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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Appalachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appalachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_American" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_American"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Native American</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_American-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_England" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_England"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>New England</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_England-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Midwest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Midwest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Midwest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Midwest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Texas_and_the_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Texas_and_the_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Texas and the West</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Texas_and_the_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Contemporary_musicians" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Contemporary_musicians"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Contemporary musicians</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Contemporary_musicians-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Festivals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dancing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dancing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Dancing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dancing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Education</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Education subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Appalachia_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Appalachia_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Appalachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Appalachia_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Outside_Appalachia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Outside_Appalachia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Outside Appalachia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Outside_Appalachia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a 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Available in 12 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-12" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">12 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Old-time music" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerddoriaeth_hen_ffasiwn" title="Cerddoriaeth hen ffasiwn – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cerddoriaeth hen ffasiwn" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtime" title="Oldtime – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Oldtime" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-Time_Music" title="Old-Time Music – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Old-Time Music" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old_time_music" title="Old time music – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Old time music" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Old-time music" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musica_priscorum_temporum" title="Musica priscorum temporum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Musica priscorum temporum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sen%C5%B3j%C5%B3_laik%C5%B3_muzika" title="Senųjų laikų muzika – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Senųjų laikų muzika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Old-time music" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Old-time music" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oldtime" title="Oldtime – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Oldtime" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Old-time_music" title="Old-time music – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Old-time music" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q972424#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Old-time music</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg/220px-The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg/330px-The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg/440px-The_Lotus_Eaters_at_Our_Community_Place_in_Harrisonburg_VA_April_2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="2128" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Old-time country band The Lotus Eaters perform at the Our Community Place plant sale.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Stylistic origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">North American folk music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Cultural origins</th><td class="infobox-data hlist">English, Scottish, Welsh, Irish, French, German, Spanish, African, <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Derivative forms</th><td class="infobox-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cajun_fiddle" title="Cajun fiddle">Cajun fiddle</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">American folk music revival</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Old-time music</b> is a genre of <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. It developed along with various North American <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra dance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">clogging</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Buck_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Buck dance">buck dancing</a>. It is played on <a href="/wiki/Acoustic_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Acoustic instrument">acoustic instruments</a>, generally centering on a combination of <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> (see <a href="/wiki/Old_time_fiddle" title="Old time fiddle">old time fiddling</a>) and plucked <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>, most often the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>. Together, they form an ensemble called the <a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string band</a>, which along with the simple banjo–fiddle duet have historically been the most common configurations to play old-time music.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre is considered a precursor to modern <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reflecting the cultures that settled North America, the roots of old-time music are in the <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional musics</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Europe, and Africa. African influences are notably found in vocal and instrumental performance styles and dance, as well as the often cited use of the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a>; in some regions, Native American, Spanish, French and German sources are also prominent.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While many <a href="/wiki/Dance_tune" class="mw-redirect" title="Dance tune">dance tunes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">ballads</a> can be traced to <a href="/wiki/European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="European culture">European</a> sources, many others are of North American origin.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etymology">Etymology</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old-time music, particularly when encompassing ballads and other vocal forms, is likely the oldest form of North American <a href="/wiki/Traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditional music">traditional music</a> other than <a href="/wiki/Native_American_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Native American music">Native American music</a>, and thus the term "old-time" is an appropriate one. In popular usage at 21st century fiddlers' conventions and summer music camps, it frequently describes styles of pre-<a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> fiddle and banjo music as played in the Southern United States, so that "bluegrass banjo" and "bluegrass fiddle" can be judged separately. However, definitions of the phrase vary historically and geographically, including racially segregated titles used in record catalogs of the 1920s and 1930s,<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> literal use to describe nostalgic song and tune collections over the years, and concert organizers' and record companies' use of the phrase in the 1960s to identify traditional instrumental and vocal music by rural white and black musicians, distinct from the then-commercialized "folk revival" music that included urban "interpreters" and singer-songwriters (See "Revival" below).<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Contemporary fiddler's conventions, music camps and festivals often use the terms "old-time" and "old-time string band" interchangeably, heavily weighted toward instrumental performance and often placing vocal music in a separate <a href="/wiki/Folk_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk song">folk song</a> category. </p><p>When some of its early <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> <a href="/wiki/Sound_recording" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound recording">recordings</a> became hits, the <a href="/wiki/Okeh" class="mw-redirect" title="Okeh">Okeh</a> company, which had previously coined the terms "hillbilly music" to describe <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> and Southern fiddle-based and <a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">religious music</a> and "<a href="/wiki/Race_record" title="Race record">race record</a>" to describe the music of African American <a href="/wiki/Recording_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Recording artist">recording artists</a>, began using "old-time music" as a term to describe the music of white artists including <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_John_Carson" title="Fiddlin' John Carson">Fiddlin' John Carson</a>, who began recording in 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The term thus originated as a <a href="/wiki/Euphemism" title="Euphemism">euphemism</a>, but proved a suitable replacement for other terms that were considered disparaging by many inhabitants of these regions. It remains the term preferred by performers and listeners of the music. It is sometimes referred to as "old-timey"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or "mountain music"<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> by long-time practitioners. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_sources">Other sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Other sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The early 19th century <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="Minstrel Show">Minstrel Show</a> configuration of banjo, fiddle, <a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">rhythm bones</a> and tambourine, at first performing tunes learned from black players, soon added tunes adapted from white players previous European-roots repertoire, and songs composed specifically for those ensembles, such as those of <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Foster" title="Stephen Foster">Stephen Foster</a>, some of which are still in the old-time string band repertoire.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, the guitar and mandolin became increasingly available, as well as factory made banjos, and tunes originating in <a href="/wiki/Tin_Pan_Alley" title="Tin Pan Alley">Tin Pan Alley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gospel_music" title="Gospel music">gospel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">blues</a> and other musics were adapted into the old-time style. People played similar music in all regions of the United States in the 18th and 19th centuries, but by the mid 20th century it was associated primarily with rural areas, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_region" class="mw-redirect" title="Appalachian region">Appalachian region</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Revival">Revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Important revivalists including <a href="/wiki/Mike_Seeger" title="Mike Seeger">Mike Seeger</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a> brought banjo and string-band music to New York City as early as the 1940s. The <a href="/wiki/New_Lost_City_Ramblers" title="New Lost City Ramblers">New Lost City Ramblers</a> in particular took the revival across the country and often featured older musicians in their shows. The band was originally <a href="/wiki/Mike_Seeger" title="Mike Seeger">Mike Seeger</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Cohen_(musician)" title="John Cohen (musician)">John Cohen</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tom_Paley" title="Tom Paley">Tom Paley</a>. When Tom left the band, he was replaced by <a href="/wiki/Tracy_Schwarz" class="mw-redirect" title="Tracy Schwarz">Tracy Schwarz</a>. New Lost City Ramblers sparked new interest in "old-time" or "old-timey" music, and wrote about it in record notes, magazine articles, and the New Lost City Ramblers Songbook, later reissued as the <i>Old-Time String Band Songbook</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Folkways_Records" title="Folkways Records">Folkways Records</a>, founded in 1948, began to use the phrase "old time music" prominently in conjunction with Mike Seeger, the New Lost City Ramblers, other performers (e.g., Canadian fiddler <a href="/wiki/Jean_Carignan" title="Jean Carignan">Jean Carignan</a>), and events ("The 37th Old Time Fiddler's Convention at Union Grove North Carolina"), including a 1960s New York City organization called the "Friends of Old-Time Music" (F.O.T.M. for short), with headquarters at <a href="/wiki/Izzy_Young" title="Izzy Young">Izzy Young</a>'s Folklore Center in Greenwich Village. The group's mission, as outlined in Richard Rinzler's booklet accompanying a concert collection, was to "reach deep into the grassroots and bring traditional folk music, performed by traditional artists, to the New York City area." Under its "Old-Time Music" umbrella, rather than the phrase "folk music" then being used heavily by commercial record companies and young singer-songwriters, the group presented a wide range of older black and white traditional and "roots" musicians, including Southern singers, fiddlers, banjo players, guitarists and string bands in styles ranging from unaccompanied and banjo-accompanied ballad-singing to bluegrass and blues artists, some of whom had recorded as early as the 1920s. (Among the concert performers were <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Ashley" title="Clarence Ashley">Clarence Ashley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dock_Boggs" title="Dock Boggs">Dock Boggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gus_Cannon" title="Gus Cannon">Gus Cannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jesse_Fuller" title="Jesse Fuller">Jesse Fuller</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Holcomb" title="Roscoe Holcomb">Roscoe Holcomb</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_John_Hurt" title="Mississippi John Hurt">Mississippi John Hurt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Furry_Lewis" title="Furry Lewis">Furry Lewis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Monroe" title="Bill Monroe">Bill Monroe</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Brothers" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanley Brothers">Stanley Brothers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Doc_Watson" title="Doc Watson">Doc Watson</a>.) <sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A 2006 three-CD box set from Folkways reissued more of the original 14 concerts, under the title "Friends of Old Time Music: The Folk Arrival 1961-1965," accompanied by a 60-page book by Peter K. Siegel, with essays by <a href="/wiki/John_Cohen_(musician)" title="John Cohen (musician)">John Cohen (musician)</a> and Jody Stecher. Among its observations, "When <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Rinzler" title="Ralph Rinzler">Ralph Rinzler</a>, Cohen and Young decided to call their new organization the Friends of Old Time Music, they were referring to language that had been used by the commercial recording industry almost four decades earlier." In a separate essay, Cohen observes, "Ralph and I looked for name for our proposed organization, one that would avoid the pitfalls of the word 'folk,' for we needed to establish our own distinct identity as something apart from the folk revival," with its "commercialization of folk music by the music industry" and "urban performers who were interpreting and inventing folk music".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Vanguard_Records" title="Vanguard Records">Vanguard Records</a> used "Old Time Music at Newport" as the title for one of its several LPs from the <a href="/wiki/Newport_Folk_Festival" title="Newport Folk Festival">Newport Folk Festival</a> of 1963, including several Southern players who had performed at FOTM concerts and Folkways records, and others: <a href="/wiki/Clarence_%22Tom%22_Ashley" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarence "Tom" Ashley">Clarence "Tom" Ashley</a>, Doc Boggs, <a href="/wiki/Maybelle_Carter" title="Maybelle Carter">Maybelle Carter</a>, Jenes Cottrell, Dorsey Dixon, Clint Howard, Fred Price, and Doc Watson. The New Lost City Ramblers were included on a "Country Music and Bluegrass at Newport" record, and Mississippi John Hurt was among performers on "Blues at Newport." Ashley, whose band featured Doc Watson, appeared on both the "Old Time" and "Country Music and Bluegrass" collections. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Arhoolie_Records" title="Arhoolie Records">Arhoolie Records</a> in 1962 started a label called "Old Timey," reissuing dozens of LPs based on old 78s by old-time string bands and more -- not only volumes of "Old-Time Southern Dance Music: Ballads And Songs," but "Pioneers Of Cajun Accordion 1926-1936," "Amadé Ardoin* – The First Black Zydeco Recording Artist (His Original Recordings 1928-1938)," "Classic Country Duets," and collections of " Western Swing, Blues, Boogie And Honky Tonk."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Instrumentation">Instrumentation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Instrumentation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Old-time music is played using a wide variety of stringed instruments. The instrumentation of an old-time group is often determined by what instruments are available, as well as by tradition. The most common instruments are acoustic <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a>. Historically, the <a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">fiddle</a> was nearly always the leading melodic instrument, and in many instances (if no other instruments were available) dances were accompanied only by a single fiddler, who often also acted as <a href="/wiki/Caller_(dance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Caller (dance)">dance caller</a>. </p><p>By the early 19th century, the <a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">banjo</a> had become an essential partner to the fiddle, particularly in the southern United States. The banjo, originally a fretless instrument made from a gourd,<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provided rhythmic accompaniment to song, dance and the fiddle, incorporating a high drone provided by the instrument's short "drone string." The banjo used in old-time music is typically a 5-string model<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with an open back (i.e., without the resonator found on most <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> banjos). Today, old-time banjo players most commonly utilize the <a href="/wiki/Clawhammer" title="Clawhammer">clawhammer</a> style, but there were numerous styles, most of which are still used to some extent today. The major styles are down-picking (generally referred to today as "clawhammer," though historically myriad names were used to describe it), two-finger index lead, two-finger thumb lead, and a three-finger "fiddle style" that seems to have been influenced in part by late-19th century urban classical style. Young players might learn whatever style a parent or older sibling favored, or take inspiration from phonograph records, radio, traveling performers and migrant workers, local guitarists and banjo players, as well as other musicians they met when traveling to neighboring areas. Having a fiddle play the lead melody with a banjo playing rhythmic accompaniment is the most common form of Appalachian old-time music today. </p><p>Individualistic three-finger styles were developed independently by such important figures as <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon" title="Uncle Dave Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dock_Boggs" title="Dock Boggs">Dock Boggs</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Snuffy_Jenkins" title="Snuffy Jenkins">Snuffy Jenkins</a>. Those early three-finger styles, especially the technique developed by Jenkins, led to the three-finger <a href="/wiki/Scruggs_style" title="Scruggs style">Scruggs style</a> created by <a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a> in the 1940s, which helped advance the split between the old-time genre and the solo-centric style that became known as bluegrass. Jenkins developed a three-finger "roll" method that, while obviously part of the old-time tradition, inspired Scruggs to develop the smoother, faster and more complex rolls that are now standard fare in <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, musicians began to add other stringed instruments to the fiddle-banjo duo—including <a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">mandolin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">double bass</a> (or <a href="/wiki/Washtub_bass" title="Washtub bass">washtub bass</a>). These provided chordal, bass line, and pitched rhythmic accompaniment, and occasionally took over the melody, usually during a "break" section that lasted the duration of a verse, refrain, or verse and refrain. This, along with a <a href="/wiki/Dobro" title="Dobro">Dobro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator guitar</a>), is also considered 'standard' bluegrass instrumentation, but old-time music tends to focus on sparser instrumentation and arrangements compared to bluegrass. Such an assemblage, of whatever instrumentation, became known simply as a "<a href="/wiki/String_band" title="String band">string band</a>." Less frequently used are the <a href="/wiki/Cello" title="Cello">cello</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piano" title="Piano">piano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">hammered dulcimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_dulcimer" title="Appalachian dulcimer">Appalachian dulcimer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_banjo" class="mw-redirect" title="Tenor banjo">tenor banjo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tenor_guitar" title="Tenor guitar">tenor guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lap_steel_guitar" title="Lap steel guitar">lap-steel guitar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mandola" title="Mandola">mandola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Musical_bow" title="Musical bow">mouth bow</a>, as well as other instruments such as the <a href="/wiki/Jug_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jug (musical instrument)">jug</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harmonica" title="Harmonica">harmonica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autoharp" title="Autoharp">autoharp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaw_harp" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaw harp">jaw harp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Concertina" title="Concertina">concertina</a>, button or <a href="/wiki/Accordion" title="Accordion">accordion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washboard_(musical_instrument)" title="Washboard (musical instrument)">washboard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spoons_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spoons (musical instrument)">spoons</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Bones_(instrument)" title="Bones (instrument)">bones</a>. </p><p>The fiddle is sometimes played by two people at the same time, with one player using the bow and fingers, while another player stands to the side and taps out a rhythm on the fiddle strings using small sticks called <a href="/wiki/Fiddlesticks_(musical_instrument)" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiddlesticks (musical instrument)">fiddlesticks</a> (also spelled "fiddle sticks"). This technique (also sometimes called "beating the straws") is utilized in performance most notably by the duo of Al and Emily Cantrell.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each regional old-time tradition accompanies different dance styles. Some of these include <a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">clogging</a> and flatfoot dancing (Appalachia), <a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra dancing</a> (<a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>), <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dancing</a> (Southern states) and <a href="/wiki/Step_dance" title="Step dance">step dancing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>, particularly <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>), though there is some overlap between regions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Regional_styles">Regional styles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Regional styles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are numerous regional styles of old-time music, each with its own repertoire and playing style. Nevertheless, some tunes (such as "<a href="/wiki/Soldier%27s_Joy_(fiddle_tune)" title="Soldier's Joy (fiddle tune)">Soldier's Joy</a>") are found in nearly every regional style, though played somewhat differently in each. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appalachia">Appalachia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Appalachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian music</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg" title="File:Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg">"Big Eyed Rabbit"</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg" data-mwprovider="local"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/8/80/Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/transcoded/8/80/Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg/Rabbit-Slaughter.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Matokie_Slaughter" title="Matokie Slaughter">Matokie Slaughter</a>, "Big Eyed Rabbit" from <i>Clawhammer Banjo, Volume Two</i> (<a href="/wiki/County_Records" title="County Records">County Records</a>) (c. 1960s)</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Appalachia" title="Appalachia">Appalachian</a> folk music was brought to the United States by <a href="/wiki/Immigrants" class="mw-redirect" title="Immigrants">immigrants</a> and slaves. In turn it influenced <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> and old-time music.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As a result of the terrain of the region, the societies and cultures were fairly isolated from outside intervention. In 1916, <a href="/wiki/Cecil_Sharp" title="Cecil Sharp">Cecil Sharp</a> arrived in Appalachia and began recording the folk songs on the Mountains. Sharp, an authority on British ballads, was able to identify 1,600 versions of 500 songs from 281 singers, almost all having their origins in the English/Scottish <a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child Ballads</a>. After his first study in Appalachia, he published <i>English Folk Songs from the Southern Appalachians</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some examples of songs preserved in the Appalachian Mountains and recorded by Sharp include, "The Hangman Song", "Barbara Allen", etc.<sup id="cite_ref-autogenerated1_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The primary sources for many of Sharp's recordings came from a string of related families around <a href="/wiki/Madison_County,_North_Carolina" title="Madison County, North Carolina">Shelton Laurel, N.C.</a> Of note is the fact that these families maintained a specific, unique vocal tradition and traditional English lyrical pronunciations across several generations, until gaining fame in the 1960s and 1970s through similar field recordings completed by John Cohen. These records featured Dillard Chandler, Berzilla Wallin (recorded by Sharp) and Dellie Norton. Relatives of those individuals continue to keep this unique vocal style alive to this day. </p><p>A Scottish fiddler named <a href="/wiki/Niel_Gow" title="Niel Gow">Niel Gow</a> (note the unorthodox spelling) is usually credited with developing (during the 1740s) the short bow sawstroke technique that defines Appalachian fiddling. This technique was altered during the next century, with European <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">polkas</a> being most influential. </p><p>African Americans, who were not only slaves but also free blacks working in timber, <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a>, and other industries, influenced Appalachian music as the banjo was adopted from African Americans by white musicians (such as <a href="/wiki/Joel_Walker_Sweeney" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Walker Sweeney">Joel Walker Sweeney</a>) in the years leading up to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appalachian folk became a major influence on styles like <a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">country music</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a>. It is one of the few regional styles of old-time music that, since World War II, has been learned and widely practiced in all areas of the United States and Canada (as well as in Europe, Australia, and elsewhere). In some cases (as in the Midwest and Northeast), its popularity has eclipsed the indigenous old-time traditions of these regions. There is a particularly high concentration of performers playing Appalachian folk music on the East and West Coasts (especially in New York City, Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the Pacific Northwest). A number of American classical composers, in particular <a href="/wiki/Henry_Cowell" title="Henry Cowell">Henry Cowell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, have composed works that merge the idioms of Appalachian folk music with the Old World–based classical tradition. </p><p>Appalachian old-time music is itself made up of regional traditions. Some of the most prominent traditions include those of North Georgia (<a href="/wiki/The_Skillet_Lickers" class="mw-redirect" title="The Skillet Lickers">the Skillet Lickers</a>) <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina" title="Mount Airy, North Carolina">Mount Airy, North Carolina</a> (specifically the <a href="/wiki/Round_Peak,_North_Carolina" title="Round Peak, North Carolina">Round Peak</a> style of <a href="/wiki/Tommy_Jarrell" title="Tommy Jarrell">Tommy Jarrell</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Grayson_County,_Virginia" title="Grayson County, Virginia">Grayson County</a>/<a href="/wiki/Galax,_Virginia" title="Galax, Virginia">Galax</a>, Virginia (<a href="/wiki/Wade_Ward" title="Wade Ward">Wade Ward</a> and Albert Hash), <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a> (the Hammons Family), <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Mountain_Coal_Fields" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Mountain Coal Fields">Eastern Kentucky</a> (J. P. Fraley and Lee Sexton), <a href="/wiki/Middle_Tennessee" title="Middle Tennessee">Middle Tennessee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Uncle_Dave_Macon" title="Uncle Dave Macon">Uncle Dave Macon</a>, the <a href="/wiki/McGee_Brothers" title="McGee Brothers">McGee Brothers</a>, Thomas Maupin, and <a href="/wiki/Fiddlin%27_Arthur_Smith" title="Fiddlin' Arthur Smith">Fiddlin' Arthur Smith</a>), and <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee" title="East Tennessee">East Tennessee</a> (Charlie Acuff, the Roan Mountain Hilltoppers, G.B. Grayson). </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1096940132" /><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/60px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/120px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:TheOldGreyMare.ogg" title="File:TheOldGreyMare.ogg">The Old Grey Mare</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="131" data-mwtitle="TheOldGreyMare.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/51/TheOldGreyMare.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/TheOldGreyMare.ogg/TheOldGreyMare.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">Appalachian folk music from the Library of Congress' <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/folklife/Gordon/sideAbandA3.html#oldgraymare">Gordon Collection</a>; performed by Bascom Lamar Lunsford in the <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a> area on October 19, 1925.</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div><p>The banjo player and fiddler <a href="/wiki/Bascom_Lamar_Lunsford" title="Bascom Lamar Lunsford">Bascom Lamar Lunsford</a>, a native of the North Carolina mountains, collected much traditional music during his lifetime, also founding the old-time music festival in <a href="/wiki/Asheville,_North_Carolina" title="Asheville, North Carolina">Asheville, North Carolina</a>. Notable North Carolina traditional banjo players and makers include Frank Proffitt, Frank Proffitt Jr. and <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Hicks" title="Stanley Hicks">Stanley Hicks</a>, who all learned to make and play fretless mountain banjos from a family tradition. These players, among others, learned their art primarily from family and show fewer traces of influence from commercial hillbilly recordings. The Proffitts and Hicks were heirs to a centuries-old folk tradition, and through the middle to late 20th century they performed in a style older than the stringbands often associated with old time music. Their style has been recently emulated by contemporary musician <a href="/wiki/Tim_Eriksen" title="Tim Eriksen">Tim Eriksen</a>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The Southern states (particularly coastal states such as Virginia and <a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a>) also have one of the oldest traditions of old-time music in the United States. </p><p>States of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_South" title="Deep South">Deep South</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mississippi" title="Mississippi">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a> also have their own regional old-time music traditions and repertoires, as does the <a href="/wiki/Ozark_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Ozark Mountains">Ozark Mountains</a> region of <a href="/wiki/Arkansas" title="Arkansas">Arkansas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>. While the <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a> of the Louisiana <a href="/wiki/Cajun" class="mw-redirect" title="Cajun">Cajuns</a> has much in common with other North American old-time traditions it is generally treated as a tradition unto itself and not referred to as a form of old-time music. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Native_American">Native American</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Native American"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Several distinctive <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> old-time traditions exist, including <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis fiddle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Athabaskan_fiddle" title="Athabaskan fiddle">Athabaskan fiddle</a>. </p><p>Old-time music has also been adopted by individual <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> musicians including <a href="/wiki/Walker_Calhoun" title="Walker Calhoun">Walker Calhoun</a> (1918–2012) of Big Cove, in the <a href="/wiki/Qualla_Boundary" title="Qualla Boundary">Qualla Boundary</a> (home to the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Band_of_Cherokee_Indians" title="Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians">Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians</a>, Matthew Kinman of the Apache Tribe, and Wovoka Herrera of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Paiute_people" title="Northern Paiute people">Northern Paiute people</a> . Calhoun played three-finger-style banjo and sang in the <a href="/wiki/Cherokee_language" title="Cherokee language">Cherokee language</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_England">New England</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: New England"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a> states, being among the first settled by Europeans, have one of the oldest traditions of old-time music. Although the <a href="/wiki/Puritans" title="Puritans">Puritans</a> (the first Europeans to settle in the region), frowned upon instrumental music, dance music flourished in both urban and rural areas beginning in the 17th century. Primary instruments today include the fiddle, piano, and guitar, with the wooden flute sometimes also used. As with Appalachian folk, a number of classical composers have turned to New England folk music for melodic and harmonic ideas, most famously <a href="/wiki/Charles_Ives" title="Charles Ives">Charles Ives</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Copland" title="Aaron Copland">Aaron Copland</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Schuman" title="William Schuman">William Schuman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/John_Cage" title="John Cage">John Cage</a>, among others. Rhythmically, this style is more diverse than most southern old time, featuring <a href="/wiki/Schottische" title="Schottische">schottisches</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">hornpipes</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Waltz" title="Waltz">waltzes</a> in addition to <a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">reels</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Midwest">Midwest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Midwest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Beginning in the early 19th century, when the Midwestern states were first settled by immigrants from the eastern United States and Europe, the Midwest developed its own regional styles of old-time music. Among these, the <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a> style is of particular interest for its energetic bowing style,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while <a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a> is one of the few areas in North America with a continuous <a href="/wiki/Hammered_dulcimer" title="Hammered dulcimer">hammered dulcimer</a> tradition through the twentieth century.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The region of central and southern Illinois has its own distinct style and repertoire of old-time music as well.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the Upper Midwest, especially <a href="/wiki/Minnesota" title="Minnesota">Minnesota</a>, <i>old-time music</i> most typically refers to a mixture of Scandinavian styles, especially <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway" title="Music of Norway">Norwegian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Sweden" title="Music of Sweden">Swedish</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Texas_and_the_West">Texas and the West</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Texas and the West"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> developed a distinctive twin-fiddling tradition that was later popularized by <a href="/wiki/Bob_Wills" title="Bob Wills">Bob Wills</a> as <a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a> music.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fiddle music has also been popular since the 19th century in other Western states such as <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colorado" title="Colorado">Colorado</a>. The National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest has been held each year in <a href="/wiki/Weiser,_Idaho" title="Weiser, Idaho">Weiser, Idaho</a> since 1953. </p><p>Oklahoma, with its high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native American</a> inhabitants, has produced some Native American old-time string bands, most notably <a href="/wiki/Big_Chief_Henry%27s_Indian_String_Band" title="Big Chief Henry's Indian String Band">Big Chief Henry's Indian String Band</a> (consisting of Henry Hall, fiddle; Clarence Hall, guitar; and Harold Hall, banjo and voice), which was recorded by <a href="/wiki/H._C._Speir" title="H. C. Speir">H. C. Speir</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Victor_Talking_Machine_Company" title="Victor Talking Machine Company">Victor</a> company in 1929. </p><p>A California old-time music scene arose from college-city folk music scenes of the 1960s and '70s, from Fresno to Berkeley, including the Sweets Mill music camps and the crossover between <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dance</a>, folk dance and instrumental music scenes, documented in oral history interviews collected by musician, teacher and author Evo Bluestein, including the contributions of multi-instrumentalists <a href="/wiki/Kenny_Hall_(musician)" title="Kenny Hall (musician)">Kenny Hall</a>, Hank Bradley, and others.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Berkeley old-time scene of the late 1960s is documented in 1971 notes by Rita Weill to the Folkways LP <i>Berkeley Farms</i>. The Berkeley Old Time Fiddler's Convention, she said, was "Conceived in the back of a Volkswagen bus, on the way to a party in Marin County, in 1968, by a group of people who wanted to retain the good music and inter-play they'd witnessed at Southern fiddle-banjo contests, without the competition and corruption extant there. They wished to avoid the effects of regionalism that decreed there was a right way to play a tune and a wrong way, as well. After all, they felt, who could pinpoint one tradition for Berkeley? So it happened with but one rule, 'No fair 'lectric instruments.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Pacific Northwest has a vibrant old-time music community. Extending the north–south corridor from Seattle to Portland and east to Weiser, ID and Boise, gatherings and festivals such as the Portland Old Time Gathering, Festival of American Fiddle Tunes in Port Townsend, WA, an annual campout in Centralia, WA and the National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest have helped build a growing and multi-generational old time music community. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Among the prominent styles of old-time music in Canada are the Scottish-derived tradition of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> (particularly <a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_Island" title="Cape Breton Island">Cape Breton Island</a>), the <a href="/wiki/French_Canadian" class="mw-redirect" title="French Canadian">French Canadian</a> music of <a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a> and <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a>, the old-time music of <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>, and the prairie fiddling traditions of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">central-western provinces</a>. It is here (primarily in <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a>) that the fiddle tradition of the <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis people</a> is found. The traditional folk <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Music of Newfoundland and Labrador">music of Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, though similar in some ways to that of the rest of <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a>, has a distinct style of its own. As such, it is generally considered as its own genre. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Contemporary_musicians">Contemporary musicians</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Contemporary musicians"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The current old-time music scene is alive and well, sparked since the mid-1990s by the combined exposure resulting from several prominent films, more accessible depositories of source material, institutions like the Field Recorders Collective,<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the work of touring bands, including <a href="/wiki/The_Freight_Hoppers" title="The Freight Hoppers">the Freight Hoppers</a>, the Wilders, <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Earl" title="Uncle Earl">Uncle Earl</a>, <a href="/wiki/Old_Crow_Medicine_Show" title="Old Crow Medicine Show">Old Crow Medicine Show</a>, Glade City Rounders, <a href="/wiki/Foghorn_Stringband" title="Foghorn Stringband">Foghorn Stringband</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Chocolate_Drops" title="Carolina Chocolate Drops">Carolina Chocolate Drops</a>. Contemporary old-time music often blends styles with closely related genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass</a> or other types of <a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">folk music</a>. </p><p>A new generation of old-time musicians performs as solo acts and band leaders all over the country, including: <a href="/wiki/Brad_Leftwich" title="Brad Leftwich">Brad Leftwich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dan_Levenson_(musician)" title="Dan Levenson (musician)">Dan Levenson</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Bruce_Molsky" title="Bruce Molsky">Bruce Molsky</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rafe_Stefanini" title="Rafe Stefanini">Rafe Stefanini</a>, Bruce Greene, Rhys Jones, <a href="/wiki/Rayna_Gellert" title="Rayna Gellert">Rayna Gellert</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riley_Baugus" title="Riley Baugus">Riley Baugus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leroy_Troy" title="Leroy Troy">Leroy Troy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alice_Gerrard" title="Alice Gerrard">Alice Gerrard</a>, Dirk Powell, <a href="/wiki/Walt_Koken" title="Walt Koken">Walt Koken</a>, Clifton Hicks,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Martha_Scanlan" title="Martha Scanlan">Martha Scanlan</a>. The Appalachian dulcimer has long been a part of string bands in the <a href="/wiki/Galax,_Virginia" title="Galax, Virginia">Galax, Virginia</a>, area and is seeing new popularity re-emerging as a key instrument for old-time music, thanks to the influence of musicians such as Don Pedi, <a href="/wiki/David_Schnaufer" title="David Schnaufer">David Schnaufer</a>, Lois Hornbostel, Wayne Seymour his disciples, Milltown and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Seifert" title="Stephen Seifert">Stephen Seifert</a>. American hammered dulcimer players like Ken Kolodner, Mark Alan Wade and Rick Thum continue this tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Family bands, such as The Martin Family Band, from Maryland, are continuing the traditions of old time music played on fiddle, banjo, lap dulcimer, hammered dulcimer, mandolin, piano, guitar, bass and percussion. The <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Chocolate_Drops" title="Carolina Chocolate Drops">Carolina Chocolate Drops</a> and the solo careers of former members <a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Giddens" title="Rhiannon Giddens">Rhiannon Giddens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dom_Flemons" title="Dom Flemons">Dom Flemons</a> have directly addressed the nearly lost tradition of black stringband music.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other practitioners of the music included Charlie Acuff of <a href="/wiki/Alcoa,_Tennessee" title="Alcoa, Tennessee">Alcoa, Tennessee</a>, Chester McMillian of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina" title="Mount Airy, North Carolina">Mount Airy, North Carolina</a>, Lee Sexton of Line Fork, Kentucky, Thomas Maupin of <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro, Tennessee</a>, George Gibson of Knott Co., Kentucky, Michael Defosche in <a href="/wiki/Jackson_County,_Tennessee" title="Jackson County, Tennessee">Jackson County, Tennessee</a>, Rob Morrison of <a href="/wiki/Chapel_Hill,_North_Carolina" title="Chapel Hill, North Carolina">Chapel Hill, North Carolina</a>, Jimmy Costa of <a href="/wiki/Talcott,_West_Virginia" title="Talcott, West Virginia">Talcott, West Virginia</a>, Curtis Hicks of <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga,_Tennessee" title="Chattanooga, Tennessee">Chattanooga, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clyde_Davenport" title="Clyde Davenport">Clyde Davenport</a> of <a href="/wiki/Monticello,_Kentucky" title="Monticello, Kentucky">Monticello, Kentucky</a>, Delmer Holland of <a href="/wiki/Waverly,_Tennessee" title="Waverly, Tennessee">Waverly, Tennessee</a>, and Harold Luce of <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_Vermont" title="Chelsea, Vermont">Chelsea, Vermont</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Festivals">Festivals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Festivals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Old-time_music_festivals" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Old-time music festivals">Old-time music festivals</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_festivals" title="List of folk festivals">List of folk festivals</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:Old-time_music_festivals" title="Category:Old-time music festivals">Category:Old-time music festivals</a></div> <p>Prominent old-time music festivals (some of which also include bluegrass, dance, and other related arts) include the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Northern_Lights_Bluegrass_and_Old_Tyme_Music_Camp_and_Festival&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Northern Lights Bluegrass and Old Tyme Music Camp and Festival (page does not exist)">Northern Lights Bluegrass and Old Tyme Music Camp and Festival</a> in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Saskatoon,_Saskatchewan,_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada (page does not exist)">Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada</a> (established 2005),<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Old_Fiddler%27s_Convention&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Old Fiddler's Convention (page does not exist)">Old Fiddler's Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Galax,_Virginia" title="Galax, Virginia">Galax, Virginia</a> (established 1935), the <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia#Appalachian_music" title="West Virginia">West Virginia State Folk Festival</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Glenville,_West_Virginia" title="Glenville, West Virginia">Glenville, West Virginia</a> (established 1950), the <a href="/wiki/National_Oldtime_Fiddlers%27_Contest" title="National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest">National Oldtime Fiddlers' Contest</a> in <a href="/wiki/Weiser,_Idaho" title="Weiser, Idaho">Weiser, Idaho</a> (established 1953), the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Fiddlers_Convention" title="Mount Airy Fiddlers Convention">Mount Airy Fiddlers Convention</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy,_North_Carolina" title="Mount Airy, North Carolina">Mount Airy, North Carolina</a> (established 1972), <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee#Music" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Uncle Dave Macon Days</a> in <a href="/wiki/Murfreesboro,_Tennessee" title="Murfreesboro, Tennessee">Murfreesboro, Tennessee</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vandalia_Gathering" title="Vandalia Gathering">Vandalia Gathering</a> in <a href="/wiki/Charleston,_West_Virginia" title="Charleston, West Virginia">Charleston, West Virginia</a> (established 1977), the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_String_Band_Music_Festival" title="Appalachian String Band Music Festival">Appalachian String Band Music Festival</a> in <a href="/wiki/Clifftop,_Fayette_County,_West_Virginia" title="Clifftop, Fayette County, West Virginia">Clifftop, Fayette County, West Virginia</a> (established 1990), <a href="/wiki/Breakin%27_Up_Winter" title="Breakin' Up Winter">Breakin' Up Winter</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon,_Tennessee" title="Lebanon, Tennessee">Lebanon, Tennessee</a>, the Winfield Music Festival is held in <a href="/wiki/Winfield,_Kansas" title="Winfield, Kansas">Winfield, Kansas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Tennessee#Fiddler's_Jamboree" title="Smithville, Tennessee">Smithville Fiddlers' Jamboree and Crafts Festival</a> held in <a href="/wiki/Smithville,_Tennessee" title="Smithville, Tennessee">Smithville, Tennessee</a> (established in 1972).<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>Gallery</dt></dl> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG/120px-Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG/180px-Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG/240px-Everettlillyandmountaineers.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mountairyfiddlersconvention.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mountairyfiddlersconvention.JPG/120px-Mountairyfiddlersconvention.JPG" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Mountairyfiddlersconvention.JPG/250px-Mountairyfiddlersconvention.JPG 1.5x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg/120px-MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg/180px-MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg/240px-MBOTMA_Festival2008.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="665" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg/120px-Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg/180px-Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg/240px-Uncle_Zesty_Widow%27s_Peak_Music_Festival_DeKalb_County_IL_May_2012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5757" data-file-height="3835" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dancing">Dancing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Dancing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because old-time fiddle-based string band music is often played for dances, it is often characterized as dance music. There are also long-standing traditions of solo listening pieces and fiddle songs, such as those documented in West Virginia by Erynn Marshall in <i>Music in the Air Somewhere: The Shifting Borders of West Virginia's Fiddle and Song Traditions</i> (<a href="/wiki/WVU_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="WVU Press">WVU Press</a>, 2006). In dance music as played by old-time string bands, emphasis is placed on providing a strong beat, and instrumental solos, or breaks, are rarely taken. This contrasts with <a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">bluegrass music</a>, which developed in the 1940s as concert music. Bluegrass music developed from old-time music and shares many of the same songs and instruments, but is more oriented toward solo performance than is old-time music. </p><p>Many different types of dancing are done to old-time music, such as <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dancing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Contra_dance" title="Contra dance">contra dancing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Clogging" title="Clogging">buck dancing</a>. </p><p>While in the British Isles <a href="/wiki/Reel_(dance)" title="Reel (dance)">reels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">jigs</a> both remain popular, the reel is by far the predominant metric structure preferred by old-time musicians in the United States (though a few <a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">hornpipes</a> are also still performed). Canadian musicians, particularly in the <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritime</a> provinces where the Scottish influence is strong, perform both reels and jigs (as well as other types of tunes such as <a href="/wiki/March_(music)" title="March (music)">marches</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strathspey_(dance)" title="Strathspey (dance)">strathspeys</a>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Players traditionally learn old-time music by ear; even musicians who can read music. A broad selection of written music does exist, although many believe that the style of old-time music cannot be practically notated by written music. This is in part because there are many regional and local variations to old-time tunes, and because some of the most noted players often improvised and wouldn't play a tune exactly the same way every time. </p><p>Players usually learn old-time music by attending local jam sessions and by attending festivals scattered around the country. With the spread of broad-band Internet, more and more old-time recordings are available via small publishers. Internet streaming audio ("Web radio"), and small Web sites make the music more accessible. </p><p>Although it is one of the oldest and most prominent forms of traditional music in the United States and Canada, old-time music (with a few notable exceptions) is generally not taught in North American primary schools, secondary schools, or universities. Although square dancing is still occasionally taught in elementary schools (generally with recorded, rather than live music), old-time instruments and dances are not included in the educational system, and must be studied outside the school system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Appalachia_2">Appalachia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Appalachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Digital Library of Appalachia<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> provides online access to archival and historical materials related to the culture of the southern and central Appalachian region, including audio recording samples. Contents are drawn from special collections of Appalachian College Association member libraries. </p><p>Located in <a href="/wiki/Johnson_City,_Tennessee" title="Johnson City, Tennessee">Johnson City, Tennessee</a>, <a href="/wiki/East_Tennessee_State_University" title="East Tennessee State University">East Tennessee State University</a> offers a comprehensive program in bluegrass and old time music studies. The program includes a variety of bluegrass and country music courses, both performance-oriented and academic. Minors in both Bluegrass and in Appalachian Studies are also offered. </p><p>There are a variety of programs, mostly in the summer, such as the <a href="/wiki/Augusta_Heritage_Festival" title="Augusta Heritage Festival">Augusta Heritage Festival</a> in Elkins, W.V., The Swannanoa Gathering at <a href="/wiki/Warren_Wilson_College" title="Warren Wilson College">Warren Wilson College</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Blue Ridge Oldtime Music Week at <a href="/wiki/Mars_Hill_University" title="Mars Hill University">Mars Hill University</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Cowan Creek Mountain Music School, or the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_String_Band_Music_Festival" title="Appalachian String Band Music Festival">Appalachian String Band Music Festival</a> at Clifftop, W.V., that offer week-long immersions in old-time music and dance. These camps are family friendly and allow beginners to enter into the tradition and more advanced players to hone their sound with instruction from some of the best in the music. </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Floyd,_Virginia" title="Floyd, Virginia">Floyd, Virginia</a>, music lessons, workshops, and immersive "Old Time Music Get Together" long-weekend camps are offered by The Handmade Music School, a non-profit spin-off of local music venue The Floyd Country Store.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Outside_Appalachia">Outside Appalachia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Outside Appalachia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A growing number of folk music schools in the greater United States, usually non-profit and community-based, have taken up the mantle of providing instruction in old-time music: The <a href="/wiki/Old_Town_School_of_Folk_Music" title="Old Town School of Folk Music">Old Town School of Folk Music</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago,_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="Chicago, Illinois">Chicago, Illinois</a> began in 1957. <a href="/wiki/Pinewoods_Camp" title="Pinewoods Camp">Pinewoods Camp</a> in Massachusetts, founded in 1935, has included Appalachian music and dance in its summer programs for many years, as well as British Isles music and dance. Numerous other folk-music and dance camps with "themed" weeks, like the <a href="/wiki/Ashokan_Center" title="Ashokan Center">Ashokan Center</a> in New York, include specific "Southern" or "Old-time" weeks.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These schools and the subsequent music communities that spring from them offer a positive trend in keeping old-time music alive. Also, universities such as <a href="/wiki/Berklee_College_of_Music" title="Berklee College of Music">Berklee College of Music</a>, the <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_at_Greensboro" title="University of North Carolina at Greensboro">University of North Carolina at Greensboro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_University" title="Brown University">Brown University</a>, <a href="/wiki/UCLA" class="mw-redirect" title="UCLA">UCLA</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Florida_State_University" title="Florida State University">Florida State University</a> have "Old Time Ensembles" to teach and keep Old Time music alive. Regular old-time jam circles are also important to spreading and teaching this music. Regular old-time jams occur not only throughout the United States, but in places as far flung as Beijing, China, where the Beijing Pickers jam spawned a bluegrass/Americana group <a href="/wiki/The_Randy_Abel_Stable" title="The Randy Abel Stable">the Randy Abel Stable</a> and the old-time band the <a href="/wiki/Hutong_Yellow_Weasels" title="Hutong Yellow Weasels">Hutong Yellow Weasels</a>. In the UK, Friends of American Old Time Music and Dance was formed in 1995. A year later Sore Fingers Summer School was started. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Films">Films</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i>Appalachian Journey</i> (1990). Original material recorded and directed by <a href="/wiki/Alan_Lomax" title="Alan Lomax">Alan Lomax</a>. A Dibbs Directions Production for Channel Four TV in association with Alan Lomax. Presented by North Carolina Public TV. 1991 videocassette release of an episode from the 1990 television series <i>American Patchwork: Songs and Stories of America</i>.</li> <li><i>Just Around The Bend: Survival and Revival in Southern Banjo Styles – Mike Seeger's Last Documentary</i> (2019). DVD, CDs and 80 page booklet by Alexia Smith, song notes by Bob Carlin.<sup id="cite_ref-SmithsonianSeeger_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SmithsonianSeeger-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><i>My Old Fiddle: A Visit with Tommy Jarrell in the Blue Ridge</i> (1994). Directed by Les Blank. El Cerrito, California: Flower Films. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933621-61-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-933621-61-2">0-933621-61-2</a>.</li> <li><i>New England Fiddles</i> (1995). Produced and directed by John M. Bishop. A Media Generation production. <a href="/wiki/Montpelier,_Vermont" title="Montpelier, Vermont">Montpelier, Vermont</a>: Distributed by Multicultural Media.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Songcatcher" title="Songcatcher">Songcatcher</a></i> (dir. Maggie Greenwald, 2000) is a film about a musicologist researching Appalachian folk music in western North Carolina.</li> <li><i>Sprout Wings and Fly</i> (1983). Produced and directed by Les Blank, CeCe Conway, and Alice Gerrard. El Cerrito, California: Flower Films. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-933621-01-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-933621-01-9">0-933621-01-9</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/O_Brother,_Where_Art_Thou%3F" title="O Brother, Where Art Thou?">O Brother, Where Art Thou?</a></i> (2000). Produced by Ethan Coen, Working Title Films, Studio Canal. Directed by Joel Coen.</li> <li><i>Cold Mountain (2003),</i> Anthony Minghella (Dir.) Miramax, Mirage Enterprises, Bona Fide Productions.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Minor" title="The Mountain Minor">The Mountain Minor</a></i> (2019). Directed by Dale Farmer. Produced by Susan Pepper. Alt452 Productions. <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Standard_Identification_Number" title="Amazon Standard Identification Number">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0863R7B9F">B0863R7B9F</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_East_Tennessee" title="Music of East Tennessee">Music of East Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music_in_Atlanta" title="Country music in Atlanta">Country music in Atlanta</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Huber, Patrick, Linthead Stomp, The Creation of Country Music in the Piedmont South; <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a>, 2008</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ritchie, Fiona and Orr, Doug; Wayfaring Strangers The Musical Voyage from Scotland and Ulster to Appalachia, <a href="/wiki/University_of_North_Carolina_Press" title="University of North Carolina Press">University of North Carolina Press</a> 2021, 2nd ed.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHayes2020" class="citation web cs1">Hayes, Ned (January 26, 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://olyarts.org/2020/01/26/old-time-history/">"Where Old-Time Music Came From … and Where It's Going"</a>. <i>Olyarts.org</i>. Oly Arts<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Olyarts.org&rft.atitle=Where+Old-Time+Music+Came+From+%E2%80%A6+and+Where+It%27s+Going&rft.date=2020-01-26&rft.aulast=Hayes&rft.aufirst=Ned&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Folyarts.org%2F2020%2F01%2F26%2Fold-time-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jamison, Phil; Hoedowns, Reels, and Frolics: Roots and Branches of Southern Appalachian Dance, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a> 2015</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVox2022" class="citation audio-visual cs1">Vox (2022-10-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wrRfOzhM2AE"><i>Why this instrument explains Black American folk music</i></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-30</span></span> – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+this+instrument+explains+Black+American+folk+music&rft.date=2022-10-21&rft.au=Vox&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DwrRfOzhM2AE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSeeger,_Mike" class="citation web cs1">Seeger, Mike. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mikeseeger.info/music.html">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>"What is old time music?" Webpage copy of essay originally printed in the May 1997 issue of Bluegrass Unlimited magazine"</a>. <i>Mikeseeger.info</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mikeseeger.info&rft.atitle=%22What+is+old+time+music%3F%22+Webpage+copy+of+essay+originally+printed+in+the+May+1997+issue+of+Bluegrass+Unlimited+magazine&rft.au=Seeger%2C+Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmikeseeger.info%2Fmusic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaniel2015" class="citation web cs1">Daniel, Wayne W. (November 5, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.georgiaencyclopedia.org/articles/arts-culture/fiddlin-john-carson-ca-1868-1949">"Fiddlin' John Carson (ca. 1868-1949)"</a>. <i>Georgiaencyclopedia.org</i>. New Georgia Encyclopedia<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Georgiaencyclopedia.org&rft.atitle=Fiddlin%27+John+Carson+%28ca.+1868-1949%29&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft.aulast=Daniel&rft.aufirst=Wayne+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgiaencyclopedia.org%2Farticles%2Farts-culture%2Ffiddlin-john-carson-ca-1868-1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarris2018" class="citation book cs1">Harris, Craig (2018-04-23). "Introduction". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X1o2EAAAQBAJ"><i>Bluegrass, Newgrass, Old-Time, and Americana Music</i></a>. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-2402-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4556-2402-7"><bdi>978-1-4556-2402-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Bluegrass%2C+Newgrass%2C+Old-Time%2C+and+Americana+Music&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft.isbn=978-1-4556-2402-7&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX1o2EAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRussell2021" class="citation book cs1">Russell, Tony (2021-02-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1LscEAAAQBAJ"><i>Rural Rhythm: The Story of Old-Time Country Music in 78 Records</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 130. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009120-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-009120-0"><bdi>978-0-19-009120-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rural+Rhythm%3A+The+Story+of+Old-Time+Country+Music+in+78+Records&rft.pages=130&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-02-01&rft.isbn=978-0-19-009120-0&rft.aulast=Russell&rft.aufirst=Tony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1LscEAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Toll, Robert C., "Blacking Up, the Minstrel Show in 19th Century America," Oxford University Press; New edition (February 3, 1977)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John Cohen, Mike Seeger, Hally Wood, eds.; Old-time string band songbook, Oak Publications, New York, 1976.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Rinzler" class="citation web cs1">Richard Rinzler. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://folkways-media.si.edu/docs/folkways/artwork/FW02390.pdf">"Booklet accompanying the 1964 Folkways LP <i>FOTM:Friends of Old Time Music</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Folkways-media.si.edu</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Folkways-media.si.edu&rft.atitle=Booklet+accompanying+the+1964+Folkways+LP+FOTM%3AFriends+of+Old+Time+Music&rft.au=Richard+Rinzler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkways-media.si.edu%2Fdocs%2Ffolkways%2Fartwork%2FFW02390.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPeter_K._SiegelJohn_CohenJody_Stecher" class="citation web cs1">Peter K. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 4,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Npr.org&rft.atitle=The+Banjo%27s+Roots%2C+Reconsidered&rft.date=2011-08-23&rft.aulast=Allen&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2011%2F08%2F23%2F139880625%2Fthe-banjos-roots-reconsidered&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJones-Bamman2017" class="citation book cs1">Jones-Bamman, Richard (11 September 2017). <i>Building New Banjos for an Old-Time World</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-09-11</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=folkways.si.edu&rft.atitle=Just+Around+the+Bend%3A+Survival+and+Revival+in+Southern+Banjo+Sounds+%E2%80%93+Mike+Seeger%27s+Last+Documentary&rft.date=2019-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffolkways.si.edu%2Fmike-seeger%2Fjust-around-the-bend-survival-and-revival-in-southern-banjo-styles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOld-time+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Old-time_music&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985" /><link 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0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ballad" title="Ballad">Ballads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Child_Ballads" title="Child Ballads">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murder_ballad" title="Murder ballad">Murder</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_(music)" title="Carol (music)">Carols</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_carol" title="Christmas carol">Christmas carol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koliadka" title="Koliadka">Koliadka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_music" title="Children's music">Children's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance_music" title="Dance music">Dance music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drinking_song" title="Drinking song">Drinking song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_song" title="Love song">Love song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protest_song" title="Protest song">Protest song</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-war_song" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-war song">Anti-war song</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_shanty" title="Sea shanty">Sea shanties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sporting_song" title="Sporting song">Sporting song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_song" title="War song">War songs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_song" title="Work song">Work song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal">Fusions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_primitive_guitar" title="American primitive guitar">American primitive guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-folk" title="Anti-folk">Anti-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">Country folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangdut" title="Dangdut">Dangdut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Koplo" title="Koplo">Koplo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_baroque" title="Folk baroque">Folk baroque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_jazz" title="Folk jazz">Folk jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk-pop" title="Folk-pop">Folk-pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_rock" title="Folk rock">Folk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folk_metal" title="Folk metal">Folk metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_punk" title="Folk punk">Folk punk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folktronica" title="Folktronica">Folktronica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indie_folk" title="Indie folk">Indie folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_folk_music" title="Industrial folk music">Industrial folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_folk_rock" title="Medieval folk rock">Medieval folk rock</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_metal" title="Medieval metal">Medieval metal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mui%C3%B1eira" title="Muiñeira">Muiñeira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neofolk" title="Neofolk">Neofolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nerd-folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Nerd-folk">Nerd-folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychedelic_folk" title="Psychedelic folk">Psychedelic folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freak_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Freak folk">Freak folk</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Weird_America" title="New Weird America">New Weird America</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_folk" title="Progressive folk">Progressive folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ra%C3%AF" title="Raï">Raï</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skiffle" title="Skiffle">Skiffle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamang_Selo" title="Tamang Selo">Tamang Selo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vallenato" title="Vallenato">Vallenato</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/X%E1%BA%A9m" title="Xẩm">Xẩm</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_music_traditions" title="List of folk music traditions">Regional <br /> traditions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="North_America441" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_North_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of North American folk music traditions">North America</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Central_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Central American folk music traditions">Central America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mexico#Traditional_folk_music" title="Music of Mexico">Mexican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corrido" title="Corrido">Corrido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_calentano" title="Son calentano">Son calentano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_jarocho" title="Son jarocho">Son jarocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Son_huasteco" title="Son huasteco">Son huasteco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tierra_Caliente_music" title="Tierra Caliente music">Tierra Caliente</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Yaqui</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Panama#Folk_music" title="Music of Panama">Panamanian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Indigenous North<br />American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arapaho_music" title="Arapaho music">Arapaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackfeet_music" title="Blackfeet music">Blackfeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dene_music" title="Dene music">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_music" title="Innu music">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iroquois_music" title="Iroquois music">Iroquois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiowa_music" title="Kiowa music">Kiowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwakwaka%27wakw_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Kwakwaka'wakw music">Kwakwaka'wakw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_music" title="Navajo music">Navajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo_music" title="Pueblo music">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_music" title="Seminole music">Seminole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sioux_music" title="Sioux music">Sioux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui_music" title="Yaqui music">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuman_music" title="Yuman music">Yuman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Hawaii#Folk_music" title="Music of Hawaii">Hawaiian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_Dirt_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Dirt (music)">Red Dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_folk" class="mw-redirect" title="Country folk">Country folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_pop" title="Country pop">Country pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_rock" title="Country rock">Country rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_soul" title="Southern soul">Southern soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folk_music" title="Canadian folk music">Canadian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_fiddle" title="Canadian fiddle">Canadian fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_Canada" title="Indigenous music of Canada">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dene_music" title="Dene music">Dene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innu_music" title="Innu music">Innu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_music" title="Inuit music">Inuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_fiddle" title="Métis fiddle">Métis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canadian_cultures" title="Music of Canadian cultures">by ethnocultural group</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music_in_Canada" title="Celtic music in Canada">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French-Canadian_music" title="French-Canadian music">French</a></li></ul></li> <li>by region <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada%27s_Prairie_Provinces" title="Music of Canada's Prairie Provinces">Prairies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Quebec" title="Music of Quebec">Québécois</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_fiddle" title="Quebec fiddle">Quebec fiddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N%C3%A9o-trad" title="Néo-trad">Néo-trad</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Maritimes" title="Music of the Maritimes">Maritime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Breton_fiddling" title="Cape Breton fiddling">Cape Breton fiddling</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Caribbean_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Caribbean folk music traditions">Caribbean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cuban_folk_music" title="Cuban folk music">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Haiti#Folk_music" title="Music of Haiti">Haitian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kontradans" title="Kontradans">Kontradans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaican_folk_music" title="Jamaican folk music">Jamaican</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mento" title="Mento">Mento</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago#Folk_traditions" title="Music of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidadian and Tobagonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cariso" title="Cariso">Cariso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_music" title="Chutney music">Chutney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_parang" title="Chutney parang">Chutney parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chutney_soca" title="Chutney soca">Chutney soca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaiso" title="Kaiso">Kaiso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parang_(folk_music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parang (folk music)">Parang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soca_music" title="Soca music">Soca</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_South_American_folk_music_traditions" title="List of South American folk music traditions">South American</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brazil#Indigenous_and_folk_music" title="Music of Brazil">Brazilian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Chile#Chilean_folk_music" title="Music of Chile">Chilean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Venezuela#Folk" title="Music of Venezuela">Venezuelan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaita_zuliana" title="Gaita zuliana">Gaita zuliana</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Oceanic_and_Australian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Oceanic and Australian folk music traditions">Oceanian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Australia#Folk_music" title="Music of Australia">Australian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_folk_music" title="Australian folk music">White Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australian_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Australian music">Indigenous Australian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Cook_Islands" title="Music of the Cook Islands">Cook Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Easter_Island" title="Music of Easter Island">Easter Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maori_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Maori music">Maori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Music of the Marshall Islands">Marshallese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Music of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Samoa" title="Music of Samoa">Samoan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Solomon_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Music of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tahiti" title="Music of Tahiti">Tahitian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tonga" title="Music of Tonga">Tongan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Tuvalu" title="Music of Tuvalu">Tuvaluan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_folk_music_traditions" title="List of Asian folk music traditions">Asian</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bangladesh#Folk_music" title="Music of Bangladesh">Bangladeshi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bhawaiya" title="Bhawaiya">Bhawaiya</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bhutan#Folk_music" title="Music of Bhutan">Bhutanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toi_music" title="Toi music">Central Asian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_traditional_music" title="Chinese traditional music">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guangdong_music_(genre)" title="Guangdong music (genre)">Cantonese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hakka_hill_song" title="Hakka hill song">Hakka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiangnan_sizhu" title="Jiangnan sizhu">Jingnan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanguan_music" title="Nanguan music">Lâm-kóan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beiguan_music" title="Beiguan music">Pak-kóan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teochew_string_music" title="Teochew string music">Teochew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhongguo_feng_(music)" title="Zhongguo feng (music)">Zhongguo feng</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_folk_music" title="Philippine folk music">Filipino</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bodabil" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodabil">Bodabil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kundiman" title="Kundiman">Kundiman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manila_sound" title="Manila sound">Manila sound</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_folk_music" title="Indian folk music">Indian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamrupi_Lokgeet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamrupi Lokgeet">Kamrupi Lokgeet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasiya" title="Rasiya">Rasiya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanedo" title="Sanedo">Sanedo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Indonesia#Folk_music" title="Music of Indonesia">Indonesian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Japanese_music" title="Traditional Japanese music">Japanese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Min%27y%C5%8D" title="Min'yō">Min'yō</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_music_of_Korea" title="Traditional music of Korea">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trot_(music)" title="Trot (music)">Trot</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Mongolia#Folk_music" title="Music of Mongolia">Mongolian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Nepal#Folk_music" title="Music of Nepal">Nepalese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_folk_music" title="Pakistani folk music">Pakistani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Vietnam#Folk_music" title="Music of Vietnam">Vietnamese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8D" title="Quan họ">Quan họ</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_European_folk_music_traditions" title="List of European folk music traditions">European</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_folk_music" title="Alpine folk music">Alpine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Austria#Folk_music" title="Music of Austria">Austrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narodna_muzika" class="mw-redirect" title="Narodna muzika">Balkan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Albania#Folk_music" title="Music of Albania">Albanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina#Folk_music" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian and Herzegovinan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sevdalinka" title="Sevdalinka">Sevdalinka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Bulgaria#Folk_music" title="Music of Bulgaria">Bulgarian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalga" title="Chalga">Chalga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Croatia#Folk_music" title="Music of Croatia">Croatian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek folk music">Greek</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/La%C3%AFko" title="Laïko">Laïko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebetiko" title="Rebetiko">Rebetiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_folk_music" title="Italian folk music">Italian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo#Folk_music" title="Music of Kosovo">Kosovan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tallava" title="Tallava">Tallava</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro#Music" title="Culture of Montenegro">Montenegrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_North_Macedonia#Folk_music" title="Music of North Macedonia">Macedonian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%8Calgija" title="Čalgija">Čalgija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_music" title="Romani music">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Romania#Folk_music" title="Music of Romania">Romanian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/L%C4%83ut%C4%83reasc%C4%83_music" title="Lăutărească music">Lăutărească music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manele" title="Manele">Manele</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_folk_music" title="Serbian folk music">Serbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balkan_brass" title="Balkan brass">Balkan brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starogradska_muzika" title="Starogradska muzika">Starogradska muzika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turbo-folk" title="Turbo-folk">Turbo-folk</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia#Folk_music" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Anatolian blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Belarus#Folk_music" title="Music of Belarus">Belarusian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Brittany" title="Music of Brittany">Breton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_music" title="Celtic music">Celtic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_fusion" title="Celtic fusion">Celtic fusion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_metal" title="Celtic metal">Celtic metal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_punk" title="Celtic punk">Celtic punk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_rock" title="Celtic rock">Celtic rock</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_folk_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Czech folk music">Czech</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_traditional_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Moravian traditional music">Moravian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polka" title="Polka">Polka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danish_traditional_music" title="Danish traditional music">Danish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_Netherlands#Folk_music" title="Music of the Netherlands">Dutch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_folk_music" title="English folk music">English</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jig" title="Jig">Jigs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_dance" title="Morris dance">Morris dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Estonia#Folk_music" title="Music of Estonia">Estonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Finland#Folk_music" title="Music of Finland">Finnish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_folk_music" title="French folk music">French</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Germany#Folk_music" title="Music of Germany">German</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_folk_music" title="Hungarian folk music">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Icelandic_folk_music" title="Icelandic folk music">Icelandic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hornpipe" title="Hornpipe">Hornpipe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Latvia#Folk_music" title="Music of Latvia">Latvian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Lithuania#Folk_music" title="Music of Lithuania">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Malta#Folk_music" title="Music of Malta">Maltese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Norway#Folk_music" title="Music of Norway">Norwegian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Poland#Traditional_folk_music" title="Music of Poland">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Portugal#Folk_music" title="Music of Portugal">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_folk_music#Authentic_folk_music" title="Russian folk music">Russian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scottish_folk_music" title="Scottish folk music">Scottish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaelic_folk_music" title="Gaelic folk music">Gaelic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Slovenia#Folk_music" title="Music of Slovenia">Slovenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Spain#Folk_music" title="Music of Spain">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_folk_music" title="Swedish folk music">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Switzerland#Folk_music" title="Music of Switzerland">Swiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_folk_music" title="Ukrainian folk music">Ukrainian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cossack_songs" title="Cossack songs">Cossack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumka_(musical_genre)" title="Dumka (musical genre)">Dumka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Wales#Folk_music" title="Music of Wales">Welsh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_and_North_African_folk_music_traditions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Middle Eastern and North African folk music traditions">Middle Eastern and<br />North African</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_folk_music" title="Armenian folk music">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_folk/pop_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian folk/pop music">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_folk_music" title="Azerbaijani folk music">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Egypt#Folk_and_roots_revival" title="Music of Egypt">Egyptian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fantezi" title="Fantezi">Fantezi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Iranian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Israel#Land_of_Israel_style" title="Music of Israel">Israeli</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Klezmer" title="Klezmer">Klezmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mizrahi_music" title="Mizrahi music">Mizrahi music</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontic_Greek_music" title="Pontic Greek music">Pontic Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_folk_music" title="Turkish folk music">Turkish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_blues" title="Anatolian blues">Anatolian blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatolian_rock" title="Anatolian rock">Anatolian rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arabesque_(Turkish_music)" title="Arabesque (Turkish music)">Arabesque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsifteteli" title="Tsifteteli">Tsifteteli</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related <br /> articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Contemporary_folk_music" title="Contemporary folk music">20th-century Western folk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_music" title="Acoustic music">Acoustic music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filk_music" title="Filk music">Filk music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Folk_festivals" title="Category:Folk festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_club" title="Folk club">Folk clubs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">Folk dance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_instrument" title="Folk instrument">Instruments</a></li> <li>List <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_song_collections" title="List of folk song collections">Collections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_folk_songs_by_Roud_number" title="List of folk songs by Roud number">Roud number</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_Child_Ballads" title="List of the Child Ballads">Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Malcolm_Laws" title="George Malcolm Laws">Laws numbers</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outlaw_country" title="Outlaw country">Outlaw country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_rock" title="Progressive rock">Progressive rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pub_session" title="Pub session">Pub session</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Folk_record_labels" title="Category:Folk record labels">Record labels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roots_revival" title="Roots revival">Roots revival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_music" title="World music">World music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Worldbeat" title="Worldbeat">Worldbeat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_music" title="History of music">History of music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="American_folk_music66" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Americanrootsmusic" title="Template talk:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Americanrootsmusic"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="American_folk_music66" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music" title="American folk music">American folk music</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Appalachian_music" title="Appalachian music">Appalachian</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old-time</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cajun_music" title="Cajun music">Cajun</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swamp_pop" title="Swamp pop">Swamp pop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_folk_music_revival" title="American folk music revival">Folk revival</a> (1950s–60s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_music_of_North_America" title="Indigenous music of North America">Native American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_music" title="New Mexico music">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Red_dirt_music" title="Red dirt music">Red dirt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tejano_music" title="Tejano music">Tejano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_music_(North_America)" title="Western music (North America)">Western</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dixieland_jazz" title="Dixieland jazz">Dixieland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creole_music" title="Creole music">Creole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zydeco" title="Zydeco">Zydeco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jug_band" title="Jug band">Jug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">Ragtime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual (music)">Spirituals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Gospel_music" title="Black Gospel music">Gospel</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Americana_music" title="Americana music">Americana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Roots_rock" title="Roots rock">Roots rock</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honky-tonk" title="Honky-tonk">Honky-tonk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rockabilly" title="Rockabilly">Rockabilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_swing" title="Western swing">Western swing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bluegrass_music195" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bluegrass_music" title="Template:Bluegrass music"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bluegrass_music" title="Template talk:Bluegrass music"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bluegrass_music" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bluegrass music"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bluegrass_music195" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Typical instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guitar" title="Guitar">Guitar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Steel-string_acoustic_guitar" title="Steel-string acoustic guitar">acoustic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resonator_guitar" title="Resonator guitar">resonator</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_bass" title="Double bass">Double bass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiddle" title="Fiddle">Fiddle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_fiddle" title="Bluegrass fiddle">technique</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin" title="Mandolin">Mandolin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Resonator_mandolin" title="Resonator mandolin">resonator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_mandolin" title="Bluegrass mandolin">technique</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Stylistic origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blues" title="Blues">Blues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old-time music</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sub- and fusion genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_bluegrass" title="Traditional bluegrass">Traditional bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czech_bluegrass" title="Czech bluegrass">Czech bluegrass</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable festivals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High_Sierra_Music_Festival" title="High Sierra Music Festival">High Sierra Music Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Festival_of_the_Bluegrass" title="Festival of the Bluegrass">Festival of the Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MerleFest" title="MerleFest">Merlefest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podunk_Bluegrass_Festival" title="Podunk Bluegrass Festival">Podunk Bluegrass Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telluride_Bluegrass_Festival" title="Telluride Bluegrass Festival">Telluride Bluegrass Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tottenham_Bluegrass_Festival" title="Tottenham Bluegrass Festival">Tottenham Bluegrass Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bluegrass_music_festivals" title="List of bluegrass music festivals">List of bluegrass music festivals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable performers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bluegrass_musicians" title="List of bluegrass musicians">List of bluegrass musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_bluegrass_bands" title="List of bluegrass bands">List of bluegrass bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mandolinists_(sorted)#Bluegrass" class="mw-redirect" title="List of mandolinists (sorted)">List of bluegrass mandolinists</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Bluegrass_Music_Museum" title="International Bluegrass Music Museum">International Bluegrass Music Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bluegrass_Music_Association" title="International Bluegrass Music Association">International Bluegrass Music Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bluegrass_Music_Hall_of_Fame" title="International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame">International Bluegrass Music Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_Unlimited" title="Bluegrass Unlimited">Bluegrass Unlimited</a></i> magazine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canadian_Bluegrass_Awards" title="Central Canadian Bluegrass Awards">Central Canadian Bluegrass Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Bluegrass_Music_Awards" title="International Bluegrass Music Awards">International Bluegrass Music Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Category:Bluegrass_music" title="Category:Bluegrass music">Category</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Portal</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Banjo92" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Banjo" title="Template:Banjo"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Banjo" title="Template talk:Banjo"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Banjo"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Banjo92" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technique</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_roll" title="Banjo roll">Roll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clawhammer" title="Clawhammer">Clawhammer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drone_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Drone (music)">Drone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_run" title="G run">G run</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keith_style" title="Keith style">Keith style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scruggs_style" title="Scruggs style">Scruggs style</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banjo" title="Banjo">Banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_guitar" title="Banjo guitar">Banjo guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjo_ukulele" title="Banjo ukulele">Banjo ukulele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandolin-banjo" title="Mandolin-banjo">Mandolin-banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bass_banjo" title="Bass banjo">Bass banjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banjeaurine" title="Banjeaurine">Banjeaurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_music" title="African-American music">African-American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluegrass_music" title="Bluegrass music">Bluegrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Country_music" title="Country music">Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music" title="Folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">Minstrel</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Old-time</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_music_of_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk music of Ireland">Traditional Irish</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four-String_Banjo_Hall_of_Fame_Members" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members">Four-String Banjo Hall of Fame Members</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allison_Brown" title="Allison Brown">Allison Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J.D._Crowe" class="mw-redirect" title="J.D. Crowe">J.D. Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9la_Fleck" title="Béla Fleck">Béla Fleck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhiannon_Giddens" title="Rhiannon Giddens">Rhiannon Giddens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Keith_(musician)" title="Bill Keith (musician)">Bill Keith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Reno" title="Don Reno">Don Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Scruggs" title="Earl Scruggs">Earl Scruggs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Seeger" title="Pete Seeger">Pete Seeger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Stanley" title="Ralph Stanley">Ralph Stanley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Strayer" title="Emily Strayer">Emily Strayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Trischka" title="Tony Trischka">Tony Trischka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molly_Tuttle" title="Molly Tuttle">Molly Tuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Washburn" title="Abigail Washburn">Abigail Washburn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Manufacturers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Essex" title="Clifford Essex">Clifford Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deering_Banjo_Company" title="Deering Banjo Company">Deering Banjo Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Framus" title="Framus">Framus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favilla_Guitars" title="Favilla Guitars">Favilla Guitars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson_(guitar_company)" title="Gibson (guitar company)">Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gretsch" title="Gretsch">Gretsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibanez" title="Ibanez">Ibanez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slingerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Slingerland">Slingerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BCmb%C3%BC%C5%9F" title="Cümbüş">Cümbüş</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox507" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q972424#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001002368">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007532532505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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