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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_it.wikipedia.org&uselang=it" class=""><span>Fai una donazione</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:CreaUtenza&returnto=Cobalamina" title="Si consiglia di registrarsi e di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio" class=""><span>registrati</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speciale:Entra&returnto=Cobalamina" title="Si consiglia di effettuare l'accesso, anche se non è obbligatorio [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>entra</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">nascondi</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inizio</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Caratteristiche_chimiche" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Caratteristiche_chimiche"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Caratteristiche chimiche</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Caratteristiche_chimiche-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Avvertenze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Avvertenze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Avvertenze</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Avvertenze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fonti_alimentari" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fonti_alimentari"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fonti alimentari</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fonti_alimentari-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Carenza" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Carenza"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Carenza</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Carenza-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tossicità" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tossicità"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Tossicità</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tossicità-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Note" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Note"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Note</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Note-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliografia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliografia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Bibliografia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliografia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voci_correlate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voci_correlate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Voci correlate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voci_correlate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Altri_progetti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Altri_progetti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Altri progetti</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Altri_progetti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collegamenti_esterni"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Collegamenti esterni</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collegamenti_esterni-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Indice" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Mostra/Nascondi l'indice" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Mostra/Nascondi l'indice</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Cobalamina</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vai a una voce in un'altra lingua. Disponibile in 70 lingue" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 lingue</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamien_B12" title="Vitamien B12 - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vitamien B12" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86_%D8%A8%D9%8A_12" title="فيتامين بي 12 - arabo" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فيتامين بي 12" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12_vitamini" title="B12 vitamini - azerbaigiano" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="B12 vitamini" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaigiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%B1%DB%B2" title="ویتامین ب۱۲ - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویتامین ب۱۲" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bitamina_B12" title="Bitamina B12 - Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bitamina B12" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_B12" title="Витамин B12 - bulgaro" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Витамин B12" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8012" title="विटामिन बी12 - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="विटामिन बी12" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - bosniaco" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_B%E2%82%81%E2%82%82" title="Vitamina B₁₂ - catalano" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Vitamina B₁₂" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A4%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_%DB%B1%DB%B2" title="ڤیتامین بی ۱۲ - curdo centrale" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ڤیتامین بی ۱۲" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="curdo centrale" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn_B12" title="Vitamín B12 - ceco" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vitamín B12" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="ceco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fitamin_B12" title="Fitamin B12 - gallese" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Fitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - danese" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalamine" title="Cobalamine - tedesco" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Cobalamine" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="tedesco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%88%DE%A8%DE%93%DE%A6%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0_%DE%84%DE%A912" title="ވިޓަމިން ބީ12 - divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ވިޓަމިން ބީ12" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CF%84%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%AF%CE%BD%CE%B7_%CE%9212" title="Βιταμίνη Β12 - greco" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιταμίνη Β12" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="voce di qualità"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - inglese" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="inglese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalamino" title="Kobalamino - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kobalamino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_B12" title="Vitamina B12 - spagnolo" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Vitamina B12" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12-vitamiin" title="B12-vitamiin - estone" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="B12-vitamiin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12_bitamina" title="B12 bitamina - basco" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="B12 bitamina" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%B1%DB%B2" title="ویتامین ب۱۲ - persiano" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویتامین ب۱۲" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="voce consigliata"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12-vitamiini" title="B12-vitamiini - finlandese" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="B12-vitamiini" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine_B12" title="Vitamine B12 - francese" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Vitamine B12" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalamina" title="Cobalamina - galiziano" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Cobalamina" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%98%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F_B12" title="ויטמין B12 - ebraico" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויטמין B12" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraico" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9F%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%80%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A8" title="विटामिन बी१२ - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="विटामिन बी१२" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - croato" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12-vitamin" title="B12-vitamin - ungherese" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="B12-vitamin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungherese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%AB%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%B6_B12" title="Վիտամին B12 - armeno" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վիտամին B12" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - indonesiano" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12-v%C3%ADtam%C3%ADn" title="B12-vítamín - islandese" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="B12-vítamín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B3%E3%83%90%E3%83%A9%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="コバラミン - giapponese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="コバラミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="giapponese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_b12" title="Vitamin b12 - giavanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Vitamin b12" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="giavanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Кобаламин - kazako" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Кобаламин" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazako" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B9%84%ED%83%80%EB%AF%BC_B12" title="비타민 B12 - coreano" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="비타민 B12" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9212" title="Витамин В12 - kirghiso" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Витамин В12" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirghiso" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalamin" title="Cobalamin - lussemburghese" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Cobalamin" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="lussemburghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalaminas" title="Kobalaminas - lituano" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Kobalaminas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12_vitam%C4%ABns" title="B12 vitamīns - lettone" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="B12 vitamīns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="lettone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9112" title="Витамин Б12 - macedone" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Витамин Б12" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedone" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%BF_12" title="വിറ്റാമിൻ ബി 12 - malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വിറ്റാമിൻ ബി 12" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9212" title="Витамин В12 - mongolo" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Витамин В12" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - malese" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamine_B12" title="Vitamine B12 - olandese" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vitamine B12" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="olandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalamin" title="Kobalamin - norvegese bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kobalamin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegese bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_B12" title="Vitamina B12 - occitano" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Vitamina B12" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Witamina_B12" title="Witamina B12 - polacco" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Witamina B12" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_B12" title="Vitamina B12 - portoghese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vitamina B12" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portoghese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalamin%C4%83" title="Cobalamină - rumeno" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Cobalamină" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumeno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_B12" title="Витамин B12 - russo" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Витамин B12" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamini_B12" title="Vitamini B12 - kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Vitamini B12" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikinyarwanda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - serbo-croato" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croato" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitam%C3%ADn_B12" title="Vitamín B12 - slovacco" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vitamín B12" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovacco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - sloveno" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveno" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamina_B12" title="Vitamina B12 - albanese" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vitamina B12" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%9112" title="Витамин Б12 - serbo" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Витамин Б12" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kobalamin" title="Kobalamin - svedese" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kobalamin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="svedese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BF12" title="உயிர்ச்சத்து பி12 - tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்ச்சத்து பி12" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%9F%E0%B0%AE%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D_%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8012" title="విటమిన్ బీ12 - telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="విటమిన్ బీ12" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B512" title="วิตามินบี12 - thailandese" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิตามินบี12" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/B12_vitamini" title="B12 vitamini - turco" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="B12 vitamini" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%BD_B12" title="Вітамін B12 - ucraino" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вітамін B12" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%B9%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%86_%D8%A8%DB%8C_12" title="وٹامن بی 12 - urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="وٹامن بی 12" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12_(Cyanokobalamin)" title="Vitamin B12 (Cyanokobalamin) - uzbeco" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vitamin B12 (Cyanokobalamin)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeco" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12 - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Vitamin B12" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" title="维生素B12 - wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="维生素B12" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0B12" title="维生素B12 - cinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="维生素B12" 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data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png/225px-Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png/338px-Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png/450px-Cyanocobalamin-3D-sticks.png 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nome <a href="/wiki/Unione_internazionale_di_chimica_pura_e_applicata" title="Unione internazionale di chimica pura e applicata">IUPAC</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">α-(5,6-dimetilbenzimidazolil)cobamidcianuro </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#DDEEFF;">Nomi alternativi</th></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_testo_centrale" colspan="2">Vitamina B12 </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Caratteristiche generali</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Formula_bruta" title="Formula bruta">Formula bruta</a> o <a href="/wiki/Formula_molecolare" title="Formula molecolare">molecolare</a></th><td>C<sub>63</sub>H<sub>88</sub>CoN<sub>14</sub>O<sub>14</sub>P </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Massa_molecolare" title="Massa molecolare">Massa molecolare</a> (<a href="/wiki/Unit%C3%A0_di_massa_atomica" title="Unità di massa atomica">u</a>)</th><td>1355.38 </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Numero_CAS" title="Numero CAS">Numero CAS</a></th><td><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><span class="noarchive"><a class="external text" href="https://iw.toolforge.org/magnustools/cas.php?language=it&cas=68-19-9">68-19-9</a></span></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Sistema_di_classificazione_anatomico,_terapeutico_e_chimico" title="Sistema di classificazione anatomico, terapeutico e chimico">Codice ATC</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Codice_ATC_B03" title="Codice ATC B03">B03</a><span class="reflink plainlinksneverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whocc.no/atc_ddd_index/?code=B03BA01">BA01</a></span> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=184933">184933</a> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a></th><td><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB00115">DB00115</a> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Dati farmacologici</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Farmaci_e_teratogenesi" title="Farmaci e teratogenesi">Teratogenicità</a></th><td>Non dimostrata </td></tr><tr><th>Modalità di<br /><a href="/wiki/Somministrazione_(farmacologia)" title="Somministrazione (farmacologia)">somministrazione</a></th><td>Orale <p>Endovenosa </p> </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Dati farmacocinetici</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Biodisponibilit%C3%A0" title="Biodisponibilità">Biodisponibilità</a></th><td>Prontamente assorbita nella metà distale dell'ileo </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Legame_dei_farmaci_alle_proteine_plasmatiche" title="Legame dei farmaci alle proteine plasmatiche">Legame proteico</a></th><td>Molto elevato a specifiche transcobalamine del plasma <p>Il legame della idrossicobalamina è leggermente superiore a quello della cianocobalamina </p> </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">Metabolismo</a></th><td>Epatico </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Emivita_(farmacologia)" title="Emivita (farmacologia)">Emivita</a></th><td>Approssimativamente 6 giorni (400 giorni nel fegato) </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Escrezione" title="Escrezione">Escrezione</a></th><td>Renale </td></tr><tr class="sinottico_divisione"><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#AAEEFF;">Indicazioni di sicurezza</th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Frasi_H" class="mw-redirect" title="Frasi H">Frasi H</a></th><td>--- </td></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Consigli_P" title="Consigli P">Consigli P</a></th><td>---<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr><tr><td class="sinottico_piede2 noprint nomobile metadata" colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187706" class="extiw" title="d:Q187706"><span title="Modifica i dati della voce Cobalamina su Wikidata">Modifica dati su Wikidata</span></a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Template:Composto_chimico/man" title="Template:Composto chimico/man"><span title="Manuale del template Composto chimico">Manuale</span></a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>La <b>vitamina B<sub>12</sub></b>, o <b>cobalamina</b>, è una sostanza di colore rosso, cristallina, <a href="/wiki/Igroscopia" title="Igroscopia">igroscopica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fotosensibilit%C3%A0" title="Fotosensibilità">fotosensibile</a> e altamente solubile in <a href="/wiki/Acqua" title="Acqua">acqua</a>. Venne isolata e caratterizzata a seguito di una serie di ricerche in merito all'<a href="/wiki/Anemia_perniciosa" title="Anemia perniciosa">anemia perniciosa</a>. Nel <a href="/wiki/1926" title="1926">1926</a> si scoprì che nel <a href="/wiki/Fegato" title="Fegato">fegato</a> vi è un fattore capace di curare tale patologia ed esso venne isolato e <a href="/wiki/Cristallizzazione" title="Cristallizzazione">cristallizzato</a> nel <a href="/wiki/1948" title="1948">1948</a>. La struttura della vitamina B<sub>12</sub> venne chiarita nel <a href="/wiki/1955" title="1955">1955</a> con la struttura cristallografica determinata dalla dottoressa ricercatrice <a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Crowfoot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dorothy Crowfoot">Dorothy Crowfoot</a>, per la quale ricevette il <a href="/wiki/Premio_Nobel" title="Premio Nobel">Premio Nobel</a> nel 1964. <sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Caratteristiche_chimiche">Caratteristiche chimiche</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la sezione Caratteristiche chimiche" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Caratteristiche chimiche"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>È formata da un <a href="/wiki/Corrina" title="Corrina">anello corrinico</a> (composto da 4 anelli <a href="/wiki/Pirrolo" title="Pirrolo">pirrolici</a> e tre ponti <a href="/wiki/Metino" title="Metino">metinici</a>) con al centro un atomo di <a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto">cobalto</a> <a href="/wiki/Chelato" class="mw-redirect" title="Chelato">coordinato</a> da quattro atomi di <a href="/wiki/Azoto" title="Azoto">azoto</a>. Il cobalto presenta, inoltre, due legami di coordinazione perpendicolari rispetto al piano dell'anello. Il primo di essi si stabilisce con una molecola di <a href="/w/index.php?title=5,6_dimetilbenzimidazolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5,6 dimetilbenzimidazolo (la pagina non esiste)">5,6 dimetilbenzimidazolo</a> legata, a sua volta, ad un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ribosio_3-fosfato&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ribosio 3-fosfato (la pagina non esiste)">ribosio 3-fosfato</a>. Il secondo legame si stabilisce con diversi gruppi funzionali (-R) i quali possono essere: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cianuro" title="Cianuro">cianuro</a> -CN (cianocobalamina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ossidrile" class="mw-redirect" title="Ossidrile">idrossilico</a> -OH (idrossicobalamina)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metile" title="Metile">metilico</a> -CH3 (metilcobalamina)</li></ul> <p>Le forme <a href="/wiki/Metabolismo" title="Metabolismo">metabolicamente</a> attive sono la metil- e la 5'-deossiadenosilcobalamina. La cianocobalamina è un artefatto che si forma durante i processi di estrazione in quanto si utilizza la <a href="/wiki/Papaina" title="Papaina">papaina</a>, proteasi che viene attivata dall'aggiunta di CN-. L'idrossicobalamina è la forma naturale con cui la vitamina viene di solito assunta. </p><p>Nello <a href="/wiki/Stomaco" title="Stomaco">stomaco</a>, l'ambiente acido e la <a href="/wiki/Pepsina" title="Pepsina">pepsina</a> staccano la cobalamina dalle <a href="/wiki/Proteine" title="Proteine">proteine</a> a cui si trova associata, per poi legarsi alla <a href="/wiki/Cobalofilina" title="Cobalofilina">cobalofillina</a> (detta anche polipeptide salivare R binder o aptocorrina), una glicoproteina secreta nella <a href="/wiki/Saliva" title="Saliva">saliva</a>. In seguito, nel <a href="/wiki/Duodeno" title="Duodeno">duodeno</a>, l'azione delle <a href="/wiki/Proteasi" title="Proteasi">proteasi</a> prodotte dal <a href="/wiki/Pancreas" title="Pancreas">pancreas</a> determina la separazione fra la cobalofillina e la cobalamina, ciò favorito da un ambiente <a href="/wiki/Alcalinit%C3%A0" title="Alcalinità">alcalino</a>. Infine la cobalamina si lega al <a href="/wiki/Fattore_intrinseco" title="Fattore intrinseco">fattore intrinseco</a>, una <a href="/wiki/Glicoproteine" class="mw-redirect" title="Glicoproteine">glicoproteina</a> rilasciata dalle <a href="/wiki/Cellule_parietali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellule parietali">cellule parietali</a> dello stomaco, con la mediazione di un recettore <a href="/wiki/Calcio_(elemento_chimico)" title="Calcio (elemento chimico)">Ca</a>-dipendente e un <a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> di circa 6,5. </p><p>Il complesso vitamina-fattore intrinseco viene riconosciuto da uno specifico <a href="/wiki/Recettore_(biochimica)" title="Recettore (biochimica)">recettore</a> (complesso <a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megalina (la pagina non esiste)">megalina</a>-<a href="/w/index.php?title=Cubilina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cubilina (la pagina non esiste)">cubilina</a>) situato sugli <a href="/wiki/Enterociti" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterociti">enterociti</a> dell'<a href="/wiki/Ileo_(intestino)" title="Ileo (intestino)">ileo</a>, il quale li lega e tramite un processo di <a href="/wiki/Endocitosi" title="Endocitosi">endocitosi</a> permette il loro trasporto all'interno della cellula. La vescicola così formata raggiunge la parte opposta dell'enterocita e, fondendosi con la membrana basolaterale, libera il tutto all'esterno. Durante questo processo, la cobalamina si stacca dal fattore intrinseco (forse per azione delle vescicole <a href="/wiki/Lisosoma" title="Lisosoma">lisosomiali</a>) e una volta all'esterno viene legata da due proteine di trasporto che portano la vitamina ai tessuti: la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcobalamina_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcobalamina I (la pagina non esiste)">transcobalamina I</a> e la <a href="/w/index.php?title=Transcobalamina_II&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Transcobalamina II (la pagina non esiste)">transcobalamina II</a>. Il complesso che si forma con tali proteine viene riconosciuto da un recettore specifico che permette l'ingresso della vitamina nelle cellule, ancora una volta per endocitosi. </p><p>L'atomo di <a href="/wiki/Cobalto" title="Cobalto">cobalto</a> (un elemento altrimenti estremamente tossico per l'organismo) nell'idrossicobalamina si trova nello stato di <a href="/wiki/Ossidazione" title="Ossidazione">ossidazione</a> +3. Per ottenere la forma attiva, interviene una flavoproteina <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reduttasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reduttasi (la pagina non esiste)">reduttasi</a>, utilizzante <a href="/wiki/NADH" class="mw-redirect" title="NADH">NADH</a>, che riduce il cobalto prima a +2 e poi a +1. Sotto questo stato di ossidazione il cobalto si può legare al C5 di una molecola di <a href="/wiki/Adenosintrifosfato" class="mw-redirect" title="Adenosintrifosfato">ATP</a>, spiazzandone i tre gruppi fosfato, e dare origine alla <a href="/w/index.php?title=5-deossiadenosilcobalamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5-deossiadenosilcobalamina (la pagina non esiste)">5-deossiadenosilcobalamina</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Propionate_pathway.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propionate_pathway.svg/langit-400px-Propionate_pathway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="429" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propionate_pathway.svg/langit-600px-Propionate_pathway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Propionate_pathway.svg/langit-800px-Propionate_pathway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="693" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption>Rappresentazione schematica della via metabolica del propionato. La metilmalonil-CoA mutasi richiede il coenzima adenosilcobalamina per convertire il L-metilmalonil-CoA in succinil-CoA. In caso contrario, si accumula acido metilmalonico, che può essere, tra l'altro, un marcatore di carenza di vitamina B<sub>12</sub>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Sotto forma di deossiadenosilcobalamina, la vitamina B<sub>12</sub> interviene in due processi: </p> <ul><li>conversione di <a href="/wiki/Metilmalonil-coenzima_A" title="Metilmalonil-coenzima A">metilmalonil-CoA</a> in <a href="/wiki/Succinil-coenzima_A" title="Succinil-coenzima A">succinil-CoA</a> tramite l'enzima <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilmalonil-CoA_mutasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilmalonil-CoA mutasi (la pagina non esiste)">metilmalonil-CoA mutasi</a></li> <li>sintesi dei <a href="/w/index.php?title=2-desossiribonucleotidi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-desossiribonucleotidi (la pagina non esiste)">2-desossiribonucleotidi</a>.</li></ul> <p>Sotto forma di metilcobalamina interviene in questa reazione: </p> <ul><li>conversione di <a href="/wiki/Omocisteina" title="Omocisteina">omocisteina</a> in <a href="/wiki/Metionina" title="Metionina">metionina</a> tramite l'<a href="/wiki/Enzima" title="Enzima">enzima</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Omocisteina_metiltrasferasi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Omocisteina metiltrasferasi (la pagina non esiste)">omocisteina metiltrasferasi</a> e l'ausilio del <a href="/wiki/Acido_folico" title="Acido folico">metiltetraidrofolato</a>.</li></ul> <p>È interessante notare che questa reazione è una delle poche in cui vengono in contatto la vitamina B<sub>12</sub> e l'<a href="/wiki/Acido_folico" title="Acido folico">acido folico</a>. Se tale reazione non avviene si blocca la trasformazione di metiltetraidrofolato in tetraidrofolato, con conseguente accumulo del primo composto. La diminuzione del tetraidrofolato e del suo derivato <a href="/wiki/Acido_folico" title="Acido folico">metilentetraidrofolato</a> determina un blocco degli enzimi che necessitano di questi due composti. Ciò comporta una disfunzione delle vie metaboliche producenti <a href="/wiki/Purine" title="Purine">purine</a> e desossitimidina monofosfato. </p><p>Poiché le reazioni interessate dalla 5-deossiadenosilcobalamina intervengono nel metabolismo degli acidi grassi si ritiene che un loro blocco possa interessare soprattutto le membrane neuronali e questo spiegherebbe il coinvolgimento neurologico molto frequente in caso di carenza di vitamina B<sub>12</sub><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Avvertenze">Avvertenze</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la sezione Avvertenze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Avvertenze"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Diagnosi differenziale</i>: l'<a href="/wiki/Anemia_megaloblastica" title="Anemia megaloblastica">anemia megaloblastica</a> indotta dalla carenza di vitamina B12 può essere causata anche da un deficit di <a href="/wiki/Acido_folico" title="Acido folico">acido folico</a>. Occorre accertare la causa scatenante l'anemia megaloblastica per evitare il rischio di una progressione/irreversibilità dei sintomi neurologici associati alla carenza di vitamina B12, ma non di acido folico (la somministrazione di 0,1 mg/die di acido folico induce remissione dei sintomi di <a href="/wiki/Anemia" title="Anemia">anemia</a> nei pazienti con deficit di vitamina B12 e, viceversa, 10 µg/die di vitamina B12 in pazienti con deficit di acido folico). In alcuni casi la supplementazione con dosi elevate di acido folico invece di migliorare i sintomi clinici dell'anemia ha causato un loro peggioramento<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: negli alimenti e negli integratori la dose di acido folico non dovrebbe eccedere la quantità di 1 000 µg/die<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Altre cause possibili di <a href="/wiki/Macrocitosi" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocitosi">macrocitosi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Globuli_rossi" class="mw-redirect" title="Globuli rossi">globuli rossi</a> più grandi del normale, che si ritrovano anche come elemento caratterizzante nell'anemia megaloblastica) comprendono <a href="/wiki/Alcolismo" title="Alcolismo">alcolismo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cirrosi_epatica" title="Cirrosi epatica">cirrosi epatica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ipotiroidismo" title="Ipotiroidismo">ipotiroidismo</a>, sindromi mielodisplastiche, <a href="/wiki/Anemia_aplastica" title="Anemia aplastica">anemia aplastica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesi" title="Iatrogenesi">iatrogena</a> (farmaci citotossici antivirali e antineoplastici), gravidanza. </p><p><i>Monitoraggio livelli di vitamina B12</i>: controllare i livelli sierici di vitamina B12 dopo un mese dall'inizio del trattamento e in caso di ogni variazione, quindi a intervalli di 3-6 mesi. Livelli di vitamina B12 inferiori a 200 pg/ml sono considerati indicativi di un deficit della vitamina. Anche i livelli elevati di <a href="/wiki/Omocisteina" title="Omocisteina">omocisteina</a> e di <a href="/wiki/Acido_metilmalonico" title="Acido metilmalonico">acido metilmalonico</a> possono essere indicativi di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipovitaminosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipovitaminosi (la pagina non esiste)">ipovitaminosi</a> da vitamina B12. L'omocisteina aumenta in caso di bassi livelli di vitamina B12 (>13 µmol/l), ma poiché risente anche di altri fattori (vitamina B6 e acido folico) è un marker poco specifico. L'acido metilmalonico è un marker più specifico perché la sua conversione ad acetilCoA dipende direttamente dalla vitamina B12: in caso di carenza della vitamina i livelli sierici di acido metilmalonico aumentano (>0,4 µmol/l)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Tuttavia, se i livelli elevati di acido metilmalonico sono ancora accompagnati da livelli elevati di <a href="/wiki/Acido_malonico" title="Acido malonico">acido malonico</a>, ciò può anche indicare la malattia metabolica spesso trascurata<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> dell'<a href="/wiki/Aciduria_combinata_malonica_e_metilmalonica" title="Aciduria combinata malonica e metilmalonica">aciduria combinata malonica e metilmalonica</a> (CMAMMA)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Contraccettivi orali</i>: le pazienti che fanno uso di <a href="/w/index.php?title=Contraccettivi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Contraccettivi (la pagina non esiste)">contraccettivi</a> orali potrebbero manifestare un abbassamento dei livelli plasmatici di vitamina B12 (278 vs. 429 pg/ml rispettivamente donne che usano o non usano contraccettivi orali)<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nelle donne in buona salute comunque l'uso dei contraccettivi orali non rende necessaria la supplementazione di vitamina B12<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Malattia tiroidea autoimmune (AITD)</i>: i pazienti con <a href="/wiki/Tiroidite" title="Tiroidite">tiroidite</a> autoimmune presentano un rischio aumentato di sviluppare <a href="/wiki/Anemia_perniciosa" title="Anemia perniciosa">anemia perniciosa</a> (anemia causata da ridotto assorbimento di vitamina B12) rispetto alla popolazione in generale. In uno studio clinico la prevalenza di anemia perniciosa, nei pazienti con bassi livelli di vitamina B12 (≤133 pmol/l) e alti livelli di <a href="/wiki/Gastrina" title="Gastrina">gastrina</a>, è risultata pari al 31%<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Anomalie gastriche associate ad anemia perniciosa</i>: nei pazienti con anemia perniciosa si può verificare aumento dei livelli di gastrina (16,5% dei casi), riduzione del <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pepsinogeno_I&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pepsinogeno I (la pagina non esiste)">pepsinogeno I</a> (22% dei casi), <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acloridia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acloridia (la pagina non esiste)">acloridia</a> (29% dei casi) e presenza di <a href="/wiki/Anticorpi" class="mw-redirect" title="Anticorpi">anticorpi</a> verso le cellule parietali gastriche (23% dei casi)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I livelli di gastrina spesso sono elevati (>1.000 pg/ml) per mancato controllo da parte dell'acido cloridrico, la cui produzione nello stomaco risulta ridotta/assente per atrofia gastrica. </p><p><i>Dieta vegana</i>: le persone che seguono <a href="/wiki/Diete_vegane" title="Diete vegane">diete vegane</a> con abolizione completa di carne, pesce, uova e latte devono assumere integratori contenenti vitamina B12 o alimenti addizionati (<a href="/wiki/Cereali" title="Cereali">cereali</a> arricchiti con vitamina B12) per evitare di sviluppare una <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ipovitaminosi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ipovitaminosi (la pagina non esiste)">ipovitaminosi</a>. I bambini allattati da donne che seguono una dieta <a href="/wiki/Vegana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegana">vegana</a> sono particolarmente a rischio di andare incontro a carenza di vitamina B12 entro pochi mesi dalla nascita con conseguenze severe sullo sviluppo fisico e neurologico<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p><i>Integratori energetici</i>: la supplementazione con vitamina B12 non è risultata potenziare le performance fisiche in soggetti con adeguato apporto dietetico di vitamina<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fonti_alimentari">Fonti alimentari</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la sezione Fonti alimentari" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Fonti alimentari"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Gli alimenti animali contengono questa vitamina in adeguate quantità. In particolare, i cibi che ne contengono di più sono fegato, molluschi e alcuni tipi di pesce. Per questo motivo per chi sceglie una dieta completamente vegana è vivamente consigliabile il ricorso a integratori di vitamina B<sub>12</sub>, oppure assumere prodotti come il <a href="/wiki/Latte_di_soia" title="Latte di soia">latte di soia</a>, burger e yogurt vegetali (in alcuni di questi prodotti viene scritto sulla confezione se contengono in addizione la B<sub>12</sub>). In natura la sintesi della vitamina B<sub>12</sub> avviene solo per opera di <a href="/wiki/Microrganismi" class="mw-redirect" title="Microrganismi">microrganismi</a> (alcuni <a href="/wiki/Archei" class="mw-redirect" title="Archei">archei</a> e <a href="/wiki/Batteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Batteri">batteri</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-Raux_2000_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raux_2000-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Darken_1953_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Darken_1953-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Martens_2002_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Martens_2002-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. I <a href="/wiki/Cianobatteri" class="mw-redirect" title="Cianobatteri">cianobatteri</a> impropriamente detti <i>alghe azzurre</i> (<a href="/wiki/Spirulina" title="Spirulina">spirulina</a>, klamath) producono invece analoghi inattivi (pseudo B<sub>12</sub>)<sup id="cite_ref-Algae_and_B12_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Algae_and_B12-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, mentre certe <a href="/wiki/Alghe" class="mw-redirect" title="Alghe">alghe</a> acquisiscono vitamina B<sub>12</sub> dal rapporto simbiotico con batteri<sup id="cite_ref-Croft_2005_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croft_2005-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Nell'<a href="/wiki/Intestino" title="Intestino">intestino</a> umano esistono batteri sintetizzanti cobalamina. Tali batteri sono situati in zone dove il <a href="/wiki/Fattore_intrinseco" title="Fattore intrinseco">fattore intrinseco</a> non arriva, per cui l'assorbimento di quest'ultima è irrisorio, seppur non nullo<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Carenza">Carenza</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la sezione Carenza" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Carenza"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r130657691">body:not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .vedi-anche{font-size:95%}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r139142988"> <div class="hatnote noprint vedi-anche"> <div class="hatnote-content"><span class="noviewer hatnote-icon" typeof="mw:File"><span><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/18px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/27px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg/36px-Magnifying_glass_icon_mgx2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="286" data-file-height="280" /></span></span> <span class="hatnote-text">Lo stesso argomento in dettaglio: <b><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B12_nelle_diete_vegetariane" title="Vitamina B12 nelle diete vegetariane">Vitamina B12 nelle diete vegetariane</a></b> e <b><a href="/wiki/Carenza_di_vitamina_B12" title="Carenza di vitamina B12">Carenza di vitamina B12</a></b>.</span></div> </div> <p>Stati di <a href="/wiki/Carenza_di_vitamina_B12" title="Carenza di vitamina B12">carenza di vitamina B<sub>12</sub></a> si verificano per lo più a seguito di processi patologici interessanti le cellule parietali dello stomaco o per resezione delle parti di quest'organo che secernono fattore intrinseco (<a href="/wiki/Cardias" title="Cardias">cardias</a> e <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fondo_(stomaco)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fondo (stomaco) (la pagina non esiste)">fondo</a>). </p><p>Il deficit di cobalamina può avvenire anche per via di patologie croniche a carico dell'intestino, come la <a href="/wiki/Malattia_di_Crohn" title="Malattia di Crohn">malattia di Crohn</a>, e provoca la comparsa di anemia perniciosa, malattia caratterizzata da: <a href="/wiki/Anemia_megaloblastica" title="Anemia megaloblastica">anemia megaloblastica</a> e disturbi del <a href="/wiki/Sistema_nervoso" title="Sistema nervoso">sistema nervoso</a>. È sempre importante, in questi casi, valutare la <a href="/wiki/Concentrazione_(chimica)" title="Concentrazione (chimica)">concentrazione</a> di cobalamina e acido folico in quanto anche la carenza di quest'ultimo provoca un quadro di anemia megaloblastica però senza interessamento nervoso. L'aggiunta di acido folico in una situazione di anemia perniciosa migliora il quadro anemico ma non ha nessun effetto sui disturbi del sistema nervoso che, anzi, continuano a peggiorare. </p><p>È stato visto che l'assunzione di alte quantità di <a href="/wiki/Acido_ascorbico" title="Acido ascorbico">vitamina C</a> (> 1 g) possono, col tempo, generare stati carenziali di cobalamina. Ciò avviene in quanto, in alte dosi, la vitamina C, in presenza di <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a>, si può comportare da ossidante e formare <a href="/wiki/Radicali_liberi" class="mw-redirect" title="Radicali liberi">radicali liberi</a> che danneggiano la cobalamina e il fattore intrinseco. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tossicità"><span id="Tossicit.C3.A0"></span>Tossicità</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la sezione Tossicità" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Tossicità"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In caso di elevate dosi di vitamina B<sub>12</sub> (sotto forma di cianocobalamina) la quantità in eccesso viene eliminata con le urine, senza provocare effetti tossici da accumulo<sup id="cite_ref-IOM_1998_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IOM_1998-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Liebson_2006_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebson_2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Sebbene si ritenesse che l'assunzione di quantità maggiori di 200 µg potesse presentare rischi di tossicità<sup id="cite_ref-LARN_B12_SINU_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LARN_B12_SINU-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, nei trial clinici la somministrazione di 400 µg per 40 mesi e di 1 000 µg per 5 anni non è stata associata a effetti avversi<sup id="cite_ref-Liebson_2006_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Liebson_2006-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la sezione Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Sigma Aldrich; rev. del 03.12.2012, riferita alla cianocobalamina</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation pubblicazione" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) Dorothy Crowfoot Hodgkin, Jenny Pickworth e John H. Robertson, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nature.com/articles/176325a0"><span style="font-style:italic;">Structure of Vitamin B12 : The Crystal Structure of the Hexacarboxylic Acid derived from B12 and the Molecular Structure of the Vitamin</span></a>, in <span style="font-style:italic;">Nature</span>, vol. 176, n. 4477, 1955-08, pp. 325–328, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F176325a0">10.1038/176325a0</a>. <small>URL consultato il 31 agosto 2024</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140708175032/http://pharmamedix.com/principiovoce.php?pa=Vitamina+B12+%28Cobalamina%29&vo=Farmacologia"><span style="font-style:italic;">Vitamina B12 (Cobalamina) da Pharmamedix</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pharmamedix.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 21 dicembre 2014</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.pharmamedix.com/principiovoce.php?pa=Vitamina+B12+%28Cobalamina%29&vo=Farmacologia">url originale</abbr> l'8 luglio 2014)</small>.</cite></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Johnson M.A., Nutr. Rev., 2007, 65, 451</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board - Dietary Reference Intake, 1998, Washington DC, National Academy Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text">Klee G.G., Clin. 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(cit. in: (<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="italiano">IT</abbr></span>) <cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Innova et Bella, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321032558/http://www.pharmamedix.com/principiovoce.php?pa=Vitamina%20B12%20%28Cobalamina%29&vo=Tossicit%E0"><span style="font-style:italic;">Vitamina B<sub>12</sub> (Cobalamina). Tossicità</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">pharmamedix.com</span>. <small>URL consultato il 29 aprile 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.pharmamedix.com/principiovoce.php?pa=Vitamina+B12+%28Cobalamina%29&vo=Tossicit%E0">url originale</abbr> il 21 marzo 2012)</small>.</cite>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LARN_B12_SINU-25"><a href="#cite_ref-LARN_B12_SINU_25-0"><b>^</b></a> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web" style="font-style:normal"> Società Italiana di Nutrizione Umana, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112081402/http://www.sinu.it/larn/vit_idro.asp#B12"><span style="font-style:italic;"><span></span><i>LARN. Vitamine idrosolubili. Vitamina B12</i><span></span></span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;">sinu.it</span>. <small>URL consultato il 29 aprile 2012</small> <small>(archiviato dall'<abbr title="http://www.sinu.it/larn/vit_idro.asp#B12">url originale</abbr> il 12 gennaio 2012)</small>.</cite></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliografia">Bibliografia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la sezione Bibliografia" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Bibliografia"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Aldo Mariani Costantini, Carlo Cannella, Giovanni Tomassi. <i>Fondamenti di Nutrizione Umana</i>. Il Pensiero Scientifico Editore.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voci_correlate">Voci correlate</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifica la sezione Voci correlate" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Voci correlate"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carenza_di_vitamina_B12" title="Carenza di vitamina B12">Carenza di vitamina B12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cianocobalamina_reduttasi" class="mw-redirect" title="Cianocobalamina reduttasi">Cianocobalamina reduttasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobamamide" title="Cobamamide">Cobamamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Test_di_Schilling" title="Test di Schilling">Test di Schilling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B12_nelle_diete_vegetariane" title="Vitamina B12 nelle diete vegetariane">Vitamina B12 nelle diete vegetariane</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Altri_progetti">Altri progetti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifica la sezione Altri progetti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Altri progetti"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div id="interProject" class="toccolours" style="display: none; clear: both; margin-top: 2em"><p id="sisterProjects" style="background-color: #efefef; color: black; font-weight: bold; margin: 0"><span>Altri progetti</span></p><ul title="Collegamenti verso gli altri progetti Wikimedia"> <li class="" title=""><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/cobalamina" class="extiw" title="wikt:cobalamina">Wikizionario</a></li> <li class="" title=""><span class="plainlinks" title="commons:Category:Vitamin B12"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vitamin_B12?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span></li></ul></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" title="Collabora a Wikizionario"><img alt="Collabora a Wikizionario" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/18px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/27px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Wiktionary_small.svg/36px-Wiktionary_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="wikt:">Wikizionario</a> contiene il lemma di dizionario «<b><a href="https://it.wiktionary.org/wiki/cobalamina" class="extiw" title="wikt:cobalamina">cobalamina</a></b>»</li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it" title="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons"><img alt="Collabora a Wikimedia Commons" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="24" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/27px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/36px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/?uselang=it">Wikimedia Commons</a></span> contiene immagini o altri file su <b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Vitamin_B12?uselang=it">cobalamina</a></span></b></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collegamenti_esterni">Collegamenti esterni</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifica la sezione Collegamenti esterni" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Collegamenti esterni"><span>modifica wikitesto</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li class="mw-empty-elt"></li> <li><cite id="CITEREFBritannica.com" class="citation web" style="font-style:normal">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/science/vitamin-B12"><span style="font-style:italic;">Vitamin B12</span></a>, su <span style="font-style:italic;"><a href="/wiki/Enciclopedia_Britannica" title="Enciclopedia Britannica">Enciclopedia Britannica</a></span>, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.</cite> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q187706#P1417" title="Modifica su Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica su Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/10px-Blue_pencil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/15px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Blue_pencil.svg/20px-Blue_pencil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r141815314">.mw-parser-output .navbox{border:1px solid #aaa;clear:both;margin:auto;padding:2px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox th{padding-left:1em;padding-right:1em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:#ccf;font-size:90%;width:100%;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_navbar{float:left;margin:0;padding:0 10px 0 0;text-align:left;width:6em}.mw-parser-output .navbox_title{font-size:110%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:#ddf;font-size:90%;padding:0 10px;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list{font-size:90%;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox_list a{white-space:nowrap}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_odd{background:#fdfdfd;color:var(--color-base,black)}html:not(.vector-feature-night-mode-enabled) .mw-parser-output .navbox_even{background:#f7f7f7;color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox a.mw-selflink{color:var(--color-base,black)}.mw-parser-output .navbox_center{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox_image{padding-left:7px;vertical-align:middle;width:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{font-weight:normal;text-align:right;width:7em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox_image img{max-width:none!important}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox{margin:-3px;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:#e6e6ff;padding:0 10px}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox>tbody>tr:first-child>th{background:var(--background-color-interactive)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox th{color:var(--color-base)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_abovebelow,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbox_group{background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle)!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .subnavbox_group{background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle)!important}}</style><table class="navbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed noprint metadata" id="navbox-Vitamine"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2"><div class="navbox_navbar"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="background-color:transparent; padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000000); white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Vitamine" title="Template:Vitamine"><span title="Vai alla pagina del template">V</span></a> · <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discussioni_template:Vitamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discussioni template:Vitamine (la pagina non esiste)"><span title="Discuti del template">D</span></a> · <a class="external text" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Vitamine&action=edit"><span title="Modifica il template. Usa l'anteprima prima di salvare">M</span></a></div></div><span class="navbox_title"><a href="/wiki/Vitamine" title="Vitamine">Vitamine</a></span></th></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Solubili in grasso</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_odd"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_A" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina A">A</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_retinoico" title="Acido retinoico">Acido retinoico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Carotene" title="Carotene">Carotene</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa-carotene (la pagina non esiste)">Alfa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Beta-carotene" title="Beta-carotene">Beta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-carotene (la pagina non esiste)">Gamma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-carotene&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-carotene (la pagina non esiste)">Delta</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Retinale" title="Retinale">Retinale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Retinolo" title="Retinolo">Retinolo</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_D" title="Vitamina D">D</a></th><td colspan="1">D<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Ergosterolo" title="Ergosterolo">Ergosterolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ergocalciferolo" title="Ergocalciferolo">Ergocalciferolo</a>)<b> ·</b> D<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/7-deidrocolesterolo" title="7-deidrocolesterolo">7-deidrocolesterolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_calcitroico" title="Acido calcitroico">Acido calcitroico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Calcidiolo" title="Calcidiolo">Calcidiolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Calcitriolo" title="Calcitriolo">Calcitriolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Colecalciferolo" title="Colecalciferolo">Colecalciferolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Previtamina_D3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Previtamina D3 (la pagina non esiste)">Previtamina D<sub>3</sub></a>)<b> ·</b> D<sub>4</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=22-deidroergocalciferolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="22-deidroergocalciferolo (la pagina non esiste)">22-deidroergocalciferolo</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_D5" title="Vitamina D5">D<sub>5</sub></a><b> ·</b> Altri analoghi (<a href="/wiki/Alfacalcidolo" title="Alfacalcidolo">Alfacalcidolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Diidrotachisterolo" title="Diidrotachisterolo">Diidrotachisterolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Calcipotriolo" title="Calcipotriolo">Calcipotriolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Tacalcitolo" title="Tacalcitolo">Tacalcitolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paricalcitolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paricalcitolo (la pagina non esiste)">Paricalcitolo</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_E" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina E">E</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Tocoferolo" title="Tocoferolo">Tocoferolo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-tocoferolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa-tocoferolo (la pagina non esiste)">Alfa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-tocoferolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-tocoferolo (la pagina non esiste)">Beta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-tocoferolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-tocoferolo (la pagina non esiste)">Gamma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-tocoferolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-tocoferolo (la pagina non esiste)">Delta</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tocotrienolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tocotrienolo (la pagina non esiste)">Tocotrienolo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Alfa-tocotrienolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alfa-tocotrienolo (la pagina non esiste)">Alfa</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beta-tocotrienolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beta-tocotrienolo (la pagina non esiste)">Beta</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gamma-tocotrienolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gamma-tocotrienolo (la pagina non esiste)">Gamma</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Delta-tocotrienolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Delta-tocotrienolo (la pagina non esiste)">Delta</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tocofersolan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tocofersolan (la pagina non esiste)">Tocofersolan</a></td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_K" title="Vitamina K">K</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Naftochinone" title="Naftochinone">Naftochinone</a><b> ·</b> K<sub>1</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Fitomenadione" title="Fitomenadione">Fitomenadione</a>)<b> ·</b> K<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Menachinone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menachinone (la pagina non esiste)">Menachinone</a>)<b> ·</b> K<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Menadione&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Menadione (la pagina non esiste)">Menadione</a>)<b> ·</b> K<sub>4</sub><b> ·</b> K<sub>5</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=4-amino-2-metil-1-naftol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-amino-2-metil-1-naftol (la pagina non esiste)">4-amino-2-metil-1-naftol</a>)<b> ·</b> K<sub>6</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=2-metilnaftalene-1,4-diamine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2-metilnaftalene-1,4-diamine (la pagina non esiste)">2-metilnaftalene-1,4-diamine</a>)<b> ·</b> K<sub>7</sub> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=4-amino-3-metil-1-naftol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4-amino-3-metil-1-naftol (la pagina non esiste)">4-amino-3-metil-1-naftol</a>)</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="1" class="navbox_group">Solubili in acqua</th><td colspan="1" class="navbox_list navbox_even"><table class="subnavbox"><tbody><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B" title="Vitamina B">B</a></th><td colspan="1">B<sub>1</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Tiamina" title="Tiamina">Tiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acefurtiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acefurtiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Acefurtiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Allitiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Allitiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Allitiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fursultiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fursultiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Fursultiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Octotiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Octotiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Octotiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prosultiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prosultiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Prosultiamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sulbutiamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sulbutiamina (la pagina non esiste)">Sulbutiamina</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>2</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Riboflavina" title="Riboflavina">Riboflavina</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>3</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Niacina" title="Niacina">Niacina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Nicotinamide" title="Nicotinamide">Nicotinamide</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>5</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Acido_pantotenico" title="Acido pantotenico">Acido pantotenico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Pantenolo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantenolo">Pantenolo</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pantetina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pantetina (la pagina non esiste)">Pantetina</a>)<b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Vitamina_B6" title="Vitamina B6">B<sub>6</sub></a> (<a href="/wiki/Piridossale" title="Piridossale">Piridossale</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Piridossina" title="Piridossina">Piridossina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Piridossalfosfato" title="Piridossalfosfato">Piridossalfosfato</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Piridossamina" title="Piridossamina">Piridossamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Piritinolo&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piritinolo (la pagina non esiste)">Piritinolo</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>7</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Biotina" title="Biotina">Biotina</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>9</sub> (<a href="/wiki/Acido_folico" title="Acido folico">Acido folico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_diidrofolico" title="Acido diidrofolico">Acido diidrofolico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_folinico" title="Acido folinico">Acido folinico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Acido_5-metiltetraidrofolico" title="Acido 5-metiltetraidrofolico">Acido 5-metiltetraidrofolico</a>)<b> ·</b> B<sub>12</sub> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cobalamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cobamamide" title="Cobamamide">Cobamamide</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Cianocobalamina" class="mw-redirect" title="Cianocobalamina">Cianocobalamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Idrossocobalamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Idrossocobalamina (la pagina non esiste)">Idrossocobalamina</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Metilcobalamina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Metilcobalamina (la pagina non esiste)">Metilcobalamina</a>)</td></tr><tr><th class="subnavbox_group"><a href="/wiki/Vitamina_C" class="mw-redirect" title="Vitamina C">C</a></th><td colspan="1"><a href="/wiki/Acido_ascorbico" title="Acido ascorbico">Acido ascorbico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Acido_deidroascorbico&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Acido deidroascorbico (la pagina non esiste)">Acido deidroascorbico</a><b> ·</b> <a href="/wiki/Ascorbato_di_sodio" title="Ascorbato di sodio">Ascorbato di sodio</a></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140554510">.mw-parser-output .CdA{border:1px solid #aaa;width:100%;margin:auto;font-size:90%;padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#f2f2f2;font-weight:bold;width:20%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA{border-color:#54595D}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .CdA th{background-color:#202122}}</style><table class="CdA"><tbody><tr><th><a href="/wiki/Aiuto:Controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Aiuto:Controllo di autorità">Controllo di autorità</a></th><td><a href="/wiki/Nuovo_soggettario" title="Nuovo soggettario">Thesaurus BNCF</a> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thes.bncf.firenze.sbn.it/termine.php?id=40169">40169</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85143970">sh85143970</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="tedesco">DE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4140950-4">4140950-4</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Francia" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Francia">BNF</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="francese">FR</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962598h">cb11962598h</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11962598h">(data)</a></span><span style="font-weight:bold;"> ·</span> <a href="/wiki/Biblioteca_nazionale_di_Israele" title="Biblioteca nazionale di Israele">J9U</a> <span class="uid">(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:80%"><abbr title="inglese">EN</abbr>, <abbr title="ebraico">HE</abbr></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007543709305171">987007543709305171</a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="noprint" style="width:100%; padding: 3px 0; display: flex; flex-wrap: wrap; row-gap: 4px; column-gap: 8px; box-sizing: border-box;"><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r140555418">.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello{width:100%;line-height:25px;border:1px solid #CCF;background-color:#F0EEFF;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .itwiki-template-occhiello-progetto{background-color:#FAFAFA}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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title="Portale:Chimica">Portale Chimica</a></b></div></div><div style="flex-basis: calc( 100% / 3 - 8px * 2/3 );"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r140555418"><div class="itwiki-template-occhiello"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asclepius_staff.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Medicina"><img alt=" " src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/13px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/19px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Asclepius_staff.svg/25px-Asclepius_staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="995" /></a></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portale:Medicina" title="Portale:Medicina">Portale Medicina</a></b></div></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Estratto da "<a dir="ltr" href="https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&oldid=141951971">https://it.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cobalamina&oldid=141951971</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Categorie" title="Categoria:Categorie">Categorie</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Coenzimi" title="Categoria:Coenzimi">Coenzimi</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Composti_organometallici" title="Categoria:Composti organometallici">Composti organometallici</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Composti_del_cobalto" title="Categoria:Composti del cobalto">Composti del cobalto</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Vitamina_B" title="Categoria:Vitamina B">Vitamina B</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorie nascoste: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Template_Webarchive_-_collegamenti_all%27Internet_Archive" title="Categoria:Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive">Template Webarchive - collegamenti all'Internet Archive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_disclaimer_medico" title="Categoria:Voci con disclaimer medico">Voci con disclaimer medico</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P274_assente_su_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P274 assente su Wikidata">P274 assente su Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P231_assente_su_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P231 assente su Wikidata">P231 assente su Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P662_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P662 letta da Wikidata">P662 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P715_assente_su_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P715 assente su Wikidata">P715 assente su Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:P1417_letta_da_Wikidata" title="Categoria:P1417 letta da Wikidata">P1417 letta da Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_Thesaurus_BNCF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF">Voci con codice Thesaurus BNCF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_LCCN" title="Categoria:Voci con codice LCCN">Voci con codice LCCN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_GND" title="Categoria:Voci con codice GND">Voci con codice GND</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_BNF" title="Categoria:Voci con codice BNF">Voci con codice BNF</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_con_codice_J9U" title="Categoria:Voci con codice J9U">Voci con codice J9U</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categoria:Voci_non_biografiche_con_codici_di_controllo_di_autorit%C3%A0" title="Categoria:Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di autorità">Voci non biografiche con codici di controllo di 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