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id="toc-Burial_accounts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Types" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Types</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Types-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Modern_practices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Modern_practices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Modern practices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Modern_practices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Sites</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sites-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Sites subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horn_of_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horn_of_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Horn of Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horn_of_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Sahel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Sahel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>The Sahel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Sahel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Central_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.1</span> <span>Central Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2</span> <span>Near East</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.1</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bahrain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bahrain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.2</span> <span>Bahrain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bahrain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Palestine-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Palestine-Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.2.3</span> <span>Palestine-Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Palestine-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3</span> <span>South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.1</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pakistan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pakistan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.3.2</span> <span>Pakistan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pakistan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4</span> <span>East Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.1</span> <span>China</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.2</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3.4.3</span> <span>Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Southeast_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Southeast_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1</span> <span>Southeast Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Southeast_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Albania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Albania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.1</span> <span>Albania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Albania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bosnia_and_Herzegovina"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.2</span> <span>Bosnia and Herzegovina</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bosnia_and_Herzegovina-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.4</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.5</span> <span>Greece</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.6</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Serbia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Serbia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.1.7</span> <span>Serbia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Serbia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Western_and_Central_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Western_and_Central_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2</span> <span>Western and Central Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Western_and_Central_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Belgium" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Belgium"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.2</span> <span>Belgium</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Belgium-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.4</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.5</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.6</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.7</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.9</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portugal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portugal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.2.10</span> <span>Portugal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Portugal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scandinavia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scandinavia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3</span> <span>Scandinavia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scandinavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3.1</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3.2</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4.3.3</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.1</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5.2</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Uruguay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uruguay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6.1</span> <span>Uruguay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Uruguay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Tumulus</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 58 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-58" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">58 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%A9" title="جثوة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جثوة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAmulu" title="Túmulu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Túmulu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Могила – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Могила" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumuli" title="Tumuli – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tumuli" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAmul" title="Túmul – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Túmul" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohyla" title="Mohyla – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mohyla" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravh%C3%B8j" title="Gravhøj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Gravhøj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCgelgrab" title="Hügelgrab – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hügelgrab" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%8D%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τύμβος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τύμβος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAmulo" title="Túmulo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Túmulo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulo" title="Tumulo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tumulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulu" title="Tumulu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tumulu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%BE%D8%B4%D8%AA%D9%87" title="گورپشته – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گورپشته" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%AAfhichte" title="Grêfhichte – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Grêfhichte" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulach" title="Tulach – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tulach" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BAmulo" title="Túmulo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Túmulo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EA%B5%AC%EB%AC%98" title="분구묘 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분구묘" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumul" title="Tumul – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tumul" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulo" title="Tumulo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tumulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dys" title="Dys – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Dys" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulo" title="Tumulo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tumulo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9D" title="רוגם – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="רוגם" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AE%E1%83%98" title="გორასამარხი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გორასამარხი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilkapis" title="Pilkapis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pilkapis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulo" title="Tumulo – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tumulo" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haloms%C3%ADr" title="Halomsír – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Halomsír" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B0_(%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Могила (археологија) – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Могила (археологија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grafheuvel" title="Grafheuvel – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grafheuvel" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E4%B8%98%E5%A2%93" title="墳丘墓 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="墳丘墓" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gr%C3%A4%C3%A4fhuug" title="Grääfhuug – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Grääfhuug" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravhaug" title="Gravhaug – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Gravhaug" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravhaug" title="Gravhaug – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Gravhaug" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumul" title="Tumul – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tumul" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тумулус – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тумулус" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumat" title="Tumat – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tumat" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohyla_(archeol%C3%B3gia)" title="Mohyla (archeológia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mohyla (archeológia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gomilno_grobi%C5%A1%C4%8De" title="Gomilno grobišče – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Gomilno grobišče" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тумулус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тумулус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus" title="Tumulus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tumulus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravh%C3%B6g" title="Gravhög – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Gravhög" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BCm%C3%BCl%C3%BCs" title="Tümülüs – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tümülüs" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D1%81" title="Тумулус – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тумулус" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B2_m%E1%BB%99" title="Gò mộ – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Gò mộ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tomboe" title="Tomboe – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tomboe" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A2%B3%E5%A1%9A" title="墳塚 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="墳塚" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97lkapis" title="Pėlkapis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėlkapis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%9D%9F%E5%86%A2" title="坟冢 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="坟冢" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q34023#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> 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.mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Tumulus_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Tumulus (disambiguation)">Tumulus (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bin_Tepe,_large_tumulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bin_Tepe%2C_large_tumulus.jpg/330px-Bin_Tepe%2C_large_tumulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="330" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Bin_Tepe%2C_large_tumulus.jpg/495px-Bin_Tepe%2C_large_tumulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/Bin_Tepe%2C_large_tumulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="399" /></a><figcaption>Tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Alyattes" title="Alyattes">Alyattes</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a>, modern Turkey, built c. 560 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is one of the largest tumuli ever built,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a diameter of 360 meters and a height of 61 meters.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gamla_uppsala.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/220px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/330px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Gamla_uppsala.jpg/440px-Gamla_uppsala.jpg 2x" data-file-width="837" data-file-height="368" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Mounds">Royal Mounds</a> of <a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a> in Sweden from the 5th and 6th centuries. Originally, the site had 2,000 to 3,000 tumuli, but due to quarrying and agriculture only 250 remain.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg/220px-German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg/330px-German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg/440px-German_military_cemetery_Normandy_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/La_Cambe_German_war_cemetery" title="La Cambe German war cemetery">La Cambe German war cemetery</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg/220px-Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg/330px-Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg/440px-Sulm_valley_tumulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>One of the <a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a>–era tumuli in the <a href="/wiki/Burgstallkogel_(Sulm_valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgstallkogel (Sulm valley)">Sulm valley necropolis</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg/220px-Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg/330px-Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg/440px-Kasta_tumulus_-_view_from_Amphipolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4619" data-file-height="3079" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta tumulus</a> <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a></figcaption></figure> <p>A <b>tumulus</b> (<abbr title="plural">pl.</abbr>: <b>tumuli</b>) is a <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a> of <a href="/wiki/Soil" title="Soil">earth</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rock_(geology)" title="Rock (geology)">stones</a> raised over a <a href="/wiki/Grave" title="Grave">grave</a> or graves. Tumuli are also known as <b>barrows</b>, <b>burial mounds</b>, <b>howes</b> or (in Siberia and Central Asia) <i><a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgans</a></i>, and may be found throughout much of the world. A <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairn</a>, which is a mound of stones built for various purposes, may also originally have been a tumulus. </p><p>Tumuli are often categorised according to their external apparent shape. In this respect, a <a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">long barrow</a> is a long tumulus, usually constructed on top of several <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burials</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage graves</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">round barrow</a> is a round tumulus, also commonly constructed on top of burials. The internal structure and architecture of both long and round barrows have a broad range; the categorization only refers to the external apparent shape. </p><p>The method of <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/inhumation" class="extiw" title="wikt:inhumation">inhumation</a> may involve a <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">dolmen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">cist</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_enclosure" title="Mortuary enclosure">mortuary enclosure</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Mortuary_house" title="Mortuary house">mortuary house</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">chamber tomb</a>. Examples of barrows include <a href="/wiki/Duggleby_Howe" title="Duggleby Howe">Duggleby Howe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>tumulus</i> is <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> for 'mound' or 'small hill', which is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European</a> root *<i>teuh<sub>2</sub>-</i> with extended zero grade *<i>tum-</i>, 'to bulge, swell' also found in <i>tomb</i>, <i>tumor</i>, <i>tumescent</i>, <i>thumb</i>, <i>thigh</i>, and <i>thousand</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its synonym "howe" is derived from <a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Norse language">Old Norse</a>: <i lang="non">haugr</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Burial_accounts">Burial accounts</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Burial accounts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The funeral of <a href="/wiki/Patroclus" title="Patroclus">Patroclus</a> is described in book 23 of <a href="/wiki/Homer" title="Homer">Homer</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Iliad" title="Iliad">Iliad</a></i>. Patroclus is burned on a <a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">pyre</a>, and his bones are collected into a golden <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urn</a> in two layers of fat. The barrow is built on the location of the pyre. <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a> then sponsors funeral games, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Chariot_race" class="mw-redirect" title="Chariot race">chariot race</a>, boxing, wrestling, running, a duel between two champions to the first blood, discus throwing, archery and spear throwing. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Beowulf_(hero)" title="Beowulf (hero)">Beowulf</a>'s body in the Anglo-Saxon poem <i><a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a></i> is taken to Hronesness, where it is burned on a funeral pyre. During cremation, the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a> lament the death of their lord, a widow's lament being mentioned in particular, singing <a href="/wiki/Dirge" title="Dirge">dirges</a> as they <a href="/wiki/Circumambulation" title="Circumambulation">circumambulate</a> the barrow. Afterwards, a mound is built on top of a hill, overlooking the sea, and filled with treasure. A band of twelve of the best warriors ride around the barrow, singing dirges in praise of their lord. </p><p>Parallels have also been drawn to the account of <a href="/wiki/Attila_the_Hun" class="mw-redirect" title="Attila the Hun">Attila</a>'s burial in <a href="/wiki/Jordanes" title="Jordanes">Jordanes</a>' <i><a href="/wiki/Getica" title="Getica">Getica</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jordanes tells that as Attila's body was lying in state, the best horsemen of the <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a> circled it, as in circus games. </p><p>An Old Irish <i>Life of <a href="/wiki/Columcille" class="mw-redirect" title="Columcille">Columcille</a></i> reports that every funeral procession "halted at a mound called Eala, whereupon the corpse was laid, and the mourners marched thrice solemnly round the spot." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types">Types</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Types"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Archaeology" title="Archaeology">Archaeologists</a> often classify tumuli according to their location, form, and date of construction (see also <a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">mound</a>). Some British types are listed below: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bank_barrow" title="Bank barrow">Bank barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bell_barrow" title="Bell barrow">Bell barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li>D-shaped barrow – round barrow with a purposely flat edge at one side often defined by stone slabs.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disc_barrow" title="Disc barrow">Disc barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fancy_barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Fancy barrow">Fancy barrow</a> – generic term for any <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> barrows more elaborate than a simple hemispherical shape.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oval_barrow" title="Oval barrow">Oval barrow</a> – a <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> long barrow consisting of an elliptical, rather than rectangular or trapezoidal mound.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Platform_barrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Platform barrow (page does not exist)">Platform barrow</a> – The least common of the recognised types of round barrow, consisting of a flat, wide circular mound that may be surrounded by a ditch. They occur widely across southern England with a marked concentration in East and West <a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pond_barrow" title="Pond barrow">Pond barrow</a> – a barrow consisting of a shallow circular depression, surrounded by a bank running around the rim of the depression, from the Bronze Age.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ring barrow">Ring barrow</a> – a bank that encircles a number of burials.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a> – a circular feature created by the Bronze Age peoples of Britain and also the later <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a>. Divided into subclasses such as saucer and bell barrow – the <a href="/wiki/Six_Hills" title="Six Hills">Six Hills</a> are a rare Roman example.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saucer_barrow" class="mw-redirect" title="Saucer barrow">Saucer barrow</a> – a circular Bronze Age barrow that features a low, wide mound surrounded by a ditch that may have an external bank.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Square_barrow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Square barrow (page does not exist)">Square barrow</a> – burial site, usually of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> date, consisting of a small, square, ditched enclosure surrounding a central burial, which may also have been covered by a mound.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Modern_practices">Modern practices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Modern practices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soulton_Long_Barrow,_autumn_2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Soulton Long Barrow, an example of the modern barrows" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg/220px-Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg/330px-Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg/440px-Soulton_Long_Barrow%2C_autumn_2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Soulton_Long_Barrow" title="Soulton Long Barrow">Soulton Long Barrow</a>, an example of the modern barrows </figcaption></figure> <p>There is a contemporary revival in barrow building in the UK.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2015 the first long barrow in thousands of years, the <a href="/wiki/Long_Barrow_at_All_Cannings" title="Long Barrow at All Cannings">Long Barrow at All Cannings</a>, inspired by those built in the Neolithic era, was built on land just outside the village of <a href="/wiki/All_Cannings" title="All Cannings">All Cannings</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The barrow was designed to have a large number of private niches within the stone and earth structure to receive cremation urns. </p><p>This was followed by new barrows at: <a class="external free" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbury_Hill">https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silbury_Hill</a> </p> <ul><li>The Willow Row Barrow at <a href="/wiki/St_Neots" title="St Neots">St Neots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Soulton_Long_Barrow" title="Soulton Long Barrow">Soulton Long Barrow</a> at <a href="/wiki/Soulton" class="mw-redirect" title="Soulton">Soulton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Higher Ground Meadow in <a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Mid-England Barrow, Oxfordshire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Plans have also been announced for a barrow in Milton Keynes<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in Powys.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sites">Sites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans;_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca,_1820.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg/250px-The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg/375px-The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg/500px-The_grave_of_a_native_of_Australia_by_G.H._Evans%3B_engraved_by_R._Havell_%26_Son._John_Oxley_ca%2C_1820.jpg 2x" data-file-width="999" data-file-height="802" /></a><figcaption>Burial mound, mourning seats and carved trees facing the mound. c. 1820</figcaption></figure> <p>Burial mounds are one of several funerary forms practiced by <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2008_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Burial mounds were once practiced by some Aboriginals across Australia, the most eloborate burial mounds are recorded in <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Australia" title="South Australia">South Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Western_Australia" title="Western Australia">Western Australia</a>. Most notable burials in New South Wales and Western Australia were studied and excavated by John Oxley (1820), Atkinson (1853), Pearce (1897), and Davidson (1949) and were termed Aboriginal tumulus.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2008_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Early records indicate the burial mounds as neat and rounded in form. However, dimensions and precise form could vary widely based on rank of the individuals, smallest mounds being 2 to 3 m in diameter and 2 m in height to largest mounds described as an earthen oblong mound resembling ‘a large hillock some 100 feet long, and 50 in height’.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2008_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some special or high-standing individuals mound were semi-circular, while most were round. Traditionally, the preparation of the burial site, the carving of trees facing the mound and internment was done by initiated men. Occasionally, long raised mourning seats were constructed along one side of the burial mound.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2008_19-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spry2023_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these mounds today have undergone much change in appearance due to erosion, weathering, wildfires, agriculture, land development and deliberate destruction.<sup id="cite_ref-Spry2023_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Bodies were buried either in a seated-position or in a crouched fetal-position, they were wrapped in layers of <a href="/wiki/Possum-skin_cloak" title="Possum-skin cloak">pelt-cloaks</a>. Grave goods often included weapons, stone axes, ochre, white clay, stone flakes, bonepoints, necklaces, gridles, headbands and items of ceremonial clothing.<sup id="cite_ref-Oxenham2008_19-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Oxenham2008-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Spry2023_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>An early published account of <a href="/wiki/John_Oxley" title="John Oxley">John Oxley</a>'s excavation describes a high-standing Aboriginal man's burial mound and associated carved trees; these carvings on the trees were made around the mound, facing the burial.<sup id="cite_ref-Spry2023_20-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aboriginal_carved_trees,_photographed_by_Henry_King_(ca.1889_and_1894).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg/220px-Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="296" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg/330px-Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg/440px-Aboriginal_carved_trees%2C_photographed_by_Henry_King_%28ca.1889_and_1894%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="803" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>Trees around the burial were carved to face the mound, c. 1889–1894</figcaption></figure> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p><i>"The form of the whole was semi-circular. Three rows of seats occupied one half, the grave and an outer row of seats the other; the seats formed segments of circles of fifty, forty-five, and forty feet each, and were formed by the soil being trenched up from between them. The centre part of the grave was about five feet high, and about nine long, forming an oblong pointed cone. On removing the soil from one end of the tumulus, and about two feet beneath the solid surface of the ground, we came to three or four layers of wood, lying across the grave, serving as an arch to bear the weight of the earthy cone or tomb above. On removing one end of those layers, sheet after sheet of dry bark was taken out, then dry grass and leaves in a perfect state of preservation, the wet or damp having apparently never penetrated even to the first covering of wood … the body deposited about four feet deep in an oval grave, four feet long and from eighteen inches to two feet wide. The feet were bent quite up to the head, the arms having been placed between the thighs. The face was downwards, the body being placed east and west, the head to the east. It had been very carefully wrapped in a great number of opossum [sic] skins, the head bound round with the net usually worn by the natives, and also the girdle: it appeared after being enclosed in those skins to have been placed in a larger net, and then deposited in the manner before mentioned … to the west and north of the grave were two cypress-trees distant between fifty and sixty feet; the sides towards the tomb were barked, and curious characters deeply cut upon them, in a manner which, considering the tools they possess, must have been a work of great labour and time."</i></p></blockquote> <p>Traditionally, a sheet of bark was removed from trees and the bare surface was carved to face the burial mound. In some cases, up to five trees were carved around the mound for high standing individuals. It has been suggested that the carvings were associated with the culture heroes admired by man in life and were thought to provide a pathway for his spirit to return to the sky world.<sup id="cite_ref-Spry2023_20-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Alfred_William_Howitt" title="Alfred William Howitt">Alfred William Howitt</a> these carved trees served both as transit points to allow cultural heroes to ascend to, and descend from, the firmament as well as a means for the deceased to return to the sky world.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some mounds do not contain burials, these mounds are associated with settlement debris. In <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory" title="Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> and in several regions both forms are known.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recently, several mounds in <a href="/wiki/Queensland" title="Queensland">Queensland</a> were investigated with ground-penetrating radar. These mounds were previously associated with settlement debris. Radar study revealed some mounds contained mortuary remains, while other mounds were built over places where ceremonial fires had taken place. Further research is proposed to understand nature of burial mounds in this part of Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Africa">Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Horn_of_Africa">Horn of Africa</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Horn of Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Salweyn" title="Salweyn">Salweyn</a> in Northern Somalia contains a very large field of <a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">cairns</a>, which stretches for a distance of around 8 km.<sup id="cite_ref-Tpficss_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tpficss-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An excavation of one of these tumuli by Georges Révoil in 1881 uncovered a tomb, beside which were artefacts pointing to an ancient, advanced civilization. The interred objects included pottery shards from <a href="/wiki/Samos" title="Samos">Samos</a>, some well-crafted <a href="/wiki/Vitreous_enamel" title="Vitreous enamel">enamels</a>, and a mask of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greece" title="Ancient Greece">Ancient Greek</a> design.<sup id="cite_ref-Tprgsol_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tprgsol-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Sahel">The Sahel</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Sahel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preceded by assumed earlier sites in the Eastern <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>, tumuli with <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> monuments developed as early as 4700 BC in the Saharan region of <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fekri_Hassan" title="Fekri Hassan">Fekri Hassan</a> (2002) indicates that the megalithic <a href="/wiki/Monuments" class="mw-redirect" title="Monuments">monuments</a> in the Saharan region of Niger and the Eastern Sahara may have served as antecedents for the <a href="/wiki/Mastaba" title="Mastaba">mastabas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">ancient Egypt</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hassan_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hassan-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The prehistoric tradition of <a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">monarchic</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a>-building is shared by both the <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West African</a> <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> and the Middle <a href="/wiki/Nile" title="Nile">Nile</a> regions.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt" title="Ancient Egypt">Ancient Egyptian</a> <a href="/wiki/Egyptian_pyramids" title="Egyptian pyramids">pyramids</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Egypt#Early_Dynastic_Period_(c._3150–2686_BC)" title="Ancient Egypt">early dynastic period</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush#Meroitic_period_(542_BC–4th_century_AD)" title="Kingdom of Kush">Meroitic Kush</a> <a href="/wiki/Nubian_pyramids" title="Nubian pyramids">pyramids</a> are recognized by Faraji (2022) as part of and derived from an earlier <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">architectural</a> "<a href="/wiki/Sudan_(region)" title="Sudan (region)">Sudanic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahelian</a>" tradition of monarchic tumuli, which are characterized as "earthen pyramids" or "proto-pyramids."<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faraji (2022) characterized <a href="/wiki/Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobadia">Nobadia</a> as the "last <a href="/wiki/Pharaonic" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharaonic">pharaonic</a> culture of the Nile Valley" and described mound tumuli as being "the first <a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Africa" title="Architecture of Africa">architectural</a> symbol of the sovereign's return and reunification with the primordial mound upon his death."<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faraji (2022) indicates that there may have been a cultural expectation of "postmortem <a href="/wiki/Resurrection" title="Resurrection">resurrection</a>" associated with tumuli in the <a href="/wiki/Funerary_cult" title="Funerary cult">funerary traditions</a> of the West African Sahel (e.g., northern <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a>, northern <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>) and Nile Valley (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qustul" title="Qustul">Qustul</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on artifacts found in the tumuli from West Africa and <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>, there may have been "a highly developed corporate ritual in which the family members of the deceased brought various items as offerings and tribute to the ancestors" buried in the <a href="/wiki/Tumuli" class="mw-redirect" title="Tumuli">tumuli</a> and the tumuli may have "served as immense shrines of spiritual power for the populace to ritualize and remember their connection to the ancestral lineage as consecrated in the royal tomb."<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The "Classical Sudanese" monarchic tumuli-building tradition, which lasted in Sudan (e.g., Kerma, <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meroe" class="mw-redirect" title="Meroe">Meroe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napata" title="Napata">Napata</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobadia">Nobadia</a>) until the early period of the 6th century CE as well as in <a href="/wiki/West_Africa" title="West Africa">West Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Africa" title="Central Africa">Central Africa</a> until the 14th century CE, notably preceded the spread of <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a> into the West African and Sahelian regions of Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakr%C4%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Bakrī">al-Bakrī</a>, "the construction of tumuli and the accompanying rituals was a religious endeavor that emanated from the other elements" that he described, such as "sorcerers, sacred groves, idols, offerings to the dead, and the "tombs of their kings.""<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faraji (2022) indicated that the early dynastic period of ancient Egypt, Kerma of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kush" title="Kingdom of Kush">Kush</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nobadia" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobadia">Nobadian</a> culture of <a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a> were similar to al-Bakrī's descriptions of the <a href="/wiki/Mande_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande people">Mande</a> tumuli practices of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancient Ghana">ancient Ghana</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the <a href="/wiki/Inland_Niger_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Niger Delta">Inland Niger Delta</a>, 11th century CE and 15th century CE tumuli at El Oualedji and Koï Gourrey contained various bones (e.g., human, horse), human items (e.g., beads, bracelets, rings), and animal items (e.g., bells, <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">harnesses</a>, plaques).<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cultural similarities were also found with a <a href="/wiki/Mandinka_people" title="Mandinka people">Malinke</a> king of <a href="/wiki/Gambia" class="mw-redirect" title="Gambia">Gambia</a>, who along with his senior queen, human subjects within his kingdom, and his weapons, were buried in his home under a large mound the size of the house, as described by V. Fernandes.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Levtzion also acknowledged the cultural similarities between the monarchic tumuli-building traditions and practices (e.g., monumental <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian megaliths</a>) of West Africa, such as <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inland_Niger_Delta" class="mw-redirect" title="Inland Niger Delta">Inland Niger Delta</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Nile_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Nile Valley">Nile Valley</a>; these monarchic tumuli-building practices span the <a href="/wiki/Sudanian_savanna" title="Sudanian savanna">Sudanian savanna</a> as manifestations of a trans-Sahelian common culture and heritage.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From the 5th millennium BCE to the 14th century CE, earthen and stone tumuli were developed between Senegambia and <a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among 10,000 burial mounds in Senegambia, 3,000 megalithic burial mounds in Senegambia were constructed between 200 BCE and 100 CE, and 7,000 earthen burial mounds in Senegal were constructed in the 2nd millennium CE.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between 1st century CE and 15th century CE, <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monuments</a> without tumuli were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Megalithic and earthen Senegambian tumuli, which may have been constructed by the <a href="/wiki/Wolof_people" title="Wolof people">Wolof people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a>) or <a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Senegal#Major_groups" title="Ethnic groups in Senegal">Sosse people</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mande_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Mande peoples">Mande peoples</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sudanese tumuli (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Kerma" title="Kerma">Kerma</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group</a>), which date to the mid-3rd millennium BCE, share cultural similarities with <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles" title="Senegambian stone circles">Senegambian tumuli</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Between the 6th century CE and 14th century CE, stone tumuli circles, which at a single site usually encircle a burial site of half-meter that is covered by a burial mound, were constructed in Komaland; the precursors for this 3rd millennium BCE tumuli style of Komaland, <a href="/wiki/Ghana" title="Ghana">Ghana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Senegambia" title="Senegambia">Senegambia</a> are regarded by Faraji (2022) to be Kerma Kush and the <a href="/wiki/A-Group_culture" title="A-Group culture">A-Group culture</a> of ancient <a href="/wiki/Nubia" title="Nubia">Nubia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the stele-circled burial mounds of <a href="/wiki/C-Group_culture" title="C-Group culture">C-Group culture</a> of Nubia are regarded as precursors for the megalithic burial mounds of Senegambia, Kerma tumuli are regarded as precursors for the stone tumuli circles of Komaland.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The tumuli of <a href="/wiki/Durbi_Takusheyi" title="Durbi Takusheyi">Durbi Takusheyi</a>, which have been dated between the 13th century CE and the 16th century CE, may have connection to tumuli from <a href="/wiki/Ballana" title="Ballana">Ballana</a> and <a href="/wiki/Makuria" title="Makuria">Makuria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tumuli have also been found at <a href="/wiki/Kissi,_Burkina_Faso" title="Kissi, Burkina Faso">Kissi</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a>, and at <a href="/wiki/Daima" title="Daima">Daima</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Faraji_27-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a>, there are two <a href="/wiki/Monument" title="Monument">monumental</a> tumuli – a cairn burial (5695 BP – 5101 BP) at <a href="/wiki/Adrar_Bous" title="Adrar Bous">Adrar Bous</a>, and a tumulus covered with gravel (6229 BP – 4933 BP) at Iwelen, in the <a href="/wiki/A%C3%AFr_Mountains" title="Aïr Mountains">Aïr Mountains</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcea_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcea-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Tenerian_culture" title="Tenerian culture">Tenerians</a> did not construct the two monumental tumuli at Adrar Bous and Iwelen.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcea_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcea-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Rather, Tenerians constructed cattle tumuli at a time before the two monumental tumuli were constructed.<sup id="cite_ref-Garcea_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Garcea-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Tichitt_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Tichitt Tradition">Tichitt Tradition</a> of eastern Mauritania dates from 2200 BC<sup id="cite_ref-McDougall_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-McDougall-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Holl_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 200 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-MacDonald_IV_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacDonald_IV-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Kay_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Within the settled areas of Tichitt Culture (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tichitt" title="Dhar Tichitt">Dhar Tichitt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Tagant" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhar Tagant">Dhar Tagant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dhar_Walata" class="mw-redirect" title="Dhar Walata">Dhar Walata</a>), with <a href="/wiki/Stone_walls" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone walls">stone walls</a>, which vary in scale from (e.g., 2 <a href="/wiki/Hectares" class="mw-redirect" title="Hectares">hectares</a>, 80 hectares), there were walled <a href="/wiki/Agricultural" class="mw-redirect" title="Agricultural">agricultural</a> land used for <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> or <a href="/wiki/Gardening" title="Gardening">gardening</a> as well as land with <a href="/wiki/Granaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Granaries">granaries</a> and tumuli.<sup id="cite_ref-Kay_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kay-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the hundreds of tumuli present in Dhar Tichitt, compared to a dozen tumuli present in Dhar Walata, it is likely that Dhar Tichitt was the primary center of <a href="/wiki/Cattle_in_religion_and_mythology" title="Cattle in religion and mythology">religion</a> for the people of Tichitt culture.<sup id="cite_ref-Monroe_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Monroe-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At <a href="/wiki/Senegambian_stone_circles#Wanar" title="Senegambian stone circles">Wanar</a>, Senegal, <a href="/wiki/Megalithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic">megalithic</a> <a href="/wiki/Monolith" title="Monolith">monolith</a>-circles and tumuli (1300/1100 BC – 1400/1500 AD) were constructed by West Africans who had a complex hierarchical society.<sup id="cite_ref-Holl_II_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holl_II-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the mid-region of the <a href="/wiki/Senegal_River" title="Senegal River">Senegal River</a> Valley, the <a href="/wiki/Serer_people" title="Serer people">Serer people</a> may have created tumuli (before 13th century AD), <a href="/wiki/Shell_middens" class="mw-redirect" title="Shell middens">shell middens</a> (7th century AD – 13th century AD) in the central-west region, and shell middens (200 BC – Present) in the southern region.<sup id="cite_ref-Sall_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sall-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Funerary" class="mw-redirect" title="Funerary">funerary</a> tumuli-building tradition of West Africa was widespread and a regular practice amid 1st millennium AD.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutros_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More than ten thousand large funerary tumuli exist in Senegal.<sup id="cite_ref-Coutros_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coutros-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the <a href="/wiki/Inner_Niger_Delta" title="Inner Niger Delta">Inner Niger Delta</a>, in the Mali Lakes Region, there are two monumental tumuli constructed in the time period of the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Saharan_trade" title="Trans-Saharan trade">Trans-Saharan trade</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Sahelian_kingdoms" title="Sahelian kingdoms">Sahelian kingdoms</a> of West Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-Marot_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marot-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The El Oualadji monumental tumulus, which dates between 1030 AD and 1220 AD and has two human remains buried with <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> remains and various items (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Horse_harness" title="Horse harness">horse harnesses</a>, horse <a href="/wiki/Trapping" title="Trapping">trappings</a> with plaques and bells, bracelets, rings, beads, iron items), may have been, as highlighted by <a href="/wiki/Al-Bakri" title="Al-Bakri">al-Bakri</a>, the royal burial site of a king from the <a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marot_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marot-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Koï Gourrey monumental tumulus, which may date prior to 1326 AD and has over twenty human remains that were buried with various items (e.g., iron accessories, an abundant amount of copper bracelets, anklets and beads, an abundant amount of broken, but whole pottery, another set of distinct, intact, glazed pottery, a wooden-beaded bone necklace, a bird figurine, a lizard figurine, a crocodile figurine), and is situated within the <a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Marot_38-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marot-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asia">Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Central_Asia">Central Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Central Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">Kurgan</a></div> <p>The word <a href="/wiki/Kurgan" title="Kurgan">kurgan</a> is of <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic</a> origin, and derives from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Turkic" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Turkic">Proto-Turkic</a> *Kur- ("to erect (a building), to establish"). In Ukraine and Russia, there are royal kurgans of <a href="/wiki/Varangian" class="mw-redirect" title="Varangian">Varangian</a> chieftains, such as the <a href="/wiki/Black_Grave" title="Black Grave">Black Grave</a> in Ukrainian <a href="/wiki/Chernihiv" title="Chernihiv">Chernihiv</a> (excavated in the 19th century), <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg</a>'s Grave in Russian <a href="/wiki/Staraya_Ladoga" title="Staraya Ladoga">Staraya Ladoga</a>, and vast, intricate <a href="/wiki/Shum-gora" title="Shum-gora">Rurik's Hill</a> near Russian <a href="/wiki/Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Novgorod">Novgorod</a>. Other important kurgans are found in Ukraine and South Russia and are associated with much more ancient <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> peoples, notably the <a href="/wiki/Scythian" class="mw-redirect" title="Scythian">Scythians</a> (e.g., Chortomlyk, <a href="/wiki/Pazyryk_culture" title="Pazyryk culture">Pazyryk</a>) and early <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ipatovo_kurgan" title="Ipatovo kurgan">Ipatovo kurgan</a>) The steppe cultures found in Ukraine and South Russia naturally continue into <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, in particular <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>. </p><p>It is constructed over a grave, often characterized by containing a single human body along with grave vessels, weapons and horses. Originally in use on the <a href="/wiki/Pontic%E2%80%93Caspian_steppe" title="Pontic–Caspian steppe">Pontic–Caspian steppe</a>, kurgans spread into much of <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Southeast_Europe" title="Southeast Europe">Southeast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Europe" title="Western Europe">Western</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern Europe</a> during the 3rd millennium BC.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The earliest kurgans date to the 4th millennium BC in the Caucasus,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and researchers associate these with the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-Europeans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kurgans were built in the <a href="/wiki/Eneolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Eneolithic">Eneolithic</a>, Bronze, Iron, <a href="/wiki/Classical_antiquity" title="Classical antiquity">Antiquity</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middle_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Age">Middle Ages</a>, with ancient traditions still active in Southern <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> and Central Asia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Near_East">Near East</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Near East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Turkey">Turkey</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gordion82.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/220px-Gordion82.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/330px-Gordion82.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Gordion82.JPG/440px-Gordion82.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>The "Tomb of <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a>" in Gordion, dated 740 BC.</figcaption></figure> <p>On the <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Anatolian</a> peninsula, there are several sites where one can find the biggest specimens of these artificial mounds throughout the world. Three of these sites are especially important. <a href="/wiki/Bin_Tepe" title="Bin Tepe">Bin Tepe</a> (and other <a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydian</a> mounds of the Aegean inland), <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygian</a> mounds in <a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a> (Central Anatolia), and the famous <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a> tumulus on Mount <a href="/wiki/Nemrut_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemrut (mountain)">Nemrut</a> (Southeastern Anatolia). </p><p>This is the most important of the enumerated sites with the number of specimens it has and with the dimensions of certain among them. It is in the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean</a> inland of Turkey. The site is called "Bin Tepeler" (a thousand mounds in Turkish) and it is in the northwest of <a href="/wiki/Salihli" title="Salihli">Salihli</a> district of <a href="/wiki/Manisa_Province" title="Manisa Province">Manisa province</a>. The site is very close to the southern shoreline of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Marmara" title="Lake Marmara">Lake Marmara</a> (Lake Gyges or Gygaea). Bin Tepeler is a Lydian <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> that dates back to 7th and 6th centuries BC. These mounds are called "the pyramids of Anatolia", as a giant specimen among them is 355 metres in diameter, 1115 metres in perimeter and 69 metres high. According to <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>, this giant tumulus belongs to the famous Lydian King <a href="/wiki/Alyattes_of_Lydia" class="mw-redirect" title="Alyattes of Lydia">Alyattes</a> who ruled between 619 and 560 BC. There is also another mound belonging to King <a href="/wiki/Gyges_of_Lydia" title="Gyges of Lydia">Gyges</a>. The Gyges mound was excavated but the burial chamber has not been found yet. On this site, there are 75 tumuli dating back to Lydian period that belong to the nobility. A large number of smaller artificial mounds can also be observed on the site. There are other Lydian tumuli sites around <a href="/wiki/E%C5%9Fme" title="Eşme">Eşme</a> district of <a href="/wiki/U%C5%9Fak_Province" title="Uşak Province">Uşak province</a>. Certain mounds on these sites had been plundered by raiders in the late 1960s, and the Lydian treasures found in their burial chambers were smuggled to the United States, which later returned them to Turkish authorities after negotiations. These artifacts are now exhibited in the Archaeological Museum of Uşak. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TumMMWPintro.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TumMMWPintro.jpg/220px-TumMMWPintro.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TumMMWPintro.jpg/330px-TumMMWPintro.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/TumMMWPintro.jpg/440px-TumMMWPintro.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1168" data-file-height="765" /></a><figcaption>Tumulus MM, Gordion, at sunset</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Gordium" class="mw-redirect" title="Gordium">Gordium</a> (Gordion) was the capital of the ancient kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Phrygia" title="Phrygia">Phrygia</a>. Its ruins are in the immediate vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Polatl%C4%B1" title="Polatlı">Polatlı</a>, near the Turkish capital <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. At this site, approximately 80–90 tumuli date back to the Phrygian, <a href="/wiki/History_of_Persia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Persia">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hellenistic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenistic">Hellenistic</a> periods. Around 35 tumuli have been excavated so far, ranging in date from the 8th century BC to the 3rd or 2nd century BC. The biggest tumulus at the site is believed to have covered the burial of the famous Phrygian King <a href="/wiki/Midas" title="Midas">Midas</a> or that of his father. This mound, called Tumulus MM (for "Midas Mound"), was excavated in 1957 by a team from the University of Pennsylvania Museum, led by <a href="/wiki/Rodney_Young_(archaeologist)" title="Rodney Young (archaeologist)">Rodney Young</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Graduate_Group_in_the_Art_and_Archaeology_of_the_Mediterranean_World" title="Graduate Group in the Art and Archaeology of the Mediterranean World">graduate students</a>. Among the many fine <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a> artifacts recovered from the wooden burial chamber were 170 bronze vessels, including numerous "omphalos bowls", and more than 180 bronze "Phrygian <a href="/wiki/Fibula" title="Fibula">fibulae</a>" (ancient safety pins). The <a href="/wiki/Gordion_Furniture_and_Wooden_Artifacts" title="Gordion Furniture and Wooden Artifacts">wooden furniture</a> found in the tomb is especially noteworthy, as wood seldom survives from archaeological contexts: the collection included nine tables, one of them elaborately carved and inlaid, and two ceremonial serving stands inlaid with religious symbols and geometric patterns. Important bronze and wooden artifacts were also found in other tumulus burials at the site. </p><p>Mount <a href="/wiki/Nemrut_(mountain)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nemrut (mountain)">Nemrut</a> is 86 km in the east of <a href="/wiki/Ad%C4%B1yaman" title="Adıyaman">Adıyaman</a> province of <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>. It is very close to <a href="/wiki/Kahta" class="mw-redirect" title="Kahta">Kahta</a> district of the same province. The mountain has, at its peak, 3050 metres of height above sea level. A tumulus that dates to the 1st century BC is at the peak of the mountain. This artificial mound has 150 metres in diameter and a height of 50 metres, which was originally 55 metres. It belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Commagene" title="Commagene">Commagene</a> King <a href="/wiki/Antiochus_I_Theos_of_Commagene" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiochus I Theos of Commagene">Antiochus I Theos of Commagene</a> who ruled between 69 and 40 BC. This tumulus is made of broken stone pieces, which renders excavation attempts almost impossible. The tumulus is surrounded by ceremonial terraces in the east, west, and north. The east and west terraces have tremendous statues (reaching 8 to 10 meters in height) and bas reliefs of gods and goddesses from the Commagene <a href="/wiki/Pantheon_(gods)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantheon (gods)">pantheon</a> where divine figures used to embody the <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Roman</a> perceptions together. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bahrain">Bahrain</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bahrain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Dilmun_Burial_Mounds" title="Dilmun Burial Mounds">Dilmun Burial Mounds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg/220px-Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg/330px-Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg/440px-Burial_Mounds_in_Bahrain_1918.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2330" data-file-height="1701" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Dilmun_Burial_Mounds" title="Dilmun Burial Mounds">Dilmun Burial Mounds</a> in Bahrain.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Dilmun Burial Mounds comprising <a href="/wiki/Necropolis" title="Necropolis">necropolis</a> areas on the main island of <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a> dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Dilmun" title="Dilmun">Dilmun civilization</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Umm_al-Nar_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Umm al-Nar culture">Umm al-Nar culture</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Each of the tumuli is composed of a central stone chamber that is enclosed by a low ring-wall and covered by earth and gravel. The size of the mounds varies, but the majority of them measure 15 by 30 ft (4.5 by 9 m) in diameter and are 3–6 ft (1–2 m) high. The smaller mounds usually contain only one chamber. The chambers are usually rectangular with one or two alcoves at the northeast end. Occasionally there are additional pairs of alcoves along the middle of the larger chambers.<sup id="cite_ref-dilmun2_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dilmun2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although the chambers usually contained one burial each, some contain several people and the secondary chambers often contain none. The deceased were generally laid with their heads in the alcove end of the chamber and lying on their right sides. The bodies were accompanied by few items. There were a few pieces of pottery and occasionally shell or stone stamp seals, baskets sealed with asphalt, ivory objects, stone jars, and copper weapons. The skeletons are representative of both sexes with a life expectancy of approximately 40 years. Babies were generally buried at and outside the ring-wall. The average number of children per family was 1.6 persons.<sup id="cite_ref-dilmun2_43-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dilmun2-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Palestine-Israel">Palestine-Israel</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Palestine-Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JerusalemTumulus2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JerusalemTumulus2.jpg/220px-JerusalemTumulus2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JerusalemTumulus2.jpg/330px-JerusalemTumulus2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/JerusalemTumulus2.jpg/440px-JerusalemTumulus2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Jerusalem tumulus #2 in 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>A tumulus forms the center of the ancient megalithic structure of <a href="/wiki/Rujm_el-Hiri" title="Rujm el-Hiri">Rujm el-Hiri</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Rujm" title="Rujm">Rujm</a></i> in Arabic can mean tumulus, cairn or stone heap. Near the western city limits of modern <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>, 19 tumuli have been documented (Amiran, 1958). Though first noticed in the 1870s by early surveyors, the first one to be formally documented was Tumulus #2 in 1923 by <a href="/wiki/William_Foxwell_Albright" class="mw-redirect" title="William Foxwell Albright">William Foxwell Albright</a>, and the most recent one (Tumulus #4) was excavated by <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Barkay" title="Gabriel Barkay">Gabriel Barkay</a> in 1983. These tumuli are sometimes associated with the <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Judah" title="Kings of Judah">Judean kings</a> who ruled Jerusalem, but no such connection has yet been substantiated, nor have any inscriptions naming any specific Judean king been excavated from a tumulus. More than half of these <a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">ancient Israelite</a> structures have now been threatened or obliterated by modern construction projects, including Tumulus #4, which was excavated hastily in a salvage operation. The most noteworthy finds from this dig were two <a href="/wiki/LMLK_seal" title="LMLK seal">LMLK seal</a> impressions and two other handles with associated concentric circle incisions, all of which suggests this tumulus belonged to either King <a href="/wiki/Hezekiah" title="Hezekiah">Hezekiah</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarkay200368_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarkay200368-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or his son <a href="/wiki/Manasseh_of_Judah" title="Manasseh of Judah">Manasseh</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGrena2004326_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGrena2004326-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="South_Asia">South Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:272px;max-width:272px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Megalithic_burial_mound,_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/105px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/158px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d2/Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg/210px-Megalithic_burial_mound%2C_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="496" data-file-height="580" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:161px;max-width:161px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:122px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/159px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg" decoding="async" width="159" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/239px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg/318px-Jawargi_Megalith_1873.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="642" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Types of Megalithic mound burials with chambers, India.</div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="India">India</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Round mound burials are associated with <a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalithic</a> burials in India.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Most megalithic mounds with chambers found today have been disturbed over centuries and their original form was badly disturbed. Examination of other lesser disturbed monuments shows that the chamber was surrounded by a packing of earth, chipped rubble blocks and covered on the outside with inclined stone slabs whose top ends rested on the periphery of the capstone creating a mound.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These pre-historic megalithic mound burials with chambers likely influenced later devolvement of mound burials called "<i><a href="/wiki/Stupa" title="Stupa">Stupa</a></i>" mounds, Similarities of the stupa with early megalithic mounds are noted with structural and functional features of the stupa (including its general mound shape and the practice of surrounding stupas with a stone, relic chamber, or wooden railing) with both pre-Mauryan era cairns and pre-historic megalithic "round mound" burials with chambers found in India, which likely represents a <i>"proto-stupa"</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Dholavira" title="Dholavira">Dholavira</a>, an archeological site associated with <a href="/wiki/Indus_Valley_Civilization" class="mw-redirect" title="Indus Valley Civilization">Indus Valley Civilization</a>, there are several large and high <i>"hemispherical monuments"</i> mounds with brick masonry found with burial chambers inside. Among them, Tumulus-1 and Tumulus-2 mounds were excavated. They consist of a deep and wide rock-cut chamber, surrounded on the ground by a massive <a href="/wiki/Circle" title="Circle">circular</a> mud-brick structure made in two tiers, and filled in and topped with random earth to form a domical shape.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also evidence of plastering on the exterior of Tumulus-1 mound, bearing a 10- mm thick plaster of pinkish-white clay over brick masonry.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The offering in Tumulus-1 consisted of one full necklace of steatite stringed in a copper wire with hooks for interlocking, solid gold bangle with incurved ends, ageta and gold beads, along with a considerable assemblage of pottery.<sup id="cite_ref-academia.edu_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-academia.edu-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another type of mound burial is <a href="/wiki/Maidam" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidam">Maidam</a> in <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a>, India. The <a href="/wiki/Ahom_kingdom" title="Ahom kingdom">Ahom kingdom</a> in medieval <a href="/wiki/Assam" title="Assam">Assam</a> built <a href="/wiki/Octagon" title="Octagon">octagonal</a>-shaped tumuli called <a href="/wiki/Maidam" class="mw-redirect" title="Maidam">Maidams</a> for their kings and high officials. The kings were buried in a hillock at <a href="/wiki/Charaideo" title="Charaideo">Charaideo</a> in Sibsagar district of Assam, whereas other Maidams are found scattered more widely.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Pakistan">Pakistan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Pakistan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Damb" class="mw-redirect" title="Damb">damb</a></i> was a type of mound, or small stone structure, found in <a href="/wiki/Balochistan" title="Balochistan">Balochistan</a>, including the coastal areas of <a href="/wiki/Makran" title="Makran">Makran</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="East_Asia">East Asia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: East Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China">China</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Chinese_pyramids" title="Chinese pyramids">Chinese pyramids</a> house the remains of some of China's former <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_China" title="Emperor of China">emperors</a>. </p><p>Before the expansion of <a href="/wiki/Shang_dynasty" title="Shang dynasty">Shang</a> and <a href="/wiki/Zhou_dynasty" title="Zhou dynasty">Zhou</a> <a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">culture</a> through the region, many hundreds of tumuli were also constructed by the "<a href="/wiki/Baiyue" title="Baiyue">Baiyue</a>" peoples of the Yangtze Valley and southeastern China. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Japan">Japan</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/220px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="216" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/330px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg/440px-NintokuTomb_Aerial_photograph_2007.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="982" /></a><figcaption>Daisen Kofun, the largest of all kofun</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG/220px-Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG/330px-Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG/440px-Hashihaka-kofun_zenkei.JPG 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Hashihaka_Kofun" title="Hashihaka Kofun">Hashihaka Kofun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sakurai,_Nara" title="Sakurai, Nara">Sakurai, Nara</a>, 3rd century <a href="/wiki/Anno_Domini" title="Anno Domini">AD</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, powerful leaders built tumuli, known as <i><a href="/wiki/Kofun" title="Kofun">kofun</a></i>. The <a href="/wiki/Kofun_period" title="Kofun period">Kofun period</a> of Japanese history takes its name from these burial mounds.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest is Daisen-ryo Kofun, or more commonly Nintoku-ryo Kofun, with a length of 840 metres. In addition to other shapes, kofun includes a keyhole shape, typically seen in Daisen Kofun. Foreign museums possess some grave goods. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Korea">Korea</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Cheonmachong" title="Cheonmachong">Cheonmachong, the Heavenly Horse Tomb</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg/220px-Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg/330px-Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg/440px-Burial-Mounds-at-GyeongJu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Burial mounds of the Silla kings in Korea</figcaption></figure> <p>The first burial mounds in Korea were <a href="/wiki/Dolmens" class="mw-redirect" title="Dolmens">dolmens</a>, which contained material from cultures of the 1st millennium AD, such as bronze-ware, pottery, and other symbols of the society elite. The most famous tumuli in Korea, dating around 300 AD, are those left behind by the Korean <a href="/wiki/Baekje" title="Baekje">Baekje</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goguryeo" title="Goguryeo">Goguryeo</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kogyuro&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kogyuro (page does not exist)">Kogyuro</a>/<a href="/wiki/Koguryo" class="mw-redirect" title="Koguryo">Koguryo</a>), <a href="/wiki/Silla" title="Silla">Silla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gaya_confederacy" title="Gaya confederacy">Gaya</a> states and are clustered around ancient capital cities in modern-day <a href="/wiki/Pyongyang" title="Pyongyang">Pyongyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ji%27an,_Jilin" title="Ji'an, Jilin">Ji'an, Jilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seoul" title="Seoul">Seoul</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gyeongju" title="Gyeongju">Gyeongju</a>. The Goguryeo tombs, shaped like pyramids, are famous for the well-preserved wall murals like the ones at <a href="/wiki/Anak_Tomb_No.3" class="mw-redirect" title="Anak Tomb No.3">Anak Tomb No. 3</a>, which depict the culture and artistry of the people. The base of the tomb of King <a href="/wiki/Gwanggaeto" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwanggaeto">Gwanggaeto</a> is 85 meters on each side, half of the size of the Great Pyramids.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Goguryeo Silla tombs are most noted for the fabulous offerings that have been excavated such as delicate golden crowns and glassware and beads that probably made their way to Korea via the <a href="/wiki/Silk_Road" title="Silk Road">Silk Road</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Southeast_Europe">Southeast Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Southeast Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Albania">Albania</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Albania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tumuli are one of the most prominent types of prehistoric monuments spread throughout northern and southern <a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a>. Some well-known local tumuli are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kamenica_Tumulus" title="Kamenica Tumulus">Kamenica Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lofk%C3%ABnd_Tumulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lofkënd Tumulus (page does not exist)">Lofkënd Tumulus</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pazhok_Tumulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pazhok Tumulus (page does not exist)">Pazhok Tumulus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bosnia_and_Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Bosnia and Herzegovina"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>More than 50 burial mounds were found in Kupres. Man from Kupres – the skeleton found in one of the tumuli is believed to be more than 3000 years old and it is kept in Gorica museum in Livno. Glasinac has many tumuli. During the Bronze and Iron Age it was a place of strong <a href="/wiki/Glasinac_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Glasinac culture">Glasinac culture</a>, who buried their dead in tumulus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Valley of the Thracian Rulers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracians</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SveshtariTumulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SveshtariTumulus.jpg/220px-SveshtariTumulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SveshtariTumulus.jpg/330px-SveshtariTumulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/SveshtariTumulus.jpg/440px-SveshtariTumulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1152" data-file-height="864" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">tomb (or temple) mound of Sveshtari</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG/220px-Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG/330px-Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG/440px-Alexandrovo_Burial_mound.JPG 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_of_Aleksandrovo" title="Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo">Alexandrovo burial mound</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shushments2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shushments2.jpg/220px-Shushments2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shushments2.jpg/330px-Shushments2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Shushments2.jpg/440px-Shushments2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Shushmanets" title="Thracian tomb Shushmanets">Thracian tomb (or temple) Shushmanets</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka,_Bulgaria_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/220px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/330px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg/440px-The_Thracian_tomb_Goliama_Kosmatka%2C_Bulgaria_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seuthes_III" title="Tomb of Seuthes III">Thracian tomb of Seuthes III (Goliama Kosmatka)</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:VarnaMemorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VarnaMemorial.jpg/220px-VarnaMemorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VarnaMemorial.jpg/330px-VarnaMemorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/VarnaMemorial.jpg/440px-VarnaMemorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1488" data-file-height="1545" /></a><figcaption>Memorial of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Varna" title="Battle of Varna">Battle of Varna</a> dedicated to <a href="/wiki/W%C5%82adys%C5%82aw_III_of_Poland" title="Władysław III of Poland">Władysław III of Poland</a>, dug into an ancient Thracian tumulus</figcaption></figure> <p>On the territory of <a href="/wiki/Bulgaria" title="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a> there are over 60,000 ancient <a href="/wiki/Thracians" title="Thracians">Thracian</a> mounds, of which only about 1,000 have been studied. There are also Roman and <a href="/wiki/Thraco-Roman" title="Thraco-Roman">Thraco-Roman</a> burial tombs. Those tumuli over ancient tombs, temples and sanctuaries are found throughout the whole territory of Bulgaria. Some of the world's most significant and famous being the <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Kazanlak" title="Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak">Kazanlak</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thracian_Tomb_of_Sveshtari" title="Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari">Sveshtari</a> tombs, <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage" class="mw-redirect" title="World Heritage">World Heritage</a> sites. Located near the ancient Thracian capital cities of <a href="/wiki/Seuthopolis" title="Seuthopolis">Seuthopolis</a> (of the <a href="/wiki/Odrysian_kingdom" title="Odrysian kingdom">Odrysian kingdom</a>) and Daosdava or Helis (of the <a href="/wiki/Getae" title="Getae">Getae</a>), perhaps they represented royal burials. Other notable tumuli are the Thracian tomb of Aleksandrovo, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Golyama_Arsenalka" title="Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka">Thracian tomb Golyama Arsenalka</a>, Thracian tomb Shushmanets, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Griffins" title="Thracian tomb Griffins">Thracian tomb Griffins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Helvetia" title="Thracian tomb Helvetia">Thracian tomb Helvetia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thracian_tomb_Ostrusha" class="mw-redirect" title="Thracian tomb Ostrusha">Thracian tomb Ostrusha</a>, Tomb of Seuthes III and the other tombs around <a href="/wiki/Starosel" title="Starosel">Starosel</a>, others contained offerings such as the <a href="/wiki/Panagyuriste_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Panagyuriste treasure">Panagyurishte</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rogozen_treasure" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogozen treasure">Rogozen</a> treasures. Some of the sites are located in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Thracian_Rulers" title="Valley of the Thracian Rulers">Valley of the Thracian Rulers</a>. The mound of the <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_Seuthes_III" title="Tomb of Seuthes III">Tomb of Seuthes III "Golyama Kosmatka"</a> is among the largest mounds in Thrace, with a maximum height of 23 m. and a diameter of 130 m. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Croatia">Croatia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are thousands of tumuli throughout all Croatia, built of stone (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_language" title="Croatian language">Croatian</a>: <i>gomila</i>, <i>gromila</i>) in the karst areas (by the <a href="/wiki/Adriatic_Sea" title="Adriatic Sea">Adriatic Sea</a>) or made of earth (Croatian: <i>humak</i>) in the inland plains and hills. Most of these prehistoric structures were built in the 2nd and 1st millennium BC, from the middle Bronze Age to the end of the Iron Age, by the <a href="/wiki/Illyrians" title="Illyrians">Illyrians</a> or their direct ancestors in the same place; the <a href="/wiki/Liburnians" title="Liburnians">Liburnian</a> inhumation of dead under tumuli was certainly inherited from the earlier times, as early as the <a href="/wiki/Copper_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Copper Age">Copper Age</a>. Smaller tumuli were used as the burial mounds, while bigger (some up to 7 metres high with 60 metres long base) were the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaphs</a> (empty tombs) and ritual places.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Greece">Greece</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Greece"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a></div> <p>Some of the world's most prominent Tumuli, the Macedonian tombs and a cist-grave at <a href="/wiki/Vergina" title="Vergina">Vergina</a> include the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Philip_II_of_Macedon" title="Philip II of Macedon">Philip II</a> (359–336 BC), father of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> (336–323 BC), as well as the tomb of <a href="/wiki/Alexander_IV_of_Macedon" title="Alexander IV of Macedon">Alexander IV</a> (323–309 BC), son of Alexander the Great. A very large tumulus has been discovered in <a href="/wiki/Amphipolis" title="Amphipolis">Amphipolis</a>. Known as the <a href="/wiki/Kasta_Tomb" title="Kasta Tomb">Kasta Tomb</a>, the tomb's occupant is presently unknown. Also numerous Mycenaean Greek Tombs are in all essence Tumuli, notably Agamemnon's site in Mycenae, and other sites in Tiryns, near Olympia and Pylos, and mostly in the Peloponnese peninsula near Mycenaean sites and Bronze Age settlements. Moreover, in <a href="/wiki/Central_Greece_(geographic_region)" title="Central Greece (geographic region)">Central Greece</a> there are numerous Tumuli, some excavated, others not. A notable one is in Marathon, serving as a burial for the ones who fell during battle. </p><p>As of October 2014 there are ongoing excavations at the Kasta Tomb in Amphipolis, <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(Greece)" title="Macedonia (Greece)">Macedonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a> with the tumulus having a perimeter of 497 meters. The tomb within is assessed to be an <a href="/wiki/Macedonia_(ancient_kingdom)" title="Macedonia (ancient kingdom)">ancient Macedonian</a> burial monument of the last quarter of the 4th century BC. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Tombs,_Korinos" title="Macedonian Tombs, Korinos">Macedonian Tombs, Korinos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonian_Tombs,_Katerini" title="Macedonian Tombs, Katerini">Macedonian Tombs, Katerini</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Hungary">Hungary</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are over 40,000 tumuli in the <a href="/wiki/Great_Hungarian_Plain" title="Great Hungarian Plain">Great Hungarian Plain</a>, the highest is <a href="/wiki/G%C3%B6d%C3%A9ny-halom" title="Gödény-halom">Gödény-halom</a> near the settlement of <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9sszentandr%C3%A1s" title="Békésszentandrás">Békésszentandrás</a>, in <a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9k%C3%A9s_county" class="mw-redirect" title="Békés county">Békés county</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sírhalom origins and forms are diverse: <a href="/wiki/Tell_(archaeology)" title="Tell (archaeology)">tells</a>, graves, border barrows, watcher barrows.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Serbia">Serbia</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Serbia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_tumuli_in_Serbia" title="List of tumuli in Serbia">List of tumuli in Serbia</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mr%C4%8Dajevci" title="Mrčajevci">Mrčajevci</a>, several prehistoric tumuli</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bukovac,_Novi_Sad" title="Bukovac, Novi Sad">Bukovac</a>, Illyrian tumuli and necropolis</li> <li>Five prehistoric tumuli in the Morava valley.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gromile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gromile (page does not exist)">Gromile</a>, Serbian tumuli in <a href="/wiki/Ravna_Gora_(Suvobor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ravna Gora (Suvobor)">Ravna Gora</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kin%C4%91a" title="Kinđa">Kinđa</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Western_and_Central_Europe">Western and Central Europe</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Western and Central Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Austria">Austria</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_(1).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG/220px-Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG/330px-Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG/440px-Gro%C3%9Fmugl_-_H%C3%BCgelgrab_%281%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4961" data-file-height="2811" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fmugl" title="Großmugl">Großmugl</a> in Austria</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burgstallkogel_(Sulm_valley)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burgstallkogel (Sulm valley)">Burgstallkogel (Sulm valley)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9Fmugl" title="Großmugl">Großmugl</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lower_Austria" title="Lower Austria">Lower Austria</a>)</li> <li>Pillichsdorf (Lower Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niederhollabrunn" title="Niederhollabrunn">Niederhollabrunn</a> (Lower Austria)</li> <li>Gaisruck<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Niederösterreich)</li> <li>Langenlebarn<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Niederösterreich)</li> <li>Deutsch-Altenburg<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (in Niederösterreich)</li> <li>Bernhardsthal<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Lower Austria)</li> <li>Siegendorf (<a href="/wiki/Burgenland" title="Burgenland">Burgenland</a>)</li> <li>Schandorf<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Burgenland)</li> <li>Kleinklein<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Styria" title="Styria">Styria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Niederfellabrunn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Niederfellabrunn (page does not exist)">Niederfellabrunn</a> (Lower Austria))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberhofen_am_Irrsee" title="Oberhofen am Irrsee">Oberhofen am Irrsee</a> (<a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Obermallebarn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Obermallebarn (page does not exist)">Obermallebarn</a> (Lower Austria)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Unterz%C3%B6gersdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Unterzögersdorf (page does not exist)">Unterzögersdorf</a> (Lower Austria)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Belgium">Belgium</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Belgium"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Two Tumuli of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ambresin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ambresin (page does not exist)">Ambresin</a> (<a href="/wiki/Li%C3%A8ge_Province" title="Liège Province">Liège Province</a>)</li> <li>Tumulus of Avernas in <a href="/wiki/Hannut" title="Hannut">Hannut</a> (Liège): height: 8 m; circumference: 100 m</li> <li>Tumulus of the "champ de la Tombe" in <a href="/wiki/Braives" title="Braives">Braives</a> (Liège), 1st century AD Roman tomb.</li> <li>Tumulus of <a href="/wiki/Court-Saint-%C3%89tienne" title="Court-Saint-Étienne">Court-Saint-Étienne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a>), around 3,000 BC.</li> <li>Two tumuli of Gingelom</li> <li>Three tumuli of Gingelom</li> <li>Tumulus of Glimes in <a href="/wiki/Incourt,_Belgium" title="Incourt, Belgium">Incourt</a> (Walloon Brabant), <a href="/wiki/Gallo-Roman" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallo-Roman">Gallo-Roman</a> period: height: 11 m; diameter: 50 m</li> <li>Tumulus of Hottomont in <a href="/wiki/Ramillies,_Belgium" title="Ramillies, Belgium">Ramillies</a> (Walloon Brabant), tomb of <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Words_to_watch#Unsupported_attributions" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Words to watch"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too-vague attribution or weasel words. (February 2017)">who?</span></a></i>]</sup>: height: 11.5 m; diameter: 50 m</li> <li>Tumulus of <a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oley" class="extiw" title="fr:Oley">Oleye</a> (<a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liek" class="extiw" title="nl:Liek">Liek</a>) (Liège)<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tumulus of <a href="/wiki/Pepin_of_Landen" title="Pepin of Landen">Pepin of Landen</a> in <a href="/wiki/Landen" title="Landen">Landen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Flemish_Brabant" title="Flemish Brabant">Flemish Brabant</a>)</li> <li>Tumuli of the <a href="/wiki/Sonian_Forest" title="Sonian Forest">Sonian Forest</a> (Brussels), 1st millennium BC.</li> <li>Three Tumuli of Grimde in <a href="/wiki/Tienen" title="Tienen">Tienen</a> (Flemish Brabant), 1st century BC Gallo-Roman tombs.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tumulus of Koninksem (Paardsweidestraat, Tongeren)</li> <li>Tumulus of Koninksem (Romeinse Kassei, Tongeren)</li> <li>Tumulus of Herstappe or Herstappeltombe, Herstappe</li> <li>Tumulus of Beukenberg, Tongeren</li> <li>Tumulus of Trou de Billemont in <a href="/wiki/Antoing" title="Antoing">Antoing</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hainaut_Province" title="Hainaut Province">Hainaut Province</a>), 6th and 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Merovingian" class="mw-redirect" title="Merovingian">Merovingian</a> tombs.</li> <li>Tumulus of <a href="/wiki/Walhain" title="Walhain">Walhain</a> (<a href="/wiki/Walloon_Brabant" title="Walloon Brabant">Walloon Brabant</a>)</li> <li>Two Tumuli of <a href="/wiki/Waremme" title="Waremme">Waremme</a> (Liège)</li> <li>Tumuli of Wéris (<a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_(Belgium)" title="Luxembourg (Belgium)">Belgian Luxembourg</a>), 4th and 3rd millennium BC.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon burial mounds</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg/220px-Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg/330px-Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg/440px-Sutton_Hoo_burial_ground_4.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="607" /></a><figcaption>Part of the burial ground at <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a>, Suffolk</figcaption></figure> <p>In the United Kingdom, barrows of a wide range of types were in widespread use for burying the dead from the late <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> until the end of the Bronze Age, 2900–800 BC. Square barrows were occasionally used in the Iron Age (800 BC–43 AD) in the east of <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>. The traditional round barrow experienced a brief resurgence following the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxon</a> conquests, with the introduction of northern <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> burial practices from continental Europe. These later barrows were often built near older Bronze Age barrows. They included a few instances of <a href="/wiki/Ship_burial" title="Ship burial">ship burial</a>. Barrow burial fell out of use during the 7th century as a result of the spread of <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>. Early scholarly investigation of tumuli and theorising as to their origins was undertaken from the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Antiquary" class="mw-redirect" title="Antiquary">antiquaries</a>, notably <a href="/wiki/John_Aubrey" title="John Aubrey">John Aubrey</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_Stukeley" title="William Stukeley">William Stukeley</a>. During the 19th century in <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> the excavation of tumuli was a popular <a href="/wiki/Pastime" class="mw-redirect" title="Pastime">pastime</a> amongst the educated and wealthy upper classes, who became known as "barrow-diggers". This leisure activity played a key role in laying the foundations for the scientific study of the past in Britain but also resulted in untold damage to the sites. </p><p>Notable British barrows include: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/West_Kennet_Long_Barrow" title="West Kennet Long Barrow">West Kennet Long Barrow</a> – Neolithic long barrow in <a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wayland%27s_Smithy" title="Wayland's Smithy">Wayland's Smithy</a> – Neolithic long barrow and chamber tomb in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a> (historically <a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belas_Knap" title="Belas Knap">Belas Knap</a> – Neolithic long barrow in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maeshowe" title="Maeshowe">Maeshowe</a> – Neolithic chambered cairn and passage grave on Mainland, <a href="/wiki/Orkney" title="Orkney">Orkney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duggleby_Howe" title="Duggleby Howe">Duggleby Howe</a> – Neolithic round barrow in the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutton_Hoo" title="Sutton Hoo">Sutton Hoo</a> – 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_East_Anglia" title="Kingdom of East Anglia">East Anglian</a> ship burial with exceptionally rich grave goods in <a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Humps,_Stoughton" title="Devil's Humps, Stoughton">Devil's Humps</a> – Bronze Age barrow group on <a href="/wiki/Bow_Hill,_Sussex" title="Bow Hill, Sussex">Bow Hill</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devil%27s_Jumps,_Treyford" title="Devil's Jumps, Treyford">Devil's Jumps</a> – Bronze Age barrow group on the <a href="/wiki/South_Downs" title="South Downs">South Downs</a> of West Sussex</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Seamer_Beacon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Seamer Beacon (page does not exist)">Seamer Beacon</a> – Bronze Age barrow near <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough, North Yorkshire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the early <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Slavic_peoples" class="mw-redirect" title="Slavic peoples">Slavic</a> tribesmen inhabiting what is now the Czech Republic used to bury their dead under barrows. This practice has been widespread in southern and eastern <a href="/wiki/Bohemia" title="Bohemia">Bohemia</a> and some neighbouring regions, like <a href="/wiki/Upper_Austria" title="Upper Austria">Upper Austria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lusatia" title="Lusatia">Lusatia</a>, which at that time have been also populated with Slavic people. There are no known Slavic barrows in the central part of the country (around <a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>), nor are they found in <a href="/wiki/Moravia" title="Moravia">Moravia</a>. This has led some of the archaeologists to speculations about at least three distinct waves of Slavic settlers, who colonized Czech lands separately from each other, each wave bringing its customs with it (including burial rituals). </p><p>At places where barrows have been constructed, they are usually found in groups (10 to 100 together), often forming several clearly distinct lines going from the west to the east. Only a few of them have been studied scientifically so far; in them, both burials by fire (with burnt ashes) and unburned skeletons have been found, even on the same site. It seems that builders of the barrows have at some time switched from burials by fire to burying of unburned corpses; the reason for such change is unknown. The barrows date too far back in history (700 AD to 800 AD) to contain any <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christian</a> influences. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Trizna_1899.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trizna_1899.jpg/220px-Trizna_1899.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trizna_1899.jpg/330px-Trizna_1899.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Trizna_1899.jpg/440px-Trizna_1899.jpg 2x" data-file-width="669" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Burial of <a href="/wiki/Oleg_of_Novgorod" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleg of Novgorod">Oleg of Novgorod</a> in a tumulus in 912. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Viktor_Vasnetsov" title="Viktor Vasnetsov">Viktor Vasnetsov</a></figcaption></figure> <p>As Czech barrows usually served for burials of poor villagers, only a few objects are found in them except for cheap pottery. Only one Slavic barrow is known to have contained gold. </p><p>Most of the Czech burial barrows have been damaged or destroyed by intense <a href="/wiki/Agriculture" title="Agriculture">agriculture</a> in the densely populated region. Those that remain are usually in forests, especially at hilltops in remote places. Therefore, there is no general knowledge about burial barrows among Czech population. </p><p>The best Slavic barrow sites can be found near to <a href="/wiki/Vit%C3%ADn" title="Vitín">Vitín</a>, a small village close to <a href="/wiki/%C4%8Cesk%C3%A9_Bud%C4%9Bjovice" title="České Budějovice">České Budějovice</a>. There are two groups of barrows close to Vitín, each containing about 80 barrows ordered in lines. Some of the barrows are as much as 2 metres high. </p><p>There are also some <a href="/wiki/Prehistoric" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric">prehistoric</a> burial barrows in Czech Republic, built by unknown people. Unlike Slavic barrows, they can be found all across the country, though they are scarce. Distinguishing them from Slavic ones is not an easy task for the unskilled eye. Perhaps the most famous of them forms the top of the <a href="/wiki/%C5%BDur%C3%A1%C5%88" title="Žuráň">Žuráň</a> hill near <a href="/wiki/Slavkov_u_Brna" title="Slavkov u Brna">Slavkov u Brna</a>; it is from here that <a href="/wiki/Napoleon_I_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Napoleon I of France">Napoleon</a> commanded his forces during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Austerlitz" title="Battle of Austerlitz">Battle of Austerlitz</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="France">France</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg/220px-Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg/330px-Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg/440px-Tumulus_Dissignac2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a><figcaption>The mound of Dissignac is a megalithic monument located in the French town of Saint-Nazaire.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bougon" title="Bougon">Bougon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deux-S%C3%A8vres" title="Deux-Sèvres">Deux-Sèvres</a>) tumuli are a set of five tumuli all at one site: the building and using took place over a long period from 4,500 to 3,000 BC. This set is considered to be one of the oldest western European megalithic necropolis.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Bussy-le-Ch%C3%A2teau" title="Bussy-le-Château">Bussy-le-Château</a> commune (<a href="/wiki/Marne_(department)" title="Marne (department)">Marne</a>) has five Roman, Visigoth and Burgundian tumuli: three of them remain relatively intact along the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Noblette_river&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Noblette river (page does not exist)">Noblette river</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noblette" class="extiw" title="fr:Noblette">fr</a>]</span>.<sup id="cite_ref-Letaudin1869_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Letaudin1869-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The neolithic Saint-Michel de Carnac tumulus in <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a> was built between 5,000 and 3,400 BC.</li> <li>A few kilometers from <a href="/wiki/Carnac" title="Carnac">Carnac</a> are the 140 by 20 metres (459 ft × 66 ft) neolithic <a href="/w/index.php?title=Er-Grah_tumuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Er-Grah tumuli (page does not exist)">Er-Grah tumuli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_d%27Er_Grah" class="extiw" title="fr:Tumulus d'Er Grah">fr</a>]</span> near the famous <a href="/wiki/Locmariaquer_megaliths" title="Locmariaquer megaliths">broken Menhir</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The five <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus_de_champ_Ch%C3%A2lons&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumulus de champ Châlons (page does not exist)">Tumulus de champ Châlons</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champ-Ch%C3%A2lons_tumuli" class="extiw" title="fr:Champ-Châlons tumuli">fr</a>]</span> in the <a href="/wiki/Benon" title="Benon">Benon</a> forest form a neolithic necropolis in the <a href="/wiki/Cour%C3%A7on" title="Courçon">Courçon</a> commune (<a href="/wiki/Charente-Maritime" title="Charente-Maritime">Charente-Maritime</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dissignac_tumulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dissignac tumulus (page does not exist)">Dissignac tumulus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_de_Dissignac" class="extiw" title="fr:Tumulus de Dissignac">fr</a>]</span> is a neolithic monument located about 5 kilometres west of <a href="/wiki/Saint-Nazaire" title="Saint-Nazaire">Saint-Nazaire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loire-Atlantique" title="Loire-Atlantique">Loire-Atlantique</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The tumulus of Lamalou dolmen is situated at the headwaters of the <a href="/wiki/Lamalou" class="mw-redirect" title="Lamalou">Lamalou</a> river.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tumulus and burial chamber (dolmen) of <i>Bergerie de Panissière</i> is located near <a href="/wiki/Al%C3%A8s" title="Alès">Alès</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gard" title="Gard">Gard</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Tanouëdou tumulus is located near <a href="/wiki/Bourbriac" title="Bourbriac">Bourbriac</a> (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4tes_d%27Armor" class="mw-redirect" title="Côtes d'Armor">Côtes d'Armor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brittany_(administrative_region)" title="Brittany (administrative region)">Brittany</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%A9r%C3%A9_Tumulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Péré Tumulus (page does not exist)">Péré Tumulus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_du_P%C3%A9r%C3%A9" class="extiw" title="fr:Tumulus du Péré">fr</a>]</span> on <a href="/wiki/Priss%C3%A9-la-Charri%C3%A8re" title="Prissé-la-Charrière">Prissé-la-Charrière</a> commune (Deux-Sèvres): a neolithic long barrow with tumulus 100 by 20 metres (328 ft × 66 ft), dating from 4,450 to 4,000 BC.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Saint-Fiacre_tumulus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Saint-Fiacre tumulus (page does not exist)">Saint-Fiacre tumulus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tumulus_de_Saint_Fiacre" class="extiw" title="fr:Tumulus de Saint Fiacre">fr</a>]</span>, on the <a href="/wiki/Melrand" title="Melrand">Melrand</a> commune (<a href="/wiki/Morbihan" title="Morbihan">Morbihan</a>), is listed as <a href="/wiki/Monument_historique" title="Monument historique">monument historique</a> since 1972.<sup id="cite_ref-PA00091440_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PA00091440-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Appenwihr tumuli on the <a href="/wiki/Appenwihr" title="Appenwihr">Appenwihr</a> commune (<a href="/wiki/Haut_Rhin" class="mw-redirect" title="Haut Rhin">Haut Rhin</a>) are a set of nine small tumuli (about 1.50 metres (4.9 ft) tall and one higher at 4 to 5 metres (13 to 16 ft)), not far to the north-west. The results of the excavations are exposed in the <a href="/wiki/Unterlinden_Museum" title="Unterlinden Museum">Unterlinden Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Colmar" title="Colmar">Colmar</a>.</li> <li>Tumulus des Hogues, neolithic monuments located in <a href="/wiki/Habloville" title="Habloville">Habloville</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Germany">Germany</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Hügelgrab</i> ("barrow", "burial mound" or "tumulus") sites in Germany dating to the Early and Middle Bronze Age. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Bundesland </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Era </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Auleben_grave-hill_field&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Auleben grave-hill field (page does not exist)">Auleben grave-hill field</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Auleben" title="Auleben">Auleben</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nordhausen,_Thuringia" title="Nordhausen, Thuringia">Nordhausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thuringia" title="Thuringia">Thuringia</a> </td> <td>Grave-hill field </td> <td>1500–1200 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Benther_Berg" title="Benther Berg">Benther hill</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Badenstedt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Badenstedt (page does not exist)">Badenstedt</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt" class="extiw" title="de:Ahlem-Badenstedt-Davenstedt">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Region_Hannover" class="mw-redirect" title="Region Hannover">Region Hannover</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td rowspan="4">Hilly-grave </td> <td>1800–1100 BC </td> <td>Early <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kreuzlinger_Forst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kreuzlinger Forst (page does not exist)">Kreuzlinger Forst</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kreuzlinger_Forst" class="extiw" title="de:Kreuzlinger Forst">de</a>]</span>/<a href="/wiki/M%C3%BChltal" title="Mühltal">Mühltal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gauting" title="Gauting">Gauting</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> area </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>2000–1500 BC </td> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Germans_Grave_(Itzehoe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Germans Grave (Itzehoe) (page does not exist)">Germans Grave (Itzehoe)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germanengrab_(Itzehoe)" class="extiw" title="de:Germanengrab (Itzehoe)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Itzehoe" title="Itzehoe">Itzehoe</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Steinburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Steinburg">Kreis Steinburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td>1500–1300 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giesen_Tumuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giesen Tumuli (page does not exist)">Giesen Tumuli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCgelgr%C3%A4berfeld_im_Giesen" class="extiw" title="de:Hügelgräberfeld im Giesen">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Giesen_(village)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Giesen (village) (page does not exist)">Giesen (village)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giesen_(Ortschaft)" class="extiw" title="de:Giesen (Ortschaft)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Hildesheim" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Hildesheim">Landkreis Hildesheim</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>1600–1200 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonstorf_Barrows" title="Bonstorf Barrows">Bonstorf Barrows</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bonstorf" title="Bonstorf">Bonstorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Celle" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Celle">Landkreis Celle</a> </td> <td>grave-hill field </td> <td>1500–1200 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahnberge_Tumuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahnberge Tumuli (page does not exist)">Lahnberge Tumuli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lahnberge#Geschichte" class="extiw" title="de:Lahnberge">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Marburg-Biedenkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf">Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>>200 Hilly-graves </td> <td>1600 – 5th century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">Urnfield culture</a>), Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt Culture">Hallstatt Culture</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wilhof_mountain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wilhof mountain (page does not exist)">Wilhof mountain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willhofer_Berg" class="extiw" title="de:Willhofer Berg">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Altendorf_(Landkreis_Schwandorf)" class="mw-redirect" title="Altendorf (Landkreis Schwandorf)">Willhof</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Schwandorf" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Schwandorf">Landkreis Schwandorf</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave </td> <td>1516 BC </td> <td>Middle Bronze Age, early <a href="/wiki/La_Tene_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="La Tene culture">La Tene culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_Tumuli_(M%C3%B6mbris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg Tumuli (Mömbris) (page does not exist)">Daxberg Tumuli (Mömbris)</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_(M%C3%B6mbris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg (Mömbris) (page does not exist)">Daxberg (Mömbris)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxberg_(M%C3%B6mbris)" class="extiw" title="de:Daxberg (Mömbris)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Aschaffenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Aschaffenburg">Landkreis Aschaffenburg</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave field </td> <td>2000–800 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenfelde,_Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Hohenfelde, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Hohenfelde</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohenfelde_(Mecklenburg)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohenfelde (Mecklenburg)">Hohenfelde (Mecklenburg)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburgische_Seenplatte_(district)" title="Mecklenburgische Seenplatte (district)">Mecklenburgische Seenplatte</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </td> <td>7 Hilly-graves </td> <td>1700 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neu_Quitzenow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neu Quitzenow (page does not exist)">Neu Quitzenow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wasdow" title="Wasdow">Neu Quitzenow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostock_(district)" title="Rostock (district)">Rostock</a> </td> <td>2 Hilly-graves </td> <td>1800–600 BC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leubingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Leubingen">Grabhügel von Leubingen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Leubingen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/S%C3%B6mmerda" title="Sömmerda">Sömmerda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Thuringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Thuringen">Thuringen</a> </td> <td>grave-hill </td> <td>1940 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unetice_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Unetice culture">Unetice culture</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Barrows or tumuli sites in Germany dating to the Late Bronze and Iron Age. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Bundesland </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Era </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B6ckinger_Gemeindegebiet&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pöckinger Gemeindegebiet (page does not exist)">Pöckinger Gemeindegebiet</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=P%C3%B6cking_local_community_area&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pöcking local community area (page does not exist)">Pöcking local community area</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/P%C3%B6cking" title="Pöcking">Pöcking</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a> area </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>grave-hill field </td> <td>c. 750–500 BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Glauberg" title="Glauberg">Glauberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Glauburg" title="Glauburg">Glauburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wetteraukreis" title="Wetteraukreis">Wetteraukreis</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>Kings graves </td> <td>5th century BC </td> <td>Early Celtic Age </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lahnberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lahnberge (page does not exist)">Lahnberge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Marburg" title="Marburg">Marburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Marburg-Biedenkopf" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf">Landkreis Marburg-Biedenkopf</a> </td> <td>>200 Hilly graves </td> <td>c. 1600 – 5th century BC </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Middle_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Middle Bronze Age">Middle Bronze Age</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tumulus_culture" title="Tumulus culture">Tumulus culture</a>), <a href="/wiki/Late_Bronze_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Bronze Age">Late Bronze Age</a> (Urnfield culture), Iron Age (<a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_Culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hallstatt Culture">Hallstatt Culture</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hohmichele" class="mw-redirect" title="Hohmichele">Hohmichele</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hundersingen" title="Hundersingen">Hundersingen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Sigmaringen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Sigmaringen">Landkreis Sigmaringen</a> </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>Kings graves </td> <td>c. 600–450 BC </td> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Keltenmuseum_Hochdorf&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keltenmuseum Hochdorf (page does not exist)">Grave-hill of Hochdorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eberdingen" title="Eberdingen">Hochdorf an der Enz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Ludwigsburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Ludwigsburg">Landkreis Ludwigsburg</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave </td> <td>5th century BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lehb%C3%BChl&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lehbühl (page does not exist)">Lehbühl</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schlaitdorf" title="Schlaitdorf">Schlaitdorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Esslingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Esslingen">Landkreis Esslingen</a> </td> <td>Hill-grave </td> <td>c. 600–400 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_Tumuli_(M%C3%B6mbris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg Tumuli (Mömbris) (page does not exist)">Daxberg Tumuli (Mömbris)</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_(M%C3%B6mbris)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg (Mömbris) (page does not exist)">Daxberg (Mömbris)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxberg_(M%C3%B6mbris)" class="extiw" title="de:Daxberg (Mömbris)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Aschaffenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Aschaffenburg">Landkreis Aschaffenburg</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">Hilly-grave field </td> <td>c. 2000–800 BC </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_Tumuli_(Erkheim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg Tumuli (Erkheim) (page does not exist)">Daxberg Tumuli (Erkheim)</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Daxberg_(Erkheim)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daxberg (Erkheim) (page does not exist)">Daxberg (Erkheim)</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daxberg_(Erkheim)" class="extiw" title="de:Daxberg (Erkheim)">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Unterallg%C3%A4u" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Unterallgäu">Landkreis Unterallgäu</a> </td> <td>8th century BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Neu_Quitzenow&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Neu Quitzenow (page does not exist)">Neu Quitzenow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wasdow" title="Wasdow">Neu Quitzenow</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rostock_(district)" title="Rostock (district)">Rostock</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mecklenburg-Vorpommern" title="Mecklenburg-Vorpommern">Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</a> </td> <td>2 Hilly-graves </td> <td>c. 1800–600 BC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_grave_of_Seddin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal grave of Seddin (page does not exist)">Royal grave of Seddin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%B6nigsgrab_von_Seddin" class="extiw" title="de:Königsgrab von Seddin">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Pankow_(Prignitz)" title="Groß Pankow (Prignitz)">Seddin</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Prignitz" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Prignitz">Landkreis Prignitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td>Kings graves </td> <td>8th century BC </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pestrup_Grave_fields&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pestrup Grave fields (page does not exist)">Pestrup Grave fields</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pestruper_Gr%C3%A4berfeld" class="extiw" title="de:Pestruper Gräberfeld">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wildeshausen" title="Wildeshausen">Wildeshausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Oldenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Oldenburg">Landkreis Oldenburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>~ 500 grave-hills </td> <td>c. 900–200 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Magdalenenberg" title="Magdalenenberg">Magdalenenberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Villingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Villingen">Villingen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis" title="Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis">Schwarzwald-Baar-Kreis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>Kings grave </td> <td>c. 616 BC </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Wagon_grave_of_Bell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wagon grave of Bell (page does not exist)">Wagon grave of Bell</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wagengrab_von_Bell" class="extiw" title="de:Wagengrab von Bell">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bell_(Hunsr%C3%BCck)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell (Hunsrück)">Bell (Hunsrück)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhein-Hunsr%C3%BCck-Kreis" title="Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis">Rhein-Hunsrück-Kreis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rhineland-Palatinate" title="Rhineland-Palatinate">Rhineland-Palatinate</a> </td> <td>Wagon-grave </td> <td>500 BC </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweinert_Tumuli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweinert Tumuli (page does not exist)">Schweinert Tumuli</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%BCgelgr%C3%A4berfeld_%E2%80%9ESchweinert%E2%80%9C" class="extiw" title="de:Hügelgräberfeld „Schweinert“">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Falkenberg_(Elster)" class="mw-redirect" title="Falkenberg (Elster)">Falkenberg</a> (in <a href="/w/index.php?title=Schweinert_Nature_reserve&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Schweinert Nature reserve (page does not exist)">Schweinert Nature reserve</a>) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Elbe-Elster" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Elbe-Elster">Landkreis Elbe-Elster</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a> </td> <td>642-hill-graves field </td> <td>c. 1000 BC </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Breitenfeld,_Neuhausen_ob_Eck&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Breitenfeld, Neuhausen ob Eck (page does not exist)">Breitenfeld</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Neuhausen_ob_Eck" title="Neuhausen ob Eck">Neuhausen ob Eck</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Tuttlingen" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Tuttlingen">Landkreis Tuttlingen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Baden-W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Baden-Württemberg">Baden-Württemberg</a> </td> <td>21 grave-hills </td> <td>c. 700 BC – 450 AD </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hallstatt_culture" title="Hallstatt culture">Hallstatt culture</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Barrows or tumuli sites in Germany dating to the Stone Age. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Bundesland </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Era </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grave_fields_of_Grabau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Grave fields of Grabau (page does not exist)">Grave fields of Grabau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grabauer_Gr%C3%A4berfeld" class="extiw" title="de:Grabauer Gräberfeld">de</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Grabau_(Stormarn)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grabau (Stormarn)">Grabau (Stormarn)</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Stormarn" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Stormarn">Kreis Stormarn</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schleswig-Holstein" title="Schleswig-Holstein">Schleswig-Holstein</a> </td> <td>9 grave-hills </td> <td>6500–5500 BC </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Young_Stone_Age&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Young Stone Age (page does not exist)">Young Stone Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mansenberge&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mansenberge (page does not exist)">Mansenberge</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gro%C3%9F_Ber%C3%9Fen" title="Groß Berßen">Groß Berßen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Emsland" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Emsland">Landkreis Emsland</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>Great stone grave </td> <td>3600–2800 BC </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Megalith_Culture&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Megalith Culture (page does not exist)">Megalith Culture</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Other Barrows/tumuli in Germany of unstated date. </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Name </th> <th>Place </th> <th>Region </th> <th>Bundesland </th> <th>Type </th> <th>Date </th> <th>Era </th></tr> <tr> <td>Beckdorf </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Beckdorf" title="Beckdorf">Beckdorf</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Stade" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Stade">Landkreis Stade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwalmstadt#Sonstiges" title="Schwalmstadt">Heidelberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwalmstadt" title="Schwalmstadt">Wiera</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Schwalm-Eder-Kreis" title="Schwalm-Eder-Kreis">Schwalm-Eder-Kreis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hesse" title="Hesse">Hesse</a> </td> <td>Hill-grave </td> <td> </td> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt#History" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Mellingstedt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lemsahl-Mellingstedt" title="Lemsahl-Mellingstedt">Lemsahl-Mellingstedt</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wandsbek" title="Wandsbek">Wandsbek</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6ltinghausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Höltinghausen (page does not exist)">Höltinghausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=H%C3%B6ltinghausen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Höltinghausen (page does not exist)">Höltinghausen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Cloppenburg" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Cloppenburg">Landkreis Cloppenburg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td>Hilly-grave field </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plankenheide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plankenheide (page does not exist)">Plankenheide</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nettetal" title="Nettetal">Nettetal</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreis_Viersen" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreis Viersen">Kreis Viersen</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> </td> <td>Hill-grave </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kranzberger_Forst&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kranzberger Forst (page does not exist)">Kranzberger Forst</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kranzberg" title="Kranzberg">Kranzberg</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Freising" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Freising">Landkreis Freising</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bavaria" title="Bavaria">Bavaria</a> </td> <td>19 Hilly-graves </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Maaschwitz </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Zschadra%C3%9F" title="Zschadraß">Maaschwitz</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muldentalkreis" title="Muldentalkreis">Muldentalkreis</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saxony" title="Saxony">Saxony</a> </td> <td>Hilly-graves </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Plaggenschale&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Plaggenschale (page does not exist)">Plaggenschale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Merzen" title="Merzen">Plaggenschale</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Osnabr%C3%BCck" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Osnabrück">Landkreis Osnabrück</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus_von_Nennig&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tumulus von Nennig (page does not exist)">Tumulus von Nennig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nennig" title="Nennig">Nennig</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Merzig-Wadern" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Merzig-Wadern">Landkreis Merzig-Wadern</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saarland" title="Saarland">Saarland</a> </td> <td>Grave-hill </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Winckelbarg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Winckelbarg (page does not exist)">Winckelbarg</a> </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Landkreis_Stade" class="mw-redirect" title="Landkreis Stade">Landkreis Stade</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lower_Saxony" title="Lower Saxony">Lower Saxony</a> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ireland">Ireland</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A tumulus can be found close to the <a href="/wiki/Grian%C3%A1n_of_Aileach" class="mw-redirect" title="Grianán of Aileach">Grianán of Aileach</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Donegal" title="County Donegal">County Donegal</a>. It has been suggested by historians such as <a href="/wiki/George_Petrie_(artist)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Petrie (artist)">George Petrie</a>, who surveyed the site in the early 19th century, that the tumulus may predate the <a href="/wiki/Ringfort" title="Ringfort">ringfort</a> of Aileach by many centuries possibly to the Neolithic age. Surrounding stones were laid horizontally, and converged towards the centre. The mound had been excavated in Petrie's time, but nothing explaining its meaning was discovered. It was subsequently destroyed, but its former position is marked by a heap of broken stones. Similar mounds can be found at The <a href="/wiki/Hill_of_Tara" title="Hill of Tara">Hill of Tara</a> and there are several prominent tumuli at <a href="/wiki/Br%C3%BA_na_B%C3%B3inne" title="Brú na Bóinne">Brú na Bóinne</a> in County Meath. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg/220px-Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg/330px-Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg/440px-Banditaccia_Tumulus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1460" data-file-height="1095" /></a><figcaption>Banditaccia Tumulus in <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri, Italy</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Italy">Italy</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tomba_Margareth.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tomba_Margareth.jpg/209px-Tomba_Margareth.jpg" decoding="async" width="209" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tomba_Margareth.jpg/313px-Tomba_Margareth.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Tomba_Margareth.jpg/418px-Tomba_Margareth.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1686" data-file-height="1711" /></a><figcaption>Interior of the <i>Tomba Margareth</i>, Etruscan tumulus near <a href="/wiki/Blera" title="Blera">Blera</a>, Italy</figcaption></figure><p>Some large tumulus tombs can be found especially in the <a href="/wiki/Etruscan_civilization" title="Etruscan civilization">Etruscan</a> culture, carved directly into the local limestone (<a href="/wiki/Tufa" title="Tufa">tufa</a>), and covered by a limestone dome and a layer of dirt and grass (see image to the right). From the outside, they resemble burial mounds. </p><p>The interior of these tumuli, however, is what makes them so unique. Most tombs have one central corridor, where <a href="/wiki/Sarcophagus" title="Sarcophagus">sarcophagi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urn" title="Urn">urns</a> house the <a href="/wiki/Cremation" title="Cremation">cremated</a><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> remains of the deceased were found, and the various rooms to either side of the corridor which contain the deceased's various belongings.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Many tombs also hold paintings, or <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescos</a>, that in many cases represent the funeral, scenes of real life, or the afterlife. The most significant necropolises with tumulus tombs are <a href="/wiki/Veio" class="mw-redirect" title="Veio">Veio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerveteri" title="Cerveteri">Cerveteri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vetulonia" title="Vetulonia">Vetulonia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Populonia" title="Populonia">Populonia</a>. The tumulus of <a href="/wiki/Monopoli" title="Monopoli">Montopoli</a> is relative of archaic center <a href="/w/index.php?title=Colli_della_Citt%C3%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Colli della Città (page does not exist)">Colli della Città</a> along paratiberina way in <a href="/wiki/Tiber_Valley" title="Tiber Valley">Tiber Valley</a>. </p><p> Smaller barrows are dated to the <a href="/wiki/Villanovan_culture" title="Villanovan culture">Villanova period</a> (ninth-eighth centuries BC), but the biggest were used in the following centuries (from the seventh century afterwards) by the Etruscan aristocracy<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg/208px-Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="208" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg/313px-Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg/417px-Verspreiding_grafheuvels-urnenvelden_Nederland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="304" data-file-height="343" /></a><figcaption>Dissemination of tumuli in the Netherlands; in red "regular" tumuli, in blue <a href="/wiki/Urnfield_culture" title="Urnfield culture">urn fields</a><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Oss_vorstengraf.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oss_vorstengraf.jpg/220px-Oss_vorstengraf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oss_vorstengraf.jpg/330px-Oss_vorstengraf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Oss_vorstengraf.jpg/440px-Oss_vorstengraf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="992" data-file-height="744" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vorstengraf_(Oss)" title="Vorstengraf (Oss)">Vorstengraf</a> near Oss (Netherlands) from above</figcaption></figure><p> Burial mounds are the most numerous archaeological monuments in the Netherlands. In many places, these prehistoric graves are still clearly visible as low hills. The oldest tumuli (<i>grafheuvels</i>) in the Netherlands were built near <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a> about 5,000 years ago. Concentrations of tumuli from the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> are located on the <a href="/wiki/Veluwe" title="Veluwe">Veluwe</a> and <a href="/wiki/Drenthe" title="Drenthe">Drenthe</a>. </p><p>Early scholarly investigation of tumuli and <a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">hunebedden</a> and theorising as to their origins was undertaken from the 17th century by notably <a href="/w/index.php?title=Johan_Picardt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Johan Picardt (page does not exist)">Johan Picardt</a>. Although many have disappeared over the centuries, some 3000 tumuli are known of which 636 are protected as <a href="/wiki/Rijksmonument" title="Rijksmonument">Rijksmonument</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest tumulus in the Netherlands is the <a href="/wiki/Vorstengraf_(Oss)" title="Vorstengraf (Oss)">grave of a king</a> near Oss. <a href="/wiki/Rijksmuseum_van_Oudheden" title="Rijksmuseum van Oudheden">Rijksmuseum van Oudheden</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drents_Museum" title="Drents Museum">Drents Museum</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Huis_van_Hilde" title="Huis van Hilde">Huis van Hilde</a> have findings from tumuli in their collections. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Portugal">Portugal</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Portugal"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg/220px-Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg/330px-Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg/440px-Dolmen_Outeiro_de_Gregos3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="574" data-file-height="342" /></a><figcaption>Tumulus at Outeiro de Gregos, Baião, <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a> (5th or 4th millennium BC)</figcaption></figure> <p>One of the densest manifestations of the megalithic phenomenon in Europe occurred in <a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a>. In the north of the country there are more than 1000 late prehistoric barrows. They generally occur in clusters, forming a necropolis. The method of inhumation usually involves a dolmen. The tumuli, dated from <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 4450</span> to 1900 BC, are up to 3 metres high, with diameters from 6 to 30 metres. Most of them are mounds of earth and stones, but the more recent ones are composed largely or entirely of stones (cairns). In <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_language" title="Portuguese language">Portuguese</a>, barrows are called <span title="Portuguese-language text"><i lang="pt">mamoas</i></span>, from the Latin <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">mammulas</i></span>, given to them by the Romans because of their shape, similar to the breast of a woman. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Scandinavia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg/220px-Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg/330px-Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg/440px-Kuninkaanhauta_Paneliassa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3132" data-file-height="2148" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kuninkaanhauta" title="Kuninkaanhauta">Kuninkaanhauta</a> in <a href="/wiki/Panelia" title="Panelia">Panelia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Burial mounds were in use from the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a> until the 11th century in Scandinavia and figure heavily in <a href="/wiki/Norse_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Norse paganism">Norse paganism</a>. In their original state they usually appear as small, man-made hillocks, though many examples have been damaged by <a href="/wiki/Ploughing" class="mw-redirect" title="Ploughing">ploughing</a> or plundering so that little visible evidence remains. </p><p>The tumuli of Scandinavia is of a great variety of designs, depending on the cultural traditions of the era in which they were constructed. The tumuli tombs may contain single graves, collective graves and both inhumation and cremation was practiced, again depending on the era, but also on geography. Many tumuli in Scandinavia shows a continuation of use from Stone Age to <a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a>. In the Viking Age (and perhaps in earlier times as well) burning the deceased, was believed to transfer the person to <a href="/wiki/Valhalla" title="Valhalla">Valhalla</a> by the consuming force of fire. Archaeological finds testifies that the cremation fire could reach temperatures of up to 1500 °C. The remains were often covered with cobblestones and then a layer of gravel and sand and finally a thin layer of turf or placed in urns. The tumuli were used for <a href="/wiki/Ancestral_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestral worship">ancestral worshipping</a>, an important practice in Norse culture and many places shows continuation of use for millennia. </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Thus he (<a href="/wiki/Odin" title="Odin">Odin</a>) established by law that all dead men should be burned, and their belongings laid with them on the pile, and the ashes be cast into the sea or buried in the earth. Thus, said he, every one will come to Valhalla with the riches he had with him upon the pile, and he would also enjoy whatever he himself buried in the earth. For men of consequence a mound should be raised to their memory, and for all other warriors distinguished for manhood, a standing stone. This custom remained long after Odin's time. [...] It was their faith that the higher the smoke arose in the air, the higher he would be raised whose pile it was, and the richer he would be, the more property that was consumed with him.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Ynglinga_saga" title="Ynglinga saga">Ynglinga saga</a></cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Sweden">Sweden</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg/220px-H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg/330px-H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg/440px-H%C3%A5gah%C3%B6gen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>King Björn's barrow in Håga, <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anundsh%C3%B6g" title="Anundshög">Anundshög</a>, located just outside the City of <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4ster%C3%A5s" title="Västerås">Västerås</a>, is Sweden's largest burial mound.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gamla_Uppsala" title="Gamla Uppsala">Gamla Uppsala</a>, The Royal mounds (Swedish: Kungshögarna) is the name for the three large barrows which are located in Gamla Uppsala. According to ancient mythology and folklore, it would be the three gods Thor, Odin and Freyr lying in Kungshögarna or Uppsala högar.</li> <li>Gravhög Gårdstånga, situated in <a href="/wiki/Esl%C3%B6v_Municipality" title="Eslöv Municipality">Eslöv Municipality</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sk%C3%A5ne_County" title="Skåne County">Skåne County</a>, is the site of a Bronze Age burial mound, (Swedish: <i>Gravhög</i>).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/H%C3%A5ga_mound" title="Håga mound">Hågahögen</a>, King Björn's barrow in Håga (<a href="/wiki/Old_Norse" title="Old Norse">Old Norse</a> word: <i>haugr</i>) near <a href="/wiki/Uppsala" title="Uppsala">Uppsala</a> has a very strong connection with <a href="/wiki/Bj%C3%B6rn_at_Haugi" title="Björn at Haugi">Björn at Haugi</a>.</li> <li>Kungshögar, an archaeological site on the Lake <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A4laren" title="Mälaren">Mälaren</a> island of <a href="/wiki/Adels%C3%B6" title="Adelsö">Adelsö</a> in <a href="/wiki/Eker%C3%B6_Municipality" title="Ekerö Municipality">Ekerö Municipality</a>, contains five large burial mounds.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skalunda" title="Skalunda">Skalunda</a> hög in <a href="/wiki/V%C3%A4sterg%C3%B6tland" title="Västergötland">Västergötland</a>, the site of Skalunda Barrow, an historic burial mound.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Norway">Norway</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jellhaugen_grave_mound,_Halden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg/220px-Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg/330px-Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg/440px-Jellhaugen_grave_mound%2C_Halden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1664" data-file-height="1248" /></a><figcaption><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jellhaugen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jellhaugen (page does not exist)">Jellhaugen</a>, Norway's 2nd biggest tumulus. Photo: Tore Schrøder</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raknehaugen" class="mw-redirect" title="Raknehaugen">Raknehaugen</a>, dated to c. 550 AD, is located in the traditional district of <a href="/wiki/Romerike" title="Romerike">Romerike</a>. At 77 m in diameter and a height of 15 m, it is the largest tumulus in Northern Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jellhaugen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jellhaugen (page does not exist)">Jellhaugen</a> outside <a href="/wiki/Halden" title="Halden">Halden</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a>, considered the 2nd biggest in Norway, and dated back to around 500 AD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gokstadhaugen" class="mw-redirect" title="Gokstadhaugen">Gokstadhaugen</a> a burial mound in <a href="/wiki/Sandefjord" title="Sandefjord">Sandefjord</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a>, revealed a ship burial containing the <a href="/wiki/Gokstad_ship" title="Gokstad ship">Gokstad ship</a>, a Viking era ship dating to the 9th century. The ship is the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Viking_Ship_Museum_(Oslo)" title="Viking Ship Museum (Oslo)">Viking Ship Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bygd%C3%B8y" title="Bygdøy">Bygdøy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Oseberghaugen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Oseberghaugen (page does not exist)">Oseberghaugen</a>, the Oseberg burial mound at Oseberg near <a href="/wiki/T%C3%B8nsberg" title="Tønsberg">Tønsberg</a> in Vestfold county, contained the <a href="/wiki/Oseberg_ship" class="mw-redirect" title="Oseberg ship">Oseberg ship</a>, a well-preserved Viking era ship dating from around 800 AD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Borre_mound_cemetery" title="Borre mound cemetery">Borrehaugene</a> (Borre mound cemetery) forms part of the <a href="/wiki/Borre_National_Park" class="mw-redirect" title="Borre National Park">Borre National Park</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horten" title="Horten">Horten</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vestfold" title="Vestfold">Vestfold</a>. The park covers 45 acres (180,000 m<sup>2</sup>) and its collection of burial mounds includes, seven large mounds and one 25 small cairns.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tune_ship_burial" class="mw-redirect" title="Tune ship burial">Båthaugen</a>, a boat burial mound found at <a href="/wiki/Rolvs%C3%B8y" title="Rolvsøy">Rolvsøy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tune,_Norway" title="Tune, Norway">Tune</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C3%98stfold" title="Østfold">Østfold</a>, contained the <a href="/wiki/Tune_ship" title="Tune ship">Tune ship</a>, a Viking Age ship of the "karv" type. The ship was built around AD 900 and is made of clinkered oak planks.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Storhaug</a> (Great Mound) ship's burial mound <a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Avaldsnes</a> on <a href="/wiki/Karm%C3%B8y" title="Karmøy">Karmøy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rogaland" title="Rogaland">Rogaland</a> County, <a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> contained a ship made of oak.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Grønhaug</a> (Green Mound), a ship burial at Avaldsnes, contained an approximately 15-metre (49-foot) long boat with remains of a man's grave from the 10th century.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avaldsnes" title="Avaldsnes">Flagghaugen</a> (Flag Hill Mound) at Avaldsnes, one of Norway's richest grave dating from the pre-Viking Period, contained a neck ring of 600 grams (21 ounces)t) of pure gold, weapons, bandoleer mountings and various tubs of silver and bronze.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karnilshaugen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karnilshaugen (page does not exist)">Karnilshaugen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Gloppen" title="Gloppen">Gloppen</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/Sogn_og_Fjordane" title="Sogn og Fjordane">Sogn og Fjordane</a>, is Karnil's tumulus.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Osneshaugen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Osneshaugen (page does not exist)">Osneshaugen</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Ulsteinvik" title="Ulsteinvik">Ulsteinvik</a> in the county of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8re_og_Romsdal" title="Møre og Romsdal">Møre og Romsdal</a>, is a tumulus overlooking the Osnes beach. It is believed to have been sacked, and has not been excavated in modern times. It has been dated to the Bronze Age.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Denmark">Denmark</h5><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg/220px-Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg/330px-Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg/440px-Tingh%C3%B8j_Hammersh%C3%B8j_Kvorning_2010-01-08_edit_filtered.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3680" data-file-height="2019" /></a><figcaption>The tumulus Tinghøjen located between <a href="/wiki/Randers" title="Randers">Randers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Viborg,_Denmark" title="Viborg, Denmark">Viborg</a>, one of about 26,000<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> conserved tumuli in <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>. Photo from January 2010 AD</figcaption></figure> <p>Denmark has about 20,000 preserved tumuli, with the oldest being around 5,000 years old. A great number of tumuli in Denmark has been destroyed in the course of history, ploughed down for agricultural fields or used for road or dyke constructions. Tumuli have been protected by law since 1937 and is officially supervised by the Danish Agency for Culture.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Examples of tumuli in Denmark are:<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yding_Skovh%C3%B8j" title="Yding Skovhøj">Yding Skovhøj</a> in <a href="/wiki/Horsens" title="Horsens">Horsens</a> municipality, <a href="/wiki/Jutland" title="Jutland">Jutland</a> is one of Denmark's Bronze Age burial mounds built on the top of the hill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hov_D%C3%A5s" title="Hov Dås">Hov Dås</a> in <a href="/wiki/Thisted" title="Thisted">Thisted</a> municipality, <a href="/wiki/North_Jutland_Region" title="North Jutland Region">North Jutland</a> is one of Denmark's neolithic burial mounds built on the top of the hill.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klekkende_H%C3%B8j" title="Klekkende Høj">Klekkende Høj</a> is a megalithic <a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">passage grave</a> constructed in the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Stone_Age" title="Nordic Stone Age">Stone Age</a> on the island of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8n" title="Møn">Møn</a>. It takes its name from the nearby village of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Klekkende&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Klekkende (page does not exist)">Klekkende</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lindholm_H%C3%B8je" title="Lindholm Høje">Lindholm Høje</a> is a major Viking and <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age_Scandinavia" title="Iron Age Scandinavia">Iron Age</a> burial site and former settlement, situated to the north of and overlooking the city of <a href="/wiki/Aalborg" title="Aalborg">Aalborg</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nj%C3%A6gers_H%C3%B8j" class="mw-redirect" title="Grønjægers Høj">Grønjægers Høj</a>, meaning "the mound of Green Hunter", dates to the <a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a> and is located near <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fanefjord&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fanefjord (page does not exist)">Fanefjord</a> Church on the Danish island of <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B8n" title="Møn">Møn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gorm_and_Thyra%27s_H%C3%B8je&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gorm and Thyra's Høje (page does not exist)">Gorm and Thyra's Høje</a>, two huge burial mounds at <a href="/wiki/Jelling" title="Jelling">Jelling</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_America">North America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg/220px-Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg/330px-Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg/440px-Tumulus_Anse_Amour_Labrador.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The burial mound at L'Anse Amour, Newfoundland and Labrador, Canada</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Canada">Canada</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg/220px-Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg/330px-Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg/440px-Serpent_Mounds_NHS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3232" data-file-height="2404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Serpent_Mounds_Park" title="Serpent Mounds Park">Serpent Mounds Park</a>, located near <a href="/wiki/Peterborough,_Ontario" title="Peterborough, Ontario">Peterborough, Ontario</a>, was named because of the zig-zag serpent shapes of its mounds.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/L%27Anse_Amour" title="L'Anse Amour">L'Anse Amour</a> is an archaeological site located in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Belle_Isle" title="Strait of Belle Isle">Strait of Belle Isle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>. This site consists of a single burial mound that is 8 meters in diameter. The remains of a juvenile were found at the site along with a variety of artifacts, including tools and points made from stone and animal bones, a bone whistle, and red ochre colored stones. The juvenile is oriented with their head facing north and their body fully extended. This site has been dated to 8,300 years ago.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>This site has been pointed to as an early example of the <a href="/wiki/Burial" title="Burial">burial traditions</a> characteristic of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Maritime_Archaic_Community&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Maritime Archaic Community (page does not exist)">Maritime Archaic Community</a>. Similar sites are located throughout this <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">region</a>, although this tradition seems to have reached its peak around 1,000 years after the construction of the site at L'Anse Amour. Many of these Maritime Archaic burial sites are removed from areas of habitation and may have acted as meeting places for people from across wide areas. The <a href="/wiki/Innu" title="Innu">Innu people</a>, who inhabit this area today, were sometimes fearful that the souls of the dead could do harm to the living and therefore buried them in isolated areas under stones. While archaeologists are unsure of the intentions behind the location and construction of this site, these more recent beliefs may suggest that the juvenile at L'Anse Amour may have been buried in this way to protect the living.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_86-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Augustine Mound is an important <a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> burial site in New Brunswick. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taber_Hill" title="Taber Hill">Taber Hill</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> burial mound in <a href="/wiki/Toronto,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Toronto, Ontario">Toronto, Ontario</a>. </p><p>In the southern regions of Manitoba and Saskatchewan, evidence of ancient mound builders was discovered by archaeologists, beginning with excavations by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Youle_Hind" title="Henry Youle Hind">Henry Youle Hind</a> in 1857.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Southwestern British Columbia, several types of burial mounds are known from the Salishan region (Hill-Tout 1895). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_States">United States</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Mound_builder_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mound builder (people)">Mound builder (people)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">List of burial mounds in the United States</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/220px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/330px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg/440px-Grave_Creek_Mound.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2856" data-file-height="1478" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Grave_Creek_Mound" title="Grave Creek Mound">Grave Creek Mound</a>, located in <a href="/wiki/Moundsville,_West_Virginia" title="Moundsville, West Virginia">Moundsville, West Virginia</a>, was built by the <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena culture</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ocmulgee_National_Monument,_Funeral_Mound_(railroad_cut_on_left),_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg/220px-Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="108" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg/330px-Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg/440px-Ocmulgee_National_Monument%2C_Funeral_Mound_%28railroad_cut_on_left%29%2C_circa_1876_-_DPLA_-_fd9cf4e1f3cae2a47fea5873b13fd50f.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="391" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Ocmulgee_Mounds_National_Historical_Park" title="Ocmulgee Mounds National Historical Park">Ocmulgee National Monument Funeral Mound</a>, circa 1876</figcaption></figure> <p>Mound building was a central feature of the public <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a> of many <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">Native American</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_religion" title="Mesoamerican religion">Mesoamerican</a> cultures from Chile to Minnesota. Thousands of mounds in the United States have been destroyed as a result of farming, pot-hunting, amateur and professional archaeology, road-building and construction. Surviving mounds are still found in river valleys, especially along the <a href="/wiki/Mississippi_River" title="Mississippi River">Mississippi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee_River" title="Tennessee River">Tennessee</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio_River" title="Ohio River">Ohio</a> Rivers, and as far west as <a href="/wiki/Spiro_Mounds" title="Spiro Mounds">Spiro Mounds</a> in Oklahoma. </p><p>Mounds were used for burial, to support residential and religious structures, to represent a shared <a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">cosmology</a>, and to unite and demarcate community. Common forms include conical mounds, ridge-top mounds, <a href="/wiki/Platform_mound" title="Platform mound">platform mounds</a>, and animal <a href="/wiki/Effigy_mound" title="Effigy mound">effigy mounds</a>, but there are many variations. Mound building in the US is believed to date back to at least 3400 BC in the Southeast (see <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brake" title="Watson Brake">Watson Brake</a>). The <a href="/wiki/Adena_culture" title="Adena culture">Adena</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Mississippian_culture" title="Mississippian culture">Mississippian</a> cultures are principally known for their mounds, as is the <a href="/wiki/Hopewell_tradition" title="Hopewell tradition">Hopewell tradition</a>. The largest mound site north of <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a> is <a href="/wiki/Cahokia_Mounds" class="mw-redirect" title="Cahokia Mounds">Cahokia Mounds</a>, a vast <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a> located just east of <a href="/wiki/St._Louis" title="St. Louis">St. Louis, Missouri.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Uruguay">Uruguay</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Uruguay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg/220px-Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg/330px-Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg/440px-Cerrito_de_Indios.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption><i>Cerritos</i> in <a href="/wiki/Rocha_Department" title="Rocha Department">Rocha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Cerritos_de_Indios" title="Cerritos de Indios">Cerritos de Indios</a></div> <p>The Cerritos de Indios (Spanish for: <i>Indian Mounds</i> or <i>Indian Little Hills</i>) are a collection of more than 3000 tumulus or earth mounds found mainly in the eastern region of <a href="/wiki/Uruguay" title="Uruguay">Uruguay</a>. </p><p>Of different sizes and shapes, some of them date back 4000–5000 years, being among the oldest examples of tumulus building in the new world. The identity of the people group responsible for their construction is unknown, as they left no written records.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It is believed that mounds were used for burial, as well for living and practicing agriculture in the flat marshlands and plains of eastern Uruguay.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barrow-downs" class="mw-redirect" title="Barrow-downs">Barrow-downs</a>, in Tolkien's Middle-earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muran%C3%AB" title="Muranë">Muranë</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRatte1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Ratte, Philippe (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.persee.fr/doc/anatv_1013-9559_1993_act_3_1_886">"The Tomb of Atyattes"</a>. <i>Publications de l'Institut Français d'Études Anatoliennes</i> (in French). <b>3</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">1–</span>12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Publications+de+l%27Institut+Fran%C3%A7ais+d%27%C3%89tudes+Anatoliennes&rft.atitle=The+Tomb+of+Atyattes&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E12&rft.date=1993&rft.aulast=Ratte&rft.aufirst=Philippe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.persee.fr%2Fdoc%2Fanatv_1013-9559_1993_act_3_1_886&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2000" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Richard P. 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Australian Academic Press: <span class="nowrap">43–</span>45. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-875378-90-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-875378-90-6"><bdi>978-1-875378-90-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Forensic+Approaches+to+Death%2C+Disaster+and+Abuse&rft.atitle=Identification+of+Australian+Aboriginal+Mortuary+Remains&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E45&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-875378-90-6&rft.aulast=F.+Oxenham&rft.aufirst=Marc&rft.au=Knight%2C+Tom&rft.au=Westaway%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch-repository.griffith.edu.au%2Fhandle%2F10072%2F61729&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spry2023-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Spry2023_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spry2023_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spry2023_20-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spry2023_20-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Spry2023_20-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Spry2023" class="citation journal cs1">Spry, Caroline; Armstrong, Brian; Ingram (Wiradjuri Elder), Neil; Williams (Wiradjuri Elder), Alice; Williams (Wiradjuri Knowledge Holder), James; Ingram (Wiradjuri Traditional Custodian), Greg; Sutherland (Wiradjuri and Kamilaroi Traditional Custodian), Ian ‘Doug’; Ngullubul Men’s Corporation, Yarrawula; Hines, Michelle; Potts, Tracey; Conyers, Lawrence (2 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2023.2219378">"Investigating Wiradjuri marara (carved trees or dendroglyphs) and dhabuganha (burials) in the Central Tablelands, southeastern Australia"</a>. <i>Australian Archaeology</i>. <b>89</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">209–</span>226. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2023.2219378">10.1080/03122417.2023.2219378</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Investigating+Wiradjuri+marara+%28carved+trees+or+dendroglyphs%29+and+dhabuganha+%28burials%29+in+the+Central+Tablelands%2C+southeastern+Australia&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E209-%3C%2Fspan%3E226&rft.date=2023-09-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2023.2219378&rft.aulast=Spry&rft.aufirst=Caroline&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+Brian&rft.au=Ingram+%28Wiradjuri+Elder%29%2C+Neil&rft.au=Williams+%28Wiradjuri+Elder%29%2C+Alice&rft.au=Williams+%28Wiradjuri+Knowledge+Holder%29%2C+James&rft.au=Ingram+%28Wiradjuri+Traditional+Custodian%29%2C+Greg&rft.au=Sutherland+%28Wiradjuri+and+Kamilaroi+Traditional+Custodian%29%2C+Ian+%E2%80%98Doug%E2%80%99&rft.au=Ngullubul+Men%E2%80%99s+Corporation%2C+Yarrawula&rft.au=Hines%2C+Michelle&rft.au=Potts%2C+Tracey&rft.au=Conyers%2C+Lawrence&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1080%252F03122417.2023.2219378&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCarthy1940" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_McCarthy_(archaeologist)" title="Fred McCarthy (archaeologist)">McCarthy, Frederick D.</a> (1 June 1940). "The Carved Trees of New South Wales". <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Museum" title="Australian Museum">Australian Museum Magazine</a></i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">161–</span>166.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Museum+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Carved+Trees+of+New+South+Wales&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E161-%3C%2Fspan%3E166&rft.date=1940-06-01&rft.aulast=McCarthy&rft.aufirst=Frederick+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrockwell2006" class="citation journal cs1">Brockwell, Sally (December 2006). "Earth Mounds In Northern Australia: A Review". <i>Australian Archaeology</i>. <b>63</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">47–</span>56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03122417.2006.11681837">10.1080/03122417.2006.11681837</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1885%2F21244">1885/21244</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Earth+Mounds+In+Northern+Australia%3A+A+Review&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E47-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1885%2F21244&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03122417.2006.11681837&rft.aulast=Brockwell&rft.aufirst=Sally&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFenton2018" class="citation web cs1">Fenton, Bruce (14 February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thevintagenews.com/2018/02/14/mound-builder-revealed/">"Ancient mound builder culture of northern Australia revealed, with many mounds containing human remains | The Vintage News"</a>. <i>thevintagenews</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thevintagenews&rft.atitle=Ancient+mound+builder+culture+of+northern+Australia+revealed%2C+with+many+mounds+containing+human+remains+%7C+The+Vintage+News&rft.date=2018-02-14&rft.aulast=Fenton&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thevintagenews.com%2F2018%2F02%2F14%2Fmound-builder-revealed%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span> Archaeologist Mary-Jean Sutton said, "They could be 6,000 years old. They could be tens of thousands of years old. We believe potentially 5,000 to 6,000 years old, but they could be much, much older and potentially also younger, and we need to carry out more research to date them."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tpficss-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tpficss_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomali_Studies_International_Association1992" class="citation book cs1">Somali Studies International Association (1992). Charles L. Geshekter; <a href="/wiki/Hussein_Mohamed_Adam" title="Hussein Mohamed Adam">Hussein M. Adam</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=mM8tAQAAIAAJ"><i>The Proceedings of the First International Congress of Somali Studies</i></a>. Scholars Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">39–</span>40. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89130-658-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-89130-658-7"><bdi>0-89130-658-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Proceedings+of+the+First+International+Congress+of+Somali+Studies&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E39-%3C%2Fspan%3E40&rft.pub=Scholars+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-89130-658-7&rft.au=Somali+Studies+International+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DmM8tAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tprgsol-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Tprgsol_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=lL40AQAAIAAJ"><i>Proceedings of the Royal Geographical Society of London</i></a>. Royal Geographical Society of London. 1881. p. 571<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 October</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.pages=571&rft.pub=Royal+Geographical+Society+of+London&rft.date=1881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DlL40AQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hassan-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hassan_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassan2002" class="citation book cs1">Hassan, Fekri (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/0-306-47547-2_2">"Palaeoclimate, Food And Culture Change In Africa: An Overview"</a>. <i>Droughts, Food and Culture</i>. Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">11–</span>26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F0-306-47547-2_2">10.1007/0-306-47547-2_2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-46755-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-46755-0"><bdi>0-306-46755-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Palaeoclimate%2C+Food+And+Culture+Change+In+Africa%3A+An+Overview&rft.btitle=Droughts%2C+Food+and+Culture&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E11-%3C%2Fspan%3E26&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2002&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F0-306-47547-2_2&rft.isbn=0-306-46755-0&rft.aulast=Hassan&rft.aufirst=Fekri&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Fchapter%2F10.1007%2F0-306-47547-2_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faraji-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji_27-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaraji2022" class="citation journal cs1">Faraji, Salim (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/99787064">"Rediscovering the Links between the Earthen Pyramids of West Africa and Ancient Nubia: Restoring William Leo Hansberry's Vision of Ancient Kush and Sudanic Africa"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964995864" title="Special:BookSources/9780964995864"><bdi>9780964995864</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1343909954">1343909954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Links+between+the+Earthen+Pyramids+of+West+Africa+and+Ancient+Nubia%3A+Restoring+William+Leo+Hansberry%27s+Vision+of+Ancient+Kush+and+Sudanic+Africa&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1343909954&rft.isbn=9780964995864&rft.aulast=Faraji&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99787064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Faraji2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Faraji2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFaraji2022" class="citation journal cs1">Faraji, Salim (September 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/99787064">"Rediscovering the Links between the Earthen Pyramids of West Africa and Ancient Nubia: Restoring William Leo Hansberry's Vision of Ancient Kush and Sudanic Africa"</a>. <i>Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections</i>. <b>35</b>: <span class="nowrap">49–</span>67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780964995864" title="Special:BookSources/9780964995864"><bdi>9780964995864</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1343909954">1343909954</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Egyptian+Interconnections&rft.atitle=Rediscovering+the+Links+between+the+Earthen+Pyramids+of+West+Africa+and+Ancient+Nubia%3A+Restoring+William+Leo+Hansberry%27s+Vision+of+Ancient+Kush+and+Sudanic+Africa&rft.volume=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E67&rft.date=2022-09&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1343909954&rft.isbn=9780964995864&rft.aulast=Faraji&rft.aufirst=Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F99787064&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Garcea-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Garcea_29-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garcea_29-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Garcea_29-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarcea2013" class="citation book cs1">Garcea, Elena A. 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Africa Magna Verlag. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9783937248349" title="Special:BookSources/9783937248349"><bdi>9783937248349</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gobero+The+No-return+Frontier+%3A+Archaeology+and+Landscape+at+the+Saharo-Sahelian+Borderland&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Africa+Magna+Verlag&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9783937248349&rft.aulast=Garcea&rft.aufirst=Elena+A.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfUy8gejsmSIC%26q%3D%2522Tumuli%2522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-McDougall-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-McDougall_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcDougall2019" class="citation book cs1">McDougall, E. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press (published 27 February 2020). p. 262. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521762496" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521762496"><bdi>978-0521762496</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Ancient+North+America&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=262&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0521762496&rft.aulast=Pauketat&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft.au=Sassaman%2C+Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mhs.mb.ca/docs/mb_history/28/moundbuilders.shtml">(Manitoba History) The Manitoba Mound Builders: The Making of an Archaeological Myth, 1857–1900</a>. Gwen Rempel. 1994. Retrieved 6 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parkscanadahistory.com/series/mrs/323.pdf">Aboriginal Mounds in Southern Manitoba: An Evaluative Overview</a>. E. Leigh Syms. 1978. Retrieved 6 February 2017.]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esask.uregina.ca/entry/archaeology_history_of.html">History of Archaeology, Encyclopedia of Saskatchewan.</a> Retrieved 6 February 2017.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329177660">"The Earthen Mounds (Cerritos) of Southern Brazil and Uruguay"</a>. <i>Research Gate</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=The+Earthen+Mounds+%28Cerritos%29+of+Southern+Brazil+and+Uruguay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F329177660&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez_Mazz2001" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">López Mazz, José M. (September 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mna.gub.uy/innovaportal/file/20809/1/lopez_mazz_j._m._2001._las_estructuras_tumulares_cerritos_del_litoral_atlantico_uruguayo..pdf">"Las Estructuras Tumulares (Cerritos) del Litoral Atlantico Uruguayo"</a> [The Tumular Structures (Cerritos) of the Uruguayan Atlantic Coastline] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Latin_American_Antiquity" title="Latin American Antiquity">Latin American Antiquity</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>12</b> (3). Cambridge University Press: <span class="nowrap">231–</span>255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F971631">10.2307/971631</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/971631">971631</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163375789">163375789</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Latin+American+Antiquity&rft.atitle=Las+Estructuras+Tumulares+%28Cerritos%29+del+Litoral+Atlantico+Uruguayo&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E231-%3C%2Fspan%3E255&rft.date=2001-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163375789%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F971631%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F971631&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez+Mazz&rft.aufirst=Jos%C3%A9+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mna.gub.uy%2Finnovaportal%2Ffile%2F20809%2F1%2Flopez_mazz_j._m._2001._las_estructuras_tumulares_cerritos_del_litoral_atlantico_uruguayo..pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlbright1923" class="citation journal cs1">Albright, William F. (1923). "Interesting finds in tumuli near Jerusalem". <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_American_Schools_of_Oriental_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research">Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research</a></i>. <b>10</b> (April). The American Schools of Oriental Research: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>3. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1354763">10.2307/1354763</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1354763">1354763</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:163409706">163409706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Schools+of+Oriental+Research&rft.atitle=Interesting+finds+in+tumuli+near+Jerusalem&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=April&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E3&rft.date=1923&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A163409706%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1354763%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1354763&rft.aulast=Albright&rft.aufirst=William+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAmiran1958" class="citation journal cs1">Amiran, Ruth (1958). "The tumuli west of Jerusalem, Survey and Excavations, 1953". <i><a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a></i>. <b>8</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">205–</span>227.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=The+tumuli+west+of+Jerusalem%2C+Survey+and+Excavations%2C+1953&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E205-%3C%2Fspan%3E227&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Amiran&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarkay2003" class="citation journal cs1">Barkay, Gabriel (2003). "Mounds of mystery: where the kings of Judah were lamented". <i><a href="/wiki/Biblical_Archaeology_Review" title="Biblical Archaeology Review">Biblical Archaeology Review</a></i>. <b>29</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">32–</span>39, 66, 68.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=Mounds+of+mystery%3A+where+the+kings+of+Judah+were+lamented&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E32-%3C%2Fspan%3E39%2C+66%2C+68&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Barkay&rft.aufirst=Gabriel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrena2004" class="citation book cs1">Grena, G. M. (2004). <i>LMLK – A Mystery Belonging to the King vol. 1</i>. Redondo Beach, California: 4000 Years of Writing History. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9748786-0-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-9748786-0-X"><bdi>0-9748786-0-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=LMLK+%E2%80%93+A+Mystery+Belonging+to+the+King+vol.+1&rft.place=Redondo+Beach%2C+California&rft.pub=4000+Years+of+Writing+History&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-9748786-0-X&rft.aulast=Grena&rft.aufirst=G.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Grinsell, L.V., 1936, <i>The Ancient Burial-mounds of England</i>. London: Methuen.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelson1993" class="citation book cs1">Nelson, Sarah Milledge (1993). <i>The Archaeology of Korea</i>. New York: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-40783-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-40783-4"><bdi>0-521-40783-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Archaeology+of+Korea&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-521-40783-4&rft.aulast=Nelson&rft.aufirst=Sarah+Milledge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tumulus&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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href="/wiki/File:Wikisource-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a> has the text of a <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">1911 <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i></a> article about <span style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Barrow_(grave-mound)" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Barrow (grave-mound)">Barrows</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Tumulus"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Tumulus">"Tumulus" </a></span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> (11th ed.). 1911.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Tumulus&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.edition=11th&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATumulus" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150328044440/http://www.eng-h.gov.uk/mpp/mcd/intro2.htm">English Heritage Monument Class Descriptions</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120314124917/http://www.tumulusstory.250x.com/">The Victorian Barrow Diggers of Wales</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://wikimapia.org/#lat=50.7994424&lon=4.9584174&z=18&l=0&m=b">Location Tumuli of Grimde Tienen</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sitereports.nabunken.go.jp/en">Comprehensive Database of Archaeological Site Reports in Japan</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.zooniverse.org/projects/evakap/heritage-quest/about/research">Heritage Quest</a>, research project using <a href="/wiki/LiDAR" class="mw-redirect" title="LiDAR">LiDAR</a> data</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llewellynn_Jewitt" title="Llewellynn Jewitt">Llewellynn Jewitt</a> (1870), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/52906">Grave-mounds and Their Contents</a>,</i> London: Groombridge and Sons.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Germanic_peoples" title="Template talk:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic_peoples" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Germanic peoples"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Germanic_peoples436" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic peoples</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div><a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistic_group" title="Ethnolinguistic group">Ethnolinguistic group</a> of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Europe" title="Northern Europe">Northern European</a> origin primarily identified as speakers of <a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Germanic languages</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_Bronze_Age" title="Nordic Bronze Age">Nordic Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania" title="Germania">Germania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pre-Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Roman Iron Age">Pre-Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Iron Age">Roman Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romano-Germanic_culture" title="Romano-Germanic culture">Romano-Germanic culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_Iron_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanic Iron Age">Germanic Iron Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_Age" title="Viking Age">Viking Age</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture" title="Early Germanic culture">Early culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Period_art" title="Migration Period art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_calendars" title="Early Germanic calendars">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_clothing" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic clothing">Clothing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Family_in_early_Germanic_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Family in early Germanic culture">Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_festivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic festivals">Festivals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_mythology" title="Germanic mythology">Folklore </a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_folklore" title="Proto-Germanic folklore">Proto-Germanic folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_mythology" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Saxon mythology">Anglo-Saxon mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Germanic_mythology" title="Continental Germanic mythology">Continental Germanic mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_mythology" title="Norse mythology">Norse mythology</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_funerary_practices" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic funerary practices">Funerary practices</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_burial_mounds" title="Anglo-Saxon burial mounds">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norse_funeral" title="Norse funeral">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_law" title="Germanic law">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_law" title="Anglo-Saxon law">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_Scandinavian_law" title="Medieval Scandinavian law">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_literature" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_English_literature" title="Old English literature">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_literature" title="Old Norse literature">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_name" title="Germanic name">Names</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_name" title="Gothic name">Gothic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numbers_in_Germanic_paganism" title="Numbers in Germanic paganism">Numbers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_paganism" title="Germanic paganism">Paganism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_paganism" title="Anglo-Saxon paganism">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_paganism" title="Gothic paganism">Gothic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Old_Norse_religion" title="Old Norse religion">Norse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rings_in_Germanic_paganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rings in Germanic paganism">Rings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_culture#Scripts" title="Early Germanic culture">Scripts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_alphabet" title="Gothic alphabet">Gothic alphabet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Runes" title="Runes">Runes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sippe" title="Sippe">Sippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_symbols" class="mw-redirect" title="Early Germanic symbols">Symbology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Early_Germanic_warfare" title="Early Germanic warfare">Warfare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_warfare" title="Anglo-Saxon warfare">Anglo-Saxon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_and_Vandal_warfare" title="Gothic and Vandal warfare">Gothic and Vandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viking_raid_warfare_and_tactics" title="Viking raid warfare and tactics">Viking</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Germanic_languages" title="Germanic languages">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germanic_parent_language" title="Germanic parent language">Germanic parent language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Germanic_language" title="Proto-Germanic language">Proto-Germanic language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Germanic_languages" title="East Germanic languages">East Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Germanic_languages" title="North Germanic languages">North Germanic languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Germanic_languages" title="West Germanic languages">West Germanic languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_early_Germanic_peoples" title="List of early Germanic peoples">Groups</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alemanni" title="Alemanni">Alemanni</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brisigavi" title="Brisigavi">Brisgavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucinobantes" title="Bucinobantes">Bucinobantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lentienses" title="Lentienses">Lentienses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetovari" title="Raetovari">Raetovari</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrabaecampi" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrabaecampi">Adrabaecampi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Saxons" title="Anglo-Saxons">Anglo-Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambrones" title="Ambrones">Ambrones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ampsivarii" title="Ampsivarii">Ampsivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angrivarii" title="Angrivarii">Angrivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armalausi" title="Armalausi">Armalausi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auiones" title="Auiones">Auiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avarpi" title="Avarpi">Avarpi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baemi" title="Baemi">Baemi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baiuvarii" title="Baiuvarii">Baiuvarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banochaemae" title="Banochaemae">Banochaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bastarnae" title="Bastarnae">Bastarnae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batavi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Batavi (Germanic tribe)">Batavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgae" title="Belgae">Belgae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Germani_cisrhenani" title="Germani cisrhenani">Germani cisrhenani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atuatuci" title="Atuatuci">Atuatuci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caerosi" title="Caerosi">Caeroesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Condrusi" title="Condrusi">Condrusi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eburones" title="Eburones">Eburones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paemani" title="Paemani">Paemani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Segni_(tribe)" title="Segni (tribe)">Segni</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morini" title="Morini">Morini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nervii" title="Nervii">Nervii</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bateinoi" title="Bateinoi">Bateinoi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baetasii" title="Baetasii">Betasii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brondings" title="Brondings">Brondings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bructeri" title="Bructeri">Bructeri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burgundians" title="Burgundians">Burgundians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buri_tribe" title="Buri tribe">Buri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cananefates" title="Cananefates">Cananefates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caritni" title="Caritni">Caritni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casuari" title="Casuari">Casuari</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaedini" title="Chaedini">Chaedini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaemae" title="Chaemae">Chaemae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamavi" title="Chamavi">Chamavi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chali" title="Chali">Chali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charudes" title="Charudes">Charudes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chasuarii" title="Chasuarii">Chasuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chattuarii" title="Chattuarii">Chattuarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatti" title="Chatti">Chatti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chauci" title="Chauci">Chauci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherusci" title="Cherusci">Cherusci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimbri" title="Cimbri">Cimbri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cobandi" title="Cobandi">Cobandi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corconti" title="Corconti">Corconti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cugerni" title="Cugerni">Cugerni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Danes_(tribe)" title="Danes (tribe)">Danes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dauciones" title="Dauciones">Dauciones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dulgubnii" title="Dulgubnii">Dulgubnii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Favonae" title="Favonae">Favonae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firaesi" title="Firaesi">Firaesi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fosi" title="Fosi">Fosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ripuarian_Franks" title="Ripuarian Franks">Ripuarian Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salian_Franks" title="Salian Franks">Salian Franks</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisiavones" title="Frisiavones">Frisiavones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frisii" title="Frisii">Frisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gambrivii" title="Gambrivii">Gambrivii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gepids" title="Gepids">Gepids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goths" title="Goths">Goths</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Goths" title="Crimean Goths">Crimean Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greuthungi" title="Greuthungi">Greuthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutones" title="Gutones">Gutones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostrogoths" title="Ostrogoths">Ostrogoths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thervingi" title="Thervingi">Thervingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracian_Goths" title="Thracian Goths">Thracian Goths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visigoths" title="Visigoths">Visigoths</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gutes" title="Gutes">Gutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harii" title="Harii">Harii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermunduri" title="Hermunduri">Hermunduri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heruli" title="Heruli">Heruli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilleviones" title="Hilleviones">Hilleviones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ingaevones" title="Ingaevones">Ingaevones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irminones" title="Irminones">Irminones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Istvaeones" title="Istvaeones">Istvaeones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jutes" title="Jutes">Jutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juthungi" title="Juthungi">Juthungi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacringi" title="Lacringi">Lacringi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemovii" title="Lemovii">Lemovii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombards" title="Lombards">Lombards</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hea%C3%B0obards" title="Heaðobards">Heaðobards</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugii" title="Lugii">Lugii</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diduni" title="Diduni">Diduni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helisii" class="mw-redirect" title="Helisii">Helisii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helveconae" title="Helveconae">Helveconae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manimi" title="Manimi">Manimi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahanarvali" title="Nahanarvali">Nahanarvali</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcomanni" title="Marcomanni">Marcomanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsacii" title="Marsacii">Marsacii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marsi_(Germanic_tribe)" title="Marsi (Germanic tribe)">Marsi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mattiaci" title="Mattiaci">Mattiaci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nemetes" title="Nemetes">Nemetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Njars" title="Njars">Njars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuithones" title="Nuithones">Nuithones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osi_(tribe)" title="Osi (tribe)">Osi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quadi" title="Quadi">Quadi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reudigni" title="Reudigni">Reudigni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugii" title="Rugii">Rugii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugini" title="Rugini">Rugini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semnones" title="Semnones">Semnones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicambri" title="Sicambri">Sicambri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sciri" title="Sciri">Sciri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suarines" title="Suarines">Suarines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suebi" title="Suebi">Suebi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunici" title="Sunici">Sunici</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swedes_(tribe)" title="Swedes (tribe)">Swedes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taifals" title="Taifals">Taifals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tencteri" title="Tencteri">Tencteri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teutons" title="Teutons">Teutons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelir" title="Thelir">Thelir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thuringii" title="Thuringii">Thuringii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texandri" title="Texandri">Toxandri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treveri" title="Treveri">Treveri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triboci" title="Triboci">Triboci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tubantes" title="Tubantes">Tubantes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tulingi" title="Tulingi">Tulingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tungri" title="Tungri">Tungri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubii" title="Ubii">Ubii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Usipetes" title="Usipetes">Usipetes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vagoth" title="Vagoth">Vagoth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hasdingi" title="Hasdingi">Hasdingi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silingi" title="Silingi">Silingi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vangiones" title="Vangiones">Vangiones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varisci" title="Varisci">Varisci</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victohali" title="Victohali">Victohali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidivarii" title="Vidivarii">Vidivarii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinoviloth" title="Vinoviloth">Vinoviloth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warini" title="Warini">Warini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#d5dcb0;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_the_Germanic_peoples" title="Christianisation of the Germanic peoples">Christianization</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Christianity" title="Gothic Christianity">Gothic Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_the_Franks" title="Christianization of the Franks">Christianization of the Franks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianisation_of_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England">Christianisation of Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Scandinavia" title="Christianization of Scandinavia">Christianization of Scandinavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianization_of_Iceland" title="Christianization of Iceland">Christianization of Iceland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#d5dcb0;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Germanic_peoples" title="Category:Germanic peoples">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Prehistoric_technology434" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Prehistoric_technology" title="Template talk:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric_technology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Prehistoric technology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Prehistoric_technology434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_technology" title="Prehistoric technology">Prehistoric technology</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistory" title="Prehistory">Prehistory</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_prehistory" title="Timeline of prehistory">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_prehistoric_technology" title="Outline of prehistoric technology">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three-age_system#Stone_Age_subdivisions" title="Three-age system">Subdivisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">New Stone Age</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technology" title="Technology">Technology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_technology" title="History of technology">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_archaeology" title="Glossary of archaeology">Glossary</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Tools434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Tools</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_agriculture" title="History of agriculture">Farming</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Revolution" title="Neolithic Revolution">Neolithic Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Founder_crops" title="Founder crops">Founder crops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_World_crops" title="New World crops">New World crops</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard_(plough)" title="Ard (plough)">Ard / plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celt_(tool)" title="Celt (tool)">Celt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digging_stick" title="Digging stick">Digging stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domestication" title="Domestication">Domestication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goad" title="Goad">Goad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irrigation" title="Irrigation">Irrigation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_products_revolution" title="Secondary products revolution">Secondary products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sickle" title="Sickle">Sickle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_(earthworks)" title="Terrace (earthworks)">Terracing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Food processing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_of_fire_by_early_humans" title="Control of fire by early humans">Fire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basket" title="Basket">Basket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">Cooking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earth_oven" title="Earth oven">Earth oven</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Granary" title="Granary">Granaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grinding_slab" title="Grinding slab">Grinding slab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ground_stone" title="Ground stone">Ground stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearth" title="Hearth">Hearth</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A%C5%9F%C4%B1kl%C4%B1_H%C3%B6y%C3%BCk#Hearths" title="Aşıklı Höyük">Aşıklı Höyük</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qesem_cave#Fire" title="Qesem cave">Qesem cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mano_(stone)" title="Mano (stone)">Manos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metate" title="Metate">Metate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortar_and_pestle" title="Mortar and pestle">Mortar and pestle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery" title="Pottery">Pottery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_storage_pits" title="Prehistoric storage pits">Storage pits</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Hunting_hypothesis" title="Hunting hypothesis">Hunting</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrow" title="Arrow">Arrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boomerang" title="Boomerang">Boomerang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Throwing_stick" title="Throwing stick">throwing stick</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_and_arrow" title="Bow and arrow">Bow and arrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_archery" title="History of archery">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Hunting" title="Gravettian">Nets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spear" title="Spear">Spear</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spear-thrower" title="Spear-thrower">spear-thrower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baton_fragment_(Palart_310)" title="Baton fragment (Palart 310)">baton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpoon" title="Harpoon">harpoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sch%C3%B6ningen_spears" title="Schöningen spears">Schöningen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woomera_(spear-thrower)" title="Woomera (spear-thrower)">woomera</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Projectile_point" title="Projectile point">Projectile points</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arrowhead" title="Arrowhead">Arrowhead</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transverse_arrowhead" title="Transverse arrowhead">Transverse</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bare_Island_projectile_point" title="Bare Island projectile point">Bare Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cascade_point" title="Cascade point">Cascade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_point" title="Clovis point">Clovis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creswellian_culture" title="Creswellian culture">Cresswell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland_point" title="Cumberland point">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eden_point" title="Eden point">Eden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folsom_point" title="Folsom point">Folsom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamoka_projectile_point" title="Lamoka projectile point">Lamoka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manis_Mastodon_site" title="Manis Mastodon site">Manis Mastodon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plano_point" title="Plano point">Plano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Game_drive_system" title="Game drive system">Game drive system</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_jump" title="Buffalo jump">Buffalo jump</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Toolmaking</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Industry_(archaeology)" title="Industry (archaeology)">Earliest toolmaking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oldowan" title="Oldowan">Oldowan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acheulean" title="Acheulean">Acheulean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mousterian" title="Mousterian">Mousterian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aurignacian" title="Aurignacian">Aurignacian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clovis_culture" title="Clovis culture">Clovis culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cupstone" title="Cupstone">Cupstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_hardening" title="Fire hardening">Fire hardening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian" title="Gravettian">Gravettian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hafting" title="Hafting">Hafting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hand_axe" title="Hand axe">Hand axe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grooves_(archaeology)" title="Grooves (archaeology)">Grooves</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langdale_axe_industry" title="Langdale axe industry">Langdale axe industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levallois_technique" title="Levallois technique">Levallois technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_core" title="Lithic core">Lithic core</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_reduction" title="Lithic reduction">Lithic reduction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_analysis" title="Lithic analysis">analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debitage" title="Debitage">debitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_flake" title="Lithic flake">flake</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lithic_technology" title="Lithic technology">Lithic technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdalenian" title="Magdalenian">Magdalenian culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ferrous_metallurgy" title="Ferrous metallurgy">Metallurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microblade_technology" title="Microblade technology">Microblade technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grime%27s_Graves" title="Grime's Graves">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prepared-core_technique" title="Prepared-core technique">Prepared-core technique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solutrean" title="Solutrean">Solutrean industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Striking_platform" title="Striking platform">Striking platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tool_stone" title="Tool stone">Tool stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uniface" title="Uniface">Uniface</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yubetsu_technique" title="Yubetsu technique">Yubetsu technique</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Other tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adze" title="Adze">Adze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stitching_awl" title="Stitching awl">Awl</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gravettian#Use_of_animal_remains" title="Gravettian">bone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Axe" title="Axe">Axe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bannerstone" title="Bannerstone">Bannerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_(archaeology)" title="Blade (archaeology)">Blade</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prismatic_blade" title="Prismatic blade">prismatic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bone_tool" title="Bone tool">Bone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bow_drill" title="Bow drill">Bow drill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burin_(lithic_flake)" title="Burin (lithic flake)">Burin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe#History" title="Canoe">Canoe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oar" title="Oar">Oar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pesse_canoe" title="Pesse canoe">Pesse canoe</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chopper_(archaeology)" title="Chopper (archaeology)">Chopper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chopping_tool" title="Chopping tool">tool</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleaver_(Stone_Age_tool)" title="Cleaver (Stone Age tool)">Cleaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denticulate_tool" title="Denticulate tool">Denticulate tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_plough" title="Fire plough">Fire plough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire-saw" title="Fire-saw">Fire-saw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hammerstone" title="Hammerstone">Hammerstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knife" title="Knife">Knife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microlith" title="Microlith">Microlith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quern-stone" title="Quern-stone">Quern-stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racloir" title="Racloir">Racloir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rope" title="Rope">Rope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scraper_(archaeology)" title="Scraper (archaeology)">Scraper</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grattoir_de_c%C3%B4t%C3%A9" title="Grattoir de côté">side</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_tool" title="Stone tool">Stone tool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tally_stick#Paleolithic_tally_sticks" title="Tally stick">Tally stick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_weapons#Copper_Age" title="History of weapons">Weapons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheel" title="Wheel">Wheel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bronocice_pot" title="Bronocice pot">illustration</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Architecture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_architecture" title="History of architecture">Architecture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Ceremonial</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kiva" title="Kiva">Kiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyramid" title="Pyramid">Pyramid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menhir" title="Menhir">Standing stones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Megalith" title="Megalith">megalith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_row" title="Stone row">row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonehenge" title="Stonehenge">Stonehenge</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Dwellings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_architecture" title="Neolithic architecture">Neolithic architecture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_long_house" title="Neolithic long house">long house</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_megalith_architecture" title="British megalith architecture">British megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordic_megalith_architecture" title="Nordic megalith architecture">Nordic megalith architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burdei" title="Burdei">Burdei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cliff_dwelling" title="Cliff dwelling">Cliff dwelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(shelter)" title="Dugout (shelter)">Dugout</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">Hut</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quiggly_hole" title="Quiggly hole">Quiggly hole</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacal" title="Jacal">Jacal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Longhouse" title="Longhouse">Longhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mudbrick" title="Mudbrick">Mudbrick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mehrgarh#Lifestyle_and_technology" title="Mehrgarh">Mehrgarh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pit-house" title="Pit-house">Pit-house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navajo_pueblitos" title="Navajo pueblitos">Pueblitos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pueblo" title="Pueblo">Pueblo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_shelter" title="Rock shelter">Rock shelter</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abri_de_la_Madeleine" title="Abri de la Madeleine">Abri de la Madeleine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sibudu_Cave" title="Sibudu Cave">Sibudu Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundhouse_(dwelling)" title="Roundhouse (dwelling)">Roundhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stilt_house" title="Stilt house">Stilt house</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_pile_dwellings_around_the_Alps" title="Prehistoric pile dwellings around the Alps">Alp pile dwellings</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ness_of_Brodgar" title="Ness of Brodgar">Stone roof</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wattle_and_daub" title="Wattle and daub">Wattle and daub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Water management</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Check_dam" title="Check dam">Check dam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cistern" title="Cistern">Cistern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flush_toilet#History" title="Flush toilet">Flush toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reservoir" title="Reservoir">Reservoir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well" title="Well">Well</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other architecture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feature_(archaeology)" title="Feature (archaeology)">Archaeological features</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broch" title="Broch">Broch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burnt_mound" title="Burnt mound">Burnt mound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fulacht_fiadh" title="Fulacht fiadh">fulacht fiadh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causewayed_enclosure" title="Causewayed enclosure">Causewayed enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tor_enclosure" title="Tor enclosure">Tor enclosure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_circular_enclosures_in_Central_Europe" title="Neolithic circular enclosures in Central Europe">Circular enclosure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goseck_Circle" title="Goseck Circle">Goseck</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cursus" title="Cursus">Cursus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">Henge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thornborough_Henges" title="Thornborough Henges">Thornborough</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_architectural_elements" title="Megalithic architectural elements">Megalithic architectural elements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midden" title="Midden">Midden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_oldest_extant_buildings" title="List of oldest extant buildings">Oldest extant buildings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_circle" title="Timber circle">Timber circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_trackway" class="mw-redirect" title="Timber trackway">Timber trackway</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Track" title="Sweet Track">Sweet Track</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Arts_and_culture434" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Arts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Archaeological_culture" title="Archaeological culture">culture</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Artifact_(archaeology)" title="Artifact (archaeology)">Material goods</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basket_weaving" title="Basket weaving">Baskets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beadwork" title="Beadwork">Beadwork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bed#History" title="Bed">Beds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalcolithic" title="Chalcolithic">Chalcolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_clothing_and_textiles" title="History of clothing and textiles">Clothing/textiles</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_clothing_and_textiles_technology" title="Timeline of clothing and textiles technology">timeline</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_cosmetics" title="History of cosmetics">Cosmetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Stone_Age" title="Middle Stone Age">Glue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_hide_materials" title="History of hide materials">Hides</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shoe#History" title="Shoe">shoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%96tzi#Clothes_and_shoes" title="Ötzi">Ötzi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewellery#History" title="Jewellery">Jewelry</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amber#Use" title="Amber">amber use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mirror#History" title="Mirror">Mirrors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottery#History" title="Pottery">Pottery</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardium_pottery" title="Cardium pottery">Cardium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cord-marked_pottery" title="Cord-marked pottery">Cord-marked</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grooved_ware" title="Grooved ware">Grooved ware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C5%8Dmon_pottery" title="Jōmon pottery">Jōmon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linear_Pottery_culture" title="Linear Pottery culture">Linear</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unstan_ware" title="Unstan ware">Unstan ware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sewing_needle#History" title="Sewing needle">Sewing needle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">Weaving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_wine" title="History of wine">Wine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Areni-1_winery" title="Areni-1 winery">winery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_wine_press#Early_history" title="History of the wine press">wine press</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_art" title="Prehistoric art">Prehistoric art</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Upper_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Upper Paleolithic">Art of the Upper Paleolithic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Art_of_the_Middle_Paleolithic" title="Art of the Middle Paleolithic">Art of the Middle Paleolithic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blombos_Cave#Archaeological_remains_and_material_culture_from_the_Middle_Stone_Age_levels" title="Blombos Cave">Blombos Cave</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Stone_Age_art" title="List of Stone Age art">List of Stone Age art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bird_stone" title="Bird stone">Bird stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairn" title="Cairn">Cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carved_stone_balls" title="Carved stone balls">Carved stone balls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_painting" title="Cave painting">Cave paintings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cup_and_ring_mark" title="Cup and ring mark">Cup and ring mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoglyph" title="Geoglyph">Geoglyph</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hill_figure" title="Hill figure">Hill figure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_hat" title="Golden hat">Golden hats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_stones" title="Guardian stones">Guardian stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gwion_Gwion_rock_paintings" title="Gwion Gwion rock paintings">Gwion Gwion rock paintings</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_painting#Pre-history" title="History of painting">painting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pigment#History" title="Pigment">pigment</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_art" title="Megalithic art">Megalithic art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroform" title="Petroform">Petroform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroglyph" title="Petroglyph">Petroglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrosomatoglyph" title="Petrosomatoglyph">Petrosomatoglyph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pictogram" title="Pictogram">Pictogram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rock_art" title="Rock art">Rock art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rock_cupule" title="Rock cupule">Rock cupule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_carving" title="Stone carving">Stone carving</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sculpture#Prehistoric_periods" title="Sculpture">Sculpture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_menhir" title="Statue menhir">Statue menhir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circle" title="Stone circle">Stone circle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_stone_circles" title="List of stone circles">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_circles_in_the_British_Isles_and_Brittany" title="Stone circles in the British Isles and Brittany">British Isles and Brittany</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venus_figurine" title="Venus figurine">Venus figurine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em"><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Burial</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Burial mounds</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bowl_barrow" title="Bowl barrow">Bowl barrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round_barrow" title="Round barrow">Round barrow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound_Builders" title="Mound Builders">Mound Builders culture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_burial_mounds_in_the_United_States" title="List of burial mounds in the United States">U.S. sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chamber_tomb" title="Chamber tomb">Chamber tomb</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cotswold-Severn_Group" title="Cotswold-Severn Group">Cotswold-Severn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cist" title="Cist">Cist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dartmoor_kistvaens" title="Dartmoor kistvaens">Dartmoor kistvaens</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clava_cairn" title="Clava cairn">Clava cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_cairn" title="Court cairn">Court cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cremation#History" title="Cremation">Cremation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolmen" title="Dolmen">Dolmen</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_dolmen" title="Great dolmen">Great dolmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyre" title="Pyre">Funeral pyre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallery_grave" title="Gallery grave">Gallery grave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transepted_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Transepted gallery grave">transepted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedge-shaped_gallery_grave" class="mw-redirect" title="Wedge-shaped gallery grave">wedge-shaped</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grave_goods" title="Grave goods">Grave goods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jar_burial" title="Jar burial">Jar burial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long_barrow" title="Long barrow">Long barrow</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_barrow" title="Unchambered long barrow">unchambered</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%B8nsalen" title="Grønsalen">Grønsalen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megalithic_tomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalithic tomb">Megalithic tomb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mummy" title="Mummy">Mummy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Passage_grave" title="Passage grave">Passage grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rectangular_dolmen" title="Rectangular dolmen">Rectangular dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_cairn" title="Ring cairn">Ring cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_dolmen" title="Simple dolmen">Simple dolmen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stone_box_grave" title="Stone box grave">Stone box grave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tor_cairn" title="Tor cairn">Tor cairn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unchambered_long_cairn" title="Unchambered long cairn">Unchambered long cairn</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em">Other cultural</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeoastronomy" title="Archaeoastronomy">Archaeoastronomy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_archaeoastronomical_sites_by_country" title="List of archaeoastronomical sites by country">sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">lunar calendar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Behavioral_modernity" title="Behavioral modernity">Behavioral modernity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_archaeology" title="Music archaeology">music archaeology</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_origin_of_religion" title="Evolutionary origin of religion">Evolutionary origin of religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_religion" title="Paleolithic religion">Paleolithic religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_religion" title="Prehistoric religion">Prehistoric religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogenic_drugs_and_the_archaeological_record" title="Entheogenic drugs and the archaeological record">Spiritual drug use</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_language" title="Origin of language">Origin of language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_counting" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric counting">Prehistoric counting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_medicine" title="Prehistoric medicine">Prehistoric medicine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trepanning" title="Trepanning">trepanning</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_music" title="Prehistoric music">Prehistoric music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alligator_drum" title="Alligator drum">Alligator drum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paleolithic_flute" title="Paleolithic flute">flutes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divje_Babe_flute" title="Divje Babe flute">Divje Babe flute</a></li> <li><a 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6b845c894c-2nm5z","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.477","walltime":"1.814","ppvisitednodes":{"value":9714,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":238742,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":7711,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":16,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":313054,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1400.436 1 -total"," 36.90% 516.716 1 Template:Reflist"," 12.74% 178.395 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