भारत-संयुक्त राज्य सम्बन्ध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hubungan_Amerika_Serikat_dengan_India" title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan India – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hubungan Amerika Serikat dengan India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%97%D7%A1%D7%99_%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%E2%80%93_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95" title="יחסי ארצות הברית – הודו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יחסי ארצות הברית – הודו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amerika_Qo%CA%BBshma_Shtatlari_%E2%80%94_Hindiston_munosabatlari" title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari — Hindiston munosabatlari – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Amerika Qoʻshma Shtatlari — Hindiston munosabatlari" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%88_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%88_%D8%A7%DA%93%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%90" title="د هند او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="د هند او متحده ایالاتو اړیکې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Американо-индийские отношения – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Американо-индийские отношения" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%88%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C%DB%8C%DB%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%88_%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="پەیوەندییەکانی ھیندستان و ئەمریکا – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەیوەندییەکانی ھیندستان و ئەمریکا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF-%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95_%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B3%E0%AF%8D" title="இந்திய-அமெரிக்க உறவுகள் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="இந்திய-அமெரிக்க உறவுகள்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Indian–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:India_United_States_Locator.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Map indicating locations of India and United States"><img alt="Map indicating locations of India and United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_United_States_Locator.svg/250px-India_United_States_Locator.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_United_States_Locator.svg/375px-India_United_States_Locator.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/India_United_States_Locator.svg/500px-India_United_States_Locator.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="940" data-file-height="415" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr style="height:0.6em"> <td style="background:#339933;color:inherit;"></td> <td style="background:#E08020;color:inherit;"></td> </tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/68px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/90px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Diplomatic mission</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_New_Delhi" title="Embassy of the United States, New Delhi">Embassy of the United States, New Delhi</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;">Envoy</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal; text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of India to the United States">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Vinay_Mohan_Kwatra" title="Vinay Mohan Kwatra">Vinay Mohan Kwatra</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_India" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to India">Ambassador</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Garcetti" title="Eric Garcetti">Eric Garcetti</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg/220px-A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg/330px-A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg/440px-A20250212MR-1052_-_54327769730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> with President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> at the White House in 2025</figcaption></figure> Relations between <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> date back to <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">India's independence movement</a> and have continued well after independence from the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> in 1947. Currently, India and the United States enjoy <a href="/wiki/Special_relationship_(international_relations)" title="Special relationship (international relations)">close relations</a> and have deepened collaboration on issues such as <a href="/wiki/Counterterrorism" title="Counterterrorism">counterterrorism</a> and countering <a href="/wiki/Chinese_expansionism" title="Chinese expansionism">Chinese influence</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pacific" title="Indo-Pacific">Indo-Pacific</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup</a>'s annual World Affairs survey shows India is perceived by <a href="/wiki/Americans" title="Americans">Americans</a> as their sixth favorite nation in the world, with 71% of Americans viewing India favorably in 2015,<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and 70% in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Gallup polls found that 74% of Americans viewed India favorably in 2017,<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> 72% in 2019,<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> 75% in 2020<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> and 77% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> According to a <a href="/wiki/Morning_Consult" title="Morning Consult">Morning Consult</a> poll conducted in August 2021 after the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Kabul_(2021)" title="Fall of Kabul (2021)">fall of Afghanistan</a>, 79% of Indians viewed the United States favorably, compared to 10% who viewed the United States unfavorably. This was the highest favorability rating out of all 15 major countries surveyed and higher than U.S. citizens' own favorability rating of the U.S. at the time.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Initial_tense_relations">Initial tense relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Initial tense relations">edit</a>]</div> In 1954, the United States made <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> a Central Treaty Organization (<a href="/wiki/CENTO" class="mw-redirect" title="CENTO">CENTO</a>) ally.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> As a result, India cultivated strategic and military relations with the <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a> to counter <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan–United States relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> In 1961, India became a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> to abstain from aligning with either the US or the USSR in the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon administration</a>'s support for Pakistan during the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_War_of_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Pakistani War of 1971">Indo-Pakistani War of 1971</a> affected relations until the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991. In the 1990s, Indian <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">foreign policy</a> adapted to the <a href="/wiki/Unipolar_world" class="mw-redirect" title="Unipolar world">unipolar world</a> and India developed closer ties with the United States.<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growing_Friendship">Growing Friendship</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Growing Friendship">edit</a>]</div> In the twenty-first century, Indian foreign policy has sought to leverage India's strategic autonomy to safeguard sovereign rights and promote national interests within a multi-polar world.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Under the administrations of Presidents <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (2001–09) and <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (2009–2017), the United States has demonstrated accommodation to India's core national interests and acknowledged outstanding concerns.<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Increase in bilateral <a href="/wiki/Trade" title="Trade">trade</a> and <a href="/wiki/Investment" title="Investment">investment</a>, co-operation on <a href="/wiki/Global_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Global security">global security</a> matters, inclusion of India in decision-making on matters of global governance (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>), upgraded representation in trade and investment forums (<a href="/wiki/World_Bank" title="World Bank">World Bank</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific_Economic_Cooperation" title="Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation">APEC</a>), admission into multilateral export control regimes (<a href="/wiki/MTCR" class="mw-redirect" title="MTCR">MTCR</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wassenaar_Arrangement" title="Wassenaar Arrangement">Wassenaar Arrangement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australia_Group" title="Australia Group">Australia Group</a>) and support for admission in the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> and joint-manufacturing through technology sharing arrangements have become key milestones and a measure of speed and advancement on the path to closer US–India relations.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Since 2014, strategic cooperation between the two nations has deepened<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> and India was declared a "Major Defense Partner" of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-India_US_Defence-19">[19]</a> India and the United States have also stepped up their cooperation among multilateral groups such as <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">The Quad</a> and <a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="History of India–United States relations">History of India–United States relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Age_of_Exploration">Age of Exploration</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Age of Exploration">edit</a>]</div> The term "Indian", which has been used as an alternative for the <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Indigenous peoples of the Americas</a>, originated with <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Columbus" title="Christopher Columbus">Christopher Columbus</a>, who, in his search for <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, thought that he had arrived in the <a href="/wiki/East_Indies" title="East Indies">East Indies</a>. This historical misnomer has persisted over the centuries, shaping cultural perceptions and narratives surrounding Native American identity.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pre-American_Independence_Era">Pre-American Independence Era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Pre-American Independence Era">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_(1648-9%E2%80%931721)_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/130px-Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/195px-Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg/260px-Enoch_Seeman_the_younger_-_Portrait_of_Gov._Elihu_Yale_%281648-9%E2%80%931721%29_-_1789.1_-_Yale_University_Art_Gallery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1333" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a>: British-American colonial administrator, and philanthropist, clerk for the East India Company at Fort St. George (now <a href="/wiki/Madras" class="mw-redirect" title="Madras">Madras</a>)</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Elihu_Yale" title="Elihu Yale">Elihu Yale</a> (1649–1721) was an American-born merchant and official of the British <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a>, best known for his philanthropic contributions that led to the establishment of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>. Yale's connection to India was significant; he served as the Governor of the British East India Company settlement in Madras (now Chennai) from 1687 to 1692, amassing considerable wealth through trade in textiles, spices, and other commodities.<a href="#cite_note-hindu20050504-27">[27]</a> Prior to the 1770s, Americans admired the expansion of the <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a>, feeling proud to be part of an expansion of British influence around the world.<a href="#cite_note-LT-28">[28]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Paine" title="Thomas Paine">Thomas Paine</a>, author of the influential revolutionary pamphlet <a href="/wiki/Common_Sense" title="Common Sense">Common Sense</a>, was a notable voice of dissent in the late 18th century, as he saw the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plassey" title="Battle of Plassey">rise in Bengal</a> as extortionate and foreshadowing what would happen to the United States if it failed to secure its independence.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_Revolution,_the_East_India_Company,_and_early_America_context">American Revolution, the East India Company, and early America context</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: American Revolution, the East India Company, and early America context">edit</a>]</div> Due to connections between the East India Company and the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a>, many Indians (from places such as <a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Bombay</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bengal" title="Bengal">Bengal</a>) were sent to the latter for <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States#East_Indian_slaves" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">slavery or indentured servitude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Today, descendants of such East Indian slaves may have a small percent of DNA from Asian ancestors but it likely falls below the detectable levels for today's DNA tests.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_France" title="Kingdom of France">France</a> had territories in the Americas as well as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_subcontinent" title="Indian subcontinent">Indian subcontinent</a>. In 1778, when France <a href="/wiki/Anglo-French_War_(1778%E2%80%931783)" title="Anglo-French War (1778–1783)">declared war</a> against Britain, fighting broke out between <a href="/wiki/Company_rule_in_India" title="Company rule in India">British</a> and <a href="/wiki/French_India" title="French India">French colonies in India</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> This marked the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hyder_Ali" title="Hyder Ali">Hyder Ali</a>, the Sultan of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Mysore" title="Kingdom of Mysore">Kingdom of Mysore</a>, allied himself with the French. From 1780 to 1783, Franco-Mysorean forces fought in several campaigns against the British in western and southern India, in several places such as <a href="/wiki/Mah%C3%A9,_India" title="Mahé, India">Mahé</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mangalore" title="Mangalore">Mangalore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LB-33">[33]</a> This coincided with the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a>, which also involved French forces helping in a struggle for independence against the British.<a href="#cite_note-LT-28">[28]</a> Thus, the American <a href="/wiki/Founding_Fathers_of_the_United_States" title="Founding Fathers of the United States">Founding Fathers</a> maintained awareness and admiration of affairs in Mysore.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The American <a href="/wiki/Continental_Congress" title="Continental Congress">Continental Congress</a>, unable to send a full expedition to the subcontinent, instead encouraged its pirate navy to attack East India Company ships.<a href="#cite_note-LT-28">[28]</a> On June 29, with both sides weakened, the British dispatched <a href="/wiki/HMS_Medea_(1778)" title="HMS Medea (1778)">HMS Medea</a> to surrender, with letters to the French stating the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American Revolutionary War</a> was over.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1783)" title="Treaty of Paris (1783)">Treaty of Paris</a> was drafted on November 30, 1782, months before the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Cuddalore" title="Siege of Cuddalore">Siege of Cuddalore</a> but news did not reach India until seven months later, due to the delay of communications to India. The treaty was finally signed on September 3, 1783 and was ratified by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">U.S. Congress</a> a few months later. Under the terms of the treaty, Britain returned <a href="/wiki/Pondicherry" title="Pondicherry">Pondicherry</a> back to the French and <a href="/wiki/Cuddalore" title="Cuddalore">Cuddalore</a> was returned to the British.<a href="#cite_note-LB-33">[33]</a> The flag of the <a href="/wiki/East_India_Company" title="East India Company">East India Company</a> is said to have inspired the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Union_Flag" title="Grand Union Flag">Grand Union Flag</a> of 1775, ultimately inspiring the current <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_United_States" title="Flag of the United States">flag of the United States</a>, as both flags were of the same design.<a href="#cite_note-fawcett-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mysorean_rockets" title="Mysorean rockets">Mysorean rockets</a> were also used in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Battle of Baltimore</a>, and are mentioned in "<a href="/wiki/The_Star-Spangled_Banner" title="The Star-Spangled Banner">The Star-Spangled Banner</a>", the national anthem of the United States: And the rockets' red glare, the bombs bursting in air.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Parker_Boyd.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Parker_Boyd.jpg/130px-John_Parker_Boyd.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Parker_Boyd.jpg/195px-John_Parker_Boyd.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/John_Parker_Boyd.jpg/260px-John_Parker_Boyd.jpg 2x" data-file-width="493" data-file-height="803" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Parker_Boyd" title="John Parker Boyd">John Parker Boyd</a>: American officer who served for the <a href="/wiki/Maratha_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Maratha Empire">Maratha Empire</a></figcaption></figure>British Army officer <a href="/wiki/Charles_Cornwallis,_1st_Marquess_Cornwallis" title="Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis">Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis</a>, who led the British surrender during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Yorktown" title="Siege of Yorktown">Siege of Yorktown</a>, which caused the end of warfare operations in North America during the American Revolution, later went on to serve as Governor-General of India and played a significant role in expanding British control over the subcontinent.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_British_Raj_(1858–1947)">Under British Raj (1858–1947)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Under British Raj (1858–1947)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bilateral relations</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse;"><caption class="infobox-title">Indian–American relations</caption><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background:lightgrey;color:inherit;"></th></tr><tr> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/60px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/90px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg/120px-British_Raj_Red_Ensign.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="300" /> <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">India</a></th> <th scope="col" style="width:50%; text-align:center; border-left:thin solid lightgrey;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/57px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="57" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/86px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/114px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th> </tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Religious_connections">Religious connections</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Religious connections">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/220px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/330px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg/440px-Swami_Vivekananda_at_Parliament_of_Religions.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1123" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> at the Parliament of Religions with <a href="/wiki/Virchand_Gandhi" title="Virchand Gandhi">Virchand Gandhi</a>, Hewivitarne Dharmapala, and <a href="/wiki/Gaston_Bonet-Maury" title="Gaston Bonet-Maury">A. G. Bonet-Maury</a> in September 1893</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg/120px-Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg/180px-Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg/240px-Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson_1912_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="266" data-file-height="353" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Margaret Woodrow Wilson">Margaret Woodrow Wilson</a>, daughter of <a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a>, left to India for her later life</figcaption></figure> The relationships between India in the days of the <a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> were thick.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> promoted <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> in the United States at the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_World%27s_Religions" title="Parliament of the World's Religions">World's Parliament of Religions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/World_Columbian_Exposition" class="mw-redirect" title="World Columbian Exposition">World's Fair</a> in 1893. <a href="/wiki/Mark_Twain" title="Mark Twain">Mark Twain</a> visited India in 1896<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> and described it in his travelogue <a href="/wiki/Following_the_Equator" title="Following the Equator">Following the Equator</a> with both revulsion and attraction before concluding that India was the only foreign land he dreamed about or longed to see again.<a href="#cite_note-Global_Perspectives-42">[42]</a> Regarding India, Americans learned more from English writer <a href="/wiki/Rudyard_Kipling" title="Rudyard Kipling">Rudyard Kipling</a>.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> had an important influence on the philosophy of non-violence promoted by American <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement" title="Civil rights movement">civil rights movement</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a> in the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="President_Franklin_D._Roosevelt">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: President Franklin D. Roosevelt">edit</a>]</div> In the 1930s and early-1940s, U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> voiced strong support to the <a href="/wiki/Indian_independence_movement" title="Indian independence movement">Indian independence movement</a> despite being allies with Britain.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> The first significant immigration from India <a href="/wiki/Immigration_and_Nationality_Act_of_1965" title="Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965">before 1965</a> involved Sikh farmers going to <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a> in the early-twentieth century.<a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Case_of_Bhagat_Singh_Thind">Case of Bhagat Singh Thind</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Case of Bhagat Singh Thind">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/United_States_v._Bhagat_Singh_Thind" title="United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind">United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind</a></div> United States v. Bhagat Singh Thind was a landmark legal case in the United States that reverberated through issues of immigration, citizenship, and race. In 1920, Bhagat Singh Thind, an Indian Sikh man, applied for naturalization under the <a href="/wiki/Naturalization_Act_of_1906" title="Naturalization Act of 1906">Naturalization Act of 1906</a>, which permitted naturalization only for "free white persons" and "persons of African nativity or descent." Thind contended that his high-caste Indian heritage aligned with the scientific definition of "Caucasian," thereby qualifying him for citizenship."<a href="#cite_note-Chi,_S._2012_pp._341-48">[48]</a> The case reached the Supreme Court of the United States in 1923. However, the Court unanimously ruled against Thind, asserting that while he might indeed meet the scientific classification of "Caucasian," the term "white person" in the naturalization laws was construed to apply exclusively to individuals of European descent. This pivotal decision had far-reaching implications, not only for Thind but for countless other South Asians aspiring for U.S. citizenship. It set a legal precedent that explicitly excluded South Asians from being considered "white" for naturalization purposes, effectively prohibiting their path to citizenship. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="During_World_War_II">During World War II</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: During World War II">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean in World War II</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/220px-Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/330px-Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg/440px-Shops_in_Calcutta_in_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="716" /></a><figcaption>American <a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">G.I.s</a> at a market in Calcutta in present-day <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> in 1945</figcaption></figure> During World War II, 1941–1945, India became the main base for the American <a href="/wiki/China_Burma_India_Theater" class="mw-redirect" title="China Burma India Theater">China Burma India Theater</a> (CBI) in the war against Japan. Tens of thousands of American servicemen arrived, bringing all sorts of advanced technology, and currency; they left in 1945. Serious tension erupted over American demands, led by U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a>, that India be given independence, a proposition <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Churchill</a> vehemently rejected. For years, Roosevelt encouraged British disengagement from India. The American position was based on an opposition to Europeans having colonies and a practical concern for the outcome of the war, and the expectation of a large American role in a post-independence era. Churchill threatened to resign if Roosevelt continued to push his case, causing Roosevelt to back down.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Meanwhile, India became the main American staging base to fly aid to China. During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Station_Arjan_Singh" title="Air Force Station Arjan Singh">Panagarh Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bengal_Presidency" title="Bengal Presidency">Bengal Province</a> of India was used as a supply transport airfield from 1942 to 1945 by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Forces" title="United States Army Air Forces">United States Army Air Forces</a> <a href="/wiki/Tenth_Air_Force" title="Tenth Air Force">Tenth Air Force</a> and as a repair and maintenance depot for <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a> heavy bombers by <a href="/wiki/Air_Technical_Service_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Technical Service Command">Air Technical Service Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Independence_(1947–1997)">After Independence (1947–1997)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: After Independence (1947–1997)">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History of Indian foreign relations</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru,_with_Nehru%27s_sister,_Madame_Pandit,_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif/lossy-page1-220px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif/lossy-page1-330px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif/lossy-page1-440px-Photograph_of_President_Truman_and_Indian_Prime_Minister_Jawaharlal_Nehru%2C_with_Nehru%27s_sister%2C_Madame_Pandit%2C_waving..._-_NARA_-_200154.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2409" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> with Nehru's sister, <a href="/wiki/Vijayalakshmi_Pandit" class="mw-redirect" title="Vijayalakshmi Pandit">Vijayalakshmi Pandit</a>, Indian ambassador to the United States, in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in October 1949</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indo_US.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/220px-Indo_US.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/330px-Indo_US.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Indo_US.jpg/440px-Indo_US.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1953" data-file-height="1505" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> receiving U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> at <a href="/wiki/Old_Parliament_House,_New_Delhi" title="Old Parliament House, New Delhi">Parliament House</a> prior to Eisenhower's address to a joint session of <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a> in 1959</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg/220px-JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg/330px-JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg/440px-JKGalbraith_JFK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="513" /></a><figcaption>U.S. ambassador to India <a href="/wiki/John_Kenneth_Galbraith" title="John Kenneth Galbraith">John Kenneth Galbraith</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">U.S. President</a> <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">U.S. Vice President</a> <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a>, and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a> at <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Andrews" title="Joint Base Andrews">Joint Base Andrews</a> in <a href="/wiki/Prince_George%27s_County,_Maryland" title="Prince George's County, Maryland">Prince George's County, Maryland</a> in 1961</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal,_15_March_1962.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg/220px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg/330px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg/440px-Jacqueline_Kennedy_at_the_Taj_Mahal%2C_15_March_1962.jpg 2x" data-file-width="647" data-file-height="633" /></a><figcaption>First lady <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Jacqueline Kennedy">Jacqueline Kennedy</a> in front of the <a href="/wiki/Taj_Mahal" title="Taj Mahal">Taj Mahal</a> in 1962.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/220px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="292" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/330px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Indira_and_Nixon.JPG/440px-Indira_and_Nixon.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1908" data-file-height="2536" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> at the arrival ceremony for Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Lawn" title="South Lawn">South Lawn</a> of the <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a> in November 1971</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India,_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg/220px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg/330px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg/440px-Jimmy_Carter_with_Prime_Minister_of_India%2C_Morarji_Desai_-_NARA_-_179821.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2051" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> in June 1978</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1947–1965">1947–1965</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1947–1965">edit</a>]</div> The United States under the <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a> leaned towards favouring India in the late-1940s as a consequence of most U.S. planners seeing India more valuable diplomatically than neighboring Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> However, during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>, Nehru's policy of neutrality was cumbersome to many American observers. American Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Henry_F._Grady" title="Henry F. Grady">Henry F. Grady</a> told the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a> in December 1947 that he had informed Nehru "that this is a question that cannot be straddled and that India should get on the democratic side immediately".<a href="#cite_note-Robert_McMahon-54">[54]</a> In 1948, Nehru rejected American suggestions for resolving the Kashmir crisis via third party mediation.<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> Nehru's 1949 tour of the United States was "an undiplomatic disaster" that left bad feelings on both sides.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a> Nehru and his top aide <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">V. K. Krishna Menon</a> discussed whether India should "align with United States 'somewhat' and build up our economic and military strength."<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Truman_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Truman administration">Truman administration</a> was quite favorable and indicated it would give Nehru anything he asked for. Nehru refused, and thereby forfeited the chance for a gift of one million tons of wheat.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> The American Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/Dean_Acheson" title="Dean Acheson">Dean Acheson</a> recognized Nehru's potential world role but added that he was "one of the most difficult men with whom I have ever had to deal."<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The American visit had some benefits in that Nehru gained widespread understanding and support for his nation, and he himself gained a much deeper understanding of the American outlook.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> India rejected the American advice that it should not recognize the Communist conquest of China, but it did back the US when it supported the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_82" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 82">1950 United Nations resolution condemning North Korea's aggression in the Korean War</a>. India tried to act as a mediator to help end the war, and served as a conduit for diplomatic messages between the US and China. Although no Indian troops took part in the war, India did send a Medical Corps of 346 army doctors to help the UN side.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> Meanwhile, poor harvests forced India to ask for American aid for its food security, which was given <a href="/wiki/Food_for_Peace#Public_Law_480_(1954)" title="Food for Peace">starting in 1950</a>.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> In the first dozen years of Indian independence (1947–59), the US provided $1.700,000,000 in aid; including $931,000,000 in food. The Soviet Union provided about half as much in monetary terms, however made much larger contributions in kind, taking the form of infrastructural aid, soft loans, technical knowledge transfer, economic planning and skills involved in the areas of <a href="/wiki/Bokaro_Steel_Plant" title="Bokaro Steel Plant">steel</a> <a href="/wiki/Steel_mill" title="Steel mill">mills</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMT_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMT (company)">machine building</a>, hydroelectric power and other heavy industries, especially <a href="/wiki/Bhabha_Atomic_Research_Centre" title="Bhabha Atomic Research Centre">nuclear energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISRO" title="ISRO">space research</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> In 1961, the U.S. pledged $1,000,000,000 in development loans, in addition to $1,300,000,000 of free food.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> President <a href="/wiki/Eisenhower" class="mw-redirect" title="Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> sent <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman_Cooper" title="John Sherman Cooper">John Sherman Cooper</a> as ambassador in 1956–57, who got along very well with Nehru.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a> In terms of rhetoric, <a href="/wiki/Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a>—as both prime minister and foreign minister (1947–64), promoted a moralistic rhetoric attacking both the Soviet bloc and the U.S. and its bloc. Instead Nehru tried to build a nonaligned movement, paying special attention to the many new nations in the <a href="/wiki/Third_World" title="Third World">Third World</a> released from European colonial status at this time. President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> and his Secretary of State <a href="/wiki/John_Foster_Dulles" title="John Foster Dulles">John Foster Dulles</a> themselves used moralistic rhetoric to attack the evils of Communism.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> In 1959, Eisenhower became the first U.S. president to visit India to strengthen the staggering ties between the two nations. He was so supportive that the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Times">New York Times</a> remarked, "It did not seem to matter much whether Nehru had actually requested or been given a guarantee that the US would help India to meet further Chinese Communist aggression. What mattered was the obvious strengthening of Indian–American friendship to a point where no such guarantee was necessary."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> During <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy's presidency</a> from 1961 to 1963, India was considered a strategic partner and counterweight to the rise of Communist China. Kennedy said,<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">"Chinese Communists have been moving ahead the last 10 years. India has been making some progress, but if India does not succeed with her 450 million people, if she can't make freedom work, then people around the world are going to determine, particularly in the underdeveloped world, that the only way they can develop their resources is through the Communist system."</blockquote> Relations took a nosedive when India <a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Goa" title="Annexation of Goa">annexed the Portuguese colony of Goa</a> in 1961, in which the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy administration">Kennedy administration</a> condemned the armed action of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian government">Indian government</a> and demanded that all Indian forces be unconditionally withdrawn from Goan soil, at the same time, cutting all foreign aid appropriation to India by 25 percent.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> In response, <a href="/wiki/V._K._Krishna_Menon" title="V. K. Krishna Menon">Menon</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Defence_(India)" title="Minister of Defence (India)">Minister of Defence</a>, lectured Kennedy on the importance of US-Soviet compromise and dismissed the admonishments of Kennedy and <a href="/wiki/Adlai_Stevenson_II" title="Adlai Stevenson II">Stevenson</a> as "vestige(s) of Western imperialism".<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of the presidency of John F. Kennedy">Kennedy administration</a> openly supported India during the <a href="/wiki/1962_Sino-Indian_war" class="mw-redirect" title="1962 Sino-Indian war">1962 Sino-Indian war</a> and considered the Chinese action as "blatant Chinese Communist aggression against India".<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> flew in arms, ammunition and clothing supplies to the Indian troops and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> sent the <a href="/wiki/USS_Kitty_Hawk_(CV-63)" title="USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63)">USS Kitty Hawk</a> <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">aircraft carrier</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a> to India, though it was recalled before it reached the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal" title="Bay of Bengal">Bay of Bengal</a> since the crisis had passed.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Kennedy insisted that Washington defend India as it would any ally, saying, "We should defend India, and therefore we will defend India."<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1965_-_1992">1965 - 1992</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1965 - 1992">edit</a>]</div> Following the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Assassination of John F. Kennedy">assassination of Kennedy in 1963</a>, India-US relations deteriorated gradually. While Kennedy's successor <a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> sought to maintain relations with India to counter Communist China, he also sought to strengthen ties with Pakistan with the hopes of easing tensions with China and weakening India's growing military buildup as well.<a href="#cite_note-upppav-77">[77]</a> Relations then hit an all-time low under the <a href="/wiki/Nixon_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Nixon administration">Nixon administration</a> in the early 1970s. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> shifted away from the neutral stance which his predecessors had taken towards India-Pakistan hostilities. He established a very close relationship with Pakistan, aiding it militarily and economically, as India, now under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a>, was leaning towards Soviet Union. He considered Pakistan as a very important ally to counter Soviet influence in the Indian subcontinent and establish ties with China, with whom Pakistan was very close.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1971_Indo-Pakistani_War" class="mw-redirect" title="1971 Indo-Pakistani War">1971 Indo-Pakistani War</a>, the US openly supported Pakistan and deployed its aircraft carrier <a href="/wiki/USS_Enterprise_(CVN-65)" title="USS Enterprise (CVN-65)">USS Enterprise</a> towards the Bay of Bengal, which was seen as a show of force by the US in support of the <a href="/wiki/West_Pakistan" title="West Pakistan">West Pakistani</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Later in 1974, India conducted its first nuclear test, <a href="/wiki/Smiling_Buddha" title="Smiling Buddha">Smiling Buddha</a>, which was opposed by the US, however it also concluded that the test did not violate any agreement.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> In the late 1970s, with the <a href="/wiki/Janata_Party" title="Janata Party">Janata Party</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Morarji_Desai" title="Morarji Desai">Morarji Desai</a> becoming the prime minister, India improved its relations with the US, led by <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a>, despite the latter signing an order in 1978 barring nuclear material from being exported to India due to India's non-proliferation record.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> Despite the return of Indira Gandhi to power in 1980, the relations between the two countries continued to improve gradually, although India did not support the United States in its role in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet%E2%80%93Afghan_War" title="Soviet–Afghan War">Soviet invasion and occupation of Afghanistan</a>. Indian Foreign Minister <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> expressed "grave concern" over the United States's decision to "rearm" Pakistan; the two countries were working closely together to counter the Soviets in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Reagan_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Reagan administration">Reagan administration</a> led by US President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> provided limited assistance to India. India sounded out Washington on the purchase of a range of US defence technology. In 1984, Washington approved the supply of selected technology to India including gas turbines for naval frigates and engines for prototypes for India's light combat aircraft. There were also unpublicised transfers of technology, including the engagement of a US company, Continental Electronics, to design and build a new VLF communications station, which was commissioned in the late 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1993–1997">1993–1997</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1993–1997">edit</a>]</div> Under <a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Bill_Clinton_administration" title="Foreign policy of the Bill Clinton administration">Bill Clinton</a> (President 1993–2001) and <a href="/wiki/P._V._Narasimha_Rao" title="P. V. Narasimha Rao">P. V. Narasimha Rao</a> (Prime Minister 1991–1996) both sides mishandled relations, according to Arthur G. Rubinoff. Clinton simultaneously pressured India to liberalize its economy while criticizing New Delhi on human rights and nuclear issues. In the face of criticism from Washington and opposition at home, Indian leaders lost their enthusiasm for rapprochement and reverted to formalistic protocol over substantive diplomacy. The Brown Amendment that restored American aid to Pakistan in 1995 was an irritant. In returning to a Cold War style rhetoric, Indian parliamentarians and American congressmen demonstrated their unwillingness to establish a new relationship.<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NDA_I_and_II_governments_(1998–2004)">NDA I and II governments (1998–2004)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: NDA I and II governments (1998–2004)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement,_Hyderabad_House,_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement%2C_Hyderabad_House%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/220px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement%2C_Hyderabad_House%2C_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement%2C_Hyderabad_House%2C_New_Delhi.jpg/330px-President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement%2C_Hyderabad_House%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5c/President_Bill_Clinton_and_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee_shake_hands_after_signing_a_vision_statement%2C_Hyderabad_House%2C_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="398" data-file-height="265" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> at <a href="/wiki/Hyderabad_House" title="Hyderabad House">Hyderabad House</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in March 2000</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg/220px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg/330px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg/440px-President_George_W._Bush_talks_with_Indian_Prime_Minister_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="355" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> in September 2003</figcaption></figure> Soon after <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> became Indian prime minister, he authorised <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">nuclear weapons testing</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pokhran" title="Pokhran">Pokhran</a>. The United States strongly condemned this testing, promised sanctions, and voted in favor of a <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a> resolution condemning the tests. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> imposed <a href="/wiki/Economic_sanctions" title="Economic sanctions">economic sanctions</a> on India, including cutting off all military and economic aid, freezing loans by American banks to state-owned Indian companies, prohibiting loans to the Indian government for all except food purchases, prohibiting American aerospace technology and uranium exports to India, and requiring the US to oppose all loan requests by India to international lending agencies.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a> However, these sanctions proved ineffective – India was experiencing a strong economic rise, and its trade with the US only constituted a small portion of its <a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a>. Only <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> joined the US in imposing direct sanctions, while most other nations continued to trade with India. The sanctions were soon lifted. Afterward, the Clinton administration and Prime Minister Vajpayee exchanged representatives to help rebuild relations.<a href="#cite_note-IC-88">[88]</a> In March 2000, Clinton visited India, undertaking bilateral and economic discussions with Vajpayee. This would mark the first U.S. presidential trip to India since 1978.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> During the visit, the <a href="/wiki/Indo-US_Science_%26_Technology_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-US Science & Technology Forum">Indo-US Science & Technology Forum</a> was established.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Over the course of improved diplomatic relations with the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">Bush administration</a>, India agreed to allow close international monitoring of its nuclear weapons development, although it has refused to give up its current nuclear arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In 2004, the US decided to grant <a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a> (MNNA) status to Pakistan. The US extended the MNNA strategic working relationship to India but the offer was turned down.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/September_11_attacks" title="September 11 attacks">September 11 attacks</a> against the US in 2001, President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> collaborated closely with India in controlling and policing the strategically critical <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean" title="Indian Ocean">Indian Ocean</a> sea lanes from the <a href="/wiki/Suez_Canal" title="Suez Canal">Suez Canal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IC-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UPA_I_and_II_governments_(2004–2014)">UPA I and II governments (2004–2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: UPA I and II governments (2004–2014)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg/220px-Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg/330px-Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg/440px-Bush_meets_Pranab_Mukherjee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="327" /></a><figcaption>Indian Minister of External Affairs <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> in March 2008</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">George W. Bush administration</a>, relations between India and the United States blossomed, primarily over common concerns regarding growing <a href="/wiki/Islamic_extremism" title="Islamic extremism">Islamic extremism</a>, energy security, and climate change.<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> commented, "India is a great example of democracy. It is very devout, has diverse religious heads, but everyone is comfortable about their religion. The world needs India".<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Fareed_Zakaria" title="Fareed Zakaria">Fareed Zakaria</a>, in his book <a href="/wiki/The_Post-American_World" title="The Post-American World">The Post-American World</a>, described Bush as "being the most pro-Indian president in American history."<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Rejaul_Karim_Laskar" title="Rejaul Karim Laskar">Rejaul Karim Laskar</a>, a scholar of Indian foreign policy and ideologue of the <a href="/wiki/Indian_National_Congress" title="Indian National Congress">Indian National Congress</a>, the UPA (Indian governing coalition) rule has seen a "transformation in bilateral ties with the US", as a result of which the relations now covers "a wide range of issues, including high technology, space, education, agriculture, trade, clean energy, counter-terrorism, etc".<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> After the December <a href="/wiki/2004_tsunami" class="mw-redirect" title="2004 tsunami">2004 tsunami</a>, the US and Indian navies cooperated in search and rescue operations and in the reconstruction of affected areas.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> Since 2004, Washington and New Delhi have been pursuing a "strategic partnership" that is based on shared values and generally convergent geopolitical interests. Numerous economic, security, and global initiatives, including plans for civilian nuclear cooperation, are underway. First launched in 2005, cooperation on nuclear weapons reversed three decades of American non-proliferation policy. Also in 2005, United States and India signed a ten-year defense framework agreement, with the goal of expanding bilateral security cooperation. The two countries engaged in numerous and unprecedented combined military exercises, and major US arms sales to India were concluded.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> After <a href="/wiki/Hurricane_Katrina" title="Hurricane Katrina">Hurricane Katrina</a>, India donated $5 million to the <a href="/wiki/American_Red_Cross" title="American Red Cross">American Red Cross</a> and sent two planeloads of relief supplies and materials to help.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> The value of all bilateral trade tripled from 2004 to 2008 and continued to grow, while significant two-way investment also grows and flourishes.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> In November 2010, President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> visited India and addressed a joint session of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> where he backed <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">India's bid for a permanent seat</a> on the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strategic_and_military_determinants">Strategic and military determinants</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Strategic and military determinants">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></div> In March 2009, the <a href="/wiki/Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Obama administration">Obama administration</a> cleared the US$2.1 billion sale of eight <a href="/wiki/P-8_Poseidon" class="mw-redirect" title="P-8 Poseidon">P-8 Poseidons</a> to India.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> This deal, and the $5 billion agreement to provide <a href="/wiki/Boeing_C-17_Globemaster_III" title="Boeing C-17 Globemaster III">Boeing C-17</a> <a href="/wiki/Military_transport_aircraft" title="Military transport aircraft">military transport aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_F414" title="General Electric F414">General Electric F414</a> engines announced during Obama's November 2010 visit, made the US one of the top three military suppliers to India (after Israel and Russia).<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_Spying_Incidents">US Spying Incidents</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: US Spying Incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">CIA activities in India</a></div> India, in July and November 2013, demanded that the U.S. respond to allegations that the Indian UN mission in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> and the Indian Embassy in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> had been targeted for spying.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> A 2010 document leaked by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Snowden" title="Edward Snowden">Edward Snowden</a> and published by <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a> revealed that US intelligence agencies had been authorized to spy on the Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> (who was then the <a href="/wiki/Chief_minister_of_Gujarat" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief minister of Gujarat">chief minister of Gujarat</a>).<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a> <a href="/wiki/WikiLeaks" title="WikiLeaks">WikiLeaks</a> revelations that Western intelligence agencies have used foreign aid workers and staff at non-governmental organizations as <a href="/wiki/Non-official_cover" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-official cover">non-official cover</a> prompted India to step-up the monitoring of <a href="/wiki/Satellite_phone" title="Satellite phone">satellite phones</a> and movement of personnel working for humanitarian relief organisations and development aid agencies in the vicinity of sensitive locations.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Foreign_policy_issues_during_the_early_2010s">Foreign policy issues during the early 2010s</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Foreign policy issues during the early 2010s">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama,_Secretary_Clinton,_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_(4693387967).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg/220px-President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg/330px-President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg/440px-President_Obama%2C_Secretary_Clinton%2C_and_the_Indian_Delegation_Pose_for_a_Photo_%284693387967%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2731" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a>, and the Indian delegation at the U.S.-India Strategic Dialogue reception at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">U.S. Department of State</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> in June 2010</figcaption></figure> According to some analysts,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch">who?</a>] India–U.S. relations have been strained over the Obama administration's approach to Pakistan and the handling of the <a href="/wiki/Taliban_insurgency" title="Taliban insurgency">Taliban insurgency</a> in Afghanistan.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> India's <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Adviser</a> <a href="/wiki/M._K._Narayanan" title="M. K. Narayanan">M. K. Narayanan</a> criticized the Obama administration for linking the <a href="/wiki/Kashmir_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir dispute">Kashmir dispute</a> to the instability in Pakistan and Afghanistan, and said that by doing so, President Obama was "barking up the wrong tree."<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_Policy" title="Foreign Policy">Foreign Policy</a> in February 2009 also criticized Obama's approach to <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, saying that "India can be a part of the solution rather than part of the problem" in South Asia. It also suggested that India take a more proactive role in rebuilding <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, irrespective of the attitude of the Obama administration.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a> has also reported that, since the <a href="/wiki/2008_Mumbai_attacks" title="2008 Mumbai attacks">2008 Mumbai attacks</a>, the public mood in India has been to pressure Pakistan more aggressively to take actions against the culprits behind the terrorist attack, and that this might reflect on the upcoming <a href="/wiki/2009_Indian_general_election" title="2009 Indian general election">Indian general elections in May 2009</a>. Consequently, the Obama administration may have found itself at odds with India's rigid stance against terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> In the early 2010s, India and US governments have differed on a variety of regional issues ranging from America's <a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military relations with Pakistan</a> and India's <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations#Military_relationship" title="India–Russia relations">military relations with Russia</a> to foreign policy disagreements relating to Iran, Sri Lanka, Maldives, Myanmar and Bangladesh.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> India criticized the Obama administration's decision to limit <a href="/wiki/H-1B_visa" title="H-1B visa">H-1B (temporary) visas</a>, and India's then External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/Pranab_Mukherjee" title="Pranab Mukherjee">Pranab Mukherjee</a> (later, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_India" title="President of India">president of India</a> until 2017) said that India would oppose US "<a href="/wiki/Protectionism" title="Protectionism">protectionism</a>" at various international forums.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> India's Commerce Minister <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nath" title="Kamal Nath">Kamal Nath</a> said that India may move against Obama's outsourcing policies at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In May 2009, Obama reiterated his anti-outsourcing views and criticized the current US tax policy "that says you should pay lower taxes if you create a job in Bangalore, India, than if you create one in Buffalo, New York."<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> However, during the US India Business Council meeting in June 2009, <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_State" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of State">U.S. Secretary of State</a> <a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> advocated for stronger economic ties between India and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-Clinton-121">[121]</a> In June 2010, the United States and India formally re-engaged the US-India Strategic Dialogue initiated under President Bush when a large delegation of high-ranking Indian officials, led by External Affairs Minister <a href="/wiki/S._M._Krishna" title="S. M. Krishna">S. M. Krishna</a>, visited <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> As leader of the US delegation, Secretary of State Clinton lauded India as "an indispensable partner and a trusted friend".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> President Obama appeared briefly at a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">United States Department of State</a> reception to declare his firm belief that America's relationship with India "will be one of the defining partnerships of the 21st century."<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> The Strategic Dialogue produced a joint statement in which the two countries pledged to "deepen people-to-people, business-to-business, and government-to-government linkages ... for the mutual benefit of both countries and for the promotion of global peace, stability, economic growth and prosperity."<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> It outlined extensive bilateral initiatives in ten key areas, covering a wide range of security-related, economic, and societal topics.<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In November 2010, Obama became the second US president (after <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> in 1969) to undertake a visit to India in his first term in office. On November 8, Obama also became the second US president (after Dwight D. Eisenhower in 1959) to ever address a <a href="/wiki/Joint_session" title="Joint session">joint session</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament of India</a>. In a major policy shift, Obama declared US support for India's <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council#Permanent_members" title="United Nations Security Council">permanent membership</a> on the UN Security Council.<a href="#cite_note-nyt20101108-126">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> He also announced the removal of export control restrictions on several Indian companies, and concluded trade deals worth $10 billion, which are expected to create and/or support 50,000 jobs in the US.<a href="#cite_note-bbc20101108x-128">[128]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Devyani_Khobragade_incident">Devyani Khobragade incident</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Devyani Khobragade incident">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Devyani_Khobragade_incident" title="Devyani Khobragade incident">Devyani Khobragade incident</a></div> In December 2013, <a href="/wiki/Devyani_Khobragade" title="Devyani Khobragade">Devyani Khobragade</a>, the Deputy Consul General of <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> in New York, was arrested and accused by U.S. federal prosecutors of submitting false work visa documents and paying her housekeeper "far less than the <a href="/wiki/Minimum_wage_in_the_United_States" title="Minimum wage in the United States">minimum legal wage</a>."<a href="#cite_note-Harris-129">[129]</a> The ensuing incident caused protests from the Indian government and a rift in relations, with outrage expressed that Khobragade was <a href="/wiki/Strip_search" title="Strip search">strip-searched</a> and held in the general inmate population.<a href="#cite_note-Harris-129">[129]</a> Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> said that Khobragade's treatment was "deplorable".<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a> India demanded an apology from the U.S. over her alleged "humiliation" and called for the charges to be dropped, which the U.S. declined to do.<a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> The Indian government retaliated for what it viewed as the mistreatment of its consular official by revoking the ID cards and other privileges of U.S. consular personnel and their families in India and removing security barriers in front of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Embassy_in_New_Delhi" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Embassy in New Delhi">U.S. Embassy in New Delhi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> Nancy J. Powell, the U.S. ambassador to India, resigned following the incident, which was widely seen by India "as fallout from the imbroglio."<a href="#cite_note-BarryTires-133">[133]</a> Within a year of the incident, U.S.-India relations were warming again, as U.S. President Obama visited India in January 2015.<a href="#cite_note-BarryTires-133">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="NDA_government_(2014–present)">NDA government (2014–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: NDA government (2014–present)">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modi–Obama_relationship_(2014–2017)">Modi–Obama relationship (2014–2017)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Modi–Obama relationship (2014–2017)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_the_US_President,_Mr._Barack_Obama,_at_the_White_House,_in_Washington_DC_on_September_30,_2014_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_the_US_President%2C_Mr._Barack_Obama%2C_at_the_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC_on_September_30%2C_2014_%281%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_the_US_President%2C_Mr._Barack_Obama%2C_at_the_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC_on_September_30%2C_2014_%281%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_bilateral_meeting_with_the_US_President%2C_Mr._Barack_Obama%2C_at_the_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC_on_September_30%2C_2014_%281%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1503" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, September 2014</figcaption></figure> India–United States relations have improved significantly during the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">Premiership of Narendra Modi</a> since 2014.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> At present, India and the US share an extensive and expanding cultural, strategic, military, and economic relationship<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a><a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> which is in the phase of implementing <a href="/wiki/Confidence_and_security-building_measures" class="mw-redirect" title="Confidence and security-building measures">confidence building measures</a> (CBM) to overcome the legacy of trust deficit – brought about by adversarial US foreign policies<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> and multiple instances of technology denial<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> – which have plagued the relationship over several decades.<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> Key recent developments include the rapid growth of India's economy, closer ties between the Indian and American industries especially in the Information and communications technology (ICT), engineering and medical sectors, an informal <a href="/wiki/Entente_(type_of_alliance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Entente (type of alliance)">entente</a> to <a href="/wiki/China_threat_theory" title="China threat theory">manage</a> an increasingly assertive <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>, robust cooperation on counter-terrorism, the deterioration of <a href="/wiki/U.S.-Pakistan_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S.-Pakistan relations">U.S.-Pakistan relations</a>, easing of export controls over dual-use goods & technologies (99% of licenses applied for are now approved),<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> and reversal of long-standing American opposition to India's strategic program. Income creation in the USA through knowledge-based employment by Asian Indians has outpaced every other ethnic group according to U.S. Census data.<a href="#cite_note-145">[145]</a> Growing financial and political clout of the affluent <a href="/wiki/Indian_American" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian American">Asian Indian diaspora</a> is noteworthy. Indian American households are the most prosperous in the US with a median revenue of US$100,000 and are followed by Chinese Americans at US$65,000. The average household revenue in the USA is US$63,000.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> The political influence of the large Indian-American community is reflected in the largest country-specific caucus in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">United States Congress</a>,<a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> while between 2009 and 2010 more than 100,000 Indian students attended American colleges and universities.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a> The 2014 State Department's annual <a href="/wiki/Trafficking_in_Persons_Report" title="Trafficking in Persons Report">Trafficking in Persons (TIP) report</a> appeared to classify the Khobragade incident as an example of human trafficking, stating: "An Indian consular officer at the New York consulate was indicted in December 2013 for visa fraud related to her alleged exploitation of an Indian domestic worker."<a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a> In response, India has shown no urgency to allow visits to India by the newly appointed US anti-human trafficking ambassador <a href="/wiki/Susan_P._Coppedge" title="Susan P. Coppedge">Susan P. Coppedge</a> and the US special envoy for LGBT rights Randy Berry. Under <a href="/wiki/Section_377_of_the_Indian_Penal_Code" class="mw-redirect" title="Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code">Section 377 of the Indian Penal Code</a> homosexuality was illegal in India. Indian Ambassador to the US, Arun K. Singh reiterated India's commitment to work within an international framework to tackle the problem of trafficking but rejected any "unilateral assessments" by another country saying "We will never accept it" and downplayed the importance of the visits: "When you ask a U.S. official when somebody will be given a visa, they always say 'we will assess when visa is applied for.' ... I can do no better than to reiterate the U.S. position."<a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> In February 2016, the Obama administration notified the US Congress that it intended to provide Pakistan eight nuclear-capable F-16 fighters and assorted military goods including eight <a href="/wiki/AN/APG-68" title="AN/APG-68">AN/APG-68</a>(V)9 airborne radars and eight ALQ-211(V)9 electronic warfare suites<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[152]</a> despite strong reservations from US lawmakers regarding the transfer of any nuclear weapons capable platforms to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-153">[153]</a> The Indian Government summoned the US Ambassador to India to convey its disapproval regarding the sale of F-16 fighter jets to Pakistan.<a href="#cite_note-154">[154]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modi–Trump_relationship_(2017–2021)">Modi–Trump relationship (2017–2021)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Modi–Trump relationship (2017–2021)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_United_States_of_America_(USA),_Mr._Donald_Trump,_at_White_House,_in_Washington_DC,_USA_on_June_26,_2017_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_United_States_of_America_%28USA%29%2C_Mr._Donald_Trump%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_June_26%2C_2017_%282%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_United_States_of_America_%28USA%29%2C_Mr._Donald_Trump%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_June_26%2C_2017_%282%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_meeting_the_President_of_United_States_of_America_%28USA%29%2C_Mr._Donald_Trump%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_June_26%2C_2017_%282%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1399" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, June 2017</figcaption></figure> In February 2017, Indian ambassador to the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Navtej_Sarna" title="Navtej Sarna">Navtej Sarna</a> hosted a reception for the <a href="/wiki/National_Governors_Association" title="National Governors Association">National Governors Association</a> (NGA), which was attended by the Governors of 25 states and senior representatives of 3 more states. This was the first time such an event has occurred. Explaining the reason for the gathering, Virginia Governor and NGA Chair <a href="/wiki/Terry_McAuliffe" title="Terry McAuliffe">Terry McAuliffe</a> stated that "We clearly understand the strategic importance of India, of India–U.S. relations. As we grow our 21st century economy, India has been so instrumental in helping us build our technology, medical professions. We recognise a country that has been such a close strategic ally of the US. That's why we the Governors are here tonight."<a href="#cite_note-155">[155]</a> In October 2018, India inked the historic agreement worth US$5.43 billion with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> to procure four <a href="/wiki/S-400_Triumf" class="mw-redirect" title="S-400 Triumf">S-400 Triumf</a> surface-to-air missile defence system, one of the most powerful <a href="/wiki/Missile_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Missile defence">missile defence systems</a> in the world ignoring America's <a href="/wiki/Countering_America%27s_Adversaries_Through_Sanctions_Act" title="Countering America's Adversaries Through Sanctions Act">CAATSA act</a>. The U.S. threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy the S-400 missile defense system from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-156">[156]</a> The United States also threatened India with sanctions over India's decision to buy <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">oil from Iran</a>.<a href="#cite_note-157">[157]</a> However, the Trump administration avoided sanctioning India for the Russian S-400 missile system, while sanctioning Turkey and China for the same purchases.<a href="#cite_note-TA-158">[158]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_(49583481291).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849583481291%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> at <a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a> rally in <a href="/wiki/Ahmedabad" title="Ahmedabad">Ahmedabad</a>, India on February 24, 2020</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_(49584141701).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg/220px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg/330px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg/440px-President_Trump_and_the_First_Lady_in_India_%2849584141701%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>PM Modi gifts exemplar of <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Three_wise_monkeys" title="Three wise monkeys">three wise monkeys</a> to President Trump</figcaption></figure> President Trump has grown closer to India's <a href="/wiki/BJP" class="mw-redirect" title="BJP">BJP</a> government, which shares the similar <a href="/wiki/Right-wing_populism" title="Right-wing populism">right-wing</a> views, he has repeatedly praised Modi's leadership and avoided any negative criticism of the Indian government's actions on the <a href="/wiki/Citizenship_(Amendment)_Act,_2019" title="Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019">citizenship</a> and <a href="/wiki/Revocation_of_the_special_status_of_Jammu_and_Kashmir" title="Revocation of the special status of Jammu and Kashmir">Kashmir</a> disputes.<a href="#cite_note-159">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[160]</a> The <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a> is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_of_Narendra_Modi" title="Premiership of Narendra Modi">Modi administration</a> in combating "<a href="/wiki/Radical_Islamic_terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Islamic terrorism">radical Islamic terrorism</a>",<a href="#cite_note-161">[161]</a> and the US reiterates its support for India's elimination of <a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Pakistan and state-sponsored terrorism">terrorist training camp in Pakistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-162">[162]</a><a href="#cite_note-163">[163]</a> In early 2020, India provided its agreement for terminating an export embargo on a medicinal drug known as <a href="/wiki/Hydroxychloroquine" title="Hydroxychloroquine">hydroxychloroquine</a> amidst the combat against the ongoing coronavirus (<a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>) <a href="/wiki/Pandemic" title="Pandemic">pandemic</a>, after Trump threatened retaliation against India, if it did not comply with terminating the export embargo on hydroxychloroquine.<a href="#cite_note-164">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-CV-165">[165]</a> On December 21, 2020, President of the United States <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> awarded Modi with the <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> for elevating India–United States relations. The Legion of Merit was awarded to Modi along with Prime Minister of Australia <a href="/wiki/Scott_Morrison" title="Scott Morrison">Scott Morrison</a> and former Prime Minister of Japan <a href="/wiki/Shinzo_Abe" title="Shinzo Abe">Shinzo Abe</a>, the "original architects" of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">QUAD</a>.<a href="#cite_note-166">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-167">[167]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modi–Biden_relationship_(2021–2025)">Modi–Biden relationship (2021–2025)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Modi–Biden relationship (2021–2025)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Prime_Minister,_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America,_Mr._Joe_Biden,_at_White_House,_in_Washington_DC,_USA_on_September_24,_2021_(6).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America%2C_Mr._Joe_Biden%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_September_24%2C_2021_%286%29.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America%2C_Mr._Joe_Biden%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_September_24%2C_2021_%286%29.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/The_Prime_Minister%2C_Shri_Narendra_Modi_in_a_Bilateral_Meeting_with_the_President_of_the_United_States_of_America%2C_Mr._Joe_Biden%2C_at_White_House%2C_in_Washington_DC%2C_USA_on_September_24%2C_2021_%286%29.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1542" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, September 2021</figcaption></figure> US-India ties began to strain in April 2021 when India faced a massive spike in <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a> infections. The US had invoked the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">Defense Production Act of 1950</a> to <a href="/wiki/Defense_Production_Act_of_1950" title="Defense Production Act of 1950">ban the export of raw materials</a> needed to produce vaccines in order to prioritize domestic vaccine production.<a href="#cite_note-168">[168]</a> According to The Times of India, this also caused an explosion of anti-US sentiment in India, as the U.S. had vaccine reserves and refused to share COVID-19 vaccine patents.<a href="#cite_note-169">[169]</a> This came after a plea by <a href="/wiki/Adar_Poonawalla" title="Adar Poonawalla">Adar Poonawalla</a>, CEO of the <a href="/wiki/Serum_Institute_of_India" title="Serum Institute of India">Serum Institute of India</a>, to lift the embargo on export of raw materials needed to ramp up production of COVID-19 vaccines, was rejected.<a href="#cite_note-CV-165">[165]</a> However, in late April, right after a phone call with <a href="/wiki/Ajit_Doval" title="Ajit Doval">Ajit Doval</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Advisor_(India)" title="National Security Advisor (India)">National Security Advisor of India</a>, the Biden administration stated it would make raw materials necessary for production of the <a href="/wiki/Oxford%E2%80%93AstraZeneca_COVID-19_vaccine" title="Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine">Oxford–AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine</a> available to India, and began to send more than ₹714 crore (equivalent to ₹801 crore or US$93 million in 2023) worth of drug treatments, <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_testing#Antibody_tests" title="COVID-19 testing">rapid diagnostic tests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ventilator" title="Ventilator">ventilators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_protective_equipment" title="Personal protective equipment">personal protective equipment</a>, and mechanical parts needed to manufacture vaccines to India, along with a team of public health experts from the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. The US also stated that it planned to finance the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Biological_E._Limited" title="Biological E. Limited">Biological E. Limited</a>, an Indian-based COVID-19 vaccine production company.<a href="#cite_note-170">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[173]</a> India entered negotiations with the US after it declared that it would share 60 million Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccines with the world.<a href="#cite_note-174">[174]</a> In a meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a> on the implications of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a> for the region, President Biden noted India's abstention, saying that most global allies were united against Russia.<a href="#cite_note-175">[175]</a> Speaking to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Foreign_Relations" title="United States Senate Committee on Foreign Relations">US Senate Foreign Relations Committee</a>, US diplomat <a href="/wiki/Donald_Lu" title="Donald Lu">Donald Lu</a> said the Biden administration was still considering sanctions against India over its S-400 deal with Russia, and its abstention at the UN.<a href="#cite_note-176">[176]</a> However, the Biden administration has ruled out secondary sanctions against India for its considerable oil imports or defence engagement from Russia.<a href="#cite_note-TA-158">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Strengthen_cooperation_in_various_fields">Strengthen cooperation in various fields</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Strengthen cooperation in various fields">edit</a>]</div> Although there are certain differences over the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, the United States and India have strengthened cooperation in defense, semiconductors, critical minerals, space, climate, education, healthcare and other fields during the <a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden_presidency" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Biden presidency">Joe Biden presidency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ML-177">[177]</a> Biden also called the ties with India "one of the defining relationships of the 21st Century".<a href="#cite_note-178">[178]</a> Modi and Biden reiterated the call for concerted action against all groups identified by the United Nations as terrorist organisations, including Al-Qaeda, ISIS (Daesh), Lashkar-e-Tayyiba (LeT), Jaish-e-Mohammad (JeM) and Hizb-ul-Mujhahideen (HuM). They also called out the Afghan Taliban authorities and Pakistan on the issue of terrorism.<a href="#cite_note-179">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[180]</a> The joint statement declared that the two countries have strong ties spanning "seas to stars".<a href="#cite_note-181">[181]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spying_allegations_against_India">Spying allegations against India</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Spying allegations against India">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_diplomatic_row" title="Canada–India diplomatic row">Canada–India diplomatic row</a></div> In November 2023, it has been reported that US authorities prevented a plot to assassinate <a href="/wiki/Gurpatwant_Singh_Pannun" title="Gurpatwant Singh Pannun">Gurpatwant Singh Pannun</a>, a Sikh separatist leader of the <a href="/wiki/Khalistan_movement" title="Khalistan movement">Khalistan movement</a>, within American borders.<a href="#cite_note-182">[182]</a> Pannun has made threats to bomb the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian Parliament</a> and <a href="/wiki/Air_India" title="Air India">Air India</a> flights, is now facing charges related to terrorist activities by India's NIA.<a href="#cite_note-183">[183]</a> United States federal prosecutors have filed charges against Nikhil Gupta, an Indian national, alleging his involvement in a conspiracy with an Indian government official to carry out the assassination of Pannun.<a href="#cite_note-184">[184]</a> India has voiced apprehension over the connection of one of its government officials to the plot, distancing itself from the incident as it contradicts government policy.<a href="#cite_note-185">[185]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Modi–Trump_relationship_(2025–present)">Modi–Trump relationship (2025–present)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Modi–Trump relationship (2025–present)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg/220px-President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg/330px-President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/09/President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg/440px-President_Donald_Trump_and_Prime_Minister_Narendra_Modi_at_the_White_House.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1517" /></a><figcaption>Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> with U.S. President <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Oval_Office" title="Oval Office">Oval Office</a>, February 2025</figcaption></figure><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Deportation_of_Indian_nationals_under_Donald_Trump" title="Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump">Deportation of Indian nationals under Donald Trump</a></div>India rejected Trump's offer to mediate <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">India-China tensions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[186]</a> On February 13, 2025, Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a> became the fourth world leader to visit Donald Trump at the White House. During the meeting, Modi praised the <a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">MAGA</a> movement.<a href="#cite_note-187">[187]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Military_relations">Military relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Military relations">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:90px;max-width:90px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg/88px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg" decoding="async" width="88" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg/132px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg/176px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_National_flags.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2160" data-file-height="3455" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">U.S. and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Yudh_Abhyas" title="Yudh Abhyas">Yudh Abhyas</a> at <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Lewis%E2%80%93McChord" title="Joint Base Lewis–McChord">Joint Base Lewis–McChord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tacoma,_Washington" title="Tacoma, Washington">Tacoma, Washington</a> in September 2015</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:140px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_(F-48)_sailing_alongside.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg/196px-Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg/294px-Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg/392px-Malabar_2012_INS_Satpura_%28F-48%29_sailing_alongside.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sailors assigned to the guided-missile destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Halsey" title="USS Halsey">USS Halsey</a> stand in ranks as the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Navy" title="Indian Navy">Indian Navy</a> frigate <a href="/wiki/INS_Satpura" title="INS Satpura">INS Satpura</a> pulls alongside during a <a href="/wiki/Malabar_(naval_exercise)" title="Malabar (naval exercise)">Malabar</a> naval exercise in April 2012</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:182px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg/288px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg/432px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg/576px-Yudh_Abhyas_2015_Soldiers_familiarize_with_INSAS_1B1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1299" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">U.S. soldiers of the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Infantry_Brigade,_2nd_Infantry_Division" title="3rd Infantry Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division">3rd Infantry Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> soldiers of the 6th Battalion of the <a href="/wiki/Kumaon_Regiment" title="Kumaon Regiment">Kumaon Regiment</a>, fire each other's weapons during <a href="/wiki/Yudh_Abhyas" title="Yudh Abhyas">Yudh Abhyas</a> in September 2015</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Pair_of_Su-30K,_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG/142px-A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG" decoding="async" width="142" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG/213px-A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG/284px-A_Pair_of_Su-30K%2C_Mirage_2000_and_USAF_F-15s_during_Cope_India_2004.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">USAF</a> <a href="/wiki/F-15C" class="mw-redirect" title="F-15C">F-15C</a> Eagles (middle of V formation) from <a href="/wiki/Elmendorf_Air_Force_Base" title="Elmendorf Air Force Base">Elmendorf Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> fly with <a href="/wiki/India_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="India Air Force">IAF</a> <a href="/wiki/SU-30MKI" class="mw-redirect" title="SU-30MKI">SU-30MKI</a> Flankers (rear) and <a href="/wiki/Mirage_2000" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirage 2000">Mirage 2000</a> aircraft over the Indian landscape during <a href="/wiki/Cope_India" title="Cope India">Cope India</a> in 2004, the first bilateral fighter exercise between the two air forces in more than 40 years</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:144px;max-width:144px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:94px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg/142px-Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg" decoding="async" width="142" height="94" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg/213px-Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg/284px-Sgt._Balkrishna_Dave_explains_weapons-range_safety_procedures_to_Indian_Army_soldiers_with_the_99th_Mountain_Brigade_before_they_fire_American_machine_guns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2100" data-file-height="1395" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">Sgt. Balkrishna Dave, an India-born <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> paratrooper explains weapons range safety procedures to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> soldiers before their firing of American machine guns at <a href="/wiki/Yudh_Abhyas" title="Yudh Abhyas">Yudh Abhyas</a> in May 2013</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:299px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg/288px-Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg/432px-Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg/576px-Indian_Army_Maj._Prashant_Mishra_is_welcomed_to_a_weapons_range_by_Capt._Cullen_Lind_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1233" data-file-height="1283" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center">An <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army" title="Indian Army">Indian Army</a> officer is greeted by a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">U.S. Army</a> officer at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bragg" title="Fort Bragg">Fort Bragg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cumberland_County,_North_Carolina" title="Cumberland County, North Carolina">Cumberland County, North Carolina</a> in May 2013</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:192px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:220926-D-PM193-1175_(52386678578).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg/288px-220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg/432px-220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg/576px-220926-D-PM193-1175_%2852386678578%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3786" data-file-height="2524" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Indian External Affairs Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/S._Jaishankar" title="S. Jaishankar">S. Jaishankar</a> meets <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">U.S. Secretary of Defense of the United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Lloyd_Austin" title="Lloyd Austin">Lloyd Austin</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a> in September 2022</div></div></div></div></div> The U.S. has four <a href="/wiki/Foundational_agreement" title="Foundational agreement">"foundational" agreements</a> that it signs with its defence partners. The Pentagon describes the agreements as "routine instruments that the U.S. uses to promote military cooperation with partner-nations". American officials have stated that the agreements are not prerequisites for bilateral defence co-operation, but would make it simpler and more cost-effective to carry out activities such as refueling aircraft or ships in each other's countries and providing disaster relief.<a href="#cite_note-188">[188]</a> The first of the four agreements, the General Security Of Military Information Agreement (GSOMIA), was signed by India and the U.S. in 2002. The agreement enables the sharing of military intelligence between the two countries and requires each country to protect the others' classified information. The second agreement, the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement (LEMOA), was signed by the two countries on August 29, 2016. The LEMOA permits the military of either country to use the others' bases for re-supplying or carrying out repairs. The agreement does not make the provision of logistical support binding on either country, and requires individual clearance for each request.<a href="#cite_note-189">[189]</a> The third agreement, Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) was signed during the inaugural 2+2 dialogue in September 2018.<a href="#cite_note-190">[190]</a> It is an India-specific variant of Communications and Information Security Memorandum of Agreement (CISMOA) that enables the two countries to share secure communication and exchange information on approved equipment during bilateral and multinational training exercises and operations. The fourth agreement, the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), signed in 2020, permits the exchange of unclassified and controlled unclassified geospatial products, topographical, nautical, and aeronautical data, products and services between India and the US <a href="/wiki/National_Geospatial-Intelligence_Agency" title="National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency">National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency</a> (NGA).<a href="#cite_note-191">[191]</a> Harsh V. Pant, professor of International relations at <a href="/wiki/King%27s_College_London" title="King's College London">King's College London</a>, highlighted the importance of India to US strategic planning by saying: "India is key to the US' ability to create a stable <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in the larger Indo-Pacific and at a time of resource constraints, it needs partners like India to shore up its sagging credibility in the region in face of Chinese onslaught." Robert Boggs, professor of South Asia Studies at the Near East South Asia Center for Strategic Studies, opines that the US "overestimates both India's desire to improve the relationship and the benefits doing so would bring".<a href="#cite_note-192">[192]</a> As part of America's policies to counter China,<a href="#cite_note-193">[193]</a> one of the Trump administration policies are to make India as one of the major defence partners for which it is in talks with Indian representatives to sell highly technologically advanced predator drones.<a href="#cite_note-194">[194]</a> India has floated a tender to buy 100 multi role fighter aircraft in the <a href="/wiki/Indian_MRCA_competition" title="Indian MRCA competition">Indian MRCA competition</a> (also called Mother of all defence deals), worth around US$15 billion under <a href="/wiki/Narendra_Modi" title="Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Make_in_India" title="Make in India">Make in India</a> initiative. Although the deal is yet to be finalised in 2018, the Trump administration pushed for sales of advanced <a href="/wiki/F-16_jet_fighter" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 jet fighter">F-16 jet fighters</a>,<a href="#cite_note-195">[195]</a> and <a href="/wiki/F/A-18_Super_Hornet" class="mw-redirect" title="F/A-18 Super Hornet">F/A-18 Super Hornet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-196">[196]</a> The Indian Army and US Army conducts an annual training practice called Yudh Abhyas since 2002.<a href="#cite_note-197">[197]</a> In June 2015, US defence secretary <a href="/wiki/Ashton_Carter" class="mw-redirect" title="Ashton Carter">Ashton Carter</a> visited India and became the first American defence secretary to visit an Indian military command. In December of the same year, <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a> became the first Indian defence minister to visit the <a href="/wiki/US_Pacific_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="US Pacific Command">US Pacific Command</a>.<a href="#cite_note-198">[198]</a> In March 2016, India rejected a proposal by the US to join naval patrols in the <a href="/wiki/South_China_Sea" title="South China Sea">South China Sea</a> alongside Japan and Australia. Defense Minister <a href="/wiki/Manohar_Parrikar" title="Manohar Parrikar">Manohar Parrikar</a> said: "India has never taken part in any joint patrol; we only do joint exercises. The question of joint patrol does not arise."<a href="#cite_note-199">[199]</a> In January 2017, Peter Lavoy, Senior Director for South Asian Affairs at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Security_Council" title="United States National Security Council">U.S. National Security Council</a>, declared that the partnership between India and the United States under Barack Obama's administration had been "incredibly successful". Lavoy stated, "I can tell you quite definitively that due to our partnerships, several terrorism plots were foiled. Indian lives and American lives were saved because of this partnership."<a href="#cite_note-200">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[201]</a> On October 27, 2020, the United States and India signed the Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement (BECA), enabling greater information-sharing and further defense cooperation, to counter China's growing military power in the region.<a href="#cite_note-202">[202]</a> During the 2+2 ministerial dialogue the last agreement of four so-called "foundational agreements" for sharing sensitive information and sales of advanced military hardware.<a href="#cite_note-203">[203]</a> On August 16, 2022, US Air Force Secretary <a href="/wiki/Frank_Kendall" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Kendall">Frank Kendall</a> said that Indian defence attaché now has un-escorted access to <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> and he also added that this is commencement with our close relationship with India's status as a major defense partner," and future added that "And if you don't think un-escorted access to the Pentagon is a big deal, I can't get into <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> without an escort,".<a href="#cite_note-204">[204]</a> During Modi's visit in 2023, the US and India agreed that <a href="/wiki/Hindustan_Aeronautics_Limited" title="Hindustan Aeronautics Limited">Hindustan Aeronautics</a> would jointly produce <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_F414" title="General Electric F414">GE F-414</a> jet engines.<a href="#cite_note-205">[205]</a> The two sides also reached an agreement to purchase <a href="/wiki/General_Atomics_MQ-9_Reaper" title="General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper">MQ-9B</a> drones.<a href="#cite_note-ML-177">[177]</a> In 2024, both signed two key agreements to strengthen their defense cooperation: the Security of Supply Arrangement (SOSA), which allows reciprocal priority support for defense-related goods and services, and a Memorandum of Agreement to post Indian Liaison Officers in key US Commands, starting with the US Special Operations Command.<a href="#cite_note-206">[206]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nuclear_cooperation">Nuclear cooperation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Nuclear cooperation">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pokhran_tests">Pokhran tests</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Pokhran tests">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pokhran-II" title="Pokhran-II">Pokhran-II</a></div> In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons which resulted in several U.S., Japanese, and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, <a href="/wiki/George_Fernandes" title="George Fernandes">George Fernandes</a>, said that India's <a href="/wiki/India_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="India and weapons of mass destruction">program</a> was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential nuclear threats. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001. India has categorically stated that it will never use weapons first but will retaliate if attacked. The economic sanctions imposed by the United States in response to India's nuclear tests in May 1998 appeared, at least initially, to seriously damage India-US relations. President <a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> imposed wide-ranging sanctions pursuant to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act</a>. US sanctions on Indian entities involved in the nuclear industry and opposition to international financial institution loans for non-humanitarian assistance projects in India. The United States encouraged India to sign the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty</a> (CTBT) immediately and without condition. The United States also called for restraint in missile and nuclear testing and deployment by both India and Pakistan. The non-proliferation dialogue initiated after the 1998 nuclear tests has bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Easing_of_Tension">Easing of Tension</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Easing of Tension">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a></div> In late September 2001, President Bush lifted sanctions imposed under the terms of the 1994 Nuclear Proliferation Prevention Act following India's nuclear tests in May 1998. A succession of non-proliferation dialogues bridged many of the gaps in understanding between the countries. In December 2006, the US Congress passed the historic India–United States Civilian Nuclear Agreement|Henry J. Hyde US–India Peaceful Atomic Cooperation Act, which allows direct civilian nuclear commerce with India for the first time in 30 years. US policy had been opposed to nuclear cooperation with India in prior years because India had developed nuclear weapons against international conventions, and had never signed the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NNPT). The legislation clears the way for India to buy US nuclear reactors and fuel for civilian use. The <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a> also referred to as the "123 Agreement", signed on October 10, 2008, is a bilateral agreement for peaceful nuclear cooperation which governs civil nuclear trade between American and Indian firms to participate in each other's civil nuclear energy sector.<a href="#cite_note-207">[207]</a><a href="#cite_note-208">[208]</a> For the agreement to be operational, nuclear vendors and operators must comply with India's 2010 <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Liability_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Liability Act">Nuclear Liability Act</a> which stipulates that nuclear suppliers, contractors and operators must bear financial responsibility in case of an accident. On March 27, 2019, India and the US signed an agreement to "strengthen bilateral security and civil nuclear cooperation" including the construction of six American nuclear reactors in India.<a href="#cite_note-209">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–_9/11">Post– 9/11</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Post– 9/11">edit</a>]</div> India's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/War_on_Terror" class="mw-redirect" title="War on Terror">War on Terror</a> has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past few years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with United States and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India bilateral relationship. India's bilateral trade with Europe and US has more than doubled in the last five years. However, India has not signed the <a href="/wiki/Comprehensive_Nuclear-Test-Ban_Treaty" title="Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty">CTBT</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>, claiming the discriminatory nature of the treaty that allows the five declared nuclear countries of the world to keep their nuclear arsenal and develop it using computer simulation testing. Prior to its nuclear testing, India had pressed for a comprehensive destruction of nuclear weapons by all countries of the world in a time-bound frame. This was not favoured by the United States and by certain other countries. Presently, India has declared its policy of "no-first use of nuclear weapons" and the maintenance of a "credible nuclear deterrence". The USA, under President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> has also lifted most of its sanctions on India and has resumed military co-operation. Relations with USA have considerably improved in the recent years, with the two countries taking part in joint naval exercises off the coast of India and joint air exercises both in India as well as in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-210">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-211">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-212">[212]</a> India has been pushing for reforms in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">World Trade Organization</a> with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including Russia, United Kingdom, France, Germany, Japan, Brazil, African Union nations and United States. In 2005, the United States signed a nuclear co-operation agreement with India even though the latter is not a part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Non-Proliferation_Treaty" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty">Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty</a>. The United States agreed that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception and persuaded other <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> members to sign similar deals with India. On March 2, 2006, India and the United States signed the <a href="/wiki/India_Nuclear_Cooperation_Promotion_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act">Indo-US Nuclear Pact</a> on co-operation in civilian nuclear field. This was signed during the four days state visit of USA President George Bush in India. On its part, India would separate its civilian and military nuclear programmes, and the civilian programmes would be brought under the safeguards of <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">International Atomic Energy Agency</a> (IAEA). The United States would sell India the reactor technologies and the nuclear fuel for setting up and upgrading its civilian nuclear programme. The US Congress needs to ratify this pact since <a href="/wiki/Law_of_the_United_States" title="Law of the United States">US federal law</a> prohibits the trading of nuclear technologies and materials outside the framework of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Suppliers_Group" title="Nuclear Suppliers Group">Nuclear Suppliers Group</a> (NSG). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economic_relations">Economic relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Economic relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/US_India_CEO_Forum" class="mw-redirect" title="US India CEO Forum">US India CEO Forum</a></div> The United States is one of India's largest direct investors. From 1991 to 2004, the stock of FDI inflow has increased from US$11 million to $344.4 million, and totaling $4.13 billion. This is a compound rate increase of 57.5 percent annually. Indian direct investments abroad began in 1992, and Indian corporations and registered partnership firms now can and do invest in businesses up to 100 percent of their net worth. India's largest outgoing investments are in the manufacturing sector, which accounts for 54.8 percent of the country's foreign investments. The second largest are in non-financial services (software development), accounting for 35.4 percent of investments. According to the data of the commerce ministry, in 2021–22, bilateral trade in goods between the two countries crossed $119.42 billion. Exports to the US increased to $76.11 billion in 2021-22 from $51.62 billion in previous fiscal year, while imports rose to $43.31 billion as compared to about $29 billion in 2020–21.<a href="#cite_note-NDTV-213">[213]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trade_relations">Trade relations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Trade relations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg/220px-Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg/330px-Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg/440px-Bush_Manmohan_Singh_CEO_Meeting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="515" data-file-height="347" /></a><figcaption>U.S. President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> during a meeting with Indian and American business leaders in <a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> in March 2006</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:India_March_2015_-_35A9754_(16295964164).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg/220px-India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg/330px-India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg/440px-India_March_2015_-_35A9754_%2816295964164%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>U.S. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a> and Indian <a href="/wiki/List_of_Union_Government_agencies_of_India#Statutory_Bodies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Union Government agencies of India">Export Inspection Council</a> officials review a <a href="/wiki/Memorandum_of_understanding" title="Memorandum of understanding">memorandum of understanding</a> on food safety in 2015</figcaption></figure> The United States is India's <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_India" class="mw-redirect" title="List of the largest trading partners of India">largest trading partner</a> since 2021,<a href="#cite_note-NDTV-213">[213]</a> and India is its <a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_trading_partners_of_the_United_States" title="List of the largest trading partners of the United States">7th largest trading partner</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[214]</a> In 2017, the US exported $25.7 billion worth of goods to India, and imported $48.6 billion worth of Indian goods.<a href="#cite_note-215">[215]</a> Major items imported from India include <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> services, <a href="/wiki/Textiles" class="mw-redirect" title="Textiles">textiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">gems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diamonds" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamonds">diamonds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemicals">chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> and <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> products, <a href="/wiki/Coffee" title="Coffee">coffee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tea" title="Tea">tea</a>, and other edible food products. Major American items imported by India include <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertilisers" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertilisers">fertilisers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">computer hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scrap_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap metal">scrap metal</a>, and medical equipment.<a href="#cite_note-216">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-DoS-217">[217]</a> The United States is also India's largest investment partner, with a direct investment of $10 billion (accounting for 9 percent of total foreign investment). Americans have made notable foreign investments in the Asian country's power generation, telecommunications, ports, roads, petroleum exploration and processing, and mining industries.<a href="#cite_note-DoS-217">[217]</a> American imports from India amounted to $46.6 billion or 2% of its overall imports, and 15.3% of India's overall exports in 2015. Major commodities exported from India to the US include<a href="#cite_note-218">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a> and coins, <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals">Pharmaceuticals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">Machinery</a>, Textiles (including knit & crochet), <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemicals">Organic chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vehicles" class="mw-redirect" title="Vehicles">Vehicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">Iron</a> or <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a> products American exports to India amounted to $20.5 billion or 5.2% of India's overall imports in 2015. Major commodities exported from the US to India include:<a href="#cite_note-220">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[221]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gemstone" title="Gemstone">Gems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Precious_metals" class="mw-redirect" title="Precious metals">precious metals</a> and coins, <a href="/wiki/Machinery" class="mw-redirect" title="Machinery">Machinery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronic_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic equipment">Electronic equipment</a>, Medical equipment, <a href="/wiki/Oil" title="Oil">Oil</a>, Aircraft/spacecraft, <a href="/wiki/Plastics" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastics">Plastics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organic_chemicals" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic chemicals">Organic chemicals</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fruits" class="mw-redirect" title="Fruits">fruits</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. In July 2005, President Bush and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> created a new programme called the Trade Policy Forum.<a href="#cite_note-222">[222]</a> It is run by a representative from each nation. The United States Trade Representative was <a href="/wiki/Rob_Portman" title="Rob Portman">Rob Portman</a>, and the Indian Commerce Secretary then-<a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Commerce_and_Industry_(India)" title="Ministry of Commerce and Industry (India)">Minister of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Kamal_Nath" title="Kamal Nath">Kamal Nath</a>. The goal of the programme is to increase bilateral trade and investment flow. There are five main sub-divisions of the Trade Policy Forum, including The Agricultural Trade group, which has three main objectives: agreeing on terms that will allow India to export mangoes to the United States, permitting India's Agricultural and Process Food Products Export Development Authority (APEDA) to certify Indian products to the standards of the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Department_of_Agriculture" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Department of Agriculture">U.S. Department of Agriculture</a>, and executing regulation procedures for approving <a href="/wiki/Edible_wax" class="mw-redirect" title="Edible wax">edible wax</a> on fruit. The goals of the <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">Tariff</a> and Non-Tariff Barriers group include agreeing that insecticides manufactured by US companies can be sold throughout India. India had also agreed to cut special regulations on trading <a href="/wiki/Carbonated_drinks" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbonated drinks">carbonated drinks</a>, many <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceutical_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceutical drug">medicinal drugs</a>, and lowering regulations on many imports that are not of an agricultural nature. Both nations have agreed to discuss improved facets of Indian regulation in the trade of <a href="/wiki/Jewellery" title="Jewellery">jewellery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_parts" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer parts">computer parts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorcycles" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorcycles">motorcycles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fertiliser" class="mw-redirect" title="Fertiliser">fertiliser</a>, and those tariffs that affect American exporting of <a href="/wiki/Boric_acid" title="Boric acid">boric acid</a>. The group has also discussed matters such as those wishing to break into the accounting market, <a href="/wiki/Indian_companies" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian companies">Indian companies</a> gaining licenses for the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunications" title="Telecommunications">telecommunications</a> industry, and setting policies regarding <a href="/wiki/Indian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian media">Indian media</a> and <a href="/wiki/Broadcasting" title="Broadcasting">broadcasting</a> markets. Other foci include the exchange of valuable information on recognizing different professional services, discussing the movement and positioning of people in developing industries, continuation of talks on financial services markets, limitation of equities, insurance, retail, joint investment in agricultural processing and transportation industries, and small business initiatives. On August 3, 2018, India became the third Asian nation to be granted Strategic Trade Authorization-1 (STA-1) status by the United States. STA-1 enables the export of high-technology products in civil space and defence from the US to India.<a href="#cite_note-223">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-224">[224]</a> On February 15, 2023, Air India announced an order of 470 jets, out of which 220 jets would be bought from Boeing and the other 250 from Airbus. This is one of the biggest aircraft orders in the commercial jet industry. The deal was acknowledged by both the POTUS and the PMO of India.<a href="#cite_note-225">[225]</a> During Modi's visit in 2023, resolution of six of seven outstanding WTO disputes between the US and India through mutually agreed solutions, market access.<a href="#cite_note-ML-177">[177]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>US-India goods trade in billions of U.S. dollars (1990−2023)<a href="#cite_note-226">[226]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>1990 </th> <th>2000 </th> <th>2010 </th> <th>2015 </th> <th>2016 </th> <th>2017 </th> <th>2018 </th> <th>2019 </th> <th>2020 </th> <th>2021 </th> <th>2022 </th> <th>2023 </th></tr> <tr> <td>US exports to India </td> <td>2.5 </td> <td>3.7 </td> <td>19.2 </td> <td>21.5 </td> <td>21.6 </td> <td>25.6 </td> <td>33.2 </td> <td>34.2 </td> <td>27.1 </td> <td>39.8 </td> <td>46.9 </td> <td>40.3 </td></tr> <tr> <td>US imports from India </td> <td>3.2 </td> <td>10.7 </td> <td>29.5 </td> <td>44.8 </td> <td>46.0 </td> <td>48.5 </td> <td>54.2 </td> <td>57.9 </td> <td>51.3 </td> <td>73.3 </td> <td>85.5 </td> <td>83.7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Trade balance </td> <td>−0.7 </td> <td>−7.0 </td> <td>−10.3 </td> <td>−24.4 </td> <td>−24.4 </td> <td>−22.9 </td> <td>−21.1 </td> <td>−23.7 </td> <td>−24.2 </td> <td>−33.5 </td> <td>−38.6 </td> <td>−43.3 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Science and technology">edit</a>]</div> On January 31, 2023, the US-India Civil Space Joint Working Group (CSJWG) met for the eighth time. The group is a collaboration of space agencies <a href="/wiki/Indian_Space_Research_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Space Research Organisation">ISRO</a> and <a href="/wiki/NASA" title="NASA">NASA</a>. The CSJWG has planned to launch The NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar (NISAR) mission in 2024 which is expected to map Earth using two different radar frequencies to monitor resources like water, forests, and agriculture.<a href="#cite_note-227">[227]</a> In January 2023, the national security advisors of India and the U.S. announced the launch of the U.S.-India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technologies (iCET). Under iCET, both sides will work together in the fields of artificial intelligence, quantum technologies, advanced wireless technology, space and semiconductor supply chain resilience.<a href="#cite_note-228">[228]</a> India signed the <a href="/wiki/Artemis_Accords" title="Artemis Accords">Artemis Accords</a> in 2023, joining 26 other countries working on exploration of the Moon, Mars, and beyond. And NASA will provide advanced training to ISRO astronauts with the goal of launching a joint effort to the International Space Station in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-ML-177">[177]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Role_of_Indian_Diaspora">Role of Indian Diaspora</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Role of Indian Diaspora">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a></div> The Indian diaspora significantly bolsters Indo-U.S. economic relations through key contributions in technology, entrepreneurship, and academia. Their presence in Silicon Valley and leadership roles in various sectors fosters innovation and collaboration, while their entrepreneurial ventures strengthen economic ties. Additionally, the diaspora serves as a vital link for investments between the two countries, and their involvement in education and research contributes to advancements in science and technology. Beyond economics, the diaspora's cultural initiatives promote understanding and dialogue, further enhancing the overall relationship between India and the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-229">[229]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="India-US_strategic_partnership">India-US strategic partnership</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: India-US strategic partnership">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division,_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment,_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg/220px-Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg/330px-Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg/440px-Soldiers_from_11th_Airborne_Division%2C_U.S._Army_and_9th_Assam_Regiment%2C_Indian_Army_pose_for_the_opening_ceremony_of_Exercise_Yudh_Abhyas_22.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="667" /></a><figcaption>U.S. and Indian Army soldiers during the opening ceremony of <a href="/wiki/Yudh_Abhyas" title="Yudh Abhyas">Yudh Abhyas</a> military exercise in November 2022</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_the_Cold_War_(1960–1990)">During the Cold War (1960–1990)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: During the Cold War (1960–1990)">edit</a>]</div> India-U.S. relations grew strategically in the early 1960s, as the rise of the People's Republic of China worried policymakers in Washington, D.C.. The Chinese government's assertion in <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, its role in the <a href="/wiki/Korean_War" title="Korean War">Korean War</a>, and other such acts concerned Washington. As relations between India and China were heated during the late fifties, the Americans found a golden opportunity to take advantage of this situation to promote India as a counterweight to China.<a href="#cite_note-AT-230">[230]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post–Cold_War_era_(1990–2014)">Post–Cold War era (1990–2014)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Post–Cold War era (1990–2014)">edit</a>]</div> After the <a href="/wiki/End_of_the_Cold_War" class="mw-redirect" title="End of the Cold War">end of the Cold War</a>, Indian and American interests converged in a number of areas, including <a href="/wiki/Counter-terrorism" class="mw-redirect" title="Counter-terrorism">counter-terrorism</a>, promotion of democracy, counter-proliferation, freedom of navigation in the Indian Ocean, and the <a href="/wiki/Balance_of_power_(international_relations)" title="Balance of power (international relations)">balance of power</a> in Asia.<a href="#cite_note-AT-230">[230]</a> India emerged in the 21st century as increasingly vital to core US foreign policy interests. India, a dominant actor in its region, and the home of more than one billion citizens, is now often characterised as a nascent Great Power and an "indispensable partner" of the US, one that many analysts view as a potential counterweight to the growing clout of <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-231">[231]</a> In a meeting between President <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> and Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a> in November 2001, the two leaders expressed a strong interest in transforming the US-India bilateral relationship. High-level meetings and concrete cooperation between the two countries increased during 2002 and 2003. In January 2004, the US and India launched the "Next Steps in Strategic Partnership" (NSSP), which was both a milestone in the transformation of the bilateral relationship and a blueprint for its further progress.<a href="#cite_note-232">[232]</a> In July 2005, Bush hosted Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> The two leaders announced the successful completion of the NSSP, as well as other agreements which further enhanced cooperation in the areas of civil nuclear, civil space, and high-technology commerce. Other initiatives announced included a US-India economic dialogue, the fight Against <a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV/AIDS</a>, disaster relief, technology cooperation, an agriculture knowledge initiative, a trade policy forum, energy dialogue, CEO Forum, and an initiative to assist each other in furthering democracy and freedom.<a href="#cite_note-233">[233]</a> President Bush made a reciprocal visit to India in March 2006, during which the progress of these initiatives were reviewed, and new initiatives were launched.<a href="#cite_note-234">[234]</a> As the world's oldest and largest democracies, respectively, the U.S. and India share historic ties.<a href="#cite_note-235">[235]</a> India is a founding member of the "Community of Democracies"—a prominent endeavor of the United States on promotion of democracy. However, India rejected a suggestion by the USA about setting up a Centre for Asian Democracy.<a href="#cite_note-236">[236]</a> Indian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Manmohan_Singh" title="Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a> was the guest of honour at the first state dinner of the administration of US President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>, which took place on November 24, 2009. Obama later <a href="/wiki/2010_Barack_Obama_visit_to_India" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 Barack Obama visit to India">visited India</a> from November 6–9, 2010, signing numerous trade and defence agreements with India. He addressed the joint session of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Indian parliament</a> in New Delhi, becoming only the second US president to do so, and announced that the United States would lend its support to <a href="/wiki/Reform_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Reform of the United Nations Security Council">India's bid</a> for a permanent seat in the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council" title="United Nations Security Council">United Nations Security Council</a>, signifying the growing strategic dimension of the relationship between the world's two largest democracies.<a href="#cite_note-237">[237]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_the_rise_of_the_BJP_(2014–present)">After the rise of the BJP (2014–present)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: After the rise of the BJP (2014–present)">edit</a>]</div> In 2016, India and the United States signed the Logistics Exchange Memorandum of Agreement<a href="#cite_note-238">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[239]</a> and India was declared a Major Defense Partner of the United States.<a href="#cite_note-India_US_Defence-19">[19]</a> During US President Trump's visit to India in 2020, both sides agree to establish "Comprehensive Global Strategic Partnership".<a href="#cite_note-240">[240]</a> In both the <a href="/wiki/2017_Doklam_standoff" class="mw-redirect" title="2017 Doklam standoff">2017 Doklam standoff</a> and the <a href="/wiki/2020%E2%80%932021_China%E2%80%93India_skirmishes" title="2020–2021 China–India skirmishes">2020–2021 China–India skirmishes</a>, the United States provided India with intelligence it possessed, and the two sides discussed the crisis on Ladakh border. The US was also involved in securing the release of Indian pilot <a href="/wiki/Abhinandan_Varthaman" title="Abhinandan Varthaman">Abhinandan Varthaman</a> from Pakistani custody following the <a href="/wiki/2019_Balakot_airstrike" title="2019 Balakot airstrike">2019 Balakot airstrike</a>.<a href="#cite_note-241">[241]</a> The US played a role in extinguishing tensions between India and Pakistan in 2019, when Pakistan and India were at the verge of nuclear war, as per the claim of former US secretary of state <a href="/wiki/Mike_Pompeo" title="Mike Pompeo">Mike Pompeo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-242">[242]</a> The strategic meetings between both countries is called the '2+2' dialogue. Representatives holding Foreign and Defense portfolios, from each of the two countries participate in this meeting. The inaugural 2+2 dialogue between the two nations took place in September 2018 during the Trump Administration. The meeting involved the foreign minister <a href="/wiki/Sushma_Swaraj" title="Sushma Swaraj">Sushma Swaraj</a> and then Defence Minister <a href="/wiki/Nirmala_Sitharaman" title="Nirmala Sitharaman">Nirmala Sitharaman</a> representing India, while Secretary of State Michael Pompeo and Secretary of Defence <a href="/wiki/Jim_Mattis" title="Jim Mattis">James Mattis</a> represented the United States. Some of the important agreements like Communications Compatibility and Security Agreement (COMCASA) (2018) were signed in these meetings.<a href="#cite_note-243">[243]</a> On October 27, 2020, US and India signed a military agreement on sharing sensitive satellite data. The Basic Exchange and Cooperation Agreement, or BECA, allows the US's strategic partners to access a range of sensitive geospatial and aeronautical data which is useful for military actions.<a href="#cite_note-244">[244]</a> In December 2020, US India Business Council president <a href="/wiki/Nisha_Desai_Biswal" title="Nisha Desai Biswal">Nisha Desai Biswal</a> claimed that the ties between the two nations will continue and grow stronger in 2021, as the Biden administration will prioritize their trade deals for a prospering economic relationship.<a href="#cite_note-245">[245]</a> In December 2022, based on BECA, the United States provided real-time location information of the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army_Ground_Force" title="People's Liberation Army Ground Force">PLA</a> soldiers to help <a href="/wiki/2022_Yangtse_clash" title="2022 Yangtse clash">India rout China</a>, during the confrontation in <a href="/wiki/Arunachal_Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh">Arunachal Pradesh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[246]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observer_reactions">Observer reactions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Observer reactions">edit</a>]</div> US <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> <a href="/wiki/Mike_Mullen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mike Mullen">Mike Mullen</a> encouraged stronger military ties between the two nations, and said that "India has emerged as an increasingly important strategic partner [of the US]".<a href="#cite_note-247">[247]</a> US Undersecretary of State <a href="/wiki/William_J._Burns_(diplomat)" title="William J. Burns (diplomat)">William J. Burns</a> also said, "Never has there been a moment when India and America mattered more to each other."<a href="#cite_note-248">[248]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Triangular_relations">Triangular relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Triangular relations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Africa">edit</a>]</div> India and the United States have held two "India-US Dialogue on Africa" sessions as of 2024.<a href="#cite_note-249">[249]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: East Asia">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China">China</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> Indian concerns over the threat of China led to collaboration with the United States in the first two Cold War decades. However, American support for Pakistan in the <a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_war_of_1971" title="Indo-Pakistani war of 1971">Indo-Pakistani war of 1971</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1972_visit_by_Richard_Nixon_to_China" title="1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China">1972 visit by Richard Nixon to China</a> marked a turning point in the triangular relationship toward stronger <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China–United States relations</a>, so India pivoted to the Soviet Union for military support.<a href="#cite_note-250">[250]</a> In the 21st century, India-United States cooperation has aimed to <a href="/wiki/China_threat_theory" title="China threat theory">contain China</a> in Asia and the broader Indo-Pacific.<a href="#cite_note-251">[251]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japan">Japan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: South Asia">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Barack_Obama_administration" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration">South Asian foreign policy of the Barack Obama administration</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Bangladesh">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">American ties with Bangladesh</a> were strained during <a href="/wiki/Sheikh_Hasina" title="Sheikh Hasina">Sheikh Hasina</a>'s rule, due to American accusations of human rights violations; India discouraged the United States from pressing too hard on these accusations to avoid giving ground to Islamist parties in future Bangladeshi elections.<a href="#cite_note-252">[252]</a> However, under Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Yunus_ministry" title="Yunus ministry">Yunus ministry</a>, Bangladesh-US relations have improved, though Bangladesh's <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">ties with India</a> have worsened.<a href="#cite_note-253">[253]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Pakistan">edit</a>]</div> In 2009, <a href="/wiki/Robert_O._Blake,_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Robert O. Blake, Jr.">Robert Blake</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assistant_Secretary_of_State_for_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs" title="Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs">Assistant Secretary of State for South and Central Asian Affairs</a>, dismissed any concerns over a rift with India regarding American <a href="/wiki/AfPak" title="AfPak">Af-Pak</a> policy. Calling India and the United States "natural allies",<a href="#cite_note-blake12-254">[254]</a> Blake said that the United States cannot afford to meet the strategic priorities in Pakistan and Afghanistan at "the expense of India".<a href="#cite_note-blake22-255">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_and_Western_countries">European and Western countries</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: European and Western countries">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Canada">edit</a>]</div> Both Canada and the United States allege that the Indian government ordered assassinations on <a href="/wiki/Sikh_separatists" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh separatists">Sikh separatists</a> who were their citizens. Regarding the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_diplomatic_row" title="Canada–India diplomatic row">Canada–India diplomatic row</a> on this matter, State Department spokesman <a href="/wiki/Matthew_Miller_(spokesperson)" title="Matthew Miller (spokesperson)">Matthew Miller</a> said in October 2024 that "We wanted to see the government of India cooperate with Canada in its investigation. Obviously, they have not; they have chosen an alternate path."<a href="#cite_note-256">[256]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations#Pre-Independence_India" title="History of United Kingdom–United States relations">History of United Kingdom–United States relations § Pre-Independence India</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ukraine">Ukraine</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Ukraine">edit</a>]</div> During the Biden administration and the start of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, there were initially significant tensions regarding India's ties with Russia. However, the second Trump administration is anticipated to seek a quick end to the conflict, likely reducing India's distance from the United States on European security issues.<a href="#cite_note-257">[257]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin_America_and_the_Caribbean">Latin America and the Caribbean</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Latin America and the Caribbean">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America–United States relations</a> and <a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India–Latin America relations</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_relations">Cultural relations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Cultural relations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglicisation" title="Anglicisation">Anglicisation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans#Culture" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans § Culture</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema">Cinema</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Cinema">edit</a>]</div> Indian films have become more popular in the United States in recent years. American movies like <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Masala" title="Mississippi Masala">Mississippi Masala</a> paved the way for discussing race relations between Indian Americans and other racial groups in earlier decades, while Indian films like <a href="/wiki/RRR" title="RRR">RRR</a> found unprecedented success in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-258">[258]</a> Hollywood movies are also becoming more popular in India, with the country emerging as one of the top ten or even five highest-grossing destinations for American films.<a href="#cite_note-259">[259]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_and_spirituality">Health and spirituality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Health and spirituality">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a> and meditation have been notable exports from India to the United States. <a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Swami Vivekananda</a> played a significant role in introducing several of these aspects of Indian spirituality at the turn of the 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-260">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-261">[261]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> American music first came to India at the turn of the 20th century, mediated to some extent through Britain and involving a significant amount of African American <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> music.<a href="#cite_note-262">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports_and_recreation">Sports and recreation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Sports and recreation">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Parcheesi" title="Parcheesi">Parcheesi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baseball_in_India" title="Baseball in India">Baseball in India</a></div><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_(53788984088).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg/220px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg/330px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg/440px-Deputy_Secretary_Verma_Hosts_Cricket_Event_%2853788984088%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2126" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Richard_Verma" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Verma">Richard Verma</a> (top right), former Ambassador to India, celebrating the USA hosting the <a href="/wiki/2024_Men%27s_T20_World_Cup" title="2024 Men's T20 World Cup">2024 Men's T20 World Cup</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/YMCA" title="YMCA">YMCA</a> played a role in bringing <a href="/wiki/Western_physical_culture" title="Western physical culture">Western physical culture</a> and ideas around <a href="/wiki/Muscular_Christianity" title="Muscular Christianity">Muscular Christianity</a> to British India, while also shaping the development of <a href="/wiki/Modern_yoga" title="Modern yoga">modern yoga</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harry_Crowe_Buck" class="mw-redirect" title="Harry Crowe Buck">Harry Crowe Buck</a> was one of the major proponents at the time.<a href="#cite_note-263">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[265]</a> Cricket was initially spread to both the United States and India during the British Empire. However, the United States drifted toward baseball, a fellow bat-and-ball sport, after its 1860s <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[266]</a> In the 21st century, Indian Americans and their investments have partially revived <a href="/wiki/Cricket_in_the_United_States" title="Cricket in the United States">cricket in the United States</a>, helping to launch <a href="/wiki/Major_League_Cricket" title="Major League Cricket">Major League Cricket</a> and the rise of <a href="/wiki/T20_cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="T20 cricket">T20 cricket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-267">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-268">[268]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embassies_and_Consulates">Embassies and Consulates</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Embassies and Consulates">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1216972533">.mw-parser-output .col-begin{border-collapse:collapse;padding:0;color:inherit;width:100%;border:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .col-begin-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .col-break{vertical-align:top;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .col-break-2{width:50%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-3{width:33.3%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-4{width:25%}.mw-parser-output .col-break-5{width:20%}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .col-begin,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr,.mw-parser-output .col-begin>tbody>tr>td{display:block!important;width:100%!important}.mw-parser-output .col-break{padding-left:0!important}}</style><div> <table class="col-begin" role="presentation"> <tbody><tr> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>Indian Missions in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-269">[269]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a> (Embassy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlanta" title="Atlanta">Atlanta</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houston" title="Houston">Houston</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seattle" title="Seattle">Seattle</a> (Consulate General)</li></ul> </td> <td class="col-break col-break-2"> <dl><dt>U.S. Missions in India<a href="#cite_note-270">[270]</a></dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Delhi" title="New Delhi">New Delhi</a> (Embassy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hyderabad" title="Hyderabad">Hyderabad</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Kolkata</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mumbai" title="Mumbai">Mumbai</a> (Consulate General)</li> <li>Bengaluru (Consulate, planned)<a href="#cite_note-JS-271">[271]</a></li> <li>Ahmedabad (Consulate, planned)<a href="#cite_note-JS-271">[271]</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Embassy_of_India,_Washington,_D.C._front.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of India in Washington, D.C."><img alt="Embassy of India in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg/120px-Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg/180px-Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg/240px-Embassy_of_India%2C_Washington%2C_D.C._front.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of India in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate_General_of_India_building,_Atlanta.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of India in Atlanta"><img alt="Consulate-General of India in Atlanta" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg/120px-Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg/180px-Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg/240px-Consulate_General_of_India_building%2C_Atlanta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1017" data-file-height="762" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of India in Atlanta</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of India in Houston"><img alt="Consulate-General of India in Houston" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg/120px-Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg/180px-Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg/240px-Indian_Consulate-General_-_03_-_Off-Center_Right.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4908" data-file-height="3384" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of India in Houston</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:New_India_House_003.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of India in New York City"><img alt="Consulate-General of India in New York City" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_India_House_003.JPG/90px-New_India_House_003.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_India_House_003.JPG/135px-New_India_House_003.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/New_India_House_003.JPG/180px-New_India_House_003.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of India in New York City</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of India in San Francisco"><img alt="Consulate-General of India in San Francisco" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg/90px-Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg/135px-Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg/180px-Consulate_General_of_India_in_San_Francisco.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4032" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of India in San Francisco</div> </li> </ul> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Embassy of the United States in New Delhi"><img alt="Embassy of the United States in New Delhi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg/120px-US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg/180px-US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg/240px-US_Embassy_New_Delhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="876" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Embassy of the United States in New Delhi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of the United States in Chennai"><img alt="Consulate-General of the United States in Chennai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/120px-US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/180px-US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/240px-US_Consulate_General_in_Chennai_lit_with_the_Ukrainian_flag_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="900" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of the United States in Chennai</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Consulate-General of the United States in Mumbai"><img alt="Consulate-General of the United States in Mumbai" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/120px-US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/180px-US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg/240px-US_Consulate_in_Mumbai_lit_with_Ukrainian_colours_to_stand_united_with_Ukraine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="1887" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Consulate-General of the United States in Mumbai</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/32px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/48px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/64px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:India" title="Portal:India">India portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/48px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/64px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/28px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/42px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/56px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Geostrategic</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Team_(U.S._politics)" title="Blue Team (U.S. politics)">Blue Team (U.S. politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free_and_Open_Indo-Pacific" title="Free and Open Indo-Pacific">Free and Open Indo-Pacific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_as_an_emerging_superpower" class="mw-redirect" title="India as an emerging superpower">India as an emerging superpower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_(naval_exercise)" title="Malabar (naval exercise)">Malabar (naval exercise)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/String_of_Pearls_(Indian_Ocean)" title="String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)">String of Pearls (Indian Ocean)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">CIA activities in India</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Cultural and peoples relations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism_in_the_United_States" title="Sikhism in the United States">Sikhism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_the_United_States" title="Hinduism in the United States">Hinduism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_in_India" title="Americans in India">Americans in India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Americans" title="Indian Americans">Indian Americans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhism_in_the_United_States" title="Buddhism in the United States">Buddhism in the United States</a></li></ul> <dl><dt>Foreign relations</dt></dl> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada–India relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China-United_States_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="China-United States relations">China-United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_containment_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="China containment policy">China containment policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">India–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Next_Steps_in_Strategic_Partnership" title="Next Steps in Strategic Partnership">Next Steps in Strategic Partnership</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style 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no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved December 9, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Congreve+Rockets+in+the+War+of+1812&rft.pub=Dalton+State+College&rft.au=Eugene+Van+Sickle&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bandyheritagecenter.org%2Fsites%2Fwww%2FUploads%2FHistory%2520Nook%2FThe%2520Congreve%2520Rockets%2520in%2520the%2520War%2520of%25201812.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> * <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAspinall1931" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Aspinall_(historian)" title="Arthur Aspinall (historian)">Aspinall, Arthur</a> (1931), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=E3m7AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA207">Cornwallis in Bengal</a>, Manchester, UK: Manchester University Press, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1088230">1088230</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cornwallis+in+Bengal&rft.place=Manchester%2C+UK&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=1931&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1088230&rft.aulast=Aspinall&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DE3m7AAAAIAAJ%26pg%3DPA207&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nps.gov/people/charles-cornwallis.htm#:~:text=Despite%20losing%20thirteen%20of%20their,1793%20and%20again%20in%201805">"Charles Cornwallis (U.S. National Park Service)"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Charles+Cornwallis+%28U.S.+National+Park+Service%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nps.gov%2Fpeople%2Fcharles-cornwallis.htm%23%3A~%3Atext%3DDespite%2520losing%2520thirteen%2520of%2520their%2C1793%2520and%2520again%2520in%25201805&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Holden Furber, "Historical and Cultural Aspects of Indo-American Relations," Journal of the University of Bombay (1965), Vol. 34 Issue 67/68, pp 95-116. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmidt" class="citation web cs1">Schmidt, Barbara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.twainquotes.com/SpeechIndex.html">"Chronology of Known Mark Twain Speeches, Public Readings, and Lectures"</a>. marktwainquotes.com. 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(2012). Voices of the Asian American and Pacific Islander Experience (vol. 1). pp. 341. USA: Greenwood. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-354-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-354-5">978-1-59884-354-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRubin2011" class="citation journal cs1">Rubin, Eric S. (2011). "America, Britain, and Swaraj: Anglo-American Relations and Indian Independence, 1939–1945". 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Random House Digital, Inc. pp. 472–539. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80463-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-80463-8"><bdi>978-0-553-80463-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gandhi+%26+Churchill%3A+The+Epic+Rivalry+That+Destroyed+an+Empire+and+Forged+Our+Age&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E472-%3C%2Fspan%3E539&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc.&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-553-80463-8&rft.aulast=Herman&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhdPmzLtU5G4C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.afhra.af.mil/">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> Maurer, Maurer (1983). Air Force Combat Units of World War II. Maxwell AFB, Alabama: Office of Air Force History. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89201-092-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89201-092-4">0-89201-092-4</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2010" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Robert J. (June 1, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Deq32J9P4ZMC">The Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India, and Pakistan</a>. Columbia University Press. p. 11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51467-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-231-51467-5"><bdi>978-0-231-51467-5</bdi></a>. <q>Despite keen attention to Pakistan's potential strategic significance, most US planners rated India as far the more valuable diplomatic prize. American policy towards the subcontinent consequently leaned in favour of India throughout the late-1940s. The opening of bilateral relations with New Delhi and <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a> and the reasons for the initial Truman administration tilt toward the former will be explored in the next chapter.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cold+War+on+the+Periphery%3A+The+United+States%2C+India%2C+and+Pakistan&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2010-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-231-51467-5&rft.aulast=McMahon&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeq32J9P4ZMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Robert_McMahon-54"><a href="#cite_ref-Robert_McMahon_54-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMahon2013" class="citation book cs1">McMahon, Robert J. 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University of British Columbia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Counterflows+of+knowledge%3A+the+transnational+circulation+of+physical+culture+practices+between+India+and+the+West+during+the+early+20th+century&rft.inst=University+of+British+Columbia&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Ramachandran&rft.aufirst=Aishwarya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.library.ubc.ca%2Fsoa%2FcIRcle%2Fcollections%2Fubctheses%2F24%2Fitems%2F1.0379712&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatt2021" class="citation book cs1">Watt, Carey (2021). "Physical culture and the body in colonial India, c.1800–1947". 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Retrieved June 22, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Joint+Statement+from+the+United+States+and+India&rft.pub=The+White+House&rft.date=2023-06-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbidenwhitehouse.archives.gov%2Fbriefing-room%2Fstatements-releases%2F2023%2F06%2F22%2Fjoint-statement-from-the-united-states-and-india%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em"> <ul><li>Aspen Institute India. The United States and India: A Shared Strategic Future (Council on Foreign Relations, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?hl=en&lr=&id=4rgVw9wAxWwC">online</a></li> <li>Ayres, Alyssa and C. Raja Mohan, eds. Power Realignments in Asia: China, India and the United States (2009) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Power-Realignments-Asia-United-States/dp/8178299488/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Barnds, William J. India, Pakistan, and the Great Powers (1972)</li> <li>Brands, H. W. India and the United States: The Cold Peace (1990) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/indiaunitedstat00bran">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Brands, H. W. Inside the Cold War: Loy Henderson and the Rise of the American Empire 1918–1961 (1991) pp 196–230; <a href="/wiki/Loy_Henderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Loy Henderson">Loy Henderson</a> was US Ambassador, 1948–51</li> <li>Chary, M. Srinivas. The Eagle and the Peacock: U.S. Foreign Policy toward India since Independence (1995) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Eagle-Peacock-Independence-Contributions-Political/dp/0313276021">excerpt</a></li> <li>Chaudhuri, Rudra. Forged in Crisis: India and the United States since 1947 (Oxford UP, 2014); online; DOI:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199354863.001.0001</li> <li>Clymer, Kenton J. Quest for Freedom: The United States and India's Independence (1995)</li> <li>Fink, Leon. "Siren Song of Economic Development: U.S. Missions to India, 1952–1975" in Fink, Undoing the Liberal World Order: Progressive Ideals and Political Realities Since World War II (Columbia UP, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cup.columbia.edu/book/undoing-the-liberal-world-order/9780231202251">online</a> pp. 126–162</li> <li>Gopal, Sarvepalli. Jawaharlal Nehru: a Biography Volume 1 1889-1947 (1975); Jawaharlal Nehru Vol. 2 1947-1956 (1979); Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography Volume 3 1956-1964 (2014), detailed coverage of diplomacy</li> <li>Gould, H.A. and S. Ganguly, eds. The hope and the reality: US-Indian relations from Roosevelt to Reagan (1992).</li> <li>Govil, Nitin. Orienting Hollywood: A Century of Film Culture Between Los Angeles and Bombay (NYU Press, 2015)</li> <li>Hart, David M., and Zoltan J. Acs. "High-tech immigrant entrepreneurship in the United States." Economic Development Quarterly (2011) 25#2 pp: 116–129. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.econstor.eu/bitstream/10419/32629/1/610740172.pdf?origin=publication_detail">online</a></li> <li>Heimsath, C.H. and Surjit Mansingh. A diplomatic history of modern India (1971) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim">online</a></li> <li>Hilsman, Roger. To move a nation; the politics of foreign policy in the administration of John F. Kennedy (1967) pp 275–357. on 1961–63.</li> <li>Hooper, Jane. Yankees in the Indian Ocean: American Commerce and Whaling, 1786–1860 (Ohio University Press, 2022) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.h-net.org/reviews/showrev.php?id=58405">online review</a></li> <li>Isaacs, Harold R. Scratches on Our Minds: American Images of China and India (1958) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/scratchesonourmi010380mbp">online</a></li> <li>Jackson, Carl T. "The Influence of Asia upon American Thought: A Bibliographical Essay." American Studies International 22#1 (1984), pp. 3–31, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41280625">41280625</a> covers China, India & Japan</li> <li>Jain, Rashmi K. The United States and India: 1947–2006 A Documentary Study (2007)</li> <li>Karl, David J. "U.S.-India Relations: The Way Forward," Orbis (2012) 56#2 pp 308–327 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ac.els-cdn.com/S0030438712000130/1-s2.0-S0030438712000130-main.pdf?_tid=ddc2563a-6dcd-11e2-a7a0-00000aacb35d&acdnat=1359874353_ffab2d02b7f2c8443148967141f32f72">online</a></li> <li>Kux, Dennis. India and The United States: Estranged Democracies 1941–1991 (1993)</li> <li>McMahon, Robert J. Cold War on the Periphery: The United States, India and Pakistan (1994) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Cold-War-Periphery-Robert-McMahon/dp/0231082274/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Madan, Tanvi. "With an eye to the east: the China factor and the US-India relationship, 1949-1979" (PhD dissertation, U Texas 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repositories.lib.utexas.edu/bitstream/handle/2152/25110/madan_dissertation_20122.pdf?sequence=1">online free</a></li> <li>Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) pp 481–94.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMerrill,_Dennis1990" class="citation book cs1">Merrill, Dennis (1990). Bread and the Ballot: The United States and India's Economic Development, 1947–1963. UNC Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bread+and+the+Ballot%3A+The+United+States+and+India%27s+Economic+Development%2C+1947%E2%80%931963&rft.pub=UNC+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.au=Merrill%2C+Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Mishra, Sylvia. "Forged in Crisis: India and the United States since 1947." Indian Foreign Affairs Journal 9#3 (2014): 301+.</li> <li>Mistry, Dinshaw. Aligning Unevenly: India and the United States (Honolulu: East-West Center, 2016), focus after 2000 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/40628/1/ps074.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPant2009" class="citation journal cs1">Pant, Harsh V (2009). "The US-India Nuclear Pact: Policy, Process, and Great Power Politics". Asian Security. 5 (3): 273–95. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F14799850903179012">10.1080/14799850903179012</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144493366">144493366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Security&rft.atitle=The+US-India+Nuclear+Pact%3A+Policy%2C+Process%2C+and+Great+Power+Politics&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F14799850903179012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144493366%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pant&rft.aufirst=Harsh+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath. The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia. (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.(2018 )</li> <li>Rani, Sudesh. "Indo-US Maritime Cooperation: Challenges and Prospects," Maritime Affairs: Journal of the National Maritime Foundation of India, Vol. 8, No. 2, (December 2012) Pages: 123-43 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09733159.2012.742664">10.1080/09733159.2012.742664</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Riedel" title="Bruce Riedel">Riedel, Bruce</a> (2013). Avoiding Armageddon: America, India, and Pakistan to the Brink and Back. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2408-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2408-7"><bdi>978-0-8157-2408-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Avoiding+Armageddon%3A+America%2C+India%2C+and+Pakistan+to+the+Brink+and+Back&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2408-7&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiedel2015" class="citation book cs1">—————— (2015). JFK's Forgotten Crisis: Tibet, the CIA, and Sino-Indian War. Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2699-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8157-2699-9"><bdi>978-0-8157-2699-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=JFK%27s+Forgotten+Crisis%3A+Tibet%2C+the+CIA%2C+and+Sino-Indian+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-8157-2699-9&rft.aulast=Riedel&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Rotter, Andrew J. Comrades at Odds: The United States and India, 1947–1964 (2000)</li> <li>Roy, Dr. P. C. Indo-U.S. Economic Relations. Rajouri Garden, New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1986. 73–125.</li> <li>Schaffer, Teresita C. India and the United States in the 21st Century: Reinventing Partnership (2010)</li> <li>Sharma, G. D. Indo Us Defence Cooperation (Vij Books, 2012), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Indo-Defence-Cooperation-Capt-Sharma/dp/9381411433/ref=tmm_pap_title_0">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Sokolski, Henry. United States and India Strategic Cooperation (2010)</li> <li>Vinod, M.J. United States foreign policy toward India (1991)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recent">Recent</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Recent">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Bajpai, Kanti, Selina Ho, and Manjari Chatterjee Miller, eds. Routledge Handbook of China–India Relations (Routledge, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Routledge-Handbook-China-India-Relations-Bajpai-ebook/dp/B0855JQYJJ/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Oxford-Handbook-Indian-Foreign-Policy/dp/0198799063/">excerpt</a> pp 481–494.</li> <li>Martin, Michael F., et al. "India-U.S. Economic Relations: In Brief" Current Politics and Economics of Northern and Western Asia 24#1 (2015): 99+.</li> <li>Mukherjee, Rohan. "Chaos as opportunity: the United States and world order in India's grand strategy." Contemporary Politics 26.4 (2020): 420-438 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/13569775.2020.1777040">online</a>.</li> <li>Raghavan, Srinath. The Most Dangerous Place: A History of the United States in South Asia. (Penguin Random House India, 2018); also published as Fierce Enigmas: A History of the United States in South Asia.(2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://networks.h-net.org/node/22055/reviews/3515710/subramaniam-raghavan-fierce-enigmas-history-united-states-south-asia">online review</a>; also see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Fierce-Enigmas-History-United-States/dp/046503019X/">excerpt</a></li> <li>Rajagopalan, Rajesh. "U.S.-India Relations under President Trump: Promise and Peril." Asia Policy, no. 24 (2017).</li> <li>Rubinoff, Arthur G. "Missed opportunities and contradictory policies: Indo-American relations in the Clinton-Rao years." Pacific Affairs (1996): 499-517 <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2761184">2761184</a></li> <li>Talbott, Strobe. Engaging India: Diplomacy, democracy, and the bomb (Brookings Institution Press, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/engagingindiadip00talb">online</a></li> <li>Tellis, Ashley J. 'The Surprising Success of the U.S.-Indian Partnership: Trump and Modi Have Deepened Defense Cooperation Against the Odds'. Foreign Affairs 20 (February 2020) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/india/2020-02-20/surprising-success-us-indian-partnership">online</a></li> <li>Tellis, Ashley. "Narendra Modi and US–India Relations." in Making of New India: Transformation Under Modi Government (2018): 525-535 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://carnegieendowment.org/files/Narendra_Modi_and_US-India_Relations.pdf">online</a>.</li> <li>van de Wetering, Carina. Changing US Foreign Policy toward India: US-India Relations since the Cold War (2016) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/Changing-Foreign-Policy-toward-India-dp-1137548614/dp/1137548614/">excerpt</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_sources">Primary sources</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: Primary sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowles,_Chester1969" class="citation book cs1">Bowles, Chester (1969). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=nSSEly5x7rIC">A View from New Delhi: Selected Speeches and Writings, 1963–1969</a>. Yale U.P. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10546-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10546-9"><bdi>978-0-300-10546-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+View+from+New+Delhi%3A+Selected+Speeches+and+Writings%2C+1963%E2%80%931969&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10546-9&rft.au=Bowles%2C+Chester&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DnSSEly5x7rIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIndia%E2%80%93United+States+relations" class="Z3988">, US ambassador 1951–53 and 1963–69; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/View-New-Delhi-ChesteBowles/dp/0300105460/">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Bowles, Chester. Promises to Keep (1972), autobiography; pp 531–79 by US ambassador 1951–53 and 1963–69</li> <li>Galbraith, John K. Ambassador's journal: a personal account of the Kennedy years (1969) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QMVAAAAAIAA">online</a>, he was US ambassador to India 1961–63</li> <li>U.S. Department of State. Foreign Relations of the United States (FRUS), many volumes of primary sources; the complete texts of these large books are all online. See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments">Guide to FRUS</a>. For example, Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume XI, South Asia Crisis, 1971 was published in 2005 and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76v11">is online here</a>. The most recent volumes are Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 (2005) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve07">online here</a> and Foreign Relations of the United States, 1969–1976, Volume E–8, Documents on South Asia, 1973–1976 (2007) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/frus1969-76ve08">online here</a>.</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=India%E2%80%93United_States_relations&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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<div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=India%E2%80%93United+States+relations">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=India%E2%80%93United+States+relations&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://globalaffairs.org/commentary-and-analysis/blogs/united-states-and-india-emerging-allies-or-necessary-partners">The United States and India: Emerging Allies or Necessary Partners</a> Chicago Council on Global Affairs, 2022</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/asie-visions/natural-allies-india-us-relations-clinton-administration">Natural Allies? The India-US Relations from the Clinton Administration to the Trump Era</a> French Institute of International Relations (IFRI), 2020</li> <li>Blake, Jr., Robert O. "U.S.-India Relations: the Making of a Comprehensive Relationship." U.S. official speech at India's Army War College, August 23, 2004; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305081436/http://merln.ndu.edu/archivepdf/india/State/35686.pdf">online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.state.gov/countries/india">History of India – U.S. Relations</a>, official U.S. site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opencrs.com/document/RL33529/">India-U.S. Relations</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100530065903/http://opencrs.com/document/RL33529/">Archived</a> May 30, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Congressional_Research_Service" title="Congressional Research Service">Congressional Research Service</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061202152247/http://www.indianembassy.org/newsite/induspolAug06.asp">Indian Embassy: India – U.S. Relations: A General Overview</a>, official Indian site</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=176">Deepening U.S.-India Economic Engagement</a>, Q&A with U.S. Ambassador Susan Esserman (September 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110721015037/http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=155">A Way Forward in U.S.-India Defense Cooperation</a>, July 2011 interview with <a href="/wiki/Stephen_P._Cohen" title="Stephen P. Cohen">Stephen P. Cohen</a> and Sunil Dasgupta</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nbr.org/research/activity.aspx?id=146">Charting the Future of U.S.-India Relations</a>, June 2011 interview with Ambassador <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Pickering" title="Thomas R. Pickering">Thomas R. Pickering</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://2001-2009.state.gov/p/sca/rls/rm/22615.htm">U.S. Department of state: The Future of US-India Relations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120623140500/http://www.fas.usda.gov/itp/us-india.asp">U.S. Department of Agriculture: U.S.–India Trade Relations</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template:India–United States relations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Template talk:India–United States relations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:India–United States relations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_India–United_States_relations_23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">India–United States relations</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomatic posts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_India,_Washington,_D.C." title="Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.">Embassy of India, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_India_to_the_United_States" title="List of ambassadors of India to the United States">Ambassadors of India to the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embassy_of_the_United_States,_New_Delhi" title="Embassy of the United States, New Delhi">Embassy of the United States, New Delhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_India" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to India">Ambassadors of the United States to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Chennai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Chennai">Consulate General of the United States, Chennai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Hyderabad" title="Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad">Consulate General of the United States, Hyderabad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Kolkata" title="Consulate General of the United States, Kolkata">Consulate General of the United States, Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consulate_General_of_the_United_States,_Mumbai" title="Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai">Consulate General of the United States, Mumbai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_to_the_United_Nations" title="Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations">Permanent Mission of India to the United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_South_and_Central_Asian_Affairs" title="Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs">Bureau of South and Central Asian Affairs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Diplomacy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Next_Steps_in_Strategic_Partnership" title="Next Steps in Strategic Partnership">Next Steps in Strategic Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_States_Civil_Nuclear_Agreement" title="India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement">India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_the_Indo-US_civilian_agreement_in_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Opposition to the Indo-US civilian agreement in India">Opposition</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2 Ministerial Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howdy_Modi" title="Howdy Modi">Howdy Modi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namaste_Trump" title="Namaste Trump">Namaste Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Abrahamic_Alliance" title="Indo-Abrahamic Alliance">Indo-Abrahamic Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu%E2%80%93German_Conspiracy" title="Hindu–German Conspiracy">Hindu–German Conspiracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detention_and_search_of_Indian_VIPs_at_US_airports" class="mw-redirect" title="Detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports">Detention and search of Indian VIPs at US airports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_attack_on_American_cultural_centre_in_Kolkata" title="2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata">2002 attack on American cultural centre in Kolkata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Permanent_Mission_of_India_v._City_of_New_York" title="Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York">Permanent Mission of India v. City of New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contents_of_the_United_States_diplomatic_cables_leak_(India)" title="Contents of the United States diplomatic cables leak (India)">United States diplomatic cables leak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syed_Ghulam_Nabi_Fai" title="Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai">Syed Ghulam Nabi Fai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chennai_Protest_of_Innocence_of_Muslims" title="Chennai Protest of Innocence of Muslims">Chennai Protest of Innocence of Muslims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MV_Seaman_Guard_Ohio" title="MV Seaman Guard Ohio">MV Seaman Guard Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devyani_Khobragade_incident" title="Devyani Khobragade incident">Devyani Khobragade incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raghunandan_Yandamuri" title="Raghunandan Yandamuri">Raghunandan Yandamuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jam_v._International_Finance_Corp." title="Jam v. International Finance Corp.">Jam v. International Finance Corp.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Military relations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cope_India" title="Cope India">Cope India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_Red_Flag" title="Exercise Red Flag">Exercise Red Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malabar_(naval_exercise)" title="Malabar (naval exercise)">Malabar (naval exercise)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiger_Triumph" title="Tiger Triumph">Tiger Triumph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CIA_activities_in_India" title="CIA activities in India">CIA activities in India</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="History of India–United States relations">History of the relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan–United States relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Library_(New_Delhi)" title="American Library (New Delhi)">American Library (New Delhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-United_States_Defense_Acceleration_Ecosystem" class="mw-redirect" title="India-United States Defense Acceleration Ecosystem">India-United States Defense Acceleration Ecosystem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NISAR_(satellite)" title="NISAR (satellite)">NISAR (satellite)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_Instructional_Television_Experiment" title="Satellite Instructional Television Experiment">Satellite Instructional Television Experiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93India_Initiative_on_Critical_and_Emerging_Technology" title="United States–India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology">United States–India Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_India_Political_Action_Committee" title="United States India Political Action Committee">United States India Political Action Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States-India_Science_%26_Technology_Endowment_Fund" title="United States-India Science & Technology Endowment Fund">United States-India Science & Technology Endowment Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_(cat)" title="India (cat)">India (cat)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:India%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Category:India–United States relations">Category:India–United States relations</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of India"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=India&#124;link=India_Foreign_relations_of_India124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/India" title="India"><img alt="India" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_India" title="Foreign relations of India">Foreign relations of India</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Bilateral_relations124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Bilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Algeria–India relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Angola–India relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Benin–India relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Botswana–India relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burkina Faso–India relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Burundi–India relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cameroon–India relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Central African Republic–India relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chad–India relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Comoros–India relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Republic_of_the_Congo_relations" title="India–Republic of the Congo relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Djibouti–India relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Egypt–India relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eritrea–India relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Eswatini–India relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ethiopia–India relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–India relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Gabon–India relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambia%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia–India relations">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ghana–India relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea–India relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–India relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ivory_Coast_relations" title="India–Ivory Coast relations">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kenya_relations" title="India–Kenya relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lesotho_relations" title="India–Lesotho relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liberia_relations" title="India–Liberia relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Libya_relations" title="India–Libya relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Madagascar_relations" title="India–Madagascar relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malawi_relations" title="India–Malawi relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mali_relations" title="India–Mali relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritania_relations" title="India–Mauritania relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mauritius_relations" title="India–Mauritius relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Morocco_relations" title="India–Morocco relations">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mozambique_relations" title="India–Mozambique relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Namibia_relations" title="India–Namibia relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niger_relations" title="India–Niger relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nigeria_relations" title="India–Nigeria relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Rwanda_relations" title="India–Rwanda relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe_relations" title="India–São Tomé and Príncipe relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Senegal_relations" title="India–Senegal relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Seychelles_relations" title="India–Seychelles relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sierra_Leone_relations" title="India–Sierra Leone relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Somalia_relations" title="India–Somalia relations">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Africa_relations" title="India–South Africa relations">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Sudan_relations" title="India–South Sudan relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sudan_relations" title="India–Sudan relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tanzania_relations" title="India–Tanzania relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Togo_relations" title="India–Togo relations">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tunisia_relations" title="India–Tunisia relations">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uganda_relations" title="India–Uganda relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="India–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="India–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–India relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Argentina–India relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas%E2%80%93India_relations" title="The Bahamas–India relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Barbados–India relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belize–India relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bolivia–India relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brazil–India relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Canada–India relations">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cayman Islands–India relations">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Chile–India relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Colombia–India relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Costa Rica–India relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cuba–India relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominica–India relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Dominican Republic–India relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Ecuador–India relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93India_relations" title="El Salvador–India relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Grenada–India relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guatemala–India relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Guyana–India relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Haiti–India relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Honduras–India relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jamaica_relations" title="India–Jamaica relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mexico_relations" title="India–Mexico relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nicaragua_relations" title="India–Nicaragua relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Panama_relations" title="India–Panama relations">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Paraguay_relations" title="India–Paraguay relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Peru_relations" title="India–Peru relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis_relations" title="India–Saint Kitts and Nevis relations">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Lucia_relations" title="India–Saint Lucia relations">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines_relations" title="India–Saint Vincent and the Grenadines relations">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Suriname_relations" title="India–Suriname relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Trinidad_and_Tobago_relations" title="India–Trinidad and Tobago relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="India–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="India–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Afghanistan–India relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Armenia–India relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Azerbaijan–India relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bahrain–India relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bangladesh–India relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bhutan–India relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Brunei–India relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cambodia–India relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93India_relations" title="China–India relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hong Kong–India relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tibet_relations" title="India–Tibet relations">Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor%E2%80%93India_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="East Timor–India relations">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Indonesia_relations" title="India–Indonesia relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="India–Iran relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Iraq_relations" title="India–Iraq relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Israel_relations" title="India–Israel relations">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Japan_relations" title="India–Japan relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Jordan_relations" title="India–Jordan relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kazakhstan_relations" title="India–Kazakhstan relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kuwait_relations" title="India–Kuwait relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kyrgyzstan_relations" title="India–Kyrgyzstan relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Laos_relations" title="India–Laos relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lebanon_relations" title="India–Lebanon relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malaysia_relations" title="India–Malaysia relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Maldives_relations" title="India–Maldives relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Mongolia_relations" title="India–Mongolia relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Myanmar_relations" title="India–Myanmar relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nepal_relations" title="India–Nepal relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Korea_relations" title="India–North Korea relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Oman_relations" title="India–Oman relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pakistan_relations" title="India–Pakistan relations">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palestine_relations" title="India–Palestine relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Philippines_relations" title="India–Philippines relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Qatar_relations" title="India–Qatar relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_relations" title="India–Saudi Arabia relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Singapore_relations" title="India–Singapore relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93South_Korea_relations" title="India–South Korea relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sri_Lanka_relations" title="India–Sri Lanka relations">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Syria_relations" title="India–Syria relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Taiwan_relations" title="India–Taiwan relations">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tajikistan_relations" title="India–Tajikistan relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Thailand_relations" title="India–Thailand relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="India–Turkey relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Turkmenistan_relations" title="India–Turkmenistan relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Arab_Emirates_relations" title="India–United Arab Emirates relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="India–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="India–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="India–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Albania–India relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Austria–India relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belarus–India relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Belgium–India relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bulgaria–India relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–India relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Croatia–India relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cyprus–India relations">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Czech Republic–India relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Denmark–India relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Estonia–India relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Finland–India relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93India_relations" title="France–India relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Georgia–India relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Germany–India relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Greece–India relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Hungary–India relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Holy See–India relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Iceland–India relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ireland_relations" title="India–Ireland relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Italy_relations" title="India–Italy relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kosovo_relations" title="India–Kosovo relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latvia_relations" title="India–Latvia relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Liechtenstein_relations" title="India–Liechtenstein relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Lithuania_relations" title="India–Lithuania relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Luxembourg_relations" title="India–Luxembourg relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Malta_relations" title="India–Malta relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Moldova_relations" title="India–Moldova relations">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Monaco_relations" title="India–Monaco relations">Monaco</a></li> <li>Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Netherlands_relations" title="India–Netherlands relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93North_Macedonia_relations" title="India–North Macedonia relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Norway_relations" title="India–Norway relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Poland_relations" title="India–Poland relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Portugal_relations" title="India–Portugal relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Romania_relations" title="India–Romania relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Russia_relations" title="India–Russia relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Serbia_relations" title="India–Serbia relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovakia_relations" title="India–Slovakia relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Slovenia_relations" title="India–Slovenia relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Spain_relations" title="India–Spain relations">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Sweden_relations" title="India–Sweden relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Switzerland_relations" title="India–Switzerland relations">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Ukraine_relations" title="India–Ukraine relations">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93United_Kingdom_relations" title="India–United Kingdom relations">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Australia–India relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Fiji–India relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Kiribati_relations" title="India–Kiribati relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Marshall_Islands_relations" title="India–Marshall Islands relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Federated_States_of_Micronesia_relations" title="India–Federated States of Micronesia relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Nauru_relations" title="India–Nauru relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93New_Zealand_relations" title="India–New Zealand relations">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Cook Islands–India relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Niue_relations" title="India–Niue relations">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Palau_relations" title="India–Palau relations">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Papua_New_Guinea_relations" title="India–Papua New Guinea relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Samoa_relations" title="India–Samoa relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Solomon_Islands_relations" title="India–Solomon Islands relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tonga_relations" title="India–Tonga relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Tuvalu_relations" title="India–Tuvalu relations">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India-Pacific_Islands_Relations#Vanuatu" class="mw-redirect" title="India-Pacific Islands Relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="India–Soviet Union relations">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Yugoslavia_relations" title="India–Yugoslavia relations">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Multilateral_relations124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Multilateral relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2%2B2_Ministerial_Dialogue" title="2+2 Ministerial Dialogue">2+2 Ministerial Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93India_relations" title="Africa–India relations">Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Africa_Forum_Summit" title="India–Africa Forum Summit">Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/BASIC_countries" title="BASIC countries">BASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Bengal_Initiative_for_Multi-Sectoral_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation" class="mw-redirect" title="Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation">BIMSTEC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBIN" title="BBIN">BBIN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a> (<a href="/wiki/4th_BRICS_summit" title="4th BRICS summit">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_BRICS_summit" title="8th BRICS summit">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/13th_BRICS_summit" title="13th BRICS summit">13th summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connect_Central_Asia" title="Connect Central Asia">Central Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia_Summit" title="East Asia Summit">East Asia Summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="India–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G4_nations" title="G4 nations">G4</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G20" title="G20">G20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G77</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I2U2_Group" title="I2U2 Group">I2U2 Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBSA_Dialogue_Forum" title="IBSA Dialogue Forum">IBSA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Naval_Symposium" title="Indian Ocean Naval Symposium">Indian Ocean Naval Symposium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_Rim_Association" title="Indian Ocean Rim Association">Indian Ocean Rim Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_relations" title="India–Pacific Islands relations">India–Pacific Islands relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Forum_for_India%E2%80%93Pacific_Islands_Cooperation" title="Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation">Forum for India–Pacific Islands Cooperation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="India–Latin America relations">India–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Solar_Alliance" title="International Solar Alliance">International Solar Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mekong%E2%80%93Ganga_Cooperation" title="Mekong–Ganga Cooperation">Mekong–Ganga Cooperation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="India and the Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a> (<a href="/wiki/7th_Summit_of_the_Non-Aligned_Movement" title="7th Summit of the Non-Aligned Movement">7th Summit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadrilateral_Security_Dialogue" title="Quadrilateral Security Dialogue">Quadrilateral Security Dialogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_sanctions" title="India sanctions">Sanctions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_Association_for_Regional_Cooperation" title="South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation">SAARC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_and_the_United_Nations" title="India and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Diplomacy124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Diplomacy</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Indian_foreign_relations" title="History of Indian foreign relations">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Ministry of External Affairs (India)">Ministry of External Affairs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_External_Affairs_(India)" title="Minister of External Affairs (India)">Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Secretary_(India)" title="Foreign Secretary (India)">Foreign Secretary</a></li></ul></li> <li>Diplomatic missions <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_India" title="List of diplomatic missions of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_India" title="List of diplomatic missions in India">in India</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Chennai" title="List of diplomatic missions in Chennai">in Chennai</a>)</li> <li>Ambassadors and High Commissioners <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_of_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners of India">of India</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_and_high_commissioners_to_India" title="List of ambassadors and high commissioners to India">to India</a></li> <li>Foreign aid <a href="/wiki/Indian_foreign_aid" title="Indian foreign aid">by India</a> / <a href="/wiki/Foreign_aid_to_India" title="Foreign aid to India">to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_diaspora" title="Indian diaspora">Indian diaspora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_Citizenship_of_India" title="Overseas Citizenship of India">Overseas citizens</a></li> <li>Foreign policy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Technical_and_Economic_Cooperation_Programme" title="Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme">ITEC programme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Look East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-African_e-Network_project" title="Pan-African e-Network project">Pan-African e-Network project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Indira_Gandhi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Indira Gandhi government">Indira Gandhi government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Narendra Modi government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" title="Middle Eastern foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">Middle Eastern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Asian_foreign_policy_of_the_Narendra_Modi_government" class="mw-redirect" title="South Asian foreign policy of the Narendra Modi government">South Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Look_East_policy_(India)#Act_East_policy" class="mw-redirect" title="Look East policy (India)">Act East</a>)</li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_conflict" title="Kashmir conflict">Kashmir conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siachen_conflict" title="Siachen conflict">Siachen conflict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Pakistani_wars_and_conflicts" title="Indo-Pakistani wars and conflicts">Conflicts with Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sino-Indian_border_dispute" title="Sino-Indian border dispute">Disputes with China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_disputes_of_India_and_Nepal" class="mw-redirect" title="Territorial disputes of India and Nepal">Disputes with Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_visits_to_India" title="List of diplomatic visits to India">State visits to India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_prime_ministers_of_India" title="List of international trips made by prime ministers of India">State visits by prime ministers of India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Jawaharlal_Nehru" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Jawaharlal Nehru">Jawaharlal Nehru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Indira_Gandhi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Atal_Bihari_Vajpayee" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Atal Bihari Vajpayee">Atal Bihari Vajpayee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Manmohan_Singh" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Manmohan Singh">Manmohan Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_prime_ministerial_trips_made_by_Narendra_Modi" title="List of international prime ministerial trips made by Narendra Modi">Narendra Modi</a></li></ul></li> <li>Visits by external affairs ministers of India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_Salman_Khurshid_as_External_Affairs_Minister_of_India" title="List of international trips made by Salman Khurshid as External Affairs Minister of India">Salman Khurshid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_international_trips_made_by_S._Jaishankar_as_External_Affairs_Minister_of_India" title="List of international trips made by S. Jaishankar as External Affairs Minister of India">S. Jaishankar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Foreign relations of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_States&#124;link=United_States_Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_the_United_States" title="Foreign relations of the United States">Foreign relations of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Bilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bilateralism" title="Bilateralism">Bilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angola%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Angola–United States relations">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cameroon–United States relations">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Central African Republic–United States relations">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chad–United States relations">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Democratic Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_the_Congo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of the Congo–United States relations">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equatorial_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Equatorial Guinea–United States relations">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Gabon–United States relations">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="São Tomé and Príncipe–United States relations">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burundi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burundi–United States relations">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Comoros–United States relations">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Djibouti–United States relations">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eritrea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eritrea–United States relations">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ethiopia–United States relations">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kenya–United States relations">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Madagascar–United States relations">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malawi%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malawi–United States relations">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritius–United States relations">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mozambique–United States relations">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rwanda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Rwanda–United States relations">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seychelles%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Seychelles–United States relations">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somalia–United States relations">Somalia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Somaliland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Somaliland–United States relations">Somaliland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Sudan–United States relations">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanzania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tanzania–United States relations">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Uganda–United States relations">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zambia_relations" title="United States–Zambia relations">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Zimbabwe_relations" title="United States–Zimbabwe relations">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">North</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Algeria–United States relations">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Egypt–United States relations">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Libya–United States relations">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Morocco–United States relations">Morocco</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic–United States relations">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sudan–United States relations">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tunisia–United States relations">Tunisia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botswana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Botswana–United States relations">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eswatini%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Eswatini–United States relations">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesotho%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lesotho–United States relations">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namibia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Namibia–United States relations">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Africa–United States relations">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">West</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Benin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Benin–United States relations">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Burkina Faso–United States relations">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Verde%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cape Verde–United States relations">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ivory Coast–United States relations">Côte d'Ivoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Gambia–United States relations">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ghana–United States relations">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea–United States relations">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guinea-Bissau–United States relations">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liberia–United States relations">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mali–United States relations">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mauritania–United States relations">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Niger–United States relations">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nigeria–United States relations">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Senegal–United States relations">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sierra Leone–United States relations">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Togo–United States relations">Togo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Caribbean</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Antigua and Barbuda–United States relations">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="The Bahamas–United States relations">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbados%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Barbados–United States relations">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cuba–United States relations">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominica–United States relations">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Dominican Republic–United States relations">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grenada–United States relations">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haiti%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Haiti–United States relations">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jamaica–United States relations">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis–United States relations">St. Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Lucia–United States relations">St. Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines–United States relations">St. Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Trinidad and Tobago–United States relations">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belize%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belize–United States relations">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Costa_Rica%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Costa Rica–United States relations">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El_Salvador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="El Salvador–United States relations">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guatemala%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guatemala–United States relations">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honduras%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Honduras–United States relations">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mexico–United States relations">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicaragua%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nicaragua–United States relations">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panama%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Panama–United States relations">Panama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Canada–United States relations">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93United_States_trade_relations" title="Canada–United States trade relations">trade</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Argentina–United States relations">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolivia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bolivia–United States relations">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brazil–United States relations">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Chile–United States relations">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Colombia–United States relations">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecuador%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ecuador–United States relations">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Guyana–United States relations">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraguay%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Paraguay–United States relations">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Peru–United States relations">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Suriname–United States relations">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uruguay_relations" title="United States–Uruguay relations">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Venezuela_relations" title="United States–Venezuela relations">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Central</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kazakhstan–United States relations">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kyrgyzstan–United States relations">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tajikistan–United States relations">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkmenistan–United States relations">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Uzbekistan_relations" title="United States–Uzbekistan relations">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">East</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="China–United States relations">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hong Kong–United States relations">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Macau–United States relations">Macau</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Japan–United States relations">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Mongolia–United States relations">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Korea–United States relations">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="South Korea–United States relations">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Taiwan–United States relations">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">South</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Afghanistan–United States relations">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bangladesh–United States relations">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bhutan–United States relations">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Maldives–United States relations">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nepal–United States relations">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Pakistan–United States relations">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Pakistan–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sri Lanka–United States relations">Sri Lanka</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southeast</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brunei%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Brunei–United States relations">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cambodia–United States relations">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Indonesia–United States relations">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Laos–United States relations">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malaysia–United States relations">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Myanmar–United States relations">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Philippines–United States relations">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Singapore–United States relations">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Thailand–United States relations">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timor-Leste%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Timor-Leste–United States relations">Timor-Leste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vietnam_relations" title="United States–Vietnam relations">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Armenia–United States relations">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Azerbaijan–United States relations">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bahrain–United States relations">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Georgia–United States relations">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iraq–United States relations">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Israel–United States relations">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israel%E2%80%93United_States_military_relations" title="Israel–United States military relations">military</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Jordan–United States relations">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kuwait–United States relations">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lebanon–United States relations">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Oman–United States relations">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palestine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palestine–United States relations">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Qatar–United States relations">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Saudi Arabia–United States relations">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Syria–United States relations">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Turkey–United States relations">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Arab Emirates–United States relations">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Yemen_relations" title="United States–Yemen relations">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Eastern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belarus–United States relations">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bulgaria–United States relations">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czech Republic–United States relations">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hungary–United States relations">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldova%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Moldova–United States relations">Moldova</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transnistria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Transnistria–United States relations">Transnistria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Poland–United States relations">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Romania–United States relations">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Russia–United States relations">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovakia–United States relations">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukraine%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ukraine–United States relations">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Northern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Denmark%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Denmark–United States relations">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Estonia–United States relations">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Finland–United States relations">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iceland–United States relations">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ireland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ireland–United States relations">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latvia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latvia–United States relations">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Lithuania–United States relations">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norway%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Norway–United States relations">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Sweden–United States relations">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="United Kingdom–United States relations">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Relationship" title="Special Relationship">Special Relationship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bermuda%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bermuda–United States relations">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cayman Islands–United States relations">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Southern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albania%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Albania–United States relations">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Andorra–United States relations">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina–United States relations">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Croatia–United States relations">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cyprus–United States relations">Cyprus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Northern Cyprus–United States relations">Northern Cyprus</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greece%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greece–United States relations">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_See%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Holy See–United States relations">Holy See</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italy%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Italy–United States relations">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kosovo–United States relations">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malta%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Malta–United States relations">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montenegro%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Montenegro–United States relations">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Macedonia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North Macedonia–United States relations">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Portugal–United States relations">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Marino%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="San Marino–United States relations">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Serbia–United States relations">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovenia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Slovenia–United States relations">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Spain–United States relations">Spain</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Western</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Austria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Austria–United States relations">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Belgium–United States relations">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="France–United States relations">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Germany–United States relations">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Liechtenstein–United States relations">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Luxembourg–United States relations">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Monaco–United States relations">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Netherlands–United States relations">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Switzerland–United States relations">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Australasia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="New Zealand–United States relations">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Melanesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fiji%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Fiji–United States relations">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papua New Guinea–United States relations">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Solomon Islands–United States relations">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93Vanuatu_relations" title="United States–Vanuatu relations">Vanuatu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Micronesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiribati%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kiribati–United States relations">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Marshall Islands–United States relations">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federated_States_of_Micronesia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federated States of Micronesia–United States relations">Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nauru%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Nauru–United States relations">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Palau–United States relations">Palau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Polynesia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cook_Islands%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Cook Islands–United States relations">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Samoa–United States relations">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonga%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tonga–United States relations">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Tuvalu–United States relations">Tuvalu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artsakh%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Artsakh–United States relations">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Baden%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Baden–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Baden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Bavaria–United States relations">Kingdom of Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brunswick-L%C3%BCneburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg–United States relations">Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Federal Republic of Central America–United States relations">Federal Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Republic_of_Central_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Greater Republic of Central America–United States relations">Greater Republic of Central America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congo_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Congo Free State–United States relations">Congo Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Czechoslovakia–United States relations">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germany%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Germany–United States relations">East Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Genoa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Republic of Genoa–United States relations">Republic of Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="German Empire–United States relations">German Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Kingdom of Hanover–United States relations">Kingdom of Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanseatic_Republics%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hanseatic Republics–United States relations">Hanseatic Republics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Hawaiian Kingdom–United States relations">Hawaiian Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Hesse%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Hesse–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Hesse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Schwerin%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Schwerin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Mecklenburg-Strelitz%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Strelitz–United States relations">Mecklenburg-Strelitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Nassau%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Nassau–United States relations">Duchy of Nassau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_German_Confederation%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="North German Confederation–United States relations">North German Confederation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Oldenburg%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Grand Duchy of Oldenburg–United States relations">Grand Duchy of Oldenburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Free_State%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Orange Free State–United States relations">Orange Free State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Ottoman Empire–United States relations">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Papal States–United States relations">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Parma%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Duchy of Parma–United States relations">Duchy of Parma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prussia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Prussia–United 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mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="padding-left:75px;"><div id="Multilateral_relations164" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Multilateralism" title="Multilateralism">Multilateral</a> relations</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Africa–United States relations">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab%E2%80%93American_relations" title="Arab–American relations">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Asia–United States relations">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Asia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="East Asia–United States relations">East Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="United States–European Union relations">European Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Latin America–United States relations">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_and_the_United_Nations" title="United States and the United Nations">United Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C5%2B1" title="C5+1">C5+1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Major_non-NATO_ally" title="Major non-NATO ally">Major non-NATO ally</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Border_Initiative" title="Third Border Initiative">Third Border Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_organization_membership_of_the_United_States" title="International organization membership of the United States">International organizations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_Neutrality" title="Proclamation of Neutrality">Proclamation of Neutrality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monroe_Doctrine" title="Monroe Doctrine">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roosevelt_Corollary" title="Roosevelt Corollary">Roosevelt Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Good_Neighbor_policy" title="Good Neighbor policy">Good Neighbor policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truman_Doctrine" title="Truman Doctrine">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenhower_Doctrine" title="Eisenhower Doctrine">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Doctrine" title="Kennedy Doctrine">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johnson_Doctrine" title="Johnson Doctrine">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nixon_Doctrine" title="Nixon Doctrine">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Doctrine" title="Carter Doctrine">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reagan_Doctrine" title="Reagan Doctrine">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinton_Doctrine" title="Clinton Doctrine">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bush_Doctrine" title="Bush Doctrine">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obama_Doctrine" title="Obama Doctrine">Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other doctrines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lodge_Corollary" title="Lodge Corollary">Lodge Corollary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stimson_Doctrine" title="Stimson Doctrine">Stimson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirkpatrick_Doctrine" title="Kirkpatrick Doctrine">Kirkpatrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weinberger_Doctrine" title="Weinberger Doctrine">Weinberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Powell_Doctrine" title="Powell Doctrine">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumsfeld_Doctrine" title="Rumsfeld Doctrine">Rumsfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolfowitz_Doctrine" title="Wolfowitz Doctrine">Wolfowitz</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Policies and concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blowback_(intelligence)" title="Blowback (intelligence)">Blowback</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_toward_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="United States foreign policy toward the People's Republic of China">China policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Containment" title="Containment">Containment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domino_theory" title="Domino theory">Domino theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_aid" title="United States foreign aid">Foreign aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_foreign_policy_in_the_Middle_East" title="United States foreign policy in the Middle East">Middle East policy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_non-interventionism" title="United States 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