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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Carpathian Rusyn" redirects here. For the people, see <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Rusyn (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈruːsɪn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROO-sin</a>;<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Carpathian Rusyn: русиньскый язык, romanized: rusîn'skyj jazyk; <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>: руски язик, romanized: ruski jazik)<a href="#cite_note-auto-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlishkova200917,_37,_67-18">[18]</a> is an <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> language spoken by <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> in parts of <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>, and written in the <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20097-19">[19]</a> The majority of speakers live in an area known as <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a> that spans from <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Transcarpathia</a>, westward into eastern Slovakia and south-east Poland.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20093-20">[20]</a> There is also a sizeable <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a> linguistic island in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20093-20">[20]</a> as well as a Rusyn <a href="/wiki/Diaspora" title="Diaspora">diaspora</a> throughout the world.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005267-281-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushko2007111-132-22">[22]</a> Per the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a>, Rusyn is officially recognized as a protected minority language by <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>, <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (as Lemko), <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> <table class="infobox vevent infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above above" style="font-size:125%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Rusyn</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:110%; color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">русиньскый язык; руски язик rusîn'skyj jazyk; ruski jazik</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Ethnicity</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Native speakers</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">70,000 (2001–2013)<a href="#cite_note-e25-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> – 38,679<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> – 15,626<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> – 10,000<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a> – 6,725<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> – 2,337<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> – 1,113<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a> – 777<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Language_family" title="Language family">Language family</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em;padding-left:0"><li> <a href="/wiki/Balto-Slavic_languages" title="Balto-Slavic languages">Balto-Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/Slavic_languages" title="Slavic languages">Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li><a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a><ul style="line-height:100%;margin-left:0.45em;padding-left:0;"><li>Rusyn</li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Early forms</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:1.35em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Balto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Balto-Slavic language">Proto-Balto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Slavic_language" title="Proto-Slavic language">Proto-Slavic</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Old_East_Slavic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old East Slavic language">Old East Slavic</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> <ul style="line-height:100%; margin-left:0.45em; padding-left:0"><li><a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="plainlist"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;">Dialects</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language/dialect" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009vii-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Prešov<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009vii-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Subcarpathian<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009vii-10">[10]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian</a></li></ul> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Writing_system" title="Writing system">Writing system</a></div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic script</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Alphabet">Rusyn alphabets</a>) <a href="/wiki/Latin_script" title="Latin script">Latin script</a> (<a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>)<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Official status</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Official language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"> <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>)<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Recognised minority language in</div></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div style="vertical-align:middle;"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Croatia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Croatia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Czech_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Czech_Republic" title="Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/23px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/35px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Flag_of_Hungary.svg/46px-Flag_of_Hungary.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/23px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/35px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Flag_of_Romania.svg/45px-Flag_of_Romania.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="400"> <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"> <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: black; background-color: #c9ffd9;">Language codes</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a href="https://iso639-3.sil.org/code/rue" class="extiw" title="iso639-3:rue">rue</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Glottolog" title="Glottolog">Glottolog</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><code><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/rusy1239">rusy1239</a></code></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;padding-right:0.65em;"><a href="/wiki/Linguasphere_Observatory" title="Linguasphere Observatory">Linguasphere</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.3em;">53-AAA-ec < <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">53-AAA-e</a> (varieties: 53-AAA-eca to 53-AAA-ecc)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Idioma_rusino.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Idioma_rusino.PNG/320px-Idioma_rusino.PNG" decoding="async" width="320" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/69/Idioma_rusino.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="325" data-file-height="213"></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.3em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Lang_Status_80-VU.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/320px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png" decoding="async" width="320" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/480px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Lang_Status_80-VU.svg/640px-Lang_Status_80-VU.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="153"></a><div style="text-align:left;"><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Rusyn is classified as Vulnerable by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/Atlas_of_the_World%27s_Languages_in_Danger" title="Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger">Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger</a></div> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below noprint selfref" style="background-color:#E7E7FF;color:inherit;padding:0.3em 0.5em;text-align:left;line-height:1.3;">This article contains <a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">IPA</a> phonetic symbols. Without proper <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA#Rendering_issues" title="Help:IPA">rendering support</a>, you may see <a href="/wiki/Specials_(Unicode_block)#Replacement_character" title="Specials (Unicode block)">question marks, boxes, or other symbols</a> instead of <a href="/wiki/Unicode" title="Unicode">Unicode</a> characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">Help:IPA</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236303919">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-has-images-with-white-backgrounds img{background:white}}</style> The categorization of Rusyn as a language or dialect is a source of controversy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser2016124-139-23">[23]</a> Czech, Slovak, and Hungarian, as well as American and some Polish and Serbian linguists treat it as a distinct language<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] (with its own <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code), whereas other scholars (in Ukraine, Poland, Serbia, and Romania) treat it as a dialect of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers">needs update</a>] <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-4"><div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name">1 Name</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Classification">2 Classification</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Geographic_distribution">3 Geographic distribution</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Varieties">4 Varieties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Carpathian_Rusyn_varieties">4.1 Carpathian Rusyn varieties</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-6"><a href="#Literary_languages">4.1.1 Literary languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-7"><a href="#Pre%C5%A1ov_Rusyn">4.1.2 Prešov Rusyn</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Lemko-Rusyn">4.1.3 Lemko-Rusyn</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Subcarpathian_Rusyn">4.1.4 Subcarpathian Rusyn</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-10"><a href="#Common_usage">4.1.4.1 Common usage</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Pannonian_Rusyn">4.2 Pannonian Rusyn</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#Literary_language">4.2.1 Literary language</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#History">5 History</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#19th_century">5.1 19th century</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#20th_century">5.2 20th century</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Post-Soviet_developments">5.2.1 Post-Soviet developments</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Contemporary_status">5.3 Contemporary status</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-18"><a href="#ISO_639-9_Identifiers">5.3.1 ISO 639-9 Identifiers</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Phonology">6 Phonology</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Consonants">6.1 Consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Vowels">6.2 Vowels</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Grammar">7 Grammar</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Noun_declension">7.1 Noun declension</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Grammatical_cases">7.1.1 Grammatical cases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-25"><a href="#Declension_type_I:_feminines_ending_in_-%D0%B0/-%D1%8F">7.1.2 Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-я</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Declension_type_II:_masculines_and_neuters">7.1.3 Declension type II: masculines and neuters</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-27"><a href="#Masculines_ending_in_consonants">7.1.3.1 Masculines ending in consonants</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-28"><a href="#Neuters_or_masculines_ending_in_-o,_neuters_ending_in_-e_or_-%D0%B0/-%D1%8F">7.1.3.2 Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Declension_type_III:_other_feminines">7.1.4 Declension type III: other feminines</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Declension_type_IV:_neuters_ending_in_-%D0%B0/-%D1%8F">7.1.5 Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-я</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-31"><a href="#Verbal_conjugation">7.2 Verbal conjugation</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-32"><a href="#Conjugation_type_I">7.2.1 Conjugation type I</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-33"><a href="#UJ_stem_markers">7.2.1.1 UJ stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-34"><a href="#IJ_stem_markers">7.2.1.2 IJ stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-35"><a href="#YJ_stem_markers">7.2.1.3 YJ stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-36"><a href="#%D0%ABJ_stem_markers">7.2.1.4 ЫJ stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-37"><a href="#AJ_stem_markers">7.2.1.5 AJ stem markers</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-5 tocsection-38"><a href="#A(J)_stem_markers">7.2.1.5.1 A(J) stem markers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-39"><a href="#AVA_stem_markers">7.2.1.6 AVA stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-40"><a href="#A_stem_markers">7.2.1.7 A stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-41"><a href="#NU_stem_markers">7.2.1.8 NU stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-42"><a href="#Non-syllabic_stem_markers">7.2.1.9 Non-syllabic stem markers</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-43"><a href="#Consonant_stems">7.2.1.10 Consonant stems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-44"><a href="#Conjugation_type_II">7.2.2 Conjugation type II</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-45"><a href="#Y-type_I">7.2.2.1 Y-type I</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-46"><a href="#Y-type_II">7.2.2.2 Y-type II</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-47"><a href="#I-type">7.2.2.3 I-type</a></li> <li class="toclevel-4 tocsection-48"><a href="#Palato-Alveolar_Stems">7.2.2.4 Palato-Alveolar Stems</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-49"><a href="#Irregular_Verbs">7.2.3 Irregular Verbs</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-50"><a href="#Orthography">8 Orthography</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-51"><a href="#Usage_notes">8.1 Usage notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-52"><a href="#Number_of_letters_and_relationship_to_the_Ukrainian_alphabet">8.2 Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-53"><a href="#Alphabetical_order">8.3 Alphabetical order</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-54"><a href="#Sample_text">9 Sample text</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-55"><a href="#See_also">10 See also</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-56"><a href="#Newspapers">10.1 Newspapers</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-57"><a href="#Notes">11 Notes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-58"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-59"><a href="#Sources">13 Sources</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-60"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Name" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> In the <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English language</a>, the term Rusyn is recognized officially by the <a href="/wiki/ISO" class="mw-redirect" title="ISO">ISO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Other names are sometimes also used to refer to the language, mainly deriving from <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonyms</a> such as Ruthenian or Ruthene (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><a href="/wiki/British_English" title="British English">UK</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/rʊˈθiːn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">RUUTH-een</a>, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991"><a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">US</a>: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ruːˈθiːn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ROO-theen</a>),<a href="#cite_note-OED-27">[27]</a> that have more general meanings, and thus (by adding regional adjectives) some specific designations are formed, such as: Carpathian Ruthenian/Ruthene or Carpatho-Ruthenian/Ruthene.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERenoffReynolds197535,_51,_79%E2%80%9380-28">[28]</a> Within the Rusyn community, the language is also referred to as руснацькый язык, rusnac'kyj jazyk, 'Rusnak language',<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlishkova200917,_37,_67-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153-5-29">[29]</a> or simply referred to as speaking our way (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Carpathian_Rusyn">Carpathian Rusyn</a>: по-нашому, romanized: po-nashomu).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20092-30">[30]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Classification" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> The classification of the Rusyn language has historically been both linguistically and politically controversial. During the 19th century, several questions were raised among linguists, regarding the classification of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> dialects that were spoken in the northeastern (Carpathian) regions of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Kingdom of Hungary</a>, and also in neighbouring regions of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia_and_Lodomeria" title="Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria">Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria</a>. From those questions, three main theories emerged:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005276-281-31">[31]</a> <ul><li>Some linguists claimed that East Slavic dialects of the Carpathian region should be classified as specific varieties of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian language</a>.</li> <li>Other linguists argued that those dialects should be classified as western varieties of a distinctive <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_language" title="Ukrainian language">Ukrainian language</a>.</li> <li>A third group claimed that those dialects are specific enough to be recognized as a distinctive East Slavic language.</li></ul> In spite of these linguistic disputes, official terminology used by the <a href="/wiki/Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy" class="mw-redirect" title="Austro-Hungarian Monarchy">Austro-Hungarian Monarchy</a> that ruled the Carpathian region remained unchanged. For Austro-Hungarian state authorities, the entire East Slavic linguistic body within the borders of the Monarchy was classified as <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian</a> language (<a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a>: ruthenische Sprache, <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_language" title="Hungarian language">Hungarian</a>: Rutén nyelv), an archaic and <a href="/wiki/Exonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Exonym">exonymic</a> term that remained in use until 1918.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoser201887-104-32">[32]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Geographic_distribution">Geographic distribution</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Geographic distribution" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (December 2021)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> In terms of geographic distribution, Rusyn language is represented by two specific clusters: the first is encompassing Carpathian Rusyn or Carpatho-Rusyn varieties, and the second is represented by <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005267-269,_275-33">[33]</a> Carpathian Rusyn is spoken in: <ul><li>the <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Zakarpattia Oblast</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>.</li> <li>northeastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>.</li> <li>southeastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a>. The variety of Rusyn spoken in Poland is generally known as <a href="/wiki/Lemkos#Language/dialect" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a> language (лемківскій язык lemkivskij jazyk).<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a></li> <li>northeastern regions of <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a>.</li> <li>northern regions of <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Maramure%C8%99" title="Maramureș">Maramureș</a>).</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyns" title="Pannonian Rusyns">Pannonian Rusyns</a> in the region of <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>), and in a nearby region of <a href="/wiki/Slavonia" title="Slavonia">Slavonia</a> (in <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a>). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Varieties">Varieties</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Carpathian_Rusyn_varieties">Carpathian Rusyn varieties</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Carpathian Rusyn varieties" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The main continuum of Rusyn varieties stretches from <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Transcarpathia</a> and follows the <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Mountains" title="Carpathian Mountains">Carpathian Mountains</a> westward into <a href="/wiki/Galicia_(Eastern_Europe)" title="Galicia (Eastern Europe)">South-Eastern Poland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_Region" title="Prešov Region">Eastern Slovakia</a>, forming an area referred to as <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Ruthenia">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>. As with any language, all three major <a href="/wiki/Variety_(linguistics)" title="Variety (linguistics)">varieties</a> of Rusyn vary with respect to <a href="/wiki/Phonology" title="Phonology">phonology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Morphology_(linguistics)" title="Morphology (linguistics)">morphology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Syntax_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Syntax (linguistics)">syntax</a>, and have various features unique to themselves, while of course also containing their own, more local sub-varieties. The <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">continuum</a> of Rusyn is agreed to include the varieties known historically as <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemko</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boykos" title="Boykos">Bojko</a>, and is also generally accepted to end at or with the <a href="/wiki/Hutsuls" title="Hutsuls">Hucul</a> variety, which is "not included in the Rusyn continuum per se, but represent[s] a linguistic variant .. better seen as a dialect of Ukrainian". As the westernmost member of the family of <a href="/wiki/East_Slavic_languages" title="East Slavic languages">East Slavic</a> languages, it has also acquired a number of <a href="/wiki/West_Slavic_languages" title="West Slavic languages">West Slavic</a> features—unique to East Slavic languages—due to prolonged contact with the coterritorial languages of <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20093-4-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_languages">Literary languages</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Today, there are three formally codified Rusyn <a href="/wiki/Literary_language" title="Literary language">literary varieties</a> and one de facto (Subcarpathian Rusyn). These varieties reflect the culmination of nearly two centuries of activist and academic labor, during which a literary Rusyn language was desired, discussed, and addressed (time and again) by a dedicated intelligentsia. Linguist Stefan M. Pugh notes, "...at every stage someone was thinking of writing in Rusyn; approximately every generation a grammar of some sort would be written but not find wide acceptance, primarily for reasons of a political nature (and of course logistical practicalities)."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20094,_6-36">[36]</a> Some of these earlier grammars include those by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dmytrij_Vyslockij&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dmytrij Vyslockij (page does not exist)">Dmytrij Vyslockij</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[a]</a> (Karpatorusskij bukvar'<a href="#cite_note-38">[b]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Vanja Hunjanky (1931), <a href="/wiki/Metodyj_Trochanovskij" title="Metodyj Trochanovskij">Metodyj Trochanovskij</a> (Bukvar: Perša knyžečka dlja narodnıx škol;<a href="#cite_note-40">[c]</a> 1935),<a href="#cite_note-41">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[39]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ivan_Harajda&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ivan Harajda (page does not exist)">Ivan Harajda</a> (1941).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKushko2007111-132-22">[22]</a> Harajda's grammar is particularly notable for having arrived in the midst of a five-year linguistic fervor for Carpatho-Rusyn. From 1939 through 1944 an estimated 1,500 to 3,000 Rusyn-language publications (mostly centered around <a href="/wiki/Uzhhorod" title="Uzhhorod">Uzhhorod</a>, Ukraine) entered print and from 1941 onward, Harajda's grammar was the accepted standard. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyn</a>: Дмитрий Вислоцкий </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyn</a>: Карпаторусский букварь </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyn</a>: Буквар. Перша книжечка для народных школ. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Prešov_Rusyn">Prešov Rusyn</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Prešov Rusyn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Slovakia, the Prešov literary variety has been under continuous codification since 1995<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> when first published by Vasyl Jabur, Anna Plíšková and Kvetoslava Koporová.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Its namesakes are both the city and region of Prešov, Slovakia—historically, each have been respective centers for Rusyn academia and the Rusyn population of Slovakia. Prešov Rusyn was based on varieties of Rusyn found in a relatively compact area within the Prešov Region. Specifically, the variety is based on the language spoken in the area between the West Zemplin and East Zemplin Rusyn dialects (even more specifically: a line along the towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Osadn%C3%A9" title="Osadné">Osadne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hostovice,_Snina_District" title="Hostovice, Snina District">Hostovice</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parihuzovce" title="Parihuzovce">Parihuzovce</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cukalovce" title="Čukalovce">Čukalovce</a>, <a href="/wiki/P%C4%8Dolin%C3%A9" title="Pčoliné">Pcoline</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pichne" title="Pichne">Pichne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nechv%C3%A1lova_Polianka" title="Nechválova Polianka">Nechvalova Polianka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zubn%C3%A9" title="Zubné">Zubne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ni%C5%BEn%C3%A1_Jablonka" title="Nižná Jablonka">Nizna Jablonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vy%C5%A1n%C3%A1_Jablonka" title="Vyšná Jablonka">Vysna Jablonka</a>, <a href="/wiki/Svetlice" title="Svetlice">Svetlice</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zbojn%C3%A9" title="Zbojné">Zbojne</a>). And though the many Rusyn dialects of Slovakia entirely surpass the limited set of features prescribed in the standard, this comparatively small sample size was consciously chosen by codifiers in order to provide a structured ecosystem within which a variety of written and spoken language would inevitably (and already did) thrive.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20097-19">[19]</a> Its orthography is largely based on <a href="/wiki/Zhelekhivka" title="Zhelekhivka">Zhelekhivka</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] a late 19th century variety of the Ukrainian alphabet. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Lemko-Rusyn">Lemko-Rusyn</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Lemko-Rusyn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oholoshennia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oholoshennia.jpg/200px-Oholoshennia.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="221" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="461" data-file-height="509"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 221px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oholoshennia.jpg/200px-Oholoshennia.jpg" data-width="200" data-height="221" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oholoshennia.jpg/301px-Oholoshennia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/Oholoshennia.jpg/400px-Oholoshennia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>An announcement at the Orthodox Church of St. Volodymyr in <a href="/wiki/Lemkos" title="Lemkos">Lemko-Rusyn</a> language and <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a> in <a href="/wiki/Krynica-Zdr%C3%B3j" title="Krynica-Zdrój">Krynica-Zdrój</a>, Poland </figcaption></figure> In Poland, a standard <a href="/wiki/Lemko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemko language">Lemko-Rusyn</a> grammar and dictionary, Gramatyka języka łemkowskiego, 'Grammar of the Lemko Language' (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Rusyn</a>: Ґраматыка лемківского языка, romanized: Gramatŷka lemkivskoho jazŷka), was published in 2000 by Mirosława Chomiak and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henryk_Fonta%C5%84ski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henryk Fontański (page does not exist)">Henryk Fontański</a> [<a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henryk_Fonta%C5%84ski" class="extiw" title="pl:Henryk Fontański">pl</a>; <a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA_%D0%A4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="rue:Генрик Фонтаньски">rue</a>], with a second edition issued in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20099-44">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Subcarpathian_Rusyn">Subcarpathian Rusyn</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subcarpathian Rusyn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Transcarpathia, Ukraine, M. Almašij's and Igor Kerča's Материнськый язык: Писемниця русинського языка, Materyns'kyj jazyk: pysemnycja rusyns'koho jazyka, serves as the de facto literary standard for Subcarpathian, though "unofficial". Published in 1999, with a second edition in 2004, and a 58,000 word Rusyn-Russian dictionary in 2007, Kerča's work has been used by prominent Rusyn publishers in Uzhhorod—albeit with variations between published works that are typical of the spoken language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagosci87-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200910-47">[44]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Common_usage">Common usage</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Common usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rusyn_language" title="Special:EditPage/Rusyn language">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (September 2022) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Despite the above codified varieties, many Carpatho-Rusyn publications will use a combination of the three Carpathian standards (most notably in Hungary and in Transcarpathia). There have even attempts to revitalize the pre-war etymological orthography with archaic Cyrillic orthography (i.e. usage of the letter ѣ, or yat'); the latter can be observed throughout Rusyn Wikipedia, where even a single article may be written in several different codified varieties. And while somewhat archaic, used of Harajda's grammar is even promoted by some in <a href="/wiki/Rusyn_Wikipedia" class="mw-redirect" title="Rusyn Wikipedia">Rusyn Wikipedia</a> (although parts of the articles are written using other standards). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pannonian_Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Pannonian Rusyn" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a></div> Pannonian Rusyn, has variously been referred to as an incredibly distinct dialect of Carpathian Rusyn or a separate language altogether. In the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639" title="ISO 639">ISO 639-9 identifier</a> application for Pannonian Rusyn (or "Ruthenian" as it is referred to in that document), the authors note that "Ruthenian is closest to [a] linguistic entity sometimes called [ <a href="/wiki/Slovak_language" title="Slovak language">Slovak</a>: východoslovenský, Pan. Rusyn: виходнярски, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'East Slovak' ],<a href="#cite_note-48">[i]</a> ... (the speeches of <a href="/wiki/Trebi%C5%A1ov_District" title="Trebišov District">Trebišov</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov_District" title="Prešov District">Prešov</a> [districts])."<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Literary_language">Literary language</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Literary language" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The literary variety of Serbian and Croatian Rusyns is, again, significantly different from the above three Carpathian varieties in both vocabulary and grammar.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] It was first standardized in 1923 by G. Kostelnik.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The modern standard has been continuously developed since the 1980s by Julian Ramač, Helena Međeši and Mihajlo Fejsa of Serbia, and Mihály Káprály of Hungary.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="History">History</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: History" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:30%; ;"> <div class="quotebox-title" style="">The Rusyn Language in History</div> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> One of the dangers of any enterprise like the codification of a language is the desire to 'see' its history go back as far as possible. This danger affects every single language that may have had difficulties in gaining acceptance of its identity <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="on the part of some outside body or bodies.">...</abbr> A good example is Ukrainian itself <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title=", which fought for recognition (not to mention permission to be used and published) in the 19th century.">...</abbr> It was not recognized by <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title=", for example, much of">...</abbr> the 19th century ('great') Russian establishment <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="for a very long time -">...</abbr> leading to a continued perception <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="on the part of many ordinary Russians (especially non-linguists)">...</abbr> that Ukrainian was a 'dialect' of Russian <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="Russian, or an uneducated 'peasant' language, and the like.">...</abbr> Such treatment invariably led later Ukrainian scholars <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="to look for the earliest features of what became 'Ukrainian', and therefore by association">...</abbr> to refer to the language of those [earliest] features as not only 'old' Ukrainian but 'proto'-Ukrainian <abbr style="text-decoration:none;border-bottom:1px dotted black;margin-bottom:1px;" title="(this question is examined for East Slavic as a whole in Pugh 1996).">...</abbr> The desire to see the beginnings of Rusyn as existing before, say, the 18th century is entirely natural – it was clearly in evidence in that century, so the beginnings must have been earlier. In fact, it is possible to see linguistic traces of what we recognize as 'Rusyn' in documents in very early texts – but this is not to say that these texts were written in 'Old Rusyn'. It is safe to say that Rusyn begins to be quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion (in terms of modern Rusyn) by the 18th century. Of course, given the political and social histories of the region, and especially religious history, documents differ according to the region, time, and the (socio-)linguistic milieu in which they were composed – e.g., Church Slavonic, Russian, Latin, etc. </blockquote> <div style="padding-bottom: 0; padding-top: 0.5em"><cite class="left-aligned" style="">S. M. Pugh, The Rusyn Language, 2009<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20094-5-50">[46]</a></cite></div> </div> The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Niagovo_Postilla&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niagovo Postilla (page does not exist)">Niagovo Postilla</a> (Njagovskie poučenija), dated to 1758, is one of the earliest texts possessing significant phonetic and morphological characteristics of modern Rusyn (specifically the Subcarpathian variant) and is potentially "linguistically traceable" to the 16th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20095-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERusinko20035-52">[48]</a> By the 18th century, the Rusyn language was "clearly in evidence" and "quite recognizable in a more systematic fashion".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20094-5-50">[46]</a> The first books produced exclusively for Rusyn readership were printed under the direction of bishop of <a href="/wiki/Mukachevo" title="Mukachevo">Mukachevo</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Joseph_Decamillis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joseph Decamillis (page does not exist)">Joseph Decamillis</a> (r. 1690 – 1706). Under his direction, the printshop at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Trnava" title="University of Trnava">University of Trnava</a> published a catechism (Katekhisis dlia naouki Ouhorouskim liudem, 1698) and an elementary language primer (Boukvar’ iazyka slaven’ska, 1699). For decades, these would be the only textbooks available to Rusyn students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201584-53">[49]</a> Later, in 1767 <a href="/wiki/Maria_Theresa" title="Maria Theresa">Maria Theresa</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Urbarium" title="Urbarium">Urbarium</a> was published throughout the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Habsburg Empire">Habsburg Empire</a> in a variety of languages, including Rusyn.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi201599-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Finally, under Bishop <a href="/wiki/Andriy_Bachynskyi" title="Andriy Bachynskyi">Andriy Bachynskyi</a>'s tenure (r. 1773 – 1809) in the <a href="/wiki/Greek_Catholic_Eparchy_of_Mukachevo" title="Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo">Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo</a>, new texts for Rusyn student readership were published. These several editions of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ioann_Kutka&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ioann Kutka (page does not exist)">Ioann Kutka</a>'s primer and catechism were published in Rusyn vernacular, though with heavy influence from <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic" title="Church Slavonic">Church Slavonic</a>. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2015101-56">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 19th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> By the 19th century, "attempts to write in a form of Russo-Church Slavonic with a Rusyn flavor, or a type of 'Subcarpathian Russian' with Rusyn phonetic features," began to be made. Notably, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Myxajlo_Lu%C4%8Dkaj&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Myxajlo Lučkaj (page does not exist)">Myxajlo Lučkaj</a>'s grammar of the Subcarpathian variety of Church Slavonic, Grammatica Slavo-Ruthena, of 1830 had a "distinctly Rusyn flavor". And while Lučkaj did not support use of vernacular as a literary language (commenting on the proper usage of either lingua eruditorum et Communis plebis, 'the languages of the learned and the languages of the common people' in his Praefatio), he did include examples of "Rusyn paradigms" in his work to attempt demonstrate its similarity to Church Slavonic. Lučkaj in effect sought to prove the two languages were close sisters of a common ancestor. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh20095-51">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> In 1847, Greek Catholic priest <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Dukhnovych" title="Alexander Dukhnovych">Alexander Dukhnovych</a> published the first textbook written almost fully in common Rusyn vernacular, Knyzhytsia chytalnaia dlia nachynaiushchykh (A Reader for Beginners).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2015105-58">[54]</a> Further editions of the primer followed in 1850 and 1852, as well as the establishment of "the first Carpatho-Rusyn cultural organization", the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pre%C5%A1ov_Literary_Society&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prešov Literary Society (page does not exist)">Prešov Literary Society</a>, in 1850. Over the next four years of its existence, the Society would go on to publish a further 12 works, including Dukhnovych's Virtue is More Important than Riches (the very first play written in Carpatho-Rusyn), as well Carpatho-Rusyn's first literary anthologies in 1850, 1851, and 1852, titled Greetings to the Rusyns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi2015145-59">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 20th century" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Austria-Hungary" title="Dissolution of Austria-Hungary">dissolution of Austria-Hungary</a> (1918), the newly proclaimed <a href="/wiki/First_Hungarian_Republic" title="First Hungarian Republic">Hungarian Republic</a> recognized Rusyn regional autonomy in Subcarpathian regions and created, at the beginning of 1919, a department for Rusyn language and literature at the <a href="/wiki/Budapest_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Budapest University">Budapest University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop200546,_521-60">[56]</a> By the end of 1919, the region of <a href="/wiki/Subcarpathian_Ruthenia" class="mw-redirect" title="Subcarpathian Ruthenia">Subcarpathian Ruthenia</a> was appended to the newly formed <a href="/wiki/First_Czechoslovak_Republic" title="First Czechoslovak Republic">Czechoslovak</a> state, as its easternmost province. During the next twenty years, linguistic debates were continued between the same three options (pro-Russian, pro-Ukrainian, and local Rusyn), with Czechoslovak state authorities occasionally acting as arbiters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsernicsk%C3%B3Fedinec201593%E2%80%93113-61">[57]</a> In March 1939, the region proclaimed independence under the name <a href="/wiki/Carpatho-Ukraine" title="Carpatho-Ukraine">Carpatho-Ukraine</a>, but it was immediately <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">occupied and annexed</a> by Hungary. The region was later occupied (1944) and annexed (1945) by the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, and incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005495-497-62">[58]</a> which proceeded with implementation of Ukrainian linguistic standards. In Soviet Ukraine, Rusyns were not recognized as a distinctive ethnicity, and their language was considered a dialect of Ukrainian language. Poland employed similar policies,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop200573-63">[59]</a> using internal deportations to move many Eastern Slavs from southeastern to newly acquired western regions (<a href="/wiki/Operation_Vistula" title="Operation Vistula">Operation Vistula</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop2005531-532-64">[60]</a> and switch their language to Polish, and Ukrainian at school. During that period, the only country that was officially recognizing the Rusyn minority and its language was <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsiPop200575-65">[61]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Post-Soviet_developments">Post-Soviet developments</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Post-Soviet developments" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/200px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="197" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="760" data-file-height="750"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 200px;height: 197px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/200px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png" data-width="200" data-height="197" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/300px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png/400px-Vojvodina_rusyn_croatian_czech_map.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Official usage of <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vojvodina" title="Vojvodina">Vojvodina</a>, Serbia</figcaption></figure> After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolution of the Soviet Union</a> in 1991, modern standards of minority rights were gradually applied throughout Eastern Europe, thus affecting the attitude of several states towards the Rusyn language. As successors of Yugoslavia, <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> continued to recognize the Rusyn language as an official minority language.<a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> Scholars with the former Institute of Slavic and Balkan Studies in Moscow (now the Institute of Slavonic Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences) formally acknowledged Rusyn as a separate language in 1992, and trained specialists to study the language.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> These studies were financially supported by the Russian Academy of Sciences. Since 1995, Rusyn has been recognized as a <a href="/wiki/Minority_language" title="Minority language">minority language</a> in <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a>, enjoying the status of an <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official language</a> in municipalities where more than 20 percent of the inhabitants speak Rusyn.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Contemporary_status">Contemporary status</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Contemporary status" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Ukrainian state authorities do not recognize <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> as a separate ethnicity, regardless of Rusyn self-identification. Ukraine officially considered Rusyn a dialect of Ukrainian. In 2012, Ukraine adopted a new law, recognizing Rusyn as one of several minority and regional languages, but that law was revoked in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECsernicsk%C3%B3Fedinec2016560-582-69">[65]</a> Rusyn is recognized as an officially protected, minority language by the <a href="/wiki/European_Charter_for_Regional_or_Minority_Languages" title="European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages">European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a> (2011), <a href="/wiki/Croatia" title="Croatia">Croatia</a> (1997), <a href="/wiki/Hungary" title="Hungary">Hungary</a> (1998), <a href="/wiki/Romania" title="Romania">Romania</a> (2008), <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland">Poland</a> (as Lemko, 2009), <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> (2006), and <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia">Slovakia</a> (2002).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECouncil_of_Europe2021-12">[12]</a> It is not possible to estimate accurately the number of fluent speakers of Rusyn; however, their number is estimated to be in the tens of thousands.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ISO_639-9_Identifiers">ISO 639-9 Identifiers</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: ISO 639-9 Identifiers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable relarticle mainarticle selfreference noprint">Part of this section is <a href="/wiki/Help:Transclusion" title="Help:Transclusion">transcluded</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn#ISO_639-3_Identifier" title="Pannonian Rusyn">Pannonian Rusyn#ISO 639-3 Identifier</a>. (<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannonian_Rusyn&action=edit#ISO_639-3_Identifier">edit</a> | <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pannonian_Rusyn&action=history#ISO_639-3_Identifier">history</a>)</div> The <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">International Organization for Standardization</a> (ISO) has assigned the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> code 'rue' for Carpathian Rusyn.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> On January 20, 2022, the <a href="/wiki/ISO_639-3" title="ISO 639-3">ISO 639-3</a> identifier, rsk, and language names, Rusyn and Ruthenian, were approved for Pannonian Rusyn by <a href="/wiki/International_Organization_for_Standardization" title="International Organization for Standardization">ISO</a>. The change followed a November 2020 request by a group of linguists (including <a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Dulichenko" title="Aleksandr Dulichenko">Aleksandr Dulichenko</a>) in which ISO was asked to recognize Pannonian Rusyn as distinct and separate from <a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Rusyn" class="mw-redirect" title="Carpathian Rusyn">Carpathian Rusyn</a> and to issue it the new ISO 639-3 identifier, Ruthenian language (with the additional name, Rusnak).<a href="#cite_note-iso2021-005-71">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> This ISO update is the latest development since a 2019 proposal from a smaller group of those same linguists which similarly requested suppression of the code, rue, and division of Rusyn language into two distinct languages: the East Rusyn language (<a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Carpathian Rusyn</a>) and the South Rusyn language (Pannonian Rusyn). However, in January 2020, ISO authorities rejected the request.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> As explained earlier, term <a href="/wiki/Ruthenian_language" title="Ruthenian language">Ruthenian language</a> already has a specific and well-established meaning. However, the additional term, Rusnak, also has a wider connotation as it is a traditional endonym for all <a href="/wiki/Rusyns" title="Rusyns">Rusyns</a> (whether in Pannonia or Carpathian Rus').<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPlishkova200917,_37,_67-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMagocsi20153,_5,_134,_154,_222-224-74">[70]</a> The effects of the adoption of these terms for Pannonian Rusyn by ISO (if any) remain to be seen. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Phonology">Phonology</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Phonology" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Consonants">Consonants</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Labial_consonant" title="Labial consonant">Labial</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Dental_consonant" title="Dental consonant">Dental</a>/ <a href="/wiki/Alveolar_consonant" title="Alveolar consonant">Alveolar</a> </th> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Postalveolar_consonant" title="Postalveolar consonant">Post- alveolar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Velar_consonant" title="Velar consonant">Velar</a> </th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Glottal_consonant" title="Glottal consonant">Glottal</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th> <th>hard </th> <th>soft </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Nasal_consonant" title="Nasal consonant">Nasal</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">nʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Stop_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Stop consonant">Stop</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">tʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">dʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Affricate_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Affricate consonant">Affricate</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">t͡sʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiced alveolar affricate">d͡z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">d͡zʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiced postalveolar affricate">d͡ʒ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Fricative_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Fricative consonant">Fricative</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Voicelessness" title="Voicelessness">voiceless</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">sʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʃʲ</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiceless_glottal_fricative" title="Voiceless glottal fricative">h</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Voice_(phonetics)" title="Voice (phonetics)">voiced</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">zʲ</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a> </td> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʒʲ</a>) </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Rhotic_consonant" title="Rhotic consonant">Rhotic</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">rʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lateral_consonant" title="Lateral consonant">Approximant</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Lateral approximant">lateral</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">lʲ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Approximant_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Approximant consonant">central</a> </th> <td>(<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>)<a href="#cite_note-75">[a]</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] sound only exists within alteration of [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>]. However, in the <a href="/wiki/Lemko_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Lemko language">Lemko variety</a>, the [<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labial%E2%80%93velar_approximant" title="Voiced labial–velar approximant">w</a>] sound also represents the non-palatalized L, as is the case with the Polish <a href="/wiki/%C5%81" title="Ł">ł</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> A soft consonant combination sound [ʃʲt͡ʃʲ] exists more among the northern and western dialects. In the eastern dialects the sound is recognized as [ʃʲʃʲ], including the area on which the standard dialect is based. It is noted that a combination sound like this one, could have evolved into a soft fricative sound [ʃʲ].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009476-76">[71]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Vowels">Vowels</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Vowels" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Front_vowel" title="Front vowel">Front</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Central_vowel" title="Central vowel">Central</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Back_vowel" title="Back vowel">Back</a> </th></tr> <tr align="center"> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Close_vowel" title="Close vowel">Close</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Mid_vowel" title="Mid vowel">Mid</a> </th> <td><a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back rounded vowel">o</a> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <th><a href="/wiki/Open_vowel" title="Open vowel">Open</a> </th> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ and /<a href="/wiki/Close-mid_back_unrounded_vowel" title="Close-mid back unrounded vowel">ɤ</a>/ tend to be more towards centralized as [ɪ̈], [ɤ̈].<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200924-77">[72]</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Grammar">Grammar</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Grammar" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Noun_declension">Noun declension</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Noun declension" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian declension. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rusyn_language" title="Talk:Rusyn language">talk page</a>. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Declension" title="Declension">Declension</a> in Rusyn is based on grammatical <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>, <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_gender" title="Grammatical gender">gender</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_case" title="Grammatical case">case</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_plurals" title="English plurals">Like English</a>, only two types of grammatical number are expressed: singular and <a href="/wiki/Plural" title="Plural">plural</a>. And like other Slavic languages, Rusyn has three grammatical genders: feminine, masculine, and neuter. Furthermore, like those languages, Rusyn uses a seven-case system of <a href="/wiki/Nominative" class="mw-redirect" title="Nominative">nominative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Accusative" class="mw-redirect" title="Accusative">accusative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Genitive" class="mw-redirect" title="Genitive">genitive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dative" class="mw-redirect" title="Dative">dative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Locative" class="mw-redirect" title="Locative">locative</a>, <a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vocative" class="mw-redirect" title="Vocative">vocative</a> cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200943-44-78">[73]</a> One final point of note is that the masculine gender (and only the masculine gender) is further subdivided into <a href="/wiki/Animacy" title="Animacy">animate and inanimate</a> types. While there are no <a href="/wiki/Suffix" title="Suffix">suffixes</a> specific to animacy, declension between the two differs in that for animates, the form of the accusative case copies that of the genitive case.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200943-44-78">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grammatical_cases">Grammatical cases</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Grammatical cases" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> As mentioned in the preceding section, Rusyn cases are similar to those of other Slavic languages. A very general summary of usage is given in the table below, though proper usage depends on a particular situation, prepositions, and verbs used, as well as other extenuating circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200943-44-78">[73]</a> <table class="wikitable plainrowheaders"> <caption>Cases in Rusyn </caption> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col">Full name (Rusyn) </th> <th scope="col">Case </th> <th scope="col">General Usage </th></tr> <tr> <td>номінатів </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> </th> <td>Subjects </td></tr> <tr> <td>акузатів </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Accusative_case" title="Accusative case">accusative</a> </th> <td>Direct objects </td></tr> <tr> <td>ґенітів </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Genitive_case" title="Genitive case">genitive</a> </th> <td>Possession or belonging (i.e. "of" or <a href="/wiki/English_possessive" title="English possessive"> English possessive suffix -'s</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td>датів </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Dative_case" title="Dative case">dative</a> </th> <td>Indirect objects (i.e. "to" or "for") </td></tr> <tr> <td>локал </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Locative_case" title="Locative case">locative</a> </th> <td>Concerning location. Only used with prepositions such as "in", "on", etc. </td></tr> <tr> <td>інштрументал </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Instrumental_case" title="Instrumental case">instrumental</a> </th> <td>Concerning "means by which". </td></tr> <tr> <td>вокатів </td> <th scope="row"><a href="/wiki/Vocative_case" title="Vocative case">vocative</a> </th> <td>Used to address another. </td></tr></tbody></table> Nouns will generally decline differently to indicate each case (e.g. English they/them/their/theirs). Based on how they decline, nouns can be grouped into one of four "types". <ul><li>Type I: feminine nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular</li> <li>Type II: <ul><li>masculine nouns ending in a consonant in the nominative singular</li> <li>neuter and masculine nouns ending in a consonant or -o in the nominative singular</li> <li>neuters ending in -e or -а/-я in the nominative singular</li></ul></li> <li>Type III: <ul><li>feminine nouns ending in a paired consonant (-cons.+ь),<a href="#cite_note-pairing-79">[ii]</a> an unpaired <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar consonant</a> (-ш, -ч, щ, -ж, or -дж),<a href="#cite_note-hushers-80">[iii]</a> or -ов in the nominative singular</li> <li>the feminine noun мати, maty, 'mother'</li></ul></li> <li>Type IV: neuter nouns ending in -а/-я in the nominative singular</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_type_I:_feminines_ending_in_-а/-я">Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-я</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Declension type I: feminines ending in -а/-я" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This type consists of grammatically feminine nouns ending in -а (hard) or -я (<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)#Slavic_languages" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">soft</a>) in the nominative case. The table below includes four examples of such nouns. The first two represent the archetypal feminine paradigm, while the second two represent a "common" or "two-fold gender" paradigm. It is important to note that this second paradigm has atypical dative, locative, and instrumental singular suffixes which are actually representative of the male/neuter declension paradigm (visible later in this article). According to Pugh, this peculiarity developed as a result of the societal roles of "judge" and "elder" being traditionally patriarchal. This phenomenon is in contrast to grammatically feminine nouns of ambiguous gender where a particular role was not historically male-oriented, such as сирота, orphan. In these cases, the typical feminine paradigm is maintained.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200943-49-81">[74]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Feminine Nouns Ending in -а/-я in the Nominative Singular<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200943-49-81">[74]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Archetypal Feminine </th> <th colspan="2">Common/Two-Fold Gender </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hard</th> <th>Soft</th> <th>Hard</th> <th>Soft </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>школа</td> <td>земля</td> <td>староста</td> <td>судця </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>школу </td> <td>землю</td> <td>старосту</td> <td>судцю </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>школы</td> <td>землї</td> <td>старосты</td> <td>судцї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>школї</td> <td>землї</td> <td>старостови</td> <td>судцёви </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>школї</td> <td>земли</td> <td>старостови</td> <td>судцёви </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>школов <a href="#cite_note-dec1n1-82">[a]</a></td> <td>землёв <a href="#cite_note-dec1n1-82">[a]</a></td> <td>старостов старостом</td> <td>судцём </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>школо</td> <td>землё</td> <td>старосто</td> <td>судцё </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>школы</td> <td>землї</td> <td>старостове старосты</td> <td>судцёве судцї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>школы</td> <td>землї</td> <td>старостів</td> <td>судцїв </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>школ</td> <td>земль</td> <td>старост старостів</td> <td>судцїв </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>школам</td> <td>землям</td> <td>старостам старостім</td> <td>судцям судцїм </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>школам</td> <td>землях</td> <td>старостах старостох</td> <td>судцях </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>школами</td> <td>землями</td> <td>старостами</td> <td>судцями </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>school</td> <td>earth</td> <td>elder</td> <td>judge </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dec1n1-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dec1n1_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-dec1n1_82-1">b</a> -ов is pronounced as in English owe. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_type_II:_masculines_and_neuters">Declension type II: masculines and neuters</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Declension type II: masculines and neuters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This declension type encompasses a very large set of vocabulary as it contains nouns of both masculine and neuter genders, hard and soft stems, as well as animate and inanimate beings (for the masculine gender).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200949-50-83">[75]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Masculines_ending_in_consonants">Masculines ending in consonants</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Masculines ending in consonants" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This declension contains a large amount of identical forms (<a href="/wiki/Syncretism_(linguistics)" title="Syncretism (linguistics)">syncretism</a>) between cases. Depending on the noun, the number of distinct forms may number from as few as 3 to as many as 6. For singular animate nouns, there is a single form for the accusative and genitive cases, as well as a single form for the dative and locative cases. Similarly, singular inanimate nouns share a form for nominative and locative cases.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200950-84">[76]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Masculine Nouns Ending in a Consonant in the Nominative Singular<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200950-84">[76]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Animate </th> <th colspan="2">Inanimate </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hard </th> <th>Soft </th> <th>Hard </th> <th>Soft </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>сын </td> <td>учітель </td> <td rowspan="2">стіл </td> <td rowspan="2">край </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td rowspan="2">сына </td> <td rowspan="2">учітеля </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive <a href="#cite_note-85">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200950-84">[76]</a> </th> <td>стола </td> <td>краю </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td rowspan="2">сынови </td> <td rowspan="2">учітелёви </td> <td>столу </td> <td>краю </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>столї </td> <td>краю </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>сыном </td> <td>учітелём </td> <td>стілом </td> <td>краём </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>сыну </td> <td>учітелю </td> <td>столе </td> <td>краю </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>сынове </td> <td>учітелї </td> <td>столы </td> <td>краї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>сынів </td> <td>учітелїв </td> <td>столы </td> <td>краї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>сынів </td> <td>учітелїв </td> <td>столів </td> <td>країв </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>сынам сынім </td> <td>учітелям учітелїм </td> <td>столам столім </td> <td>краям країм </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>сынох сынах </td> <td>учітелях учітелёх </td> <td>столох столах </td> <td>краях краёх </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>сынами </td> <td>учітелями </td> <td>столами </td> <td>краями </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>son </td> <td>teacher </td> <td>table </td> <td>area, region </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> For this declension, nouns may decline with either -u or -a. Use of one or the other depends on whether the concept or object is (very generally) abstract or tangible in nature. For instance, Pugh provides the following examples for the former: "anger, pain, reason, sugar, tea"; and the following for the latter: "table, nose, knife, et al." </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Neuters_or_masculines_ending_in_-o,_neuters_ending_in_-e_or_-а/-я">Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Neuters or masculines ending in -o, neuters ending in -e or -а/-я" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The following table demonstrates the declension paradigm for nouns with hard stems which end in -o in the nominative case. Though there are some masculine nouns in this category, these nouns are predominantly neuter. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Neuter or Masculine Nouns (with Hard Stems) Ending in -o in the Nominative Singular<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200953-54-86">[77]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">Masculine </th> <th rowspan="2">Neuter </th></tr> <tr> <th>Inanimate </th> <th>Animate </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="7">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>домиско </td> <td>дїдо </td> <td>село </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>домиско </td> <td>дїда<a href="#cite_note-87">[a]</a> </td> <td>село </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>домиска </td> <td>дїда </td> <td>села </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>домиску </td> <td>дїдови </td> <td>селу </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative<a href="#cite_note-88">[b]</a> </th> <td>домиску </td> <td>дїдови </td> <td>селї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>домиском </td> <td>дїдом </td> <td>селом </td></tr> <tr> <th>Vocative </th> <td>домиско </td> <td>дїду </td> <td>село </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>домиска </td> <td>дїдове </td> <td>села </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>домиска </td> <td>дїдів </td> <td>села </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>домиск </td> <td>дїдів </td> <td>сел </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>домискам </td> <td>дїдам </td> <td>селам </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>домисках/ домискох </td> <td>дїдах/ дїдох </td> <td>селах </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>домисками </td> <td>дїдами </td> <td>селами </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>large house, building </td> <td>grandfather </td> <td>village </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> This follows the typical masculine animate paradigm where the genitive takes the place of the accusative. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> For the locative case, there are three possible suffixes: -ovy for animates, -i for inanimates (either masculine or neuter), and -u for stems ending in velar or soft consonants. </li> </ol></div></div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Neuter Nouns (with Soft Stems) Ending in -e and -а/-я in the Nominative Singular<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200954-55-89">[78]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="2">Soft in Nominative </th> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1">Hard in Nominative <a href="#cite_note-90">[a]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>условіє</td> <td>значіня<a href="#cite_note-91">[b]</a></td> <td>поле</td> <td>сердце </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>условіє</td> <td>значіня</td> <td>поле</td> <td>сердце </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>условія</td> <td>значіня</td> <td>поля</td> <td>сердця </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>условію</td> <td>значіню</td> <td>полю</td> <td>сердцю </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>условію условії</td> <td>значіню значінї</td> <td>полю полї</td> <td>сердцю сердцї </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>условіём</td> <td>значінём</td> <td>полём</td> <td>сердцём </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>условія</td> <td>значіня</td> <td>поля</td> <td>сердця </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>условія</td> <td>значіня</td> <td>поля</td> <td>сердця </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>условій</td> <td>значінь</td> <td>поль</td> <td>сердець сердць </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>условіям</td> <td>значіням</td> <td>полям</td> <td>сердцям </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>условіях</td> <td>значінях</td> <td>полях</td> <td>сердцях </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>условіями</td> <td>значінями</td> <td>полями</td> <td>сердцями </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>condition </td> <td>meaning </td> <td>field </td> <td>heart </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Over time, soft consonants before -e have hardened in Rusyn. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> This suffix changed over time from -e to -a. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_type_III:_other_feminines">Declension type III: other feminines</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Declension type III: other feminines" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> All nouns in this type are feminine. The paradigm can be identified by the following suffixes in the nominative singular case: a paired consonant (-cons.+ь),<a href="#cite_note-pairing-79">[ii]</a> an unpaired <a href="/wiki/Palato-alveolar_consonant" class="mw-redirect" title="Palato-alveolar consonant">palato-alveolar consonant</a> (-ш, -ч, щ, -ж, or -дж),<a href="#cite_note-hushers-80">[iii]</a> or the suffix -ов. Additionally, the noun мати, maty, 'mother' is also part of this type. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Feminine Nouns Ending in a Consonant and 'Mati'<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200957-59-93">[80]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"></th> <th>Paired Cons.</th> <th colspan="2">Palato-Alveolar Cons.</th> <th>-ов</th> <th>мати </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>тїнь</td> <td>ніч</td> <td>мыш</td> <td>церков</td> <td>мати/ матїрь </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>тїнь</td> <td>ніч</td> <td>мыш</td> <td>церков</td> <td>матїрь </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>тїни</td> <td>ночі</td> <td>мышы</td> <td>церкви</td> <td>матери </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>тїни</td> <td>ночі</td> <td>мыші</td> <td>церкви</td> <td>матери </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>тїни</td> <td>ночі</td> <td>мыші</td> <td>церкви</td> <td>матери </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental <a href="#cite_note-94">[a]</a> </th> <td>тїнёв</td> <td>ночов</td> <td>мышов</td> <td>церковлёв</td> <td>матїрёв </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>тїни</td> <td>ночі</td> <td>мышы</td> <td>церкви</td> <td>матери </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>тїни</td> <td>ночі</td> <td>мышы</td> <td>церкви</td> <td>матери </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>тїней</td> <td>ночей</td> <td>мышей</td> <td>церквей</td> <td>матерей </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>тїням</td> <td>ночам</td> <td>мышам</td> <td>церквам</td> <td>матерям </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>тїнях</td> <td>ночах</td> <td>мышах</td> <td>церквах</td> <td>матерях </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>тїнями</td> <td>ночами</td> <td>мышами</td> <td>церквами</td> <td>матерями </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>shadow</td> <td>night</td> <td>mouse</td> <td>church</td> <td>mother </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> The declension for all feminine nouns in the instrumental case is the same (-ов) across all declension types. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Declension_type_IV:_neuters_ending_in_-а/-я">Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-я</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Declension type IV: neuters ending in -а/-я" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This declension paradigm is used very rarely. It entirely consists of grammatically neuter nouns. This paradigm can be identified by the -a suffix in the nominative and accusative cases, as well as the appearance of the <a href="/wiki/Affix" title="Affix">affix</a> -t- between the stem and suffix in other cases. There is no variation in this paradigm: all nouns decline in an identical manner.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200960-95">[81]</a> Type IV is predominantly made up of words referring to the young of animals and humans. However, this should not be taken as a hard rule as some nouns which historically declined differently (e.g. вымя, vŷmja, 'udder' and горня, hornja, 'cup, mug'), now decline according to this paradigm instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200960-95">[81]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Neuter Nouns Ending in -a and -я<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200960-61-96">[82]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="5" rowspan="1"> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Sg. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>гуся</td> <td>гача</td> <td>вымя/ вымня </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>гуся</td> <td>гача</td> <td>вымя/ вымня </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>гусяти</td> <td>гачати</td> <td>вымяти/ вымняти </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>гусяти</td> <td>гачати</td> <td>вымяти/ вымняти </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>гусяти</td> <td>гачати</td> <td>вымяти/ вымняти </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>гусятём</td> <td>гачатём</td> <td>вымятём/ вымнятём </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="6">Pl. </th> <th>Nominative </th> <td>гусята</td> <td>гачата</td> <td>вымята/ вымнята </td></tr> <tr> <th>Accusative </th> <td>гусята</td> <td>гачата</td> <td>вымята/ вымнята </td></tr> <tr> <th>Genitive </th> <td>гусята</td> <td>гачата</td> <td>вымята/ вымнята </td></tr> <tr> <th>Dative </th> <td>гусятам</td> <td>гачатам</td> <td>вымятам/ вымнятам </td></tr> <tr> <th>Locative </th> <td>гусятах</td> <td>гачатах</td> <td>вымятах/ вымнятах </td></tr> <tr> <th>Instrumental </th> <td>гусятами</td> <td>гачатами</td> <td>вымятами/ вымнятами </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>gosling</td> <td>colt, foal</td> <td>udder </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Verbal_conjugation">Verbal conjugation</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Verbal conjugation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Missing_information plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is missing information about Lemko and Subcarpathian conjugation. Please expand the section to include this information. Further details may exist on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Rusyn_language" title="Talk:Rusyn language">talk page</a>. (January 2022)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Verbs may be divided into two major conjugation types, which may be identified based on the <a href="/wiki/Marker_(linguistics)" title="Marker (linguistics)">"stem-marker"</a> that appears during conjugation. The <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> verb forms are often ambiguous and as such, there is no general system that allows an infinitive to be identified as either Type I or Type II. Some infinitive suffixes, however, are unique to at least Type I, i.e. -ути, -овати, -нути, etc. In the following sections, the stem-markers are given in Latin as Cyrillic often obscures the markers in the conjugated forms.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009110-97">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugation_type_I">Conjugation type I</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Conjugation type I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Type I may be divided into several sub-types, the most notable of which are the vowel+j stem-markers: -uj-, -ij-, -yj-, etc. It is important to remember that in the infinitive and some conjugations that the consonant, -j-, is truncated when followed by another consonant, e.g. бісїдув-aj-ty → бісїдув-a-ty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009111-98">[84]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="UJ_stem_markers">UJ stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: UJ stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The -uj- set of verbs can be divided into two groups based the presence of the suffixal markers -ova- or -uj- in the infinitive. The former group representing the overwhelming majority of verbs in this type.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009111-98">[84]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -UJ- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009111-113-99">[85]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">-OVA- </th> <th colspan="1">-UTY </th></tr> <tr> <th>Hard</th> <th>Soft</th> <th>Hard </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>бісїдова́ти</td> <td>оно́влёвати</td> <td>чути </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>бісїду́ю</td> <td>оно́влюю</td> <td>чу́ю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>бісїду́єш</td> <td>оно́влюєш</td> <td>чу́єш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>бісїду́є</td> <td>оно́влює</td> <td>чу́є </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>бісїду́єме</td> <td>оно́влюєме</td> <td>чу́єме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>бісїду́єте</td> <td>оно́влюєте</td> <td>чу́єте </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>бісїду́ють</td> <td>оно́влюють</td> <td>чу́ють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to speak </td> <td>to renew </td> <td>to hear </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="IJ_stem_markers">IJ stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: IJ stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Verbs with stem formant -IJ- are typically derived from adjectives and thus indicate the acquisition of a given property i.e. зеленый, zelenŷj, 'green' → зеленї́ти, zelenjity, 'to (turn) green'. In the infinitive, these verbs are identical to those of Conjugation II, Type I. However, these two types of verbs are conjugated differently.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009114-100">[86]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -IJ- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009114-100">[86]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>зеленї́ти</td> <td>молодїти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>зеленї́ю</td> <td>молодїю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>зеленї́єш</td> <td>молодїєш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>зеленї́є</td> <td>молодїє </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>зеленї́єме</td> <td>молодїєме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>зеленї́єте</td> <td>молодїєте </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>зеленї́ють</td> <td>молодїють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to turn green </td> <td>to grow young </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="YJ_stem_markers">YJ stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: YJ stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> There are very few verbs in this category, but the members that do belong to it, tend to be commonly used.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009115-101">[87]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -YJ- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009115-101">[87]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>ви́ти</td> <td>пи́ти<a href="#cite_note-102">[a]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>ви́ю</td> <td>пи́ю, пю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>ви́єш</td> <td>пи́єш, пєш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>ви́є</td> <td>пи́є, пє </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>ви́єме</td> <td>пи́єме, пємє́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>виєте</td> <td>пи́єте, пєтє́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>виють</td> <td>пи́ють, пють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to wind </td> <td>to drink </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> There are two conjugation schemes given in this table for the verb пити. The first is the codified variant; the second variant is found regularly in common speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009115-101">[87]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="ЫJ_stem_markers">ЫJ stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: ЫJ stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This conjugation scheme works similarly to the previous one.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009115-116-103">[88]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -ЫJ- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009115-116-103">[88]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>кры́ти</td> <td>шы́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>кры́ю</td> <td>шы́ю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>кры́єш</td> <td>шы́єш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>кры́є</td> <td>шы́є </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>кры́єме</td> <td>шы́єме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>кры́єте</td> <td>шы́єте </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>кры́ють</td> <td>шы́ють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to cover </td> <td>to sew </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AJ_stem_markers">AJ stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: AJ stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The -AJ- stem type has variations within different Rusyn dialects and regions. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- type described below is the predominant conjugational pattern. However, in regions further east within Slovakia and in other Rusyn communities, a full-fledged "AJ" type conjugation exists, resembling the patterns found in the rest of East Slavic. In the Prešov Rusyn community, the -A(J)- conjugation is recommended for the written system, while the -AJ- type is limited and occurs primarily with specific verb stems like "maj-", "znaj-", and "staj-". Both forms may coexist in speech and writing, but the "A(J)" type is more prevalent in the Prešov dialect. In Lemko Rusyn, the conjugation system generally agrees with that of Prešov Rusyn; a fully-fledged -AJ- conjugation is limited to the third person singular of only three verb stems: "мати", "знати", and "познати". In Subcarpathian Rusyn, however, the -AJ- type is predominant, and the element "aj" can appear in all persons in the non-past paradigm.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009118-120-104">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading6"><h6 id="A(J)_stem_markers">A(J) stem markers</h6> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: A(J) stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> While this stem type follows a conjugation structure similar to other East Slavic languages, it is completely unique in that -j- (normally in the form of suffixes -ю, -єш, -є, -єме, -єте, -ют) is truncated—except for in the 3rd person plural. The absence of the connector vowel -e- in this conjugation type is a distinctive feature, likely influenced by West Slavic languages. The conjugational pattern is similar to other Slavic languages, particularly Slovak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009116-118-105">[90]</a> This stem type also includes verbs with the suffix -ывати, a suffix which is often found in imperfective verbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009117-106">[91]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -A(J)- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009116-118-105">[90]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="2">-ATY </th> <th colspan="1">-ЫVA- </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>чі́та́ти</td> <td>ма́ти</td> <td>одкрыва́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>чі́там</td> <td>мам</td> <td>одкры́вам </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>чі́таш</td> <td>маш</td> <td>одкры́ваш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>чі́тать</td> <td>мать</td> <td>одкры́вать </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>чіта́ме</td> <td>ма́ме</td> <td>одкрыва́ме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>чіта́те</td> <td>ма́те</td> <td>одкрыва́те </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>чіта́ють</td> <td>ма́ють</td> <td>одкрыва́ють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to read </td> <td>to have </td> <td>to discover </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="AVA_stem_markers">AVA stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: AVA stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> This conjugation type is marked by the presence of -AVA- in the infinitive. The conjugation scheme for these verbs vacillates depending on local dialect: sometimes being conjugated as if they were of the previously-discussed -AJ- stem type. A comparison between the two different conjugation schemes is given in the table below. The -AJ- conjugation scheme is preferred by the Prešov standard.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009120-107">[92]</a> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -AVA- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009120-107">[92]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th>-AVA-</th> <th>-AJ-</th> <th>-AVA-</th> <th>-AJ- </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td colspan="2">дава́ти</td> <td colspan="2">узнава́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>да́вам</td> <td>даю́</td> <td>узна́вам</td> <td>узнаю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>даваш</td> <td>даєш</td> <td>узнаваш</td> <td>узнаєш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>давать</td> <td>дає</td> <td>узнавать</td> <td>узнає </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>даваме</td> <td>даме</td> <td>узнаваме</td> <td>узнаме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>давате</td> <td>дате</td> <td>узнавате</td> <td>узнате </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>давають</td> <td>дають</td> <td>узнавають</td> <td>узнають </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td colspan="2">to give</td> <td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="A_stem_markers">A stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: A stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -A- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009122-108">[93]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>писа́ти</td> <td>указа́ти</td> <td>скака́ти</td> <td>посла́ти</td> <td>насы́пати </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>пи́шу</td> <td>ука́жу</td> <td>ска́чу</td> <td>по́шлю</td> <td>насы́плю </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>пи́шеш</td> <td>ука́жеш</td> <td>ска́чеш</td> <td>по́шлеш</td> <td>насы́плеш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>пи́ше</td> <td>ука́же</td> <td>ска́че</td> <td>по́шле</td> <td>насы́пле </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>пи́шеме</td> <td>ука́жеме</td> <td>ска́чеме</td> <td>по́шлеме</td> <td>насы́племе </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>пи́шете</td> <td>ука́жете</td> <td>ска́чете</td> <td>по́шлете</td> <td>насы́плете </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>пи́шуть</td> <td>ука́жуть</td> <td>ска́чуть</td> <td>по́шлють</td> <td>насы́плють </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to write </td> <td>to show </td> <td>to hop or jump </td> <td>to send </td> <td>to strew </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="NU_stem_markers">NU stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: NU stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with -NU- Stem Marker<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009123-109">[94]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>верну́ти</td> <td>привы́кнути </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>ве́рну</td> <td>привы́кну </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>ве́рнеш</td> <td>привы́кнеш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>ве́рне</td> <td>привы́кне </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>ве́рнеме</td> <td>привы́кнеме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>ве́рнете</td> <td>привы́кнете </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>ве́рнуть</td> <td>привы́кнуть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to return</td> <td>to become accustomed to </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Non-syllabic_stem_markers">Non-syllabic stem markers</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Non-syllabic stem markers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs with Non-Syllabic Stem Markers<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009124-126-110">[95]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" rowspan="1"> </th> <th colspan="2">CCV-ty > CVC-</th> <th>CCV-ty > CVCC-</th> <th colspan="2">CV-ty > CC-</th> <th>CVC-ty > CC-</th> <th>CCV-ty > CC- </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td colspan="1">бра́ти</td> <td>взяти́</td> <td>жа́ти</td> <td>зачати́</td> <td>вы́няти</td> <td>де́рти</td> <td>рва́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>беру́</td> <td>во́зьму</td> <td>жну</td> <td>за́чну</td> <td>вы́йму</td> <td>дру</td> <td>рву </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>бере́ш</td> <td>во́зьмеш</td> <td>жнеш</td> <td>за́чнеш</td> <td>вы́ймеш</td> <td>дреш</td> <td>рвеш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>бере́</td> <td>во́зьме</td> <td>жне</td> <td>за́чне</td> <td>вы́йме</td> <td>дре</td> <td>рве </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>бере́ме</td> <td>во́зьмем</td> <td>жнеме́</td> <td>за́чнеме</td> <td>вы́ймеме</td> <td>дреме́</td> <td>рвеме́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>бере́те</td> <td>во́зьмете</td> <td>жнете́</td> <td>за́чнете</td> <td>вы́ймете</td> <td>дрете́</td> <td>рвете́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>беру́ть</td> <td>во́зьмуть</td> <td>жнуть</td> <td>за́чнуть</td> <td>вы́ймуть</td> <td>друть</td> <td>рвуть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to take</td> <td>to take</td> <td>to reap</td> <td>to begin</td> <td>to draw or pull out</td> <td>to thrash or whip</td> <td>to tear </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Consonant_stems">Consonant stems</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Consonant stems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Verbs With Stems Ending in Consonants<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009125-129-111">[96]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>не́сти</td> <td>ве́сти</td> <td>течі́</td> <td>мочі́</td> <td>іти́</td> <td>лячі́ </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>не́су</td> <td>ве́ду</td> <td>течу́</td> <td>мо́жу</td> <td>іду́</td> <td>ля́жу </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>не́сеш</td> <td>ве́деш</td> <td>тече́ш</td> <td>мо́жеш</td> <td>іде́ш</td> <td>ля́жеш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>не́се</td> <td>ве́де</td> <td>тече́</td> <td>мо́же</td> <td>іде́</td> <td>ля́же </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>не́семе</td> <td>ве́деме</td> <td>течеме́</td> <td>мо́жеме</td> <td>ідеме́</td> <td>ля́жеме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>не́сете</td> <td>ве́дете</td> <td>течете́</td> <td>мо́жете</td> <td>ідете́</td> <td>ля́жете </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>не́суть</td> <td>ве́дуть</td> <td>течу́ть</td> <td>мо́жуть</td> <td>іду́ть</td> <td>ля́жуть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to carry</td> <td>to lead</td> <td>to flow</td> <td>to be able</td> <td>to go</td> <td>to lie down </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Conjugation_type_II">Conjugation type II</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Conjugation type II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Y-type_I">Y-type I</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Y-type I" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Y(1) Type Verbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009129-112">[97]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>говори́ти</td> <td>пили́ти</td> <td>глушы́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>гово́рю</td> <td>пи́лю</td> <td>глу́шу </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>гово́риш</td> <td>пи́лиш</td> <td>глу́шыш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>гово́рить</td> <td>пи́лить</td> <td>глу́шыть </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>гово́риме</td> <td>пилиме́</td> <td>глу́шыме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>гово́рите</td> <td>пилите́</td> <td>глу́шыте </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>гово́рять</td> <td>пиля́ть</td> <td>глу́шать </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to say or speak</td> <td>to saw (wood)</td> <td>to muffle, stifle or make quiet </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Y-type_II">Y-type II</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Y-type II" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Y(2) Type Verbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009133-134-113">[98]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>вози́ти</td> <td>гаси́ти</td> <td>гати́ти</td> <td>пусти́ти</td> <td>ходи́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>во́жу</td> <td>га́шу</td> <td>га́чу</td> <td>пу́щу</td> <td>хо́джу </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>во́зиш</td> <td>га́сиш</td> <td>га́тиш</td> <td>пу́стиш</td> <td>хо́диш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>во́зить</td> <td>га́сить</td> <td>га́тить</td> <td>пу́стить</td> <td>хо́дить </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>во́зиме</td> <td>га́симе</td> <td>га́тиме</td> <td>пу́стиме</td> <td>хо́диме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>во́зите</td> <td>га́сите</td> <td>га́тите</td> <td>пу́стите</td> <td>хо́дите </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>во́зять</td> <td>га́тять</td> <td>га́тять</td> <td>пу́стять</td> <td>хо́дять </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to take by vehicle</td> <td>to put out or extinguish</td> <td>to erect a dam or barrier</td> <td>to admit or allow in</td> <td>to go or walk </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="I-type">I-type</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: I-type" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of І-Type Verbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009132=133-114">[99]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>трубі́ти</td> <td>шелесті́ти</td> <td>вертї́ти</td> <td>летї́ти</td> <td>свистї́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>трублю́</td> <td>шелещу́</td> <td>верчу</td> <td>лечу́</td> <td>сви́щу </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>труби́ш</td> <td>шелести́ш</td> <td>вертиш</td> <td>лети́ш</td> <td>сви́стиш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>труби́ть</td> <td>шелести́ть</td> <td>вертить</td> <td>лети́ть</td> <td>сви́стить </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we)8 </th> <td>трубиме́</td> <td>шелестиме́</td> <td>вертиме</td> <td>летиме́</td> <td>свистиме́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>трубите́</td> <td>шелестите́</td> <td>вертите</td> <td>летите́</td> <td>свистите́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>трубля́ть</td> <td>шелестя́ть</td> <td>вертять</td> <td>летя́ть</td> <td>свистя́ть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to trumpet</td> <td>to rustle</td> <td>to drill or turn</td> <td>to fly</td> <td>to whistle </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Palato-Alveolar_Stems">Palato-Alveolar Stems</h5> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Palato-Alveolar Stems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of 'Palato-Alveolar'-А Verbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009133-115">[100]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>бурча́ти</td> <td>вереща́ти</td> <td>лежа́ти</td> <td>крича́ти</td> <td>боя́ти ся</td> <td>стоя́ти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>бурчу́</td> <td>вере́щу</td> <td>лежу́</td> <td>кричу́</td> <td>бою́ ся</td> <td>стою́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>бурчі́ш</td> <td>вере́щіш</td> <td>лежы́ш</td> <td>кричі́ш</td> <td>бої́ш ся</td> <td>стої́ш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>бурчі́ть</td> <td>вере́щіть</td> <td>лежы́ть</td> <td>кричі́ть</td> <td>бої́ть ся</td> <td>стої́ть </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>бурчі́ме</td> <td>вере́щіме</td> <td>лежыме́</td> <td>кричіме́</td> <td>боїме́ ся</td> <td>стої́ме </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>бурчі́те</td> <td>вере́щіте</td> <td>лежыте́</td> <td>кричіте́</td> <td>боїте́ ся</td> <td>стої́те </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>бурча́ть</td> <td>вере́щать</td> <td>лежа́ть</td> <td>крича́ть</td> <td>боя́ть ся</td> <td>стоя́ть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to mutter</td> <td>to screech or squeal</td> <td>to lie on something</td> <td>to scream</td> <td>to fear </td> <td>to stand </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irregular_Verbs">Irregular Verbs</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Irregular Verbs" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugation of Irregular Verbs<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh2009135-116">[101]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">Infinitive </th> <td>ї́сти</td> <td>дати́</td> <td>бы́ти</td> <td>пові́сти </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Sg. </th> <th>1st Person (I) </th> <td>їм</td> <td>дам</td> <td>єм</td> <td>пові́м </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you) </th> <td>їш</td> <td>даш</td> <td>єсь</td> <td>пові́ш </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (he, she, it) </th> <td>їсть</td> <td>дасть</td> <td>є</td> <td>пові́сть </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="3">Pl. </th> <th>1st Person (we) </th> <td>їме́</td> <td>даме́</td> <td>сьме</td> <td>повіме́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd Person (you all) </th> <td>їсте́</td> <td>дате́, дасте́</td> <td>сьте</td> <td>повісте́ </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd Person (they) </th> <td>їдя́ть</td> <td>даду́ть</td> <td>суть</td> <td>повідя́ть </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">English </th> <td>to eat</td> <td>to give</td> <td>to be</td> <td>to tell </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Orthography"> Orthography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Orthography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> Each of the Rusyn standard varieties has its own <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic</a> alphabet. The table below shows the Rusyn alphabet of the <a href="/wiki/Pre%C5%A1ov" title="Prešov">Prešov</a> Standard, with notes on other varieties. The alphabets of the other Carpathian Rusyn varieties, <a href="/wiki/Lemko_Region" title="Lemko Region">Lemko</a> Rusyn and <a href="/wiki/Zakarpattia_Oblast" title="Zakarpattia Oblast">Subcarpathian</a> Rusyn, differ from the Prešov Standard in lacking <a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">ё</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">ї</a>. For the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn</a> alphabet, see <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language#Alphabet" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn language § Alphabet</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <a href="/wiki/Romanization" title="Romanization">Romanization</a> (transliteration) is given according to <a href="/wiki/ALA-LC_romanization" title="ALA-LC romanization">ALA-LC</a>,<a href="#cite_note-117">[102]</a> BGN/PCGN,<a href="#cite_note-118">[103]</a> generic European,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] ISO/R9 1968 (IDS),<a href="#cite_note-119">[104]</a> and <a href="/wiki/ISO_9" title="ISO 9">ISO 9</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Letters of the Rusyn Alphabets<a href="#cite_note-120">[105]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Capital</th> <th rowspan="2">Small</th> <th rowspan="2">Name</th> <th colspan="5">Romanization</th> <th rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/International_Phonetic_Alphabet" title="International Phonetic Alphabet">Pronunciation</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th>ALA</th> <th>BGN</th> <th>Euro</th> <th>IDS</th> <th>ISO </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%90" class="mw-redirect" title="А">А</a></td> <td>а</td> <td>a </td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>a</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open front unrounded vowel">a</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0e\/PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PR-open front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0e/PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:PR-open_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:PR-open front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%91" class="mw-redirect" title="Б">Б</a></td> <td>б</td> <td>бы </td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>b</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiced bilabial plosive">b</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/2c\/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg\/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced bilabial plosive.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2c/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg/Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_bilabial_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiced bilabial plosive.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%92" class="mw-redirect" title="В">В</a></td> <td>в</td> <td>вы </td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>v</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiced labiodental fricative">v</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/42\/Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg\/Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced labio-dental fricative.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/42/Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg/Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_labio-dental_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiced labio-dental fricative.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="Г">Г</a></td> <td>г</td> <td>гы </td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>h</td> <td>ǧ</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_glottal_fricative" title="Voiced glottal fricative">ɦ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e2\/Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg\/Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced glottal fricative.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e2/Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg/Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_glottal_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiced glottal fricative.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D2%90" class="mw-redirect" title="Ґ">Ґ</a></td> <td>ґ</td> <td>ґы </td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>g</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_velar_plosive" title="Voiced velar plosive">ɡ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-5" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/12\/Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg\/Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced velar plosive 02.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/12/Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg/Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_velar_plosive_02.ogg" title="File:Voiced velar plosive 02.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="Д">Д</a></td> <td>д</td> <td>ды </td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>d</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar plosive">d</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-6" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/01\/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg\/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/01/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg/Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiced alveolar plosive.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%95" class="mw-redirect" title="Е">Е</a></td> <td>е</td> <td>e </td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>e</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Open-mid front unrounded vowel">ɛ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-7" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/7\/71\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/7/71/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Open-mid_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Open-mid front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%84" class="mw-redirect" title="Є">Є</a></td> <td>є</td> <td>є </td> <td>i͡e</td> <td>je</td> <td>je/'e</td> <td>je</td> <td>ê</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">je, ʲe</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">Ё</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1041539562">.mw-parser-output .citation{word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}</style><a href="#endnote_a1">[a]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b1">[b]</a></td> <td>ё</td> <td>ё </td> <td>ë</td> <td>jo</td> <td>jo/'o</td> <td>jo</td> <td>ô</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">jo, ʲo</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%96" class="mw-redirect" title="Ж">Ж</a></td> <td>ж</td> <td>жы </td> <td>z͡h</td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>ž</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiced postalveolar fricative">ʒ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-8" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/3\/30\/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg\/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/3/30/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiced palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%97" class="mw-redirect" title="З">З</a></td> <td>з</td> <td>зы </td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>z</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiced alveolar fricative">z</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-9" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c0\/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg\/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiced alveolar sibilant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c0/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiced_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiced alveolar sibilant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">І</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b2">[b]</a></td> <td>і</td> <td>i </td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>ì</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-10" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">Ї</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_a2">[a]</a></td> <td>ї</td> <td>ї </td> <td>ï</td> <td>ji</td> <td>ji/'i</td> <td>ï</td> <td>ï</td> <td>/ji, ʲi/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">И</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_c1">[c]</a></td> <td>и</td> <td>и </td> <td>i/y</td> <td>y</td> <td>î</td> <td>i</td> <td>i</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel" title="Near-close near-front unrounded vowel">ɪ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-11" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4c\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4c/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Near-close_near-front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Near-close near-front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">Ы</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b3">[b]</a></td> <td>ы</td> <td>ы </td> <td>ŷ</td> <td>y</td> <td>y</td> <td>y/ŷ</td> <td>y</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_central_unrounded_vowel" title="Close central unrounded vowel">ɨ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-12" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/53\/Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close central unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_central_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close central unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">Й</a></td> <td>й</td> <td>йы </td> <td>ĭ</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>j</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_palatal_approximant" title="Voiced palatal approximant">j</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-13" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e8\/Palatal_approximant.ogg\/Palatal_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Palatal approximant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e8/Palatal_approximant.ogg/Palatal_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Palatal_approximant.ogg" title="File:Palatal approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="К">К</a></td> <td>к</td> <td>кы </td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>k</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_plosive" title="Voiceless velar plosive">k</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-14" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg\/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless velar plosive.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg/Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiceless velar plosive.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="Л">Л</a></td> <td>л</td> <td>лы </td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>l</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_lateral_approximant" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar lateral approximant">l</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-15" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/b\/bc\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg\/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/bc/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg/Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_lateral_approximant.ogg" title="File:Alveolar lateral approximant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9C" class="mw-redirect" title="М">М</a></td> <td>м</td> <td>мы </td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>m</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_bilabial_nasal" title="Voiced bilabial nasal">m</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-16" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a9\/Bilabial_nasal.ogg\/Bilabial_nasal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Bilabial nasal.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a9/Bilabial_nasal.ogg/Bilabial_nasal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Bilabial_nasal.ogg" title="File:Bilabial nasal.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="Н">Н</a></td> <td>н</td> <td>ны </td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>n</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_nasal" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar nasal">n</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-17" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/2\/29\/Alveolar_nasal.ogg\/Alveolar_nasal.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar nasal.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/29/Alveolar_nasal.ogg/Alveolar_nasal.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_nasal.ogg" title="File:Alveolar nasal.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="О">О</a></td> <td>о</td> <td>o </td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>o</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Open-mid_back_rounded_vowel" title="Open-mid back rounded vowel">ɔ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-18" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d0\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:PR-open-mid_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:PR-open-mid back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="П">П</a></td> <td>п</td> <td>пы </td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>p</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive" title="Voiceless bilabial plosive">p</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-19" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/51\/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg\/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/51/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg/Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_bilabial_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiceless bilabial plosive.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A0" class="mw-redirect" title="Р">Р</a></td> <td>р</td> <td>ры </td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>r</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiced_alveolar_trill" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiced alveolar trill">r</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-20" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/ce\/Alveolar_trill.ogg\/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Alveolar trill.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/ce/Alveolar_trill.ogg/Alveolar_trill.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Alveolar_trill.ogg" title="File:Alveolar trill.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="С">С</a></td> <td>с</td> <td>сы </td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>s</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless alveolar fricative">s</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-21" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/ac\/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg\/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/ac/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="Т">Т</a></td> <td>т</td> <td>ты </td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>t</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive" class="mw-redirect" title="Voiceless alveolar plosive">t</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-22" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/02\/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg\/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/02/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg/Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_plosive.ogg" title="File:Voiceless alveolar plosive.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A3" class="mw-redirect" title="У">У</a></td> <td>у</td> <td>у </td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>u</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Close_back_rounded_vowel" title="Close back rounded vowel">u</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-23" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/5\/5d\/Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close back rounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5d/Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg/Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_back_rounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close back rounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="Ф">Ф</a></td> <td>ф</td> <td>фы </td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>f</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_labiodental_fricative" title="Voiceless labiodental fricative">f</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-24" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/c7\/Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg\/Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless labio-dental fricative.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/c7/Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_labio-dental_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless labio-dental fricative.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A5" class="mw-redirect" title="Х">Х</a></td> <td>х</td> <td>хы </td> <td>k͡h</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>ch</td> <td>h</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_velar_fricative" title="Voiceless velar fricative">x</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-25" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/0\/0f\/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg\/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless velar fricative.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/0f/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg/Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_velar_fricative.ogg" title="File:Voiceless velar fricative.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="Ц">Ц</a></td> <td>ц</td> <td>цы </td> <td>t͡s</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>c</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_alveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless alveolar affricate">t͡s</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-26" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/9d\/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga\/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate.oga"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/9d/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga/Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_alveolar_sibilant_affricate.oga" title="File:Voiceless alveolar sibilant affricate.oga">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="Ч">Ч</a></td> <td>ч</td> <td>чы </td> <td>ch</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>č</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_affricate" title="Voiceless postalveolar affricate">t͡ʃ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-27" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/97\/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg\/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/97/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_affricate.ogg" title="File:Voiceless palato-alveolar affricate.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">Ш</a></td> <td>ш</td> <td>шы </td> <td>s͡h</td> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td>š</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Voiceless_postalveolar_fricative" title="Voiceless postalveolar fricative">ʃ</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-28" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/c\/cc\/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg\/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/c/cc/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg/Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Voiceless_palato-alveolar_sibilant.ogg" title="File:Voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant.ogg">ⓘ</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">Щ</a></td> <td>щ</td> <td>щы </td> <td>shch</td> <td>šč</td> <td>šč</td> <td>šč</td> <td>ŝ</td> <td>/ʃt͡ʃ/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">Ю</a></td> <td>ю</td> <td>ю </td> <td>і͡u</td> <td>ju</td> <td>ju/'u</td> <td>ju</td> <td>û</td> <td>/ju, ʲu/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">Я</a></td> <td>я</td> <td>я </td> <td>i͡a</td> <td>ja</td> <td>ja/'a</td> <td>ja</td> <td>â</td> <td>/ja, ʲa/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">Ь</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_d1">[d]</a></td> <td>ь</td> <td>мнягкый знак (English: soft sign) or ірь </td> <td>′</td> <td>’</td> <td>'</td> <td>′</td> <td>′</td> <td>/<a href="/wiki/Palatalization_(phonetics)" title="Palatalization (phonetics)">ʲ</a>/ </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">Ъ</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_b4">[b]</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#endnote_e1">[e]</a></td> <td>ъ</td> <td>твердый знак (ір) </td> <td>″</td> <td>’</td> <td>"</td> <td>–</td> <td>″</td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_notes">Usage notes</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Usage notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div><ol style="list-style-type:lower-alpha"><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a1">1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_a2">2</a> Not used in Lemko.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b1">1</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b2">2</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b3">3</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_b4">4</a> Not used in Pannonian Rusyn.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_c1">1</a> The Pannonian Rusyn alphabet places this letter directly after з, like the Ukrainian alphabet. According to ALA–LC romanization, it is romanized i for Pannonian Rusyn and y otherwise.</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_d1">1</a> "Soft Sign": marks the preceding consonant as palatalized (soft)</li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1041539562"><a href="#ref_e1">1</a> "Hard Sign": marks the preceding consonant as NOT palatalized (hard).</li><li>In Ukraine, usage is found of the letters <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%CC%84" class="mw-redirect" title="О̄">о̄</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӯ">ӯ</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[108]</a></li><li>Until World War II, the letter <a href="/wiki/Yat" title="Yat">ѣ</a> (їть or yat') was used, and was pronounced /ji, ʲi/ or /<a href="/wiki/Close_front_unrounded_vowel" title="Close front unrounded vowel">i</a>/ <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-29" class="noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui='{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/9\/91\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg\/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Close front unrounded vowel.ogg"},"classes":["noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}'><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/9/91/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg/Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Close_front_unrounded_vowel.ogg" title="File:Close front unrounded vowel.ogg">ⓘ</a>. This letter is still used in part of the articles in the Rusyn Wikipedia.</li><li>The letters <a href="/wiki/%D0%9E%CC%82" class="mw-redirect" title="О̂">о̂</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D3%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="Ӱ">ӱ</a> are used formally.<a href="#cite_note-124">[109]</a></li></ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Number_of_letters_and_relationship_to_the_Ukrainian_alphabet">Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Number of letters and relationship to the Ukrainian alphabet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Prešov Rusyn alphabet of Slovakia has 36 letters. It includes all the letters of the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a> plus <a href="/wiki/%D0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Ё">ё</a>, <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a>, and <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">ъ</a>. The Lemko Rusyn alphabet of Poland has 34 letters. It includes all the Ukrainian letters with the exception of <a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">ї</a>, plus ы and ъ. The <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language#Writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn alphabet</a> has 32 letters, namely all the Ukrainian letters except <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Alphabetical_order">Alphabetical order</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Alphabetical order" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The Rusyn alphabets all place <a href="/wiki/%D0%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="Ь">ь</a> after <a href="/wiki/%D0%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="Я">я</a>, as the <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_alphabet" title="Ukrainian alphabet">Ukrainian alphabet</a> did until 1990. The vast majority of <a href="/wiki/Cyrillic_script" title="Cyrillic script">Cyrillic alphabets</a> place ь before <a href="/wiki/%D0%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Э">э</a> (if present), <a href="/wiki/%D0%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ю">ю</a>, and я. The Lemko and Prešov Rusyn alphabets place <a href="/wiki/%D0%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="Ъ">ъ</a> at the very end, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after <a href="/wiki/%D0%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Щ">щ</a>. They also place <a href="/wiki/%D0%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Ы">ы</a> before <a href="/wiki/%D0%99" class="mw-redirect" title="Й">й</a>, while the vast majority of Cyrillic alphabets place it after <a href="/wiki/%D0%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="Ш">ш</a>, щ (if present), and ъ (if present). In the Prešov Rusyn alphabet, <a href="/wiki/%D0%86" class="mw-redirect" title="І">і</a> and <a href="/wiki/%D0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="Ї">ї</a> come before <a href="/wiki/%D0%98" class="mw-redirect" title="И">и</a>, and likewise, і comes before и in the Lemko Rusyn alphabet (which does not have ї). In the Ukrainian alphabet, however, и precedes і and ї, and the <a href="/wiki/Pannonian_Rusyn_language#Writing_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Pannonian Rusyn language">Pannonian Rusyn alphabet</a> (which does not have і) follows this precedent by placing и before ї. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Sample_text">Sample text</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sample text" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <table class="wikitable" width="80%"> <caption> </caption> <tbody><tr> <td> <a href="/wiki/Poland" title="Poland"><noscript><img alt="Poland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png" data-alt="Poland" data-width="23" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/1/12/Flag_of_Poland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Poland.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Lemko Rusyn Того року одбыла ся уж друга стрича габурскых родаків, котрых на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8. липця 2006, на ридни земли привитав староста села М. Ющік. Щиры слова подякы і гордости за шыриня доброй славы свого села, витаня медже довго невидженыма родаками, спомины давных часив, Габури, родини і традициї были не лем на стричи родаків, але і на цілим дводньовим культурно-суспільним і спортовим сьвяті, яке ся одбыло під назвом «Габура співає і спортує». <a href="/wiki/Slovakia" title="Slovakia"><noscript><img alt="Slovakia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png" data-alt="Slovakia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Flag_of_Slovakia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Slovakia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Prešov Rusyn Того року ся одбыла уж друга стріча габурскых родаків, котрых на Сельскім уряді в Габурі 8. юла 2006, на роднім ґрунті привитав староста села М. Ющік. Слова до душы, подякы і гордости за шыріня доброго хыру о своїм селі, витаня довго невидженых родаків, споминаня на давны часы, на Габуру, на родину і традіції мали свій простор нелем на стрічі родаків але і на цілій двадньовій културно-сполоченьскій і шпортовій акції, яка ся одбывала під назвом: «Габура співає і шпортує.» <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><noscript><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="900"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png" data-alt="Serbia" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Flag_of_Serbia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Serbia.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Pannonian Rusyn Того року ше одбуло уж друге стретнуце габурчанох по походзеню, хторих у Валалским уряду, у Габури 8. юлия 2006. року, на родней груди привитал староста валалу М. Ющик. Щири слова, подзековносц, пиха и гордосц пре добри глас о своїм валалу, витаня длуго нєвидзеней родзини, здогадованя на давни часи, на Габуру, на родзину и традицию, мали свойо место нє лєм на стретнуцох родзини, алє и на цалей дводньовей културно-уметнїцкей и спортовей програми хтора ше одбувала под назву: «Габура шпива и шпортує». <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine"><noscript><img alt="Ukraine" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 15px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png" data-alt="Ukraine" data-width="23" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/35px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Flag_of_Ukraine.svg/45px-Flag_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> Standard Ukrainian Того року відбулася друга зустріч габурських земляків, котрих на Сільському уряді в Габурі 8 липня 2006 року, на рідній землі привітав староста села М. Ющік. Щирі слова подяки й гордості за поширення доброї слави свого села, вітання довго не бачених земляків, спомини давніх часів, Габури, родини і традицій мали місце не лише на зустрічі земляків, але й на дводенному культурно-суспільному і спортивному святі, яке відбувалося під назвою «Габура співає і займається спортом». </td></tr></tbody></table> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Duchnovi%C4%8D%27s_Theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Duchnovič's Theatre">Alexander Duchnovič's Theatre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slovak_dialects" title="Eastern Slovak dialects">Eastern Slovak dialects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Trochanowski" title="Petro Trochanowski">Petro Trochanowski</a>, contemporary Rusyn poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metodyj_Trochanovskij" title="Metodyj Trochanovskij">Metodyj Trochanovskij</a>, Lemko Grammarian</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iazychie" title="Iazychie">Iazychie</a></li> <li>Rusyn <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lem.fm/minecraft-mozh-baviti-uzh-i-po-rusinsky/">was added</a> to <a href="/wiki/Minecraft" title="Minecraft">Minecraft</a> as an interface language option</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Newspapers">Newspapers</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Newspapers" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Rusyn_language" title="Special:EditPage/Rusyn language">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (September 2017) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amerikansky_Russky_Viestnik" title="Amerikansky Russky Viestnik">Amerikansky Russky Viestnik</a> (defunct)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Besida" title="Besida">Besida</a>, a Lemko journal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karpatska_Rus%27" title="Karpatska Rus'">Karpatska Rus'</a></li> <li>Lem.fm,<a href="#cite_note-125">[110]</a> Gorlice, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemko_(Philadelphia)" title="Lemko (Philadelphia)">Lemko</a>, Philadelphia, US (defunct)</li> <li>Narodnȳ novynkȳ (Народны новинкы)</li> <li>Podkarpatská Rus (Подкарпатська Русь)</li> <li>Ruske slovo (Руске слово),<a href="#cite_note-126">[111]</a> Ruski Krstur, Serbia</li> <li>Rusnatsi u Shvetse (Руснаци у Швеце)<a href="#cite_note-127">[112]</a></li> <li>Rusynska besida (Русинська бесіда)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-roman"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> Original text: "Vchodnoslovensky [sic] (віходняски)" </li> <li id="cite_note-pairing-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pairing_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-pairing_79-1">b</a> The terms "paired" and "unpaired" refer to a consonant's use with the soft sign, the letter ь. Consonants that can be palatalized with the soft sign are referred to as "paired consonants", as in the case of н/нь. Others that are inherently hard or soft and never appear with ь are referred to as "unpaired consonants", as in the cases of the letters к or ч.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPugh200933-92">[79]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hushers-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hushers_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hushers_80-1">b</a> Pugh refers to these collectively as "hushers". </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-e25-1"><a href="#cite_ref-e25_1-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ethnologue.com/25/language/rue">Rusyn</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ethnologue" title="Ethnologue">Ethnologue</a> (25th ed., 2022) <a href="/wiki/Paywall" title="closed access publication – behind paywall"><noscript><img alt="Closed access icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="9" height="14" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 9px;height: 14px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/9px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png" data-alt="Closed access icon" data-width="9" data-height="14" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/14px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg/18px-Closed_Access_logo_transparent.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scitanie.sk/en/population/basic-results/">"Number of population by mother tongue in the Slovak Republic at 1. 1. 2021"</a>. 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Retrieved 7 March 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rusnaci+u+svece&rft.pub=tripod.lycos.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frdsa.tripod.com%2Fhlasnjik.htm%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Sources" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunčić2015" class="citation journal cs1">Bunčić, Daniel (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/83527423.pdf">"On the dialectal basis of the Ruthenian literary language"</a> (PDF). 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Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Die+Welt+der+Slaven&rft.atitle=On+the+dialectal+basis+of+the+Ruthenian+literary+language&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E276-%3C%2Fspan%3E289&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Bun%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Daniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F83527423.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCouncil_of_Europe2021" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures?p_auth=9E1g9uJz">"Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 148"</a>. Council of Europe. 16 December 2021. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210815200727/https://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/signatures?p_auth=9E1g9uJz">Archived</a> from the original on 15 August 2021. Retrieved 16 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chart+of+signatures+and+ratifications+of+Treaty+148&rft.pub=Council+of+Europe&rft.date=2021-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.coe.int%2Fen%2Fweb%2Fconventions%2Ffull-list%2F-%2Fconventions%2Ftreaty%2F148%2Fsignatures%3Fp_auth%3D9E1g9uJz&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsernicskóFedinec2015" class="citation journal cs1">Csernicskó, István; Fedinec, Csilla (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42944054.pdf">"Language and Language Policy in Transcarpathia between the Two World Wars"</a> (PDF). Minority Studies: Demography, Minority Education, Ethnopolitics. 18: 93–113. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220120211723/https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/42944054.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 January 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Minority+Studies%3A+Demography%2C+Minority+Education%2C+Ethnopolitics&rft.atitle=Language+and+Language+Policy+in+Transcarpathia+between+the+Two+World+Wars&rft.volume=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E93-%3C%2Fspan%3E113&rft.date=2015&rft.aulast=Csernicsk%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Fedinec%2C+Csilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcore.ac.uk%2Fdownload%2Fpdf%2F42944054.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCsernicskóFedinec2016" class="citation journal cs1">Csernicskó, István; Fedinec, Csilla (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311926631">"Four Language Laws of Ukraine"</a>. International Journal on Minority and Group Rights. 23: 560–582. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220217115653/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311926631_Four_Language_Laws_of_Ukraine">Archived</a> from the original on 17 February 2022. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+on+Minority+and+Group+Rights&rft.atitle=Four+Language+Laws+of+Ukraine&rft.volume=23&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E560-%3C%2Fspan%3E582&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Csernicsk%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Istv%C3%A1n&rft.au=Fedinec%2C+Csilla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F311926631&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDanylenko2009" class="citation journal cs1">Danylenko, Andrii (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290958392">"Myxajlo Lučkaj – A Dissident Forerunner of Literary Rusyn?"</a>. The Slavonic and East European Review. 87 (2): 201–226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0132">10.1353/see.2009.0132</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:152082970">152082970</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214645/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290958392_Myxajlo_Luckaj_-_A_Dissident_Forerunner_of_Literary_Rusyn">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavonic+and+East+European+Review&rft.atitle=Myxajlo+Lu%C4%8Dkaj+%E2%80%93+A+Dissident+Forerunner+of+Literary+Rusyn%3F&rft.volume=87&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E201-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2009&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fsee.2009.0132&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A152082970%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Danylenko&rft.aufirst=Andrii&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F290958392&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFДуць-Файфер2019" class="citation journal cs1">Дуць-Файфер, Олена (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journals.akademicka.pl/rrb/article/view/1158/1042">"Писма – документы Світового Конґресу Русинів і Світовой Рады Русинів (1991–2019)"</a>. Річник Руской Бурсы. 15: 17–89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214642/https://journals.akademicka.pl/rrb/article/view/1158/1042">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A0%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%91%D1%83%D1%80%D1%81%D1%8B&rft.atitle=%D0%9F%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B0+%E2%80%93+%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%BE+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D2%91%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%83+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%D1%96+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9+%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%B2+%281991%E2%80%932019%29&rft.volume=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=%D0%94%D1%83%D1%86%D1%8C-%D0%A4%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%84%D0%B5%D1%80&rft.aufirst=%D0%9E%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournals.akademicka.pl%2Frrb%2Farticle%2Fview%2F1158%2F1042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Aleksandr Dmitrievich Dulichenko. Jugoslavo-Ruthenica. Роботи з рускей филолоґиї. Нови Сад 1995.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFejsa2018a" class="citation journal cs1">Fejsa, Mihajlo P. (2018a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332335862">"Verb forms/constructions in the Prešov variant and the Bačka-Srem variant of the Rusyn language"</a>. Studia Slavica. 63 (2): 367–378. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1556%2F060.2018.63.2.16">10.1556/060.2018.63.2.16</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:145920941">145920941</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214643/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/332335862_Verb_forms_constructions_in_the_Pre%C5%A1ov_variant_and_the_Backa-Srem_variant_of_the_Rusyn_language">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Studia+Slavica&rft.atitle=Verb+forms%2Fconstructions+in+the+Pre%C5%A1ov+variant+and+the+Ba%C4%8Dka-Srem+variant+of+the+Rusyn+language&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E367-%3C%2Fspan%3E378&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1556%2F060.2018.63.2.16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A145920941%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Fejsa&rft.aufirst=Mihajlo+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F332335862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Геровский Г.Ю. Язык Подкарпатской Руси – Москва, 1995</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarasowska1999" class="citation book cs1">Harasowska, Marta (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRrWbzRgb0C">Morphophonemic Variability, Productivity, and Change: The Case of Rusyn</a>. Berlin-New York: Mouton de Gruyter. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783110157611" title="Special:BookSources/9783110157611"><bdi>9783110157611</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624212719/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaRrWbzRgb0C">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Morphophonemic+Variability%2C+Productivity%2C+and+Change%3A+The+Case+of+Rusyn&rft.place=Berlin-New+York&rft.pub=Mouton+de+Gruyter&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9783110157611&rft.aulast=Harasowska&rft.aufirst=Marta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DgaRrWbzRgb0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKushko2007" class="citation journal cs1">Kushko, Nadiya (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459424">"Literary Standards of the Rusyn Language: The Historical Context and Contemporary Situation"</a>. The Slavic and East European Journal. 51 (1): 111–132. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459424">20459424</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901224121/https://www.jstor.org/stable/20459424">Archived</a> from the original on 1 September 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Slavic+and+East+European+Journal&rft.atitle=Literary+Standards+of+the+Rusyn+Language%3A+The+Historical+Context+and+Contemporary+Situation&rft.volume=51&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E111-%3C%2Fspan%3E132&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20459424%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Kushko&rft.aufirst=Nadiya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20459424&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Taras Kuzio, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090327140741/http://www.taraskuzio.net/Nation%20and%20State%20Building_files/national-rusyns.pdf">The Rusyn question in Ukraine: sorting out fact from fiction</a>", Canadian Review of Studies in Nationalism, XXXII (2005)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1988a" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1988a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=M2EnAQAAIAAJ">Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography</a>. Vol. 1. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780824012144" title="Special:BookSources/9780824012144"><bdi>9780824012144</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200727175037/https://books.google.com/books?id=M2EnAQAAIAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 27 July 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+Studies%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780824012144&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DM2EnAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1988b" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1988b). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=a5wdAQAAMAAJ">Carpatho-Rusyn Studies: An Annotated Bibliography</a>. Vol. 2. New York: Garland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780880334204" title="Special:BookSources/9780880334204"><bdi>9780880334204</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602232554/https://books.google.com/books?id=a5wdAQAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carpatho-Rusyn+Studies%3A+An+Annotated+Bibliography&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Garland&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=9780880334204&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da5wdAQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1993" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/slave_0080-2557_1993_num_65_3_6128.pdf">"Scholarly seminar on the codification of the Rusyn language (Bardejovské Kúpele, November 6–7, 1992)"</a> (PDF). Revue des Études Slaves. 65 (3): 597–599.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Slaves&rft.atitle=Scholarly+seminar+on+the+codification+of+the+Rusyn+language+%28Bardejovsk%C3%A9+K%C3%BApele%2C+November+6%E2%80%937%2C+1992%29&rft.volume=65&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E597-%3C%2Fspan%3E599&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fslave_0080-2557_1993_num_65_3_6128.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1995" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/docAsPDF/slave_0080-2557_1995_num_67_1_6259.pdf">"A new Slavic language is born"</a> (PDF). Revue des Études Slaves. 67 (1): 238–240.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revue+des+%C3%89tudes+Slaves&rft.atitle=A+new+Slavic+language+is+born&rft.volume=67&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E238-%3C%2Fspan%3E240&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2FdocAsPDF%2Fslave_0080-2557_1995_num_67_1_6259.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi1996" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shron3.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Rusyn_language_question_revisited_anhl.pdf">"The Rusyn language question revisited"</a> (PDF). International Journal of the Sociology of Language. 120: 63–84. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1515%2Fijsl.1996.120.63">10.1515/ijsl.1996.120.63</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:56325995">56325995</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624200336/https://shron3.chtyvo.org.ua/Magochii_Pavlo_Robert/The_Rusyn_language_question_revisited_anhl.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+the+Sociology+of+Language&rft.atitle=The+Rusyn+language+question+revisited&rft.volume=120&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E63-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1515%2Fijsl.1996.120.63&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A56325995%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshron3.chtyvo.org.ua%2FMagochii_Pavlo_Robert%2FThe_Rusyn_language_question_revisited_anhl.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsi2015" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ">With Their Backs to the Mountains: A History of Carpathian Rus' and Carpatho-Rusyns</a>. Budapest-New York: Central European University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9786155053467" title="Special:BookSources/9786155053467"><bdi>9786155053467</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201208125111/https://books.google.com/books?id=Nzj2DAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2020. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=With+Their+Backs+to+the+Mountains%3A+A+History+of+Carpathian+Rus%27+and+Carpatho-Rusyns&rft.place=Budapest-New+York&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9786155053467&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DNzj2DAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagocsiPop2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a>; Pop, Ivan I., eds. (2005) [2002]. Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture (2. rev. ed.). Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Rusyn+History+and+Culture&rft.place=Toronto&rft.edition=2.+rev.&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMagosci" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_R._Magocsi" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul R. Magocsi">Magocsi, Paul R.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no34_ses/pp.83-101.pdf">The Rusyn Language: Recent Achievements and Challenges</a> (PDF). Toronto: University of Toronto. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211217013747/https://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/coe21/publish/no34_ses/pp.83-101.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 December 2021. Retrieved 17 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Language%3A+Recent+Achievements+and+Challenges&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto&rft.aulast=Magocsi&rft.aufirst=Paul+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsrc-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp%2Fcoe21%2Fpublish%2Fno34_ses%2Fpp.83-101.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2018" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Moser, Michael A. (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536">"The Fate of the Ruthenian or Little Russian (Ukrainian) Language in Austrian Galicia (1772–1867)"</a>. Harvard Ukrainian Studies. 35 (2017–2018) (1/4): 87–104. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536">44983536</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210505215931/https://www.jstor.org/stable/44983536">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2021. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Ukrainian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Fate+of+the+Ruthenian+or+Little+Russian+%28Ukrainian%29+Language+in+Austrian+Galicia+%281772%E2%80%931867%29&rft.volume=35+%282017%E2%80%932018%29&rft.issue=1%2F4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44983536%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44983536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoser2016" class="citation book cs1">Moser, Michael A. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7">"Rusyn: A New-Old Language In-between Nations and States"</a>. The Palgrave Handbook of Slavic Languages, Identities and Borders. London: Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 124–139. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7">10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57703-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-57703-3"><bdi>978-1-349-57703-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200114121225/https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-137-34839-5_7">Archived</a> from the original on 14 January 2020. Retrieved 16 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rusyn%3A+A+New-Old+Language+In-between+Nations+and+States&rft.btitle=The+Palgrave+Handbook+of+Slavic+Languages%2C+Identities+and+Borders&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E124-%3C%2Fspan%3E139&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7&rft.isbn=978-1-349-57703-3&rft.aulast=Moser&rft.aufirst=Michael+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F978-1-137-34839-5_7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlišková2007" class="citation book cs1">Plišková, Anna (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unipo.sk/public/media/11525/Rusinsky_jazyk_na_Slovensku.pdf">Rusínsky jazyk na Slovensku: Náčrt vývoja a súčasné problémy</a> (PDF). Prešov: Metodicko-pedagogické centrum. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420141523/https://www.unipo.sk/public/media/11525/Rusinsky_jazyk_na_Slovensku.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rus%C3%ADnsky+jazyk+na+Slovensku%3A+N%C3%A1%C4%8Drt+v%C3%BDvoja+a+s%C3%BA%C4%8Dasn%C3%A9+probl%C3%A9my&rft.place=Pre%C5%A1ov&rft.pub=Metodicko-pedagogick%C3%A9+centrum&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Pli%C5%A1kov%C3%A1&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unipo.sk%2Fpublic%2Fmedia%2F11525%2FRusinsky_jazyk_na_Slovensku.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlishkova2009" class="citation book cs1">Plishkova, Anna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1373480">Language and National Identity: Rusyns South of Carpathians</a>. Boulder: East European Monographs. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220218214654/https://www.academia.edu/1373480">Archived</a> from the original on 18 February 2022. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Language+and+National+Identity%3A+Rusyns+South+of+Carpathians&rft.place=Boulder&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Plishkova&rft.aufirst=Anna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1373480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPugh2009" class="citation book cs1">Pugh, Stefan M. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/2WPXQMIRNX7WE2VPAI6JHAOSMXYMVH5P">The Rusyn Language</a>. Munich, Germany: LINCOM GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-940-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89586-940-2"><bdi>978-3-89586-940-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211215214401/https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/item/2WPXQMIRNX7WE2VPAI6JHAOSMXYMVH5P">Archived</a> from the original on 15 December 2021. Retrieved 15 December 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rusyn+Language&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pub=LINCOM+GmbH&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-89586-940-2&rft.aulast=Pugh&rft.aufirst=Stefan+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de%2Fitem%2F2WPXQMIRNX7WE2VPAI6JHAOSMXYMVH5P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRenoffReynolds1975" class="citation book cs1">Renoff, Richard; Reynolds, Stephen, eds. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwhAAAAMAAJ">Proceedings of the Conference on Carpatho-Ruthenian Immigration, 8 June 1974</a>. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Ukrainian Research Institute. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780916458003" title="Special:BookSources/9780916458003"><bdi>9780916458003</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210624211805/https://books.google.com/books?id=ePwhAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Conference+on+Carpatho-Ruthenian+Immigration%2C+8+June+1974&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Mass.&rft.pub=Harvard+Ukrainian+Research+Institute&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=9780916458003&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DePwhAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRusinko2003" class="citation book cs1">Rusinko, Elaine (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XoT3hxJZ2lsC">Straddling Borders: Literature and Identity in Subcarpathian Rus'</a>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780802037114" title="Special:BookSources/9780802037114"><bdi>9780802037114</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190515005604/https://books.google.com/books?id=XoT3hxJZ2lsC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 May 2019. Retrieved 28 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Straddling+Borders%3A+Literature+and+Identity+in+Subcarpathian+Rus%27&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780802037114&rft.aulast=Rusinko&rft.aufirst=Elaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXoT3hxJZ2lsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZatkovich" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gregory_Zatkovich" class="mw-redirect" title="Gregory Zatkovich">Zatkovich, Gregory</a>. The Rusin Question in a Nutshell. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/22065508">22065508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Rusin+Question+in+a+Nutshell&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F22065508&rft.aulast=Zatkovich&rft.aufirst=Gregory&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARusyn+language" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="rue:"> Rusyn edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="37" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="94"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 37px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="37" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/80/Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg/80px-Wikipedia-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="rsk:"> Pannonian Rusyn edition</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a>, the free encyclopedia</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Incubator-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="1000"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 32px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/32px-Incubator-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="32" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/48px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/Incubator-logo.svg/64px-Incubator-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://incubator.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wt/rue" class="extiw" title="incubator:Wt/rue">Rusyn test</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wiktionary" title="Wiktionary">Wiktionary</a> at <a href="https://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Wikimedia_Incubator" class="extiw" title="meta:Wikimedia Incubator">Wikimedia Incubator</a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Rusyn_language" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Rusyn language">Rusyn language</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rusynacademy.sk/english/en_jazyk.html#Language_of_Carpatho-Rusyn_">The World Academy of Rusyn Culture: 'Language of Carpatho-Rusyn'</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://uk.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BA:%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%BE-%D1%83%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%97%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA">Rusyn-Ukrainian Dictionary</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lemkowski.revitalization.al.uw.edu.pl/?sem=1&topic=1">Lemko-Rusyn Language Course (in Polish and Lemko)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080309101713/http://www.dzvoni.netfirms.com/index_files/english1.html">Rusyn Greco Catholic Church in Novi Sad (Vojvodina-Serbia)</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output 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li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&oldid=1267214426">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&oldid=1267214426</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Rusyn_language&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 4 January 2025, at 03:23 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%84%D8%BA%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="اللغة الروسينية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="اللغة الروسينية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rus%C3%ADn" title="Idioma rusín – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Idioma rusín" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusin_dili" title="Rusin dili – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Rusin dili" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C" title="روسین دیلی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="روسین دیلی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Русінская мова – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Русінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Русінская мова – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Русінская мова" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Русински език – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Русински език" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinski_jezik" title="Rusinski jezik – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Rusinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rut%C3%A8" title="Rutè – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Rutè" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%87%C4%95%D0%BB%D1%85%D0%B8" title="Русин чĕлхи – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Русин чĕлхи" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%ADn%C5%A1tina" title="Rusínština – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Rusínština" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinsk" title="Rusinsk – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Rusinsk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russinische_Sprache" title="Russinische Sprache – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Russinische Sprache" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusi%C5%84ska_r%C4%9Bc" title="Rusińska rěc – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Rusińska rěc" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiini_keel" title="Russiini keel – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Russiini keel" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A1%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B8%CE%B7%CE%BD%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B3%CE%BB%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%83%CE%B1" title="Ρουθηνική γλώσσα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ρουθηνική γλώσσα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma_rusino" title="Idioma rusino – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma rusino" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusina_lingvo" title="Rusina lingvo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Rusina lingvo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusiniera" title="Rusiniera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Rusiniera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%86%DB%8C" title="زبان روسینی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="زبان روسینی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roeteensk" title="Roeteensk – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Roeteensk" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_dili" title="Rusyn dili – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="Rusyn dili" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_rutena" title="Lingua rutena – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lingua rutena" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruthenia-ng%C3%AE" title="Ruthenia-ngî – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Ruthenia-ngî" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%8B%A0%EC%96%B4" title="루신어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루신어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaren_Rusyn" title="Yaren Rusyn – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Yaren Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusin%C5%A1%C4%87ina" title="Rusinšćina – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Rusinšćina" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinski_jezik" title="Rusinski jezik – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Rusinski jezik" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bahasa_Rusin" title="Bahasa Rusin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Bahasa Rusin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B3_%C3%A6%D0%B2%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Русинаг æвзаг – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Русинаг æвзаг" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_russina" title="Lingua russina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lingua russina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA" title="רוסינית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוסינית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A1%E1%83%98%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98_%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%90" title="რუსინული ენა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რუსინული ენა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusynsczi_j%C3%A3z%C3%ABk" title="Rusynsczi jãzëk – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Rusynsczi jãzëk" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Русин кыв – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Русин кыв" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinava" title="Rusinava – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Rusinava" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lingua_Rusinica" title="Lingua Rusinica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lingua Rusinica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C4%ABnu_valoda" title="Rusīnu valoda – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Rusīnu valoda" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russinesch" title="Russinesch – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Russinesch" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusin%C5%B3_kalba" title="Rusinų kalba – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Rusinų kalba" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_rutenn-a" title="Lengua rutenn-a – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Lengua rutenn-a" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lengua_rutena" title="Lengua rutena – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lengua rutena" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruszin_nyelv" title="Ruszin nyelv – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Ruszin nyelv" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Русински јазик – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Русински јазик" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiteny_rosina" title="Fiteny rosina – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fiteny rosina" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%87" title="الروسينيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="الروسينيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lh%C3%A9ngua_russina" title="Lhéngua russina – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lhéngua russina" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roetheens_(modern)" title="Roetheens (modern) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Roetheens (modern)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%B7%E3%83%B3%E8%AA%9E" title="ルシン語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルシン語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteensk_spriak" title="Ruteensk spriak – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Ruteensk spriak" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinsk" title="Rusinsk – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Rusinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinsk" title="Rusinsk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Rusinsk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn" title="Rusyn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lenga_Rusyn" title="Lenga Rusyn – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lenga Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C4%99zyk_rusi%C5%84ski" title="Język rusiński – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Język rusiński" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADngua_russina" title="Língua russina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Língua russina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusin_tili" title="Rusin tili – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Rusin tili" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rutean%C4%83" title="Limba ruteană – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Limba ruteană" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Русиньскый язык – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Русиньскый язык" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D1%8B%D0%BA" title="Русинский язык – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Русинский язык" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%B1_%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B9%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱨᱩᱥᱤᱱ ᱯᱟᱹᱨᱥᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limba_rutena" title="Limba rutena – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Limba rutena" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_leid" title="Rusyn leid – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Rusyn leid" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusyn_language" title="Rusyn language – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Rusyn language" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rus%C3%ADn%C4%8Dina" title="Rusínčina – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Rusínčina" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusin%C5%A1%C4%8Dina" title="Rusinščina – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Rusinščina" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ru%C5%9Bi%C5%84sko_godka" title="Ruśińsko godka – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Ruśińsko godka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%98%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Русински језик – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Русински језик" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruteeni" title="Ruteeni – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ruteeni" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusinska" title="Rusinska – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Rusinska" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tutlayt_tarusint" title="Tutlayt tarusint – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tutlayt tarusint" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Русин теле – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Русин теле" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%99" title="ภาษารูซึน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภาษารูซึน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rusince" title="Rusince – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Rusince" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%BA%D1%8B%D0%BB" title="Русин кыл – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Русин кыл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0" title="Русинська мова – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Русинська мова" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ti%E1%BA%BFng_Rusyn" title="Tiếng Rusyn – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Tiếng Rusyn" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ruten" title="Ruten – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Ruten" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Russiini_kiil" title="Russiini kiil – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Russiini kiil" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森尼亚语 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="卢森尼亚语" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9E%E6%96%87" title="盧森尼亞文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="盧森尼亞文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosienu_kalba" title="Rosienu kalba – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Rosienu kalba" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A2%E6%A3%AE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E8%AF%AD" title="卢森尼亚语 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="卢森尼亚语" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rsk mw-list-item"><a href="https://rsk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D1%8F%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Руски язик – Pannonian Rusyn" lang="rsk" hreflang="rsk" data-title="Руски язик" data-language-autonym="Руски" data-language-local-name="Pannonian Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Руски</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 4 January 2025, at 03:23 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a 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