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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Long Count periods</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Long_Count_periods-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mesoamerican_numerals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mesoamerican_numerals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Mesoamerican numerals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mesoamerican_numerals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Earliest_Long_Counts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_Long_Counts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Earliest Long Counts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_Long_Counts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Correlations_between_Western_calendars_and_the_Long_Count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Correlations_between_Western_calendars_and_the_Long_Count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Correlations_between_Western_calendars_and_the_Long_Count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_and_the_Long_Count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_and_the_Long_Count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>2012 and the Long Count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_and_the_Long_Count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Converting_between_the_Long_Count_and_western_calendars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Converting_between_the_Long_Count_and_western_calendars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Converting between the Long Count and western calendars</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Converting_between_the_Long_Count_and_western_calendars-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Converting between the Long Count and western calendars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Converting_between_the_Long_Count_and_western_calendars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Calculating_a_Western_calendar_date_from_a_Long_Count" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_a_Western_calendar_date_from_a_Long_Count"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Calculating a Western calendar date from a Long Count</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_a_Western_calendar_date_from_a_Long_Count-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_a_full_Long_Count_date" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_a_full_Long_Count_date"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Calculating a full Long Count date</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_a_full_Long_Count_date-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_the_Tzolkʼin_date_portion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_the_Tzolkʼin_date_portion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.3</span> <span>Calculating the Tzolkʼin date portion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_the_Tzolkʼin_date_portion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Calculating_the_Haabʼ_date_portion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Calculating_the_Haabʼ_date_portion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.4</span> <span>Calculating the Haabʼ date portion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Calculating_the_Haabʼ_date_portion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piktuns_and_higher_orders" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piktuns_and_higher_orders"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Piktuns and higher orders</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piktuns_and_higher_orders-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%82%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%85_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%AF_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B7%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%84_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%B7%D9%89" title="تقويم العد الطويل في أمريكا الوسطى – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تقويم العد الطويل في أمريكا الوسطى" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compte_llarg" title="Compte llarg – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Compte llarg" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lange_Z%C3%A4hlung" title="Lange Zählung – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lange Zählung" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cuenta_larga" title="Cuenta larga – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Cuenta larga" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compte_long" title="Compte long – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Compte long" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kalender_Hitung_Panjang" title="Kalender Hitung Panjang – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kalender Hitung Panjang" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendario_maya#Il_Lungo_computo" title="Calendario maya – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Calendario maya" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lange_telling" title="Lange telling – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lange telling" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E6%9C%9F%E6%9A%A6" title="長期暦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="長期暦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lange_mesoamerikanske_kalenderen" title="Den lange mesoamerikanske kalenderen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Den lange mesoamerikanske kalenderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Den_lange_mesoamerikanske_kalenderen" title="Den lange mesoamerikanske kalenderen – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Den lange mesoamerikanske kalenderen" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%82uga_rachuba" title="Długa rachuba – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Długa rachuba" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Contagem_longa" title="Contagem longa – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Contagem longa" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calendarul_lung_mesoamerican" title="Calendarul lung mesoamerican – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Calendarul lung mesoamerican" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%87%D1%91%D1%82%D0%B0" title="Мезоамериканский календарь длинного счёта – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Мезоамериканский календарь длинного счёта" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mezoameri%C5%A1ki_koledar_dolgega_%C5%A1tetja" title="Mezoameriški koledar dolgega štetja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mezoameriški koledar dolgega štetja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%83" title="Мезоамериканський календар довгого рахунку – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Мезоамериканський календар довгого рахунку" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%95%B7%E7%B4%80%E6%9B%86" title="長紀曆 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="長紀曆" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Calendar used by several pre-Columbian Mesoamerican cultures</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_side_of_stela_C,_Quirigua.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/East_side_of_stela_C%2C_Quirigua.PNG/200px-East_side_of_stela_C%2C_Quirigua.PNG" decoding="async" width="200" height="461" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7a/East_side_of_stela_C%2C_Quirigua.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="251" data-file-height="579" /></a><figcaption>East side of stela C, Quirigua with the mythical creation date of 13 <a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">baktuns</a>, 0 katuns, 0 tuns, 0 winals, 0 kins, 4 Ahau 8 Cumku – August 11, 3114 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The <b>Mesoamerican Long Count calendar</b> is a non-repeating <a href="/wiki/Vigesimal" title="Vigesimal">base-20</a> and base-18 calendar used by <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Columbian">pre-Columbian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerican</a> cultures, most notably the <a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a>. For this reason, it is often known as the <b>Maya</b> <b>Long Count calendar</b>. Using a modified vigesimal tally, the Long Count calendar identifies a day by counting the number of days passed since a <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_myths" title="Mesoamerican creation myths">mythical creation date</a> that corresponds to August 11, 3114 <a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Long Count calendar was widely used on monuments. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The two most widely used calendars in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica were the 260-day <a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a> and the 365-day <a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a>. The equivalent Aztec calendars are known in <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a> as the <a href="/wiki/Tonalpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalpohualli">Tonalpohualli</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xiuhpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Xiuhpohualli">Xiuhpohualli</a>, respectively. </p><p>The combination of a Haabʼ and a Tzolkʼin date identifies a day in a combination which does not occur again for 18,980 days (52 Haabʼ cycles of 365 days equals 73 Tzolkʼin cycles of 260 days, approximately 52 years), a period known as the <a href="/wiki/Calendar_Round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar Round">Calendar Round</a>. To identify days over periods longer than this, Mesoamericans used the Long Count calendar. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Long_Count_periods">Long Count periods</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Long Count periods"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Special:EditPage/Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2017</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:La_Mojarra_Estela_1_(Escritura_superior).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg/199px-La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="199" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg/299px-La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg/399px-La_Mojarra_Estela_1_%28Escritura_superior%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Detail showing columns of glyphs from a portion of the 2nd century CE <a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra_Stela_1" title="La Mojarra Stela 1">La Mojarra Stela 1</a>. The left column gives a Long Count date of 8.5.16.9.7, or 156 CE. The other columns visible are glyphs from the <a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Olmec script">Epi-Olmec script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Long Count calendar identifies a date by counting the number of days from a starting date that is generally calculated to be August 11, 3114 BCE in the proleptic Gregorian calendar or September 6 in the Julian calendar (or −3113 in astronomical year numbering). There has been much debate over the precise correlation between the Western calendars and the Long Count calendars. The August 11 date is based on the GMT correlation. </p><p>The completion of 13 <a href="/wiki/Baktun" title="Baktun">bʼakʼtuns</a> (August 11, 3114 BCE) marks the Creation of the world of human beings according to the Maya. On this day, Raised-up-Sky-Lord caused three stones to be set by associated gods at Lying-Down-Sky, First-Three-Stone-Place. Because the sky still lay on the primordial sea, it was black. The setting of the three stones centered the cosmos which allowed the sky to be raised, revealing the <span class="nowrap">sun.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </p><p>Rather than using a base 10 scheme, the Long Count days were tallied in a modified base-20 scheme. In a pure base 20 scheme, 0.0.0.1.5 is equal to 25 and 0.0.0.2.0 is equal to 40. The Long Count is not pure base-20, however, since the second digit from the right (and only that digit) rolls over to zero when it reaches 18.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Thus 0.0.1.0.0 does not represent 400 days, but rather only 360 days and 0.0.0.17.19 represents 359 days. </p><p>The name <i>bʼakʼtun</i> was invented by modern scholars. The numbered Long Count was no longer in use by the time the Spanish arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n_Peninsula" title="Yucatán Peninsula">Yucatán Peninsula</a>, although unnumbered <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCatun" title="Kʼatun">kʼatuns</a> and tuns were still in use. Instead the Maya were using an abbreviated <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a>. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption><b>Table of Long Count units</b> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Long Count <br /> unit</th> <th>Long Count <br /> period</th> <th>Days</th> <th>Approximate <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tropical_year" title="Tropical year">Solar Years</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 Kʼin</td> <td> </td> <td style="text-align:right;">1</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Winal</td> <td>20 Kʼin</td> <td style="text-align:right;">20</td> <td style="text-align:right;">  </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Tun</td> <td>18 Winal</td> <td style="text-align:right;">360</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7000100000000000000♠"></span>1</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Kʼatun</td> <td>20 Tun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">7,200</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001200000000000000♠"></span>20</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Bʼakʼtun</td> <td>20 Kʼatun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">144,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7002394000000000000♠"></span>394</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Piktun</td> <td>20 Bʼakʼtun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">2,880,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003788500000000000♠"></span>7,885</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Kalabtun</td> <td>20 Piktun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">57,600,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005157704000000000♠"></span>157,704</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Kʼinchiltun</td> <td>20 Kalabtun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,152,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7006315407100000000♠"></span>3,154,071</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Alautun</td> <td>20 Kʼinchiltun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">23,040,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7007630814290000000♠"></span>63,081,429</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 Hablatun</td> <td>20 Alautun</td> <td style="text-align:right;">460,800,000,000</td> <td style="text-align:right;"><span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7009126162858500000♠"></span>1,261,628,585</span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mesoamerican_numerals">Mesoamerican numerals</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Mesoamerican numerals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Maya.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/220px-Maya.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/330px-Maya.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Maya.svg/440px-Maya.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="320" /></a><figcaption>Maya numerals</figcaption></figure> <p>Long Count dates are written with Mesoamerican numerals, as shown on this table. A dot represents <i>1</i> while a bar equals <i>5</i>. The shell glyph was used to represent the zero concept. The Long Count calendar required the use of zero as a place-holder and presents one of the earliest uses of the <a href="/wiki/0_(number)#History" class="mw-redirect" title="0 (number)">zero concept in history</a>. </p><p>On Maya monuments, the Long Count syntax is more complex. The date sequence is given once, at the beginning of the inscription and opens with the so-called ISIG (Introductory Series Initial Glyph) which reads <i>tzik-a(h) habʼ [patron of Haabʼ month]</i> ("revered was the year-count with the patron [of the month]").<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Next come the 5 digits of the Long Count, followed by the Calendar Round (tzolkʼin and Haabʼ) and <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Supplementary_Series" title="Maya calendar">supplementary series</a>. The supplementary series is optional and contains lunar data, for example, the age of the moon on the day and the calculated length of current <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/lunation" class="extiw" title="wikt:lunation">lunation</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The text then continues with whatever activity occurred on that date. </p><p>A drawing of a full Maya Long Count inscription is shown <a href="#Calculating_a_full_Long_Count_date">below</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Earliest_Long_Counts">Earliest Long Counts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Earliest Long Counts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The earliest contemporaneous Long Count inscription yet discovered is on Stela 2 at <a href="/wiki/Chiapa_de_Corzo_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Chiapa de Corzo (Mesoamerican site)">Chiapa de Corzo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiapas" title="Chiapas">Chiapas</a>, Mexico, showing a date of 36 BCE, although Stela 2 from <a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guatemala" title="Guatemala">Guatemala</a> might be earlier.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a class="external autonumber" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Abaj_Takalik_Stela2.jpg">[2]</a> Takalik Abaj Stela 2's highly battered Long Count inscription shows 7 <i>bak'tuns</i>, followed by <i>k'atuns</i> with a tentative 6 coefficient, but that could also be 11 or 16, giving the range of possible dates to fall between 236 and 19 BCE.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="Some sources identify just Baktun 7, though Katun 6–16 is at least consistent with Mora-Marín (2005)'s 236–19 BCE (February 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Although Takalik Abaj Stela 2 remains controversial, this table includes it, as well as six other artifacts with the eight oldest Long Count inscriptions according to Dartmouth professor Vincent H. Malmström (two of the artifacts contain two dates and Malmström does not include Takalik Abaj Stela 2).<sup id="cite_ref-malmstrom1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malmstrom1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Interpretations of inscriptions on some artifacts differ.<sup id="cite_ref-malmstrom1997_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-malmstrom1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-riese1988_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Archaeological site </th> <th>Name </th> <th>Gregorian date <p><small>GMT (584283) correlation</small> </p> </th> <th>Long Count </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Takalik_Abaj" title="Takalik Abaj">Takalik Abaj</a> </td> <td>Stela 2 </td> <td>236 – 19 BCE<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>7.(6,11,16).?.?.? </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Retalhuleu_Department" title="Retalhuleu Department">Retalhuleu</a>, Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Chiapa_de_Corzo_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Chiapa de Corzo (Mesoamerican site)">Chiapa de Corzo</a> </td> <td>Stela 2 </td> <td>December 6, 36 BCE or<br /> October 9, 182 CE </td> <td>7.16.3.2.13<sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or<br /> 8.7.3.2.13<sup id="cite_ref-riese1988_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuart2004_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Chiapas, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes</a> </td> <td>Stela C </td> <td>September 1, 32 BCE </td> <td>7.16.6.16.18<sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/El_Ba%C3%BAl" title="El Baúl">El Baúl</a> </td> <td>Stela 1 </td> <td>11 – 37 CE </td> <td>7.18.9.7.12,<sup id="cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochoa1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 7.18.14.8.12,<sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 7.19.7.8.12,<sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochoa1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or<br /> 7.19.15.7.12<sup id="cite_ref-marcus1976_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Escuintla_Department" title="Escuintla Department">Escuintla</a>, Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takalik Abaj </td> <td>Stela 5 </td> <td>August 31, 83 CE or<br />May 19, 103 CE </td> <td>8.2.2.10.15<sup id="cite_ref-riese1988_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-stuart2004_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or<br /> 8.3.2.10.15<sup id="cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ochoa1983-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Retalhuleu, Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td>Takalik Abaj </td> <td>Stela 5 </td> <td>June 3, 126 CE </td> <td>8.4.5.17.11<sup id="cite_ref-riese1988_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Retalhuleu, Guatemala </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra" title="La Mojarra">La Mojarra</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/La_Mojarra_Stela_1" title="La Mojarra Stela 1">Stela 1</a> </td> <td>May 19, 143 CE </td> <td>8.5.3.3.5<sup id="cite_ref-stuart2004_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Veracruz, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td>La Mojarra </td> <td>Stela 1 </td> <td>July 11, 156 CE </td> <td>8.5.16.9.7<sup id="cite_ref-stuart2004_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stuart2004-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Veracruz, Mexico </td></tr> <tr> <td>Near La Mojarra </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tuxtla_Statuette" title="Tuxtla Statuette">Tuxtla Statuette</a> </td> <td>March 12, 162 CE </td> <td>8.6.2.4.17<sup id="cite_ref-riese1988_10-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Veracruz, Mexico </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Of the six sites, three are on the western edge of the Maya homeland and three are several hundred kilometers further west, leading some researchers to believe that the Long Count calendar predates the Maya.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La Mojarra Stela 1, the Tuxtla Statuette, Tres Zapotes Stela C and Chiapa Stela 2 are all inscribed in an <a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Olmec script">Epi-Olmec</a>, not Maya, style.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El Baúl Stela 2, on the other hand, was created in the <a href="/wiki/Izapa" title="Izapa">Izapan</a> style. </p><p>The first unequivocally Maya artifact is Stela 29 from <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>, with the Long Count date of 292 CE (8.12.14.8.15), more than 300 years after Stela 2 from Chiapa de Corzo.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>More recently, with the discovery in Guatemala of the <a href="/wiki/San_Bartolo_(Maya_site)" title="San Bartolo (Maya site)">San Bartolo (Maya site)</a> stone block text (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 300 BCE),<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it has been argued that this text celebrates an upcoming time period ending celebration. This time period may have been projected to end sometime between 7.3.0.0.0 (295 BCE) and 7.5.0.0.0 (256 BCE).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Besides being the earliest Maya hieroglyphic text so far uncovered, this would arguably be the earliest evidence to date of Long Count notation in Mesoamerica. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Correlations_between_Western_calendars_and_the_Long_Count">Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Correlations between Western calendars and the Long Count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg/250px-Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="329" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/59/Estela_C_de_Tres_Zapotes.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>The back of Stela C from <a href="/wiki/Tres_Zapotes" title="Tres Zapotes">Tres Zapotes</a>, an Olmec archaeological site.<br />This is the second oldest Long Count date yet discovered. The numerals 7.16.6.16.18 translate to September 1, 32 BCE (Gregorian). The glyphs surrounding the date are what is thought to be one of the few surviving examples of <a href="/wiki/Epi-Olmec_script" class="mw-redirect" title="Epi-Olmec script">Epi-Olmec script</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Maya and Western calendars are correlated by using a <a href="/wiki/Julian_day_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian day number">Julian day number</a> (JDN) of the starting date of the current creation — 13.0.0.0.0, 4 <a href="/wiki/Ajaw" title="Ajaw">Ajaw</a>, 8 Kumkʼu.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is referred to as a "correlation constant". The generally accepted correlation constant is the Modified Thompson 2, "<a href="/wiki/Joseph_T._Goodman" title="Joseph T. Goodman">Goodman</a>–Martinez–<a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson</a>", or GMT correlation of 584,283 days. Using the GMT correlation, the current creation started on September 6, −3113 (<a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> astronomical) – August 11, 3114 BCE in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>. The study of correlating the Maya and western calendar is referred to as the correlation question.<sup id="cite_ref-mesoweb_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mesoweb-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-google_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-alignment2012_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-alignment2012-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-hermetic_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermetic-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-famsi_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famsi-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The GMT correlation is also called the <b>11.16</b> correlation. </p><p>In <i>Breaking the Maya Code</i>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Michael D. Coe</a> writes: "In spite of oceans of ink that have been spilled on the subject, there now is not the slightest chance that these three scholars (conflated to G-M-T when talking about the correlation) were not right ...".<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The evidence for the GMT correlation is historical, astronomical and archaeological: </p><p><b>Historical</b>: Calendar Round dates with a corresponding <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian date</a> are recorded in <a href="/wiki/Diego_de_Landa" title="Diego de Landa">Diego de Landa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Relaci%C3%B3n_de_las_cosas_de_Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Relación de las cosas de Yucatán">Relación de las cosas de Yucatán</a></i> (written circa 1566), the Chronicle of Oxcutzkab and the books of <a href="/wiki/Chilam_Balam" title="Chilam Balam">Chilam Balam</a>. De Landa records a date that is a Tun ending in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Short_Count" title="Maya calendar">Short Count</a>. Oxkutzcab contains 12 Tun endings. Bricker and Bricker find that only the GMT correlation is consistent with these dates.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains the only colonial reference to classic long-count dates. The Julian calendar date of 11.16.0.0.0 (November 2, 1539) confirms the GMT correlation.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Annals_of_the_Cakchiquels" title="Annals of the Cakchiquels">Annals of the Cakchiquels</a> contains numerous Tzolkʼin dates correlated with European dates. These confirm the GMT correlation.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecinos195333_Recinos_gives_2&nbsp;Tihax_(Etzʼnabʼ)_is_September_10,_1541([[Julian_calendar|Julian]])._The_date_which_marked_the_destruction_of_the_city_of_Guatemala_founded_at_the_foot_of_the_Volcano_of_Agua._"After_a_period_of_heavy_rain_there_was_an_earthquake_and_then_a_flood_of_water_(a_[[lahar]])_that_destroyed_the_old_city_of_Guatemala"_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERecinos195333_Recinos_gives_2&nbsp;Tihax_(Etzʼnabʼ)_is_September_10,_1541([[Julian_calendar|Julian]])._The_date_which_marked_the_destruction_of_the_city_of_Guatemala_founded_at_the_foot_of_the_Volcano_of_Agua._"After_a_period_of_heavy_rain_there_was_an_earthquake_and_then_a_flood_of_water_(a_[[lahar]])_that_destroyed_the_old_city_of_Guatemala"-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weeks, Sachse and Prager transcribed three divinatory calendars from highland Guatemala. They found that the 1772 calendar confirms the GMT correlation.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The fall of the capital city of the Aztec Empire, <a href="/wiki/Tenochtitlan" title="Tenochtitlan">Tenochtitlan</a>, occurred on August 13, 1521.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A number of different chroniclers wrote that the <a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tonalpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalpohualli">Tonalpohualli</a>) date of the event was 1 Snake.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Post-conquest scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Bernardino_de_Sahag%C3%BAn" title="Bernardino de Sahagún">Sahagún</a> and <a href="/wiki/Diego_Dur%C3%A1n" title="Diego Durán">Durán</a> recorded <a href="/wiki/Tonalpohualli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonalpohualli">Tonalpohualli</a> dates with a calendar date. Many indigenous communities in the Mexican states of Veracruz, Oaxaca and Chiapas<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Guatemala, principally those speaking the Mayan languages Ixil, Mam, Pokomchí and Quiché, keep the Tzolkʼin and in many cases the Haabʼ.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These are all consistent with the GMT correlation. Munro Edmonsen studied 60 Mesoamerican calendars, 20 of which have known correlations to European calendars, and found remarkable consistency among them and that only the GMT correlation fits the historical, ethnographic and astronomical evidence.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Astronomical</b>: Any correct correlation must match the astronomical content of classic inscriptions. The GMT correlation does an excellent job of matching lunar data in the <a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar#Supplementary_Series" title="Maya calendar">supplementary series</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-astras-stargate_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-astras-stargate-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example: An inscription at the Temple of the Sun at <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a> records that on Long Count 9.16.4.10.8 there were 26 days completed in a 30-day lunation.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This Long Count is also the entry date for the eclipse table of the <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using the third method, the Palenque system,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the new moon would have been the first evening when one could look to the west after sunset and see the thin crescent moon. Given our modern ability to know exactly where to look, when the crescent Moon is favorably located, from an excellent site, on rare occasions, using binoculars or a telescope, observers can see and photograph the crescent moon less than one day after conjunction. Generally, most observers cannot see the new Moon with the naked eye until the first evening when the lunar phase day is at least 1.5.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If one assumes that the new moon is the first day when the lunar phase day is at least 1.5 at six in the evening in time zone UTC−6 (the time zone of the Maya area), the GMT correlation will match many lunar inscriptions exactly. In this example the lunar phase day was 27.7 (26 days counting from zero) at 6 pm after a conjunction at 1:25 am <span class="nowrap">October 10, 755</span> and a new Moon when the lunar phase day was 1.7 at 6 pm on <span class="nowrap">October 11, 755</span> (Julian calendar). This works well for many but not all lunar inscriptions. </p><p>Modern astronomers refer to the conjunction of the Sun and Moon (the time when the Sun and Moon have the same ecliptic longitude) as the new moon. But Mesoamerican astronomy was <i>observational</i>, not theoretical. The people of Mesoamerica did not know about the <a href="/wiki/Nicolaus_Copernicus" title="Nicolaus Copernicus">Copernican</a> nature of the solar system — they had no theoretical understanding of the orbital nature of the heavenly bodies. Some authors analyze the lunar inscriptions based on this modern understanding of the motions of the Moon but there is no evidence that the Mesoamericans shared it. </p><p>The first method seems to have been used for other inscriptions such as Quirgua stela E (9.17.0.0.0). By the third method, that stela should show a moon age of 26 days, but in fact it records a new moon.<sup id="cite_ref-google2_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-google2-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using the GMT correlation at six AM in the time zone UTC−6, this would be 2.25 days before conjunction, so it could record the first day when one could not see the waning moon. </p><p>Fuls<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> analysed these inscriptions and found strong evidence for the Palenque system and the GMT correlation; however, he cautioned: "Analysis of the Lunar Series shows that at least two different methods and formulas were used to calculate the moon's age and position in the six-month cycle ..." which gives eclipse seasons when the Moon is near its <a href="/wiki/Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">ascending</a> or <a href="/wiki/Ascending_node" class="mw-redirect" title="Ascending node">descending</a> node and an <a href="/wiki/Eclipse" title="Eclipse">eclipse</a> is likely to occur. Dates converted using the GMT correlation agree closely with the Dresden Codex eclipse tables.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_Codex" title="Dresden Codex">Dresden Codex</a> contains a <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> table which records the <a href="/wiki/Heliacal_rising" title="Heliacal rising">heliacal risings</a> of Venus. Using the GMT correlation these agree closely with modern astronomical calculations.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b>Archaeological</b>: Various items that can be associated with specific Long Count dates have been <a href="/wiki/Isotope_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Isotope dating">isotope dated</a>. In 1959 the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon dated</a> samples from ten wood lintels from <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-jstor_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jstor-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were carved with a date equivalent to 741 AD, using the GMT correlation. The average <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dating" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon dating">carbon date</a> was 746±34 years. Recently one of these, Lintel 3 from Temple I, was analyzed again using more accurate methods and found to agree closely with the GMT correlation.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, using modern AMS radiocarbon dating, a single beam from Tikal was dated, also strongly supporting the GMT.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If a proposed correlation only has to agree with one of these lines of evidence there could be numerous other possibilities. Astronomers have proposed many correlations, for example: <a href="/wiki/Floyd_Lounsbury" title="Floyd Lounsbury">Lounsbury</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fuls, <i>et al.</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-archaeoastronomie_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-archaeoastronomie-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Böhm and Böhm<sup id="cite_ref-hermetic2_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hermetic2-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-volny_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-volny-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Stock.<sup id="cite_ref-baktun_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-baktun-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Today, 24 November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>), in the Long Count is 13.0.12.1.16 (using GMT correlation). </p> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="margin-left: 1.5em"> <caption><b><a href="/wiki/Julian_day_number" class="mw-redirect" title="Julian day number">JDN correlations</a> <br /> to the Maya creation date</b><br />(after Thompson 1971, et al. and Aveni 1980) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Name</th> <th>Correlation </th></tr> <tr> <td>Bowditch</td> <td>394,483 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Willson</td> <td>438,906 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Smiley</td> <td>482,699 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Makemson</td> <td>489,138 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modified Spinden</td> <td>489,383 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Spinden</td> <td>489,384 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Teeple</td> <td>492,622 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dinsmoor</td> <td>497,879 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−4CR</td> <td>508,363 </td></tr> <tr> <td>−2CR</td> <td>546,323 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Stock</td> <td>556,408 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Goodman</td> <td>584,280 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Martinez–Hernandez</td> <td>584,281 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>GMT</b></td> <td><b>584,283</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Modified Thompson 1</td> <td>584,284 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Thompson (Lounsbury)</td> <td>584,285 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pogo</td> <td>588,626 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+2CR</td> <td>622,243 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Böhm & Böhm</td> <td>622,261 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kreichgauer</td> <td>626,927 </td></tr> <tr> <td>+4CR</td> <td>660,203 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Fuls, <i>et al.</i></td> <td>660,208 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Hochleitner</td> <td>674,265 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Schultz</td> <td>677,723 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Escalona–Ramos</td> <td>679,108 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Vaillant</td> <td>679,183 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Weitzel</td> <td>774,078 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <table class="wikitable" align="right" style="margin-right: 1.5em"> <tbody><tr> <th>Long Count </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">(proleptic before 1582) Gregorian date</a><br /> <small>GMT (584,283) correlation</small> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a> <br /> number </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center">0.0.0.0.0<br />(13.0.0.0.0)</td> <td align="center">Mon, Aug 11, 3114 BCE</td> <td align="right">584,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Thu, Nov 13, 2720 BCE</td> <td align="right">728,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">2.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sun, Feb 16, 2325 BCE</td> <td align="right">872,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">3.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Wed, May 21, 1931 BCE</td> <td align="right">1,016,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">4.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sat, Aug 23, 1537 BCE</td> <td align="right">1,160,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">5.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Tue, Nov 26, 1143 BCE</td> <td align="right">1,304,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">6.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Fri, Feb 28, 748 BCE</td> <td align="right">1,448,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">7.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Mon, Jun 3, 354 BCE</td> <td align="right">1,592,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">8.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Thu, Sep 5, 41 CE</td> <td align="right">1,736,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">9.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sun, Dec 9, 435</td> <td align="right">1,880,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">10.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Wed, Mar 13, 830</td> <td align="right">2,024,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">11.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sat, Jun 15, 1224</td> <td align="right">2,168,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">12.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Tue, Sep 18, 1618</td> <td align="right">2,312,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">13.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Fri, Dec 21, 2012</td> <td align="right">2,456,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">14.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Mon, Mar 26, 2407</td> <td align="right">2,600,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">15.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Thu, Jun 28, 2801</td> <td align="right">2,744,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">16.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sun, Oct 1, 3195</td> <td align="right">2,888,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">17.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Wed, Jan 3, 3590</td> <td align="right">3,032,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">18.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Sat, Apr 7, 3984</td> <td align="right">3,176,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">19.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Tue, Jul 11, 4378</td> <td align="right">3,320,283  </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">1.0.0.0.0.0</td> <td align="center">Fri, Oct 13, 4772</td> <td align="right">3,464,283  </td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="2012_and_the_Long_Count">2012 and the Long Count</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 2012 and the Long Count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/2012_phenomenon" title="2012 phenomenon">2012 phenomenon</a></div> <p>According to the <i><a href="/wiki/Popol_Vuh" title="Popol Vuh">Popol Vuh</a></i>, a book compiling details of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_creation_accounts" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesoamerican creation accounts">creation accounts</a> known to the <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ Maya</a> of the Colonial-era highlands, humankind lives in the fourth world.<sup id="cite_ref-schele1_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-schele1-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i>Popol Vuh</i> describes the first three creations that the gods failed in making and the creation of the successful fourth world where men were placed. In the Maya Long Count, the previous creation ended at the end of a 13th bʼakʼtun. </p><p>The previous creation ended on a Long Count of 12.19.19.17.19. Another 12.19.19.17.19 occurred on December 20, 2012 (Gregorian Calendar), followed by the start of the 14th bʼakʼtun, 13.0.0.0.0, on December 21, 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are only two references to the current creation's 13th bʼakʼtun in the fragmentary Mayan corpus: <a href="/wiki/Tortuguero_(Maya_site)" title="Tortuguero (Maya site)">Tortuguero</a> Monument 6, part of a ruler's inscription and the recently discovered La Corona Hieroglyphic Stairway 2, Block V.<sup id="cite_ref-wordpress_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-wordpress-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maya inscriptions occasionally reference future predicted events or commemorations that would occur on dates that lie beyond 2012 (that is, beyond the completion of the 13th <i>bʼakʼtun</i> of the current era). Most of these are in the form of "distance dates" where some Long Count date is given, together with a Distance Number that is to be added to the Long Count date to arrive at this future date. </p><p>For example, on the west panel at the <a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Inscriptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Temple of Inscriptions">Temple of Inscriptions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, a section of the text projects into the future to the 80th Calendar Round (CR) 'anniversary' of the famous Palenque ruler <a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCinich_Janaab%CA%BC_Pakal" title="Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal">Kʼinich Janaabʼ Pakal</a>'s accession to the throne (Pakal's accession occurred on a Calendar Round date 5 Lamat 1 Mol, at Long Count 9.9.2.4.8 equivalent to 27 July 615 CE in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It does this by commencing with Pakal's birthdate 9.8.9.13.0   8 Ajaw 13 Pop (24 March <span class="nowrap">603 CE Gregorian</span>) and adding to it the Distance Number 10.11.10.5.8.<sup id="cite_ref-Schele_1992,_pp.93–95_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schele_1992,_pp.93–95-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This calculation arrives at the 80th Calendar Round since his accession, a day that also has a CR date of <span class="nowrap">5 Lamat 1 Mol</span>, but which lies over 4,000 years in the future from Pakal's time—the day 21 October in the year 4772. The inscription notes<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> that this day would fall eight days after the completion of the 1st <i>piktun</i> (since the creation or zero date of the Long Count system), where the <i>piktun</i> is the next-highest order above the <i>bʼakʼtun</i> in the Long Count. If the completion date of that <i>piktun</i>—13 October 4772—were to be written out in Long Count notation, it could be represented as 1.0.0.0.0.0. The 80th CR anniversary date, eight days later, would be 1.0.0.0.0.8   5 Lamat 1 Mol.<sup id="cite_ref-Schele_1992,_pp.93–95_65-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Schele_1992,_pp.93–95-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the publicity generated by the 2012 date, Susan Milbrath, curator of Latin American Art and Archaeology at the <a href="/wiki/Florida_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Florida Museum of Natural History">Florida Museum of Natural History</a>, stated that "We have no record or knowledge that [the Maya] would think the world would come to an end" in 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Milbrath_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milbrath-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>USA Today</i> writes <span style="padding-right:.15em;">"</span>'For the ancient Maya, it was a huge celebration to make it to the end of a whole cycle,' says Sandra Noble, executive director of the Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies in <a href="/wiki/Crystal_River,_Florida" title="Crystal River, Florida">Crystal River, Florida</a>. To render December 21, 2012, as a <a href="/wiki/Doomsday_event" class="mw-redirect" title="Doomsday event">doomsday event</a> or moment of cosmic shifting, she says, is 'a complete fabrication and a chance for a lot of people to cash in.<span style="padding-right:.15em;">'</span>"<sup id="cite_ref-Milbrath_67-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milbrath-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "There will be another cycle," says E. Wyllys Andrews V, director of the <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a> Middle American Research Institute (MARI). "We know the Maya thought there was one before this, and that implies they were comfortable with the idea of another one after this."<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Converting_between_the_Long_Count_and_western_calendars">Converting between the Long Count and western calendars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Converting between the Long Count and western calendars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_a_Western_calendar_date_from_a_Long_Count">Calculating a Western calendar date from a Long Count</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Calculating a Western calendar date from a Long Count"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>It is important to know the difference between the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a> calendars when calculating a Western calendar date from a Long Count date.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>h<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Using as an example the Long Count date of 9.10.11.17.0 (Long Count date mentioned on the Palenque Palace Tablet), first calculate the number of days that have passed since the zero date (August 11, 3114 BCE; GMT correlation, in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>, September 6, −3113 <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Julian</a> astronomical). </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr align="right"> <td>9</td> <td>× 144,000</td> <td>= 1,296,000 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>10</td> <td>× 7,200</td> <td>= 72,000 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>11</td> <td>× 360</td> <td>= 3,960 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>17</td> <td>× 20</td> <td>= 340 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>0</td> <td>× 1</td> <td>= 0 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Total days</td> <td>= 1,372,300 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Then add the GMT correlation to the total number of days. </p> <dl><dd>1,372,300 + 584,283 = 1,956,583</dd></dl> <p>This number is a <b><a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a></b>. </p><p>To convert a <a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a> to a <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian calendar</a> date:<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From this number, subtract the nearest smaller Julian Day Number (in the table below), in this case 1,940,206, which corresponds to the year 600 CE. </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>year</th> <th>JDN:</th> <th>year</th> <th>JDN: </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td>1,721,060</td> <td>1100</td> <td>2,122,827 </td></tr> <tr> <td>100</td> <td>1,757,585</td> <td>1200</td> <td>2,159,351 </td></tr> <tr> <td>200</td> <td>1,794,109</td> <td>1300</td> <td>2,195,876 </td></tr> <tr> <td>300</td> <td>1,830,633</td> <td>1400</td> <td>2,232,400 </td></tr> <tr> <td>400</td> <td>1,867,157</td> <td>1500</td> <td>2,268,924 </td></tr> <tr> <td>500</td> <td>1,903,682</td> <td>1600</td> <td>2,305,448 </td></tr> <tr> <td>600</td> <td>1,940,206</td> <td>1700</td> <td>2,341,973 </td></tr> <tr> <td>700</td> <td>1,976,730</td> <td>1800</td> <td>2,378,497 </td></tr> <tr> <td>800</td> <td>2,013,254</td> <td>1900</td> <td>2,415,021 </td></tr> <tr> <td>900</td> <td>2,049,779</td> <td>2000</td> <td>2,451,545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1000</td> <td>2,086,303 </td></tr></tbody></table> <dl><dd>1,956,583 – 1,940,206 = 16,377</dd></dl> <p>Next, divide this number by 365 days (vague year). </p> <dl><dd>16,377 / 365 = 44.86849</dd></dl> <p>The remainder is 44.86849 years, which is 44 years and 317 days. The full year date is 644 CE. Now calculate the month and day number, taking into account leap days over the 44 years. In the Gregorian Calendar, every fourth year is a leap year with the exception of centuries not evenly divisible by 400 (e.g. 100, 200, 300). When the year is divisible by 400 (e.g. 400, 800, etc.), do not add an extra day. The calculated year is 644 CE. The number of leap days, keeping in mind that the year 600 is not a leap year, is 10. Subtracting that from 317 remainder days is 307; in other words, the 307th day of the year 644 CE, which is November 3. To summarize: the Long Count date 9.10.11.17.0 corresponds to November 3, 644 CE, in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>. </p><p>To convert a <a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a> to a Julian/Gregorian astronomical date (<a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian calendar</a> before 46 BCE): </p><p>Use an astronomical algorithm such as the Method of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Meeus</a><sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to convert the <a href="/wiki/Julian_day" title="Julian day">Julian day</a> to a Julian/Gregorian date with astronomical dating of negative years:<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>i<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In this example: </p> <pre><b>input:</b> Julian day <i>J</i> <i>J</i> = <i>J</i> + 0.5 <i>// 1,956,583.5</i> <i>Z</i> = integer part of <i>J</i> <i>// 1,956,583</i> <i>F</i> = fraction part of <i>J</i> <i>// 0.5</i> <b>if</b> <i>Z</i> < 2,299,161 <b>then</b> <i>// Julian?</i> <i>A</i> = <i>Z</i> <b>else</b> <i>alpha</i> = floor((<i>Z</i> - 1,867,216.25) / 36,524.25) <i>// 15</i> <i>A</i> = <i>Z</i> + 1 + <i>alpha</i> - floor(<i>alpha</i> / 4.0) <i>// 2,436,129</i> <i>// The floor operation rounds a decimal number down to the next lowest integer.</i> <i>// For example, floor(1.5) = 1 and floor(−1.5) = -2</i> <b>end if</b> <i>B</i> = <i>A</i> + 1524 <i>// 1,958,107</i> <i>C</i> = floor((<i>B</i> - 122.1) / 365.25) <i>// 5,360</i> <i>D</i> = floor(365.25 × <i>C</i>) <i>// 1,957,740</i> <i>E</i> = floor((<i>B</i> - <i>D</i>) / 30.6001) <i>// 11</i> <i>day</i> = <i>B</i> - <i>D</i> - floor(30.6001 × <i>E</i>) + <i>F</i> <i>// 31.5</i> <b>if</b> <i>E</i> < 14 <b>then</b> <i>month</i> = <i>E</i> - 1 <i>// 10</i> <b>else</b> <i>month</i> = <i>E</i> - 13 <b>end if</b> <b>if</b> <i>month</i> > 2 <b>then</b> <i>year</i> = <i>C</i> - 4716 <i>// 644</i> <b>else</b> <i>year</i> = <i>C</i> - 4715 <b>end if</b> <b>return</b> (<i>year</i>, <i>month</i>, <i>day</i>) </pre> <p>In this example the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> date is noon October 31, 644. The Method of <a href="/wiki/Jean_Meeus" title="Jean Meeus">Meeus</a> is not valid for negative year numbers (astronomical), so another method such as the method of Peter Baum<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> should be used. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_a_full_Long_Count_date">Calculating a full Long Count date</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Calculating a full Long Count date"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg/160px-Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="518" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg/240px-Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg/320px-Morley_1915_ISglyphs.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="272" data-file-height="880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chichen_Itza" title="Chichen Itza">Chichen Itza</a> Initial Series inscription. This date (glyphs A2, B2, ..., A5) is 10.2.9.1.9   9 Muluk 7 Sak, equivalent to July 28, 878 (GMT Gregorian).</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar" title="Special:EditPage/Mesoamerican Long Count calendar">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A full Long Count date not only includes the five digits of the Long Count, but the 2 character Tzolkʼin and the two-character Haabʼ dates as well. The five digit Long Count can therefore be confirmed with the other four characters (the "calendar round date"). </p><p>Taking as an example a Calendar Round date of 9.12.2.0.16 (Long Count) 5 Kibʼ (Tzolkʼin) 14 Yaxkʼin (Haabʼ). One can check whether this date is correct by the following calculation. </p><p>It is perhaps easier to find out how many days there are since 4 Ajaw 8 Kumkʼu and show how the date 5 Kibʼ 14 Yaxkʼin is derived. </p> <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto;"> <tbody><tr align="right"> <td>9</td> <td>× 144000</td> <td>= 1296000 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>12</td> <td>× 7200</td> <td>= 86400 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>2</td> <td>× 360</td> <td>= 720 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>0</td> <td>× 20</td> <td>= 0 </td></tr> <tr align="right"> <td>16</td> <td>× 1</td> <td>= 16 </td></tr> <tr> <td></td> <td>Total days</td> <td>= 1383136 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_the_Tzolkʼin_date_portion"><span id="Calculating_the_Tzolk.CA.BCin_date_portion"></span>Calculating the Tzolkʼin date portion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Calculating the Tzolkʼin date portion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Tzolkʼin date is counted forward from 4 Ajaw. To calculate the numerical portion of the Tzolkʼin date, add 4 to the total number of days given by the date and then divide total number of days by 13. </p> <dl><dd>(4 + 1,383,136) / 13 = 106,395 (and 5/13)</dd></dl> <p>This means that 106,395 whole 13 day cycles have been completed and the numerical portion of the Tzolkʼin date is 5. </p><p>To calculate the day, divide the total number of days in the long count by 20 since there are twenty day names. </p> <dl><dd>1,383,136 / 20 = 69,156 (and 16/20)</dd></dl> <p>This means 16 day names must be counted from Ajaw. This gives Kibʼ. Therefore, the Tzolkʼin date is 5 Kibʼ. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Calculating_the_Haabʼ_date_portion"><span id="Calculating_the_Haab.CA.BC_date_portion"></span>Calculating the Haabʼ date portion</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Calculating the Haabʼ date portion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Haabʼ date 8 Kumkʼu is the ninth day of the eighteenth month. There are 17 days to the start of the next year. </p><p>Subtract 17 days from the total, to find how many complete Haabʼ years are contained. </p> <dl><dd>1,383,136 − 17 = 1,383,119</dd></dl> <pre>by 365 </pre> <dl><dd>1,383,119 / 365 = 3,789 and (134/365)</dd></dl> <p>Therefore, 3,789 complete Haabʼ have passed and the remainder 134 is the 135th day in the new Haabʼ, since a remainder of 0 would indicate the first day. </p><p>Find which month the day is in. Dividing the remainder 134 by 20, is six complete months and a remainder of 14, indicating the 15th day. So, the date in the Haabʼ lies in the seventh month, which is Yaxkʼin. The fifteenth day of Yaxkʼin is 14, thus the Haabʼ date is 14 Yaxkʼin. </p><p>So the date of the long count date 9.12.2.0.16   5 Kibʼ 14 Yaxkʼin is confirmed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Piktuns_and_higher_orders">Piktuns and higher orders</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Piktuns and higher orders"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are also four rarely used higher-order periods above the bʼakʼtun: <i>piktun</i>, <i>kalabtun</i>, <i>kʼinchiltun</i> and <i>alautun</i>. All of these words are inventions of Mayanists. Each one consists of 20 of the lesser units.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>j<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many inscriptions give the date of the current creation as a large number of 13s preceding 13.0.0.0.0   4 Ahau 8 Kumkʼu. For example, a Late Classic monument from <a href="/wiki/Coba" title="Coba">Coba</a>, Stela 1. The date of creation is expressed as 13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.13.0.0.0.0, where the units are 13s in the nineteen places larger than the bʼakʼtun.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-famsi2_81-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-famsi2-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some authors think that the 13s were symbolic of a completion and did not represent an actual number.<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Most inscriptions that use these are in the form of distance dates and Long Reckonings – they give a base date, a distance number that is added or subtracted and the resulting Long Count. </p><p>The first example below is from Schele (1987). The second is from Stuart (2005 pp. 60, 77)<sup id="cite_ref-distances_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distances-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Palenque Temple of the Cross, tablet, Schele (1987 p.)<br /> 12.19.13.4.0   8 Ajaw 18 Tzek in the prior era<br /> 6.14.0 Distance number linking to the "era date"<br /> 13.0.0.0.0   4 Ajaw 8 Kumkʼu </p><p>Palenque Temple XIX, South Panel G2-H6 Stuart (2005 pp. 60, 77)<br /> 12.10.1.13.2   9 Ikʼ 5 Mol   (seating of GI in the prior era)<br /> 2.8.3.8.0<br /> 1.18.5.3.2   9 Ikʼ 15 Keh   (rebirth of GI, this date also in Temple of the Cross) </p><p>The tablet of the inscriptions contains this inscription:<sup id="cite_ref-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /> 9.8.9.13.0   8 Ajaw 13 Pop<br /> 10.11.10.5.8<br /> 1.0.0.0.0.8 </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Dresden_codex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dresden codex">Dresden codex</a> contains another method for writing distance numbers. These are Ring Numbers. Specific dates within the Dresden codex are often given by calculations involving Ring Numbers. <a href="/wiki/Ernst_F%C3%B6rstemann" title="Ernst Förstemann">Förstemann</a><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> identified these, but Wilson (1924)<sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 24–25">: 24–25 </span></sup> later clarified the way in which they operate. Ring Numbers are intervals of days between the Era Base date 4 Ajaw 8 Kumkʼu and an earlier Ring Base date, where the place-holder for the numeral of days in the interval is circled by an image of a tied red band. Added to this earlier Ring Base date is another count of days forward, which <a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> refers to as a Long Round, leading to a final date within the Long Count that is given as an entry date to be used within a specific table in the codex.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ring number     (12) 12.12.17.3.1   13 Imix 9 Wo (7.2.14.19 before (13) 13.0.0.0.0)<br /> distance number (0) 10.13.13.3.2<br /> Long Count              10.6.10.6.3   13 Akʼbal 1 Kankʼin </p><p>Ring number (portion of the DN preceding era date) 7.2.14.19<br /> Add Ring number to the ring number date to reach 13.0.0.0.0 </p><p><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson</a><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains a table of typical long reckonings after Satterwaite.<sup id="cite_ref-distances_83-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-distances-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Serpent Numbers" in the Dresden codex pp. 61–69 is a table of dates using a base date of 1.18.1.8.0.16 in the prior era (5,482,096 days).<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_astronomy" title="Maya astronomy">Maya astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_codices" title="Maya codices">Maya codices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican calendars</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The correlation between the Long Count and Western calendars is calculated according to the one used by a majority of Maya researchers, known as the (modified) GMT or Goodman-Martinez-Thompson correlation. An alternate correlation sometimes used puts the starting date two days later. August 11, 3114 BCE is a date in the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>, which is to September 6, −3113 <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">astronomical</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notable in this sequence is the glyph with nine variant forms labeled G by early epigraphers. It has been connected with the cycle of Lords of the Night known from colonial era sources in Central Mexico but alternate explanations have also been offered. See Thompson.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">To clarify, there are Long Count inscriptions which refer to dates earlier than the 1st century BCE, but these were carved much later in a retrospective fashion.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">All extant Maya inscriptions that represent this base date wrote it with a "13" bakʼtuns, not "0". But when using "13.0.0.0.0" as a base date in calculations, the "13" bakʼtuns has the numerical value 0, as if it were written as "<i>0</i>.0.0.0.0". This is easily confused when the "13" bakʼtuns has the actual value 13 in the <i>current</i> baktʼun, as in the Maya date for today: 13.0.12.1.16 (=07:55, Sunday, November 24, 2024 (<a href="/wiki/UTC" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC">UTC</a>)).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">According to Thompson<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "The point from which the moon age is counted is not surely known. The possibilities are disappearance of the old moon, conjunction, or appearance of the new moon ... Beyer (1973a) believed that the calculation was made from the disappearance of the old moon. The latter method of counting (disappearance of the old moon) is still current in some Tzeltal, Chol, and Tzotzil villages in Chiapas ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Various sources place this on other dates, notably on December 23.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gregorian, using GMT correlation JDN=584283.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">In 46 BC Julius Caesar adopted the convention of having three years of twelve months of approximately 30 days each to make a year of 365 days and a leap year of 366 days. This made the length of the civil year 365.25 days, close to the length of the solar year of 365.2422 days. This is the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>. By 1582 there was an appreciable discrepancy between the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Christmas</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">spring equinox</a> and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Easter</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pope_Gregory_XIII" title="Pope Gregory XIII">Pope Gregory XIII</a>, with the help of Italian astronomer <a href="/wiki/Aloysius_Lilius" title="Aloysius Lilius">Aloysius Lilius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Luigi_Lilio" class="mw-redirect" title="Luigi Lilio">Luigi Lilio</a>), reformed this system by abolishing the days October 5 through October 14, 1582. This brought the civil and tropical years closer together. He also missed three days every four centuries by decreeing that centuries are only leap years if they are evenly divisible by 400. So for example 1700, 1800 and 1900 are not leap years but 1600 and 2000 are. This is the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a>. Astronomical calculations will return a year zero and years before that are negative numbers. This is astronomical dating. Years before 46 BC are calculated as <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">proleptic Julian dates</a>. There is no year zero in historical dating. In historical dating the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE For example, the year −3113 (astronomical dating) is the same as 3114 BCE (historical dating). Many books about the Maya and many computer programs to do Maya calendar conversions use the <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian calendar</a>. In this calendar all dates before the start of the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> are revised as if the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> had been in use before its adoption in October 1582. Although this system is popular among <a href="/wiki/Mayanists" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayanists">Mayanists</a>, it is rarely used by anyone else, so for example, dates converted using this system are useless for the study of <a href="/wiki/Maya_Astronomy" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya Astronomy">Maya Astronomy</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Astronomical algorithms calculate a day as a decimal number equal to a day and a fraction of a day. The Julian date starts at noon. <a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical dating</a> has a year 0. In historical dating the year 1 BCE is followed by the year 1 CE. Astronomical years before 0 are written with a negative sign. For example, the year 3114 BCE is the year −3113 astronomical.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"... we have clear evidence that the current Bakʼtun cycle does not conclude at 13, as the last one did, but advances to 20. In other words, 13.0.0.0.0 will be followed by 14.0.0.0.0, 15.0.0.0.0, and so on to 19.0.0.0.0 . A text at the site of Palenque, Mexico, makes this very plain when it records the completion of 1 Piktun, the next unit above the Bakʼtun, in 4772 CE.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Freidel, Schele & Parker (1993, pp. 59–75).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Boot, p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Graham (1992, p. 331, see Fig. 5 for a line drawing of the monument)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-malmstrom1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-malmstrom1997_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-malmstrom1997_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMalmström1997" class="citation book cs1">Malmström, Vincent Herschel (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110824101110/http://www.dartmouth.edu/~izapa/CS-MM-Chap.%206.htm">"Chapter 6"</a>. <i>Cycles of the Sun, Mysteries of the Moon</i>. <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75197-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-75197-2"><bdi>978-0-292-75197-2</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~izapa/CS-MM-Chap.%206.htm">the original</a> on 24 August 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 August</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+6&rft.btitle=Cycles+of+the+Sun%2C+Mysteries+of+the+Moon&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-0-292-75197-2&rft.aulast=Malmstr%C3%B6m&rft.aufirst=Vincent+Herschel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~izapa%2FCS-MM-Chap.%25206.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span> Note: Malmström's Gregorian dates are three or four days later than a correlation of 584283 would give (the Wikipedia table has been corrected).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dartmouth.edu/~geog/facstaff/mahlstrom.html">"Vincent H. Mahlstrom"</a>. <i>Department of Geography, Faculty & Staff</i>. <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 February</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Department+of+Geography%2C+Faculty+%26+Staff&rft.atitle=Vincent+H.+Mahlstrom&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dartmouth.edu%2F~geog%2Ffacstaff%2Fmahlstrom.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-marcus1976-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-marcus1976_9-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarcus1976" class="citation journal cs1">Marcus, Joyce (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/ancient/writing-origins.pdf">"The origins of Mesoamerican writing"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Annual Review of Anthropology</i>. <b>5</b>. <a href="/wiki/Annual_Reviews_(publisher)" title="Annual Reviews (publisher)">Annual Reviews Inc.</a>: 49–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1146%2Fannurev.an.05.100176.000343">10.1146/annurev.an.05.100176.000343</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annual+Review+of+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+origins+of+Mesoamerican+writing&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=49-54&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1146%2Fannurev.an.05.100176.000343&rft.aulast=Marcus&rft.aufirst=Joyce&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latinamericanstudies.org%2Fancient%2Fwriting-origins.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-riese1988-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riese1988_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riese1988_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riese1988_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riese1988_10-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-riese1988_10-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiese1988" class="citation book cs1">Riese, Berthold (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XOA0e8FcAhoC&pg=PA68">"Epigraphy of the southeast zone in relation to other parts of the Maya realm"</a>. In Boone, Elizabeth Hill; Willey, Gordon Randolph (eds.). <i>The Southeast Classic Maya Zone: Papers from the Dumbarton Oaks Symposium, 6th and 7th October, 1984</i>. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks, Trustees for Harvard University. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-170-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88402-170-4"><bdi>978-0-88402-170-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Epigraphy+of+the+southeast+zone+in+relation+to+other+parts+of+the+Maya+realm&rft.btitle=The+Southeast+Classic+Maya+Zone%3A+Papers+from+the+Dumbarton+Oaks+Symposium%2C+6th+and+7th+October%2C+1984&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dumbarton+Oaks%2C+Trustees+for+Harvard+University&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=978-0-88402-170-4&rft.aulast=Riese&rft.aufirst=Berthold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXOA0e8FcAhoC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMora-Marín2005" class="citation journal cs1">Mora-Marín, David F. (2005). "Kaminaljuyu stela 10: Script classification and linguistic affiliation". <i>Ancient Mesoamerica</i>. <b>16</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: 63–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0956536105050029">10.1017/S0956536105050029</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0956-5361">0956-5361</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162510333">162510333</a>. <q>The parallel *oo Ͼ *uu Ͼ *u shift in Chʼolan is attested indirectly in the use of the T548 TUN/ HABʼ logogram with the Initial Series Introductory Glyph on Takalik Abaj Stela 2 (236–19 b.c.; Justeson and Mathews 1983; MoraMarín 2001:253).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ancient+Mesoamerica&rft.atitle=Kaminaljuyu+stela+10%3A+Script+classification+and+linguistic+affiliation&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=63-87&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162510333%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0956-5361&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0956536105050029&rft.aulast=Mora-Mar%C3%ADn&rft.aufirst=David+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stuart2004-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-stuart2004_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuart2004_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuart2004_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-stuart2004_12-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStuart2004" class="citation book cs1">Stuart, David (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=C7O-GHuLAfIC&pg=PA219">"Chapter 11: The beginnings of the Copan dynasty: A review of the hieroglyphic and historical evidence"</a>. In Bell, Ellen E.; Canuto, Marcello A.; Sharer, Robert J. (eds.). <i>Understanding Early Classic Copan</i>. Philadelphia, PA: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania_Museum_of_Archaeology_and_Anthropology" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology and Anthropology">University of Pennsylvania Museum of Archaeology</a>. p. 219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-931707-51-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-931707-51-0"><bdi>978-1-931707-51-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+The+beginnings+of+the+Copan+dynasty%3A+A+review+of+the+hieroglyphic+and+historical+evidence&rft.btitle=Understanding+Early+Classic+Copan&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+PA&rft.pages=219&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Museum+of+Archaeology&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-931707-51-0&rft.aulast=Stuart&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DC7O-GHuLAfIC%26pg%3DPA219&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ochoa1983-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ochoa1983_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOchoaLee1983" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ochoa, Lorenzo; Lee, Thomas A., eds. (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Qd4WAAAAYAAJ"><i>Antropología e historia de los mixe-zoques y mayas</i></a> (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/National_Autonomous_University_of_Mexico" title="National Autonomous University of Mexico">Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México</a>, Instituto de Investigaciones Filológicas, Centro de Estudios Mayas. pp. 191, 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-968-5804-97-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-968-5804-97-4"><bdi>978-968-5804-97-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+historia+de+los+mixe-zoques+y+mayas&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pages=191%2C+194&rft.pub=Universidad+Nacional+Aut%C3%B3noma+de+M%C3%A9xico%2C+Instituto+de+Investigaciones+Filol%C3%B3gicas%2C+Centro+de+Estudios+Mayas&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-968-5804-97-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQd4WAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Diehl (2004, p. 186).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"A sketch of prior documentation of epi-Olmec texts", Section 5 in Peréz de Lara & Justeson (2005).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coe & Koontz (2002), p. 87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Saturno et al. 2006</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Giron-Abrego 2012</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mesoweb-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-mesoweb_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1">Thompson, J. Eric. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/publications/CAA_14/Thompson1935.pdf">"Maya chronology: The correlation question"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>mesoweb.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=mesoweb.com&rft.atitle=Maya+chronology%3A+The+correlation+question&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Fpublications%2FCAA_14%2FThompson1935.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-google-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-google_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_J.E.S." class="citation book cs1">Thompson, J.E.S. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=VrSVFTyTOegC&pg=PA73"><i>Maya hieroglyphic writing</i></a>. Forgotten Books. p. 73. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-860-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60506-860-2"><bdi>978-1-60506-860-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+hieroglyphic+writing&rft.pages=73&rft.pub=Forgotten+Books&rft.isbn=978-1-60506-860-2&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.E.S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVrSVFTyTOegC%26pg%3DPA73&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-alignment2012-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-alignment2012_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alignment2012.com/fap3.html">"Clarifications: The Correlation Debate"</a>. <i>alignment2012.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=alignment2012.com&rft.atitle=Clarifications%3A+The+Correlation+Debate&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falignment2012.com%2Ffap3.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hermetic-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-hermetic_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hermetic.ch/cal_stud/maya/chap2.htm">"Maya Calendar: The Correlation Problem"</a>. <i>hermetic.ch</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hermetic.ch&rft.atitle=Maya+Calendar%3A+The+Correlation+Problem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hermetic.ch%2Fcal_stud%2Fmaya%2Fchap2.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famsi-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famsi_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/research/vanstone/2012/faq.html#correlation">"FAMSI – FAQ's about 2012: The end of the World? – FAQ's – What is this correlation constant?"</a>. <i>famsi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=famsi.org&rft.atitle=FAMSI+%E2%80%93+FAQ%27s+about+2012%3A+The+end+of+the+World%3F+%E2%80%93+FAQ%27s+%E2%80%93+What+is+this+correlation+constant%3F&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Fresearch%2Fvanstone%2F2012%2Ffaq.html%23correlation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Breaking the Maya Code</i>, 1992, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickerBricker2011" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Harvey M.; Bricker, Victoria Reifler (1 August 2011). <i>Astronomy in the Maya Codices</i>. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society. American Philosophical Society. p. 85. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0871692658" title="Special:BookSources/978-0871692658"><bdi>978-0871692658</bdi></a>. <q>if the 12 tun endings in the Chronicle of Oxkutzcab are accepted as referring to the 12 consecutive years and if the calendar-round dates (except that containing the month of Ceh) are correct when translated to a common calendar, the "11.16" correlation is the only possible one.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+the+Maya+Codices&rft.series=Memoirs+of+the+American+Philosophical+Society&rft.pages=85&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2011-08-01&rft.isbn=978-0871692658&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Harvey+M.&rft.au=Bricker%2C+Victoria+Reifler&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Book of Chilam Balam of Chumayel Ralph L. Roys, Washington D.C.; Carnegie Institution 1933, pp. 79, 83</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonson1976" class="citation journal cs1">Edmonson, Munro S. (December 1976). "The Mayan Calendar Reform of 11.16.0.0.0". <i>Current Anthropology</i>. <b>17</b> (4): 713–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F201806">10.1086/201806</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2741269">2741269</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145181714">145181714</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Anthropology&rft.atitle=The+Mayan+Calendar+Reform+of+11.16.0.0.0&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=713-17&rft.date=1976-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145181714%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2741269%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F201806&rft.aulast=Edmonson&rft.aufirst=Munro+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERecinos195333_Recinos_gives_2&nbsp;Tihax_(Etzʼnabʼ)_is_September_10,_1541([[Julian_calendar|Julian]])._The_date_which_marked_the_destruction_of_the_city_of_Guatemala_founded_at_the_foot_of_the_Volcano_of_Agua._"After_a_period_of_heavy_rain_there_was_an_earthquake_and_then_a_flood_of_water_(a_[[lahar]])_that_destroyed_the_old_city_of_Guatemala"-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERecinos195333_Recinos_gives_2&nbsp;Tihax_(Etzʼnabʼ)_is_September_10,_1541([[Julian_calendar|Julian]])._The_date_which_marked_the_destruction_of_the_city_of_Guatemala_founded_at_the_foot_of_the_Volcano_of_Agua._"After_a_period_of_heavy_rain_there_was_an_earthquake_and_then_a_flood_of_water_(a_[[lahar]])_that_destroyed_the_old_city_of_Guatemala"_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRecinos1953">Recinos 1953</a>, p. 33 Recinos gives 2 Tihax (Etzʼnabʼ) is September 10, 1541(<a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a>). The date which marked the destruction of the city of Guatemala founded at the foot of the Volcano of Agua. "After a period of heavy rain there was an earthquake and then a flood of water (a <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahar</a>) that destroyed the old city of Guatemala".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeeksSachsePrager2013" class="citation book cs1">Weeks, John M.; Sachse, Frauke; Prager, Christian M. (15 May 2013). <i>Maya Daykeeping: Three Calendars from Highland Guatemala (Mesoamerican Worlds)</i>. University Press of Colorado. pp. 176–84. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1607322467" title="Special:BookSources/978-1607322467"><bdi>978-1607322467</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Daykeeping%3A+Three+Calendars+from+Highland+Guatemala+%28Mesoamerican+Worlds%29&rft.pages=176-84&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Colorado&rft.date=2013-05-15&rft.isbn=978-1607322467&rft.aulast=Weeks&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rft.au=Sachse%2C+Frauke&rft.au=Prager%2C+Christian+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span> In Appendix 2, <i>Notes on the Correlation of Maya and Gregorian Calendars</i>, the authors give the examples of December 9, 1722 = 8 Kej 20 Ukabʼ Siʼj (8 Manikʼ 0 Yax) and December 9, 1723 = 9 E 20 Ukabʼ Siʼj (9 Ebʼ 0 Yax). "Using Thompson's correlation constant of A = 584,283, all values from the calendar round correspond with the information in the 1722 Kʼicheʼ calendar."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Díaz 1904: 2:129)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">(Sahagún 1975: 12:122)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Miles, Susanna W, "An Analysis of the Modern Middle American Calendars: A Study in Conservation." In <i>Acculturation in the Americas</i>. Edited by Sol Tax, p. 273. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1952.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Barbara Tedlock, Time and the Highland Maya Revised edition (1992 p. 1)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdmonson1988" class="citation book cs1">Edmonson, Munro S. (1988). <i>The Book of the Year Middle American Calendrical Systems</i>. 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Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, an Introduction. p. 236</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Aveni 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Sighting the Crescent Moon", <i>Sky & Telescope</i>, July 1994, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"In Quest of the Youngest Moon", <i>Sky & Telescope</i>, December 1996, 104–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Young Moons and the Islamic Calendar", <i>Sky & Telescope</i>, December 1996, 106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Seeking Thin Crescent Moons", <i>Sky & Telescope</i>, February 2004, 102–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Young-Moon Hunting in 2005", <i>Sky and Telescope</i>, February 2005, 75–76</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/observing-news/thinnest-crescent-moon/">"What's the Thinnest Crescent Moon You Can See?"</a>. 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Jeffrey (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm">"Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?"</a>. <i>USA Today</i>. <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Does+Maya+calendar+predict+2012+apocalypse%3F&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=G.+Jeffrey&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fusatoday30.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRivet2008" class="citation news cs1">Rivet, Ryan (25 June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110418060227/http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/062508_maya.cfm">"The sky is not falling"</a>. <i>New Wave</i>. <a href="/wiki/Tulane_University" title="Tulane University">Tulane University</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://tulane.edu/news/newwave/062508_maya.cfm">the original</a> on 18 April 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Wave&rft.atitle=The+sky+is+not+falling&rft.date=2008-06-25&rft.aulast=Rivet&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftulane.edu%2Fnews%2Fnewwave%2F062508_maya.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKettunenHelmke2014" class="citation web cs1">Kettunen, Harri; Helmke, Christophe (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/download/resources/wh2014english.pdf">"Introduction to Maya Hieroglyphs"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. The Slovak Archaeological and Historical Institute. <i>Wayeb</i>. Bratislava: Comenius University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayeb&rft.atitle=Introduction+to+Maya+Hieroglyphs&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Kettunen&rft.aufirst=Harri&rft.au=Helmke%2C+Christophe&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayeb.org%2Fdownload%2Fresources%2Fwh2014english.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMeeus2009" class="citation book cs1">Meeus, Jean (2009) [1991]. "Chapter 7: Julian Day". <i>Astronomical Algorithms</i> (Second ed.). Willman-Bell. p. 63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-61-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-943396-61-3"><bdi>978-0-943396-61-3</bdi></a>. <q>with corrections as of 10 August 2009</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+7%3A+Julian+Day&rft.btitle=Astronomical+Algorithms&rft.pages=63&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Willman-Bell&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-943396-61-3&rft.aulast=Meeus&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaum" class="citation web cs1">Baum, Peter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140910060704/http://mysite.verizon.net/aesir_research/date/date0.htm">"Date conversion method"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mysite.verizon.net/aesir_research/date/date0.htm">the original</a> on 10 September 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Date+conversion+method&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmysite.verizon.net%2Faesir_research%2Fdate%2Fdate0.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1960">Thompson 1960</a>, pp. 314, 316, 148–49<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson1960 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span> Appendix IV: "I have throughout assumed that the baktuns were grouped, not in 13's, but in 20's, for the evidence supporting a vigesimal count of baktuns in Dresden and at Palenque and Copan is too strong to be overridden."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrofe2007" class="citation book cs1">Grofe, Michael John (2007). <i>The Serpent Series: Precession in the Maya Dresden Codex</i>. p. 55. <q>On occasion, the Maya also recorded intervals of time even greater than 13 Bʼakʼtuns, such as one Piktun, composed of 20 Bʼakʼtuns. This is relevant to the current discussion concerning the Serpent Series.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Series%3A+Precession+in+the+Maya+Dresden+Codex&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Grofe&rft.aufirst=Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation web cs1">Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/time-kingship-and-the-maya-universe-maya-calendars/">"Time, Kingship, and the Maya Universe"</a>. <i>penn.museum</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penn.museum&rft.atitle=Time%2C+Kingship%2C+and+the+Maya+Universe&rft.au=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.penn.museum%2Fsites%2Fexpedition%2Ftime-kingship-and-the-maya-universe-maya-calendars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Fig. 444</i> in <a href="#CITEREFWagner2006">Wagner 2006</a>, p. 283<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFWagner2006 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFScheleFreidel1992">Schele & Freidel 1992</a>, p. 430<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFScheleFreidel1992 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFD._FreidelL._ScheleJ._Parker1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">D. Freidel; L. Schele; J. Parker (1993). <i>Maya Cosmos: Three Thousand Years On The Shaman's Path</i>. Vol. 62, Fig. 2:1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Cosmos%3A+Three+Thousand+Years+On+The+Shaman%27s+Path&rft.date=1993&rft.au=D.+Freidel&rft.au=L.+Schele&rft.au=J.+Parker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-famsi2-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-famsi2_81-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.famsi.org/schele_list.php?_allSearch=Coba&hold_search=&tab=schele&title=Schele+Drawing+Collection&x=34&y=12">"Schele Drawing Collection"</a>. <i>research.famsi.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.famsi.org&rft.atitle=Schele+Drawing+Collection&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fresearch.famsi.org%2Fschele_list.php%3F_allSearch%3DCoba%26hold_search%3D%26tab%3Dschele%26title%3DSchele%2BDrawing%2BCollection%26x%3D34%26y%3D12&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008_82-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lloyd_B._Anderson_2008_82-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2008" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Lloyd B. (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514043431/http://www.traditionalhighcultures.org/20_or_13_Baktuns_in_Pictun.pdf">"20 or 13 Baktuns in a Pictun?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>traditionalhighcultures.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalhighcultures.org/20_or_13_Baktuns_in_Pictun.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 14 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 September</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=traditionalhighcultures.org&rft.atitle=20+or+13+Baktuns+in+a+Pictun%3F&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Lloyd+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalhighcultures.org%2F20_or_13_Baktuns_in_Pictun.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-distances-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-distances_83-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-distances_83-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson, J. Eric S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091117031111/http://www.traditionalhighcultures.org/Distances_across_Era_Date.pdf">"Distances across Era Date"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>traditionalhighcultures.org</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.traditionalhighcultures.org/Distances_across_Era_Date.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 17 November 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=traditionalhighcultures.org&rft.atitle=Distances+across+Era+Date&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=J.+Eric+S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.traditionalhighcultures.org%2FDistances_across_Era_Date.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span> table from Thompson</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFörstemann,_Ernst" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Förstemann, Ernst. <i>Commentary on the Maya Manuscript in the Royal Public Library of Dresden</i>. Vol. IV. No. 2. Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Archaeology and Ethnography, Harvard University. pp. 222–264.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commentary+on+the+Maya+Manuscript+in+the+Royal+Public+Library+of+Dresden&rft.pages=222-264&rft.pub=Peabody+Museum+of+American+Archaeology+and+Archaeology+and+Ethnography%2C+Harvard+University&rft.au=F%C3%B6rstemann%2C+Ernst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1972">Thompson 1972</a>, pp. 20–21<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson1972 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrofe,_Michael_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Grofe, Michael John (2007). <i>The Serpent Series: Precession in the Maya Dresden Codex</i>. p. 55.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Series%3A+Precession+in+the+Maya+Dresden+Codex&rft.pages=55&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Grofe%2C+Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThompson1972">Thompson 1972</a>, pp. 20–22<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFThompson1972 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer1933" class="citation journal cs1">Beyer, Hermann (1933). "Emendations of the 'Serpent Numbers' of the Dresden Maya Codex". <i>Anthropos (St. Gabriel Mödling bei Wien)</i>. <b>28</b>: 1–7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anthropos+%28St.+Gabriel+M%C3%B6dling+bei+Wien%29&rft.atitle=Emendations+of+the+%27Serpent+Numbers%27+of+the+Dresden+Maya+Codex&rft.volume=28&rft.pages=1-7&rft.date=1933&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Hermann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Long Count Position of the Serpent Number Dates</i>. Vol. I. Mexico: Proc. 27th Int. Cong. Of Amer., Mexico, 1939. 1943. pp. 401–05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Long+Count+Position+of+the+Serpent+Number+Dates&rft.place=Mexico&rft.pages=401-05&rft.pub=Proc.+27th+Int.+Cong.+Of+Amer.%2C+Mexico%2C+1939&rft.date=1943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrofe,_Michael_John2007" class="citation book cs1">Grofe, Michael John (2007). <i>The Serpent Series: Precession in the Maya Dresden Codex</i>. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serpent+Series%3A+Precession+in+the+Maya+Dresden+Codex&rft.pages=63&rft.date=2007&rft.au=Grofe%2C+Michael+John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoot2002" class="citation web cs1">Boot, Eric (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mesoweb.com/features/boot/DPLHS4.pdf">"The Dos Pilas-Tikal Wars from the Perspective of Dos Pilas Hieroglyphic Stairway 4"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Mesoweb</i>. Articles<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mesoweb&rft.atitle=The+Dos+Pilas-Tikal+Wars+from+the+Perspective+of+Dos+Pilas+Hieroglyphic+Stairway+4&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Boot&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mesoweb.com%2Ffeatures%2Fboot%2FDPLHS4.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrickerBricker2011" class="citation book cs1">Bricker, Harvey M.; Bricker, Victoria R. (2011). <i>Astronomy in the Maya Codices</i>. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-265-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87169-265-8"><bdi>978-0-87169-265-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Astronomy+in+the+Maya+Codices&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=American+Philosophical+Society&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-87169-265-8&rft.aulast=Bricker&rft.aufirst=Harvey+M.&rft.au=Bricker%2C+Victoria+R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoe,_Michael_D.1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/breakingmayacode00coem_0"><i>Breaking the Maya Code</i></a>. London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-05061-9"><bdi>0-500-05061-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/26605966">26605966</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+the+Maya+Code&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F26605966&rft.isbn=0-500-05061-9&rft.au=Coe%2C+Michael+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbreakingmayacode00coem_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeKoontz2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. Coe">Coe, Michael D.</a>; Koontz, Rex (2002). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mexicofromolmecs0000coem"><i>Mexico: from the Olmecs to the Aztecs</i></a></span> (5th, revised and enlarged ed.). London and New York: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-28346-X"><bdi>0-500-28346-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/50131575">50131575</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mexico%3A+from+the+Olmecs+to+the+Aztecs&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.edition=5th%2C+revised+and+enlarged&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F50131575&rft.isbn=0-500-28346-X&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Koontz%2C+Rex&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmexicofromolmecs0000coem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoeVan_Stone2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_D._Coe" title="Michael D. 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London: Thames & Hudson. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28553-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-500-28553-4"><bdi>978-0-500-28553-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reading+the+Maya+Glyphs&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-500-28553-4&rft.aulast=Coe&rft.aufirst=Michael+D.&rft.au=Van+Stone%2C+Mark+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freadingmayaglyph0000coem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl,_Richard2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Diehl" title="Richard Diehl">Diehl, Richard</a> (2004). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/olmecsamericasfi0000dieh"><i>The Olmecs: America's First Civilization</i></a></span>. Ancient peoples and places series. London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-500-02119-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-500-02119-8"><bdi>0-500-02119-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/56746987">56746987</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Olmecs%3A+America%27s+First+Civilization&rft.place=London&rft.series=Ancient+peoples+and+places+series&rft.pub=Thames+%26+Hudson&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F56746987&rft.isbn=0-500-02119-8&rft.au=Diehl%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Folmecsamericasfi0000dieh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreidelScheleParker1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=David_Friedel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="David Friedel (page does not exist)">Freidel, David</a>; Schele, Linda; Parker, Joy (1993). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mayacosmosthreet0000frei"><i>Maya Cosmos: Three thousand years on the shaman's path</i></a></span>. New York: <a href="/wiki/William_Morrow_and_Company" title="William Morrow and Company">William Morrow</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-68810-081-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-68810-081-3"><bdi>0-68810-081-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/27430287">27430287</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Cosmos%3A+Three+thousand+years+on+the+shaman%27s+path&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=William+Morrow&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F27430287&rft.isbn=0-68810-081-3&rft.aulast=Freidel&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Schele%2C+Linda&rft.au=Parker%2C+Joy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmayacosmosthreet0000frei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGiron-Abrego2012" class="citation web cs1">Giron-Abrego, Mario (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/notes/wayeb_notes0042.pdf">"An Early Example of the Logogram TZUTZ at San Bartolo"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wayeb</i>. Wayeb Notes<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wayeb&rft.atitle=An+Early+Example+of+the+Logogram+TZUTZ+at+San+Bartolo&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Giron-Abrego&rft.aufirst=Mario&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wayeb.org%2Fnotes%2Fwayeb_notes0042.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham1992" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Graham, John A. (1992). J.P. Laporte; H. Escobedo; S. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=IV+Simposio+de+Investigaciones+Arqueol%C3%B3gicas+en+Guatemala%2C+1990&rft.atitle=Escultura+en+bulto+Olmeca+y+Maya+en+Tak%CA%BCalik+Ab%CA%BCaj%3A+Su+desarrollo+y+portento&rft.pages=325-334&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.asociaciontikal.com%2Fpdf%2F34.90%2520-%2520John%2520Graham.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGronemeyer2006" class="citation journal cs1">Gronemeyer, Sven (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wayeb.org/notes/wayeb_notes0022.pdf">"Glyphs G and F: Identified as aspects of the Maize God"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Wayeb Notes</i>. <b>22</b>: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1379-8286">1379-8286</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Berlin: Springer Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-387-95310-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-387-95310-8"><bdi>0-387-95310-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exploring+Ancient+Skies%3A+an+Encyclopedic+Survey+of+Archaeoastronomy&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Springer+Verlag&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-387-95310-8&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelley2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Kelley" title="David H. Kelley">Kelley, David H.</a> (2008). "Archaeoastronomy". In <a href="/wiki/Deborah_M._Pearsall" title="Deborah M. Pearsall">Deborah M. Pearsall</a> (ed.). <i>Encyclopedia of Archaeology, Vol. 1: A</i>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Academic_Press" title="Academic Press">Academic Press</a>. pp. 451–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548030-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-548030-7"><bdi>978-0-12-548030-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/2007931569">2007931569</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Archaeoastronomy&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Archaeology%2C+Vol.+1%3A+A&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=451-64&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F2007931569&rft.isbn=978-0-12-548030-7&rft.aulast=Kelley&rft.aufirst=David+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2007" class="citation news cs1">MacDonald, G. Jeffrey (27 March 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm">"Does Maya calendar predict 2012 apocalypse?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(online edition)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/USA_Today" title="USA Today">USA Today</a></i>. McLean, VA: <a href="/wiki/Gannett_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Gannett Company">Gannett Company</a>. p. 11D. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0734-7456">0734-7456</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 May</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=USA+Today&rft.atitle=Does+Maya+calendar+predict+2012+apocalypse%3F&rft.pages=11D&rft.date=2007-03-27&rft.issn=0734-7456&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=G.+Jeffrey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usatoday.com%2Ftech%2Fscience%2F2007-03-27-maya-2012_n.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPérez_de_LaraJusteson2005" class="citation web cs1">Pérez de Lara, Jorge; Justeson, John (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.famsi.org/reports/05084/index.html">"Photographic Documentation of Monuments with Epi-Olmec Script/Imagery"</a>. <i>The Foundation Granting Department: Reports Submitted to FAMSI</i>. Foundation for the Advancement of Mesoamerican Studies, Inc. (FAMSI)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Foundation+Granting+Department%3A+Reports+Submitted+to+FAMSI&rft.atitle=Photographic+Documentation+of+Monuments+with+Epi-Olmec+Script%2FImagery&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=P%C3%A9rez+de+Lara&rft.aufirst=Jorge&rft.au=Justeson%2C+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.famsi.org%2Freports%2F05084%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRecinos1953" class="citation book cs1">Recinos, Adrián (1953). <i>The Annals of the Cakchiquels Translated from the Cakchiquel Maya by Adrián Recinos and Delia Goetz</i>. Translated by Goetz, Delia (1st ed.). Norman: University of Oklahoma Press. pp. 3–165.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Annals+of+the+Cakchiquels+Translated+from+the+Cakchiquel+Maya+by+Adri%C3%A1n+Recinos+and+Delia+Goetz&rft.place=Norman&rft.pages=3-165&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1953&rft.aulast=Recinos&rft.aufirst=Adri%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaturnoStuartBeltran2006" class="citation journal cs1">Saturno, William A.; Stuart, David; Beltran, Boris (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121745">"Early Maya Writing at San Bartolo, Guatemala"</a>. <i>Science</i>. <b>311</b> (5765): 1281–1283. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006Sci...311.1281S">2006Sci...311.1281S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.1121745">10.1126/science.1121745</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16400112">16400112</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:46351994">46351994</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Early+Maya+Writing+at+San+Bartolo%2C+Guatemala&rft.volume=311&rft.issue=5765&rft.pages=1281-1283&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.1121745&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A46351994%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16400112&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006Sci...311.1281S&rft.aulast=Saturno&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Stuart%2C+David&rft.au=Beltran%2C+Boris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1126%252Fscience.1121745&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchele1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a> (1992). "A New Look at the Dynastic History of Palenque". In Victoria R. Bricker (Volume), with Patricia A. Andrews (ed.). <i>Supplement to the Handbook of Middle American Indians, Vol. 5: Epigraphy</i>. Victoria Reifler Bricker (general editor). Austin: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Texas_Press" title="University of Texas Press">University of Texas Press</a>. pp. 82–109. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-292-77650-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-292-77650-0"><bdi>0-292-77650-0</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23693597">23693597</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+New+Look+at+the+Dynastic+History+of+Palenque&rft.btitle=Supplement+to+the+Handbook+of+Middle+American+Indians%2C+Vol.+5%3A+Epigraphy&rft.place=Austin&rft.pages=82-109&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=1992&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23693597&rft.isbn=0-292-77650-0&rft.aulast=Schele&rft.aufirst=Linda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheleFreidel1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Linda_Schele" title="Linda Schele">Schele, Linda</a>; <a href="/wiki/David_Freidel" title="David Freidel">Freidel, David</a> (1990). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forestofkingsunt0034sche"><i>A Forest of Kings: The Untold Story of the Ancient Maya</i></a></span> (pbk reprint of 1990 ed.). New York: <a href="/wiki/Harper_Perennial" title="Harper Perennial">Harper Perennial</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-688-11204-8"><bdi>0-688-11204-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/145324300">145324300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Forest+of+Kings%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+the+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=pbk+reprint+of+1990&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F145324300&rft.isbn=0-688-11204-8&rft.aulast=Schele&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft.au=Freidel%2C+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforestofkingsunt0034sche&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_J._Eric_S.1929" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson, J. Eric S.</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1929.31.2.02a00010">"Maya Chronology: Glyph G of the Lunar Series"</a>. <i>American Anthropologist</i>. New Series. <b>31</b> (2): 223–231. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1525%2Faa.1929.31.2.02a00010">10.1525/aa.1929.31.2.02a00010</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-7294">0002-7294</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/51205515">51205515</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Anthropologist&rft.atitle=Maya+Chronology%3A+Glyph+G+of+the+Lunar+Series&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=223-231&rft.date=1929&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F51205515&rft.issn=0002-7294&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1525%2Faa.1929.31.2.02a00010&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.+Eric+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1525%252Faa.1929.31.2.02a00010&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompson,_J._Eric_S.1971" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/J._Eric_S._Thompson" title="J. Eric S. Thompson">Thompson, J. Eric S.</a> (1971). <i>Maya Hieroglyphic Writing, an Introduction</i> (3rd ed.). Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0447-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8061-0447-8"><bdi>978-0-8061-0447-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maya+Hieroglyphic+Writing%2C+an+Introduction&rft.place=Norman%2C+OK&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=University+of+Oklahoma+Press&rft.date=1971&rft.isbn=978-0-8061-0447-8&rft.au=Thompson%2C+J.+Eric+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Stone2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mark_L_Van_Stone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mark L Van Stone (page does not exist)">van Stone, Mark L.</a> (2010). <i>2012: Science and Prophecy of the Ancient Maya</i>. California: Tlacaelel Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9826826-0-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9826826-0-9"><bdi>978-0-9826826-0-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=2012%3A+Science+and+Prophecy+of+the+Ancient+Maya&rft.place=California&rft.pub=Tlacaelel+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-9826826-0-9&rft.aulast=van+Stone&rft.aufirst=Mark+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVoss,_Alexander_W.Kremer,_H._Juergen2000" class="citation conference cs1">Voss, Alexander W.; Kremer, H. Juergen (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ecoyuc.com.mx/articles.php?task=detail&aid=1">"Kʼakʼ-u-pakal, Hun-pik-tokʼ and the Kokom: The Political Organisation of Chichen Itza"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(<a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a>)</span>. <i>3rd European Maya Conference (1998)</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 October</span> 2005</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=K%CA%BCak%CA%BC-u-pakal%2C+Hun-pik-tok%CA%BC+and+the+Kokom%3A+The+Political+Organisation+of+Chichen+Itza&rft.btitle=3rd+European+Maya+Conference+%281998%29&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Voss%2C+Alexander+W.&rft.au=Kremer%2C+H.+Juergen&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fecoyuc.com.mx%2Farticles.php%3Ftask%3Ddetail%26aid%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWagner,_Elizabeth2006" class="citation book cs1">Wagner, Elizabeth (2006). "Maya Creation Myths and Cosmology". In Nikolai Grube (ed.). <i>Maya: Divine Kings of the Rain Forest</i>. Eva Eggebrecht and Matthias Seidel (assistant eds.). Cologne: Könemann. pp. 280–293. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-8331-1957-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-8331-1957-8"><bdi>3-8331-1957-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/71165439">71165439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Maya+Creation+Myths+and+Cosmology&rft.btitle=Maya%3A+Divine+Kings+of+the+Rain+Forest&rft.place=Cologne&rft.pages=280-293&rft.pub=K%C3%B6nemann&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F71165439&rft.isbn=3-8331-1957-8&rft.au=Wagner%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMesoamerican+Long+Count+calendar" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://research.famsi.org/schele_selects.php?image_number=490">Coba Stela 1 (Schele #4087)</a>, partial illustration from the Linda Schele Drawings Collection of the monument from Coba with an expanded Long Count date</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.michielb.nl/maya/calendar.html">Maya calendar on michielb.nl, with conversion applet from Gregorian calendar to Maya date</a> (Uses the proleptic Gregorian calendar.)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jqjacobs.net/archaeology/maya_astronomy.html">The Dresden Codex Lunar Series and Sidereal Astronomy</a></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><span class="citation gutenberg"> <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.org/ebooks/18973">Day Symbols of the Maya Year</a></i> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a></span> 1897 text by Cyrus Thomas.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Calendars" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Calendars" title="Template:Calendars"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Calendars" title="Template talk:Calendars"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Calendars"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Calendars" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In wide use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Astronomical_year_numbering" title="Astronomical year numbering">Astronomical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_calendar" title="Buddhist calendar">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISO_week_date" title="ISO week date">ISO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unix_time" title="Unix time">Unix time</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">In more<br />limited use</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akan_calendar" title="Akan calendar">Akan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_calendar" title="Armenian calendar">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assamese_calendar" title="Assamese calendar">Assamese (Bhāshkarābda)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_calendar" title="Assyrian calendar">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_calendar" title="Baháʼí calendar">Baháʼí</a> <ul><li>Badí‘</li></ul></li> <li>Bali <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pawukon_calendar" title="Pawukon calendar">Pawukon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balinese_saka_calendar" title="Balinese saka calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengali_calendars" title="Bengali calendars">Bengali</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangladeshi_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Bangladeshi calendar">Bangladeshi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berber_calendar" title="Berber calendar">Berber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borana_calendar" title="Borana calendar">Borana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burmese_calendar" title="Burmese calendar">Burmese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earthly_Branches" title="Earthly Branches">Earthly Branches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heavenly_Stems" title="Heavenly Stems">Heavenly Stems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solar_term" title="Solar term">Solar term</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heathen_holidays" title="Heathen holidays">Germanic heathen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_calendar" title="Georgian calendar">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_national_calendar" title="Indian national calendar">Saka</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hmong_calendar" title="Hmong calendar">Hmong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igbo_calendar" title="Igbo calendar">Igbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Iranian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jalali_calendar" title="Jalali calendar">Jalali</a> <ul><li>medieval</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrian_calendar" title="Zoroastrian calendar">Zoroastrian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_calendar" title="Irish calendar">Irish</a> <ul><li>Gaelic</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fasli_calendar" title="Fasli calendar">Fasli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabular_Islamic_calendar" title="Tabular Islamic calendar">Tabular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vira_Nirvana_Samvat" title="Vira Nirvana Samvat">Jain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_calendar" title="Japanese calendar">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Javanese_calendar" title="Javanese calendar">Javanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_calendar" title="Korean calendar">Korean</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juche_calendar" title="Juche calendar">Juche</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_calendar" title="Kurdish calendar">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithuanian_calendar" title="Lithuanian calendar">Lithuanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirhuta_Panchang" title="Tirhuta Panchang">Maithili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malayalam_calendar" title="Malayalam calendar">Malayalam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandaean_calendar" title="Mandaean calendar">Mandaean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meitei_calendar" title="Meitei calendar">Manipuri (Meitei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melanau_calendar" title="Melanau calendar">Melanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolian_calendar" title="Mongolian calendar">Mongolian</a></li> <li>Nepal <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_Sambat" title="Nepal Sambat">Nepal Sambat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vikram_Samvat" title="Vikram Samvat">Vikram Samvat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yele_Sambat" title="Yele Sambat">Yele Sambat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisga%27a#Nisga’a_calendar/life" title="Nisga'a">Nisg̱a'a</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Odia_calendar" title="Odia calendar">Odia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Punjabi_calendar" title="Punjabi calendar">Punjabi</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romanian_calendar" title="Romanian calendar">Romanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shona_calendar" title="Shona calendar">Shona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somali_calendar" title="Somali calendar">Somali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sotho_calendar" title="Sotho calendar">Sesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_calendar" title="Slavic calendar">Slavic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_Native_Faith%27s_calendars_and_holidays" title="Slavic Native Faith's calendars and holidays">Slavic Native Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_months" title="Macedonian months">Macedonian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tamil_calendar" title="Tamil calendar">Tamil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_calendar" title="Thai calendar">Thai</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thai_lunar_calendar" title="Thai lunar calendar">lunar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_solar_calendar" title="Thai solar calendar">solar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_calendar" title="Tibetan calendar">Tibetan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripuri_calendar" title="Tripuri calendar">Tripuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulu_calendar" title="Tulu calendar">Tulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_calendar" title="Vietnamese calendar">Vietnamese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel_of_the_Year" title="Wheel of the Year">Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xhosa_calendar" title="Xhosa calendar">Xhosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoruba_calendar" title="Yoruba calendar">Yoruba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zulu_calendar" title="Zulu calendar">Zulu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Runic_calendar" title="Runic calendar">Runic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_calendars" title="Mesoamerican calendars">Mesoamerican</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Long Count</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_round" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendar round">Calendar round</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Christian variants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coptic_calendar" title="Coptic calendar">Coptic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_calendar" title="Ethiopian calendar">Ethiopian and Eritrean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revised_Julian_calendar" title="Revised Julian calendar">Revised</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liturgical_year" title="Liturgical year">Liturgical year</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_liturgical_calendar" title="Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar">Eastern Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_of_saints" title="Calendar of saints">Saints</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabian_calendar" title="Pre-Islamic Arabian calendar">Arabian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attic_calendar" title="Attic calendar">Attic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_calendar" title="Aztec calendar">Aztec</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/T%C5%8Dnalp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Tōnalpōhualli">Tōnalpōhualli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiuhp%C5%8Dhualli" title="Xiuhpōhualli">Xiuhpōhualli</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_calendar" title="Babylonian calendar">Babylonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgar_calendar" title="Bulgar calendar">Bulgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_calendar" title="Byzantine calendar">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocian_calendar" title="Cappadocian calendar">Cappadocian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_calendar" title="Celtic calendar">Celtic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cham_calendar" title="Cham calendar">Cham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chula_Sakarat" title="Chula Sakarat">Culāsakaraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coligny_calendar" title="Coligny calendar">Coligny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egyptian_calendar" title="Egyptian calendar">Egyptian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enoch_calendar" title="Enoch calendar">Enoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florentine_calendar" title="Florentine calendar">Florentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Republican_calendar" title="French Republican calendar">French Republican</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic calendar">Germanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek_calendars" title="Ancient Greek calendars">Greek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Inca calendar">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonian_calendar" title="Ancient Macedonian calendar">Macedonian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_calendar" title="Maya calendar">Maya</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Haab%CA%BC" title="Haabʼ">Haabʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzolk%CA%BCin" title="Tzolkʼin">Tzolkʼin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muisca_calendar" title="Muisca calendar">Muisca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentecontad_calendar" title="Pentecontad calendar">Pentecontad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisan_calendar" title="Pisan calendar">Pisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qumran_calendrical_texts" title="Qumran calendrical texts">Qumran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui_calendar" title="Rapa Nui calendar">Rapa Nui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_calendar" title="Roman calendar">Roman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rumi_calendar" title="Rumi calendar"><i>Rumi</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexagenary_cycle" title="Sexagenary cycle">Sexagenary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_calendar" title="Soviet calendar">Soviet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedish_calendar" title="Swedish calendar">Swedish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_renaming_of_Turkmen_months_and_days_of_week" title="2002 renaming of Turkmen months and days of week">Turkmen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By specialty</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Holocene</a> <ul><li>anthropological</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Gregorian_calendar" title="Proleptic Gregorian calendar">Proleptic Gregorian</a> / <a href="/wiki/Proleptic_Julian_calendar" title="Proleptic Julian calendar">Proleptic Julian</a> <ul><li>historiographical</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darian_calendar" title="Darian calendar">Darian</a> <ul><li>Martian</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dreamspell" title="Dreamspell">Dreamspell</a> <ul><li>New Age</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Discordian_calendar" title="Discordian calendar">Discordian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%27Pataphysics#Pataphysical_calendar" title="'Pataphysics">'Pataphysical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calendar_reform" title="Calendar reform">Reform proposals</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hanke%E2%80%93Henry_Permanent_Calendar" title="Hanke–Henry Permanent Calendar">Hanke–Henry Permanent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Fixed_Calendar" title="International Fixed Calendar">International Fixed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pax_Calendar" title="Pax Calendar">Pax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positivist_calendar" title="Positivist calendar">Positivist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Symmetry454" title="Symmetry454">Symmetry454</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Calendar" title="World Calendar">World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Displays and<br />applications</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendaring_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Calendaring software">Electronic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perpetual_calendar" title="Perpetual calendar">Perpetual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(stationery)" title="Calendar (stationery)">Wall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Year naming<br />and numbering</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epoch" title="Epoch">Epoch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leap_year" title="Leap year">Leap year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_name" title="Regnal name">Regnal name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Year_zero" title="Year zero">Year zero</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ab_urbe_condita" title="Ab urbe condita">Ab urbe condita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anka_year" title="Anka year">Anka year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">Anno Domini</a>/<a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">Common Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Lucis" title="Anno Lucis">Anno Lucis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Era_of_the_Martyrs" title="Era of the Martyrs">Anno Martyrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anno_Mundi" title="Anno Mundi">Anno Mundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eponym_dating_system" title="Eponym dating system">Assyrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Before_Present" title="Before Present">Before Present</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_era_name" title="Chinese era name">Chinese Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_calendar" title="Republic of China calendar">Chinese Minguo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regnal_years_of_English_and_British_monarchs" title="Regnal years of English and British monarchs">English and British regnal year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hijri_year" title="Hijri year">Hijri year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holocene_calendar" title="Holocene calendar">Human (Holocene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_era_name" title="Japanese era name">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_era_name" title="Korean era name">Korean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirayana_system" title="Nirayana system">Nirayana system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_era" title="Seleucid era">Seleucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_era" title="Spanish era">Spanish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yugas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Satya_Yuga" title="Satya Yuga">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treta_Yuga" title="Treta Yuga">Treta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvapara_Yuga" title="Dvapara Yuga">Dvapara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kali_Yuga" title="Kali Yuga">Kali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_era_name" title="Vietnamese era name">Vietnamese</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fictional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discworld_(world)#Calendar" title="Discworld (world)">Discworld</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Discworld" title="Discworld">Discworld</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flanaess#Calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Flanaess">Greyhawk</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Dungeons_%26_Dragons" title="Dungeons & Dragons">Dungeons & Dragons</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle-earth_calendar" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle-earth calendar">Middle-earth</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/The_Lord_of_the_Rings" title="The Lord of the Rings">The Lord of the Rings</a></i>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stardate" title="Stardate">Stardate</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a></i>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="List-Class article"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/List_of_calendars" title="List of calendars">List of calendars</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Calendars" title="Category:Calendars">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&oldid=1254838834">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mesoamerican_Long_Count_calendar&oldid=1254838834</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" 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